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Liao HY, Xiao X, Peng R, Le J, Wang HB, Wang ST. Rapid Derivatization of Phenolic and Oxime Hydroxyl with Isonicotinoyl Chloride under Aqueous Conditions and Its Application in LC-MS/MS Profiling Multiclass Steroids. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17980-17987. [PMID: 36521069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of steroids possesses a crucial clinical value in early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of various endocrine diseases. However, it is still challenging to realize feasible analysis of estrogens, androgens, progestogens, and corticoids within one single workflow. In this study, two derivatization reactions were newly designed for improvement: (1) acylation of phenolic hydroxyl on estrogens with isonicotinoyl chloride (INC) under the catalysis of 4-dimethylaminopyridine and (2) post-modification of oxime hydroxyl on hydroxylamine-pretreated ketosteroids with INC. Both reactions could conduct instantaneously at room temperature under aqueous conditions. Moreover, the resulting phenolic-INC and oxime-INC esters exhibited favorable MS responses. Through integrating these derivatization strategies with cold-induced phase separation technology, a feasible LC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of 15 multiclass steroids with proper sample consumption (50 μL serum), satisfying sensitivity (lower limit of quantitation at 0.01-5.00 ng/mL) and high throughput (40 min for sample-preparation). The practical applicability was tested by detecting 30 real samples from pregnant and non-pregnant women. The obtained results showed a good agreement with a previous validated methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yang Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Juan Le
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shao-Ting Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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2
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Schiffer L, Shaheen F, Gilligan LC, Storbeck KH, Hawley JM, Keevil BG, Arlt W, Taylor AE. Multi-steroid profiling by UHPLC-MS/MS with post-column infusion of ammonium fluoride. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1209:123413. [PMID: 35988498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-steroid profiling is a powerful analytical tool that simultaneously quantifies steroids from different biosynthetic pathways. Here we present an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) assay for the profiling of 23 steroids using post-column infusion of ammonium fluoride. METHODS Following liquid-liquid extraction, steroids were chromatographically separated over 5 min using a Phenomenex Luna Omega C18 column and a water (0.1 % formic acid) methanol gradient. Quantification was performed on a Waters Acquity UHPLC and Xevo® TQ-XS mass spectrometer. Ammonium fluoride (6 mmol/L, post-column infusion) and formic acid (0.1 % (vol/vol), mobile phase additive) were compared as additives to aid ionisation. RESULTS Post-column infusion of ammonium fluoride enhanced ionisation in a steroid structure-dependent fashion compared to formic acid (122-140 % for 3βOH-Δ5 steroids and 477-1274 % for 3-keto-Δ4 steroids). Therefore, we analytically validated post-column infusion of ammonium fluoride. Lower limits of quantification ranged from 0.3 to 3 nmol/L; All analytes were quantifiable with acceptable accuracy (bias range -14 % to 11.9 % for 21/23, -21 % to 11.9 % for all analytes). Average recovery ranged from 91.6 % to 113.6 % and average matrix effects from -29.9 % to 19.9 %. Imprecision ranged from 2.3 % to 23 % for all analytes and was < 15 % for 18/23 analytes. The serum multi-steroid profile of 10 healthy men and 10 healthy women was measured. CONCLUSIONS UHPLC-MS/MS with post-column infusion of ammonium fluoride enables comprehensive multi-steroid profiling through enhanced ionisation particularly benefiting the detection of 3-keto-Δ4 steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fozia Shaheen
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - James M Hawley
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Brian G Keevil
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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3
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. Mass spectrometric stochastic dynamic 3D structural analysis of mixture of steroids in solution - Experimental and theoretical study. Steroids 2022; 181:109001. [PMID: 35257712 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is explored, herein, functional relation: Experimental mass spectrometric phenomenon, obeying a certain scientific law ⇔ 3D molecular conformations and electronic structures of analytes obtained for quantum chemical theories. The paper answers to questions: (a) What evidence claims these actual relations among measurable and theoretical parameters, experimental factors and molecular properties; (b) how the provided evidence is collected and used; and (c) how empirical proof relates to assign and explain mass spectrometric phenomena of steroids afforded by our innovative stochastic dynamic mass spectrometric formula, D″SD = 2.6388.10-17.(<I2>-<I>2), quantum chemical 3D conformations, electronic structures and energetics of molecules, respectively. The paper address issue concerning empirical evidence at very high-to-exact level of assignment of 3D molecular conformations of steroids to experimental mass spectrometric fragment ions, accounting precisely for (i) effect of protonation; (ii) intramolecular rearrangement for A-D rings of steroidal skeleton and proton transfer effect, if any; in addition to (iii) examination of enantiomers of steroids in mixture with different stereochemistry, (R) and (S), of a set of six atoms of the molecular backbone of hydrocortisone (1), deoxycorticosterone (2), progesterone (3) and methyltestosterone (4), respectively. Results from testosterone (5) are discussed, as well. There are used ultra-high resolution atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric data on analytes (1)-(4) at ng.(mL)-1 concentration levels in mixtures in solution obtained for positive operation mode. High accuracy static and molecular dynamic quantum chemical computations and chemometrics are also utilized. Experimental 3D structural parameters of steroids obtained for stochastic dynamic diffusion theory are correlated with available crystallographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka Ivanova
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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4
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Davis DE, Leaptrot KL, Koomen DC, May JC, Cavalcanti GDA, Padilha MC, Pereira HMG, McLean JA. Multidimensional Separations of Intact Phase II Steroid Metabolites Utilizing LC-Ion Mobility-HRMS. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10990-10998. [PMID: 34319704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The detection and unambiguous identification of anabolic-androgenic steroid metabolites are essential in clinical, forensic, and antidoping analyses. Recently, sulfate phase II steroid metabolites have received increased attention in steroid metabolism and drug testing. In large part, this is because phase II steroid metabolites are excreted for an extended time, making them a potential long-term chemical marker of choice for tracking steroid misuse in sports. Comprehensive analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have been used to detect and identify glucuronide and sulfate steroids in human urine with high sensitivity and reliability. However, LC-MS/MS identification strategies can be hindered by the fact that phase II steroid metabolites generate nonselective ion fragments across the different metabolite markers, limiting the confidence in metabolite identifications that rely on exact mass measurement and MS/MS information. Additionally, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is sometimes insufficient at fully resolving the analyte peaks from the sample matrix (commonly urine) chemical noise, further complicating accurate identification efforts. Therefore, we developed a liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-IM-HRMS) method to increase the peak capacity and utilize the IM-derived collision cross section (CCS) values as an additional molecular descriptor for increased selectivity and to improve identifications of intact steroid analyses at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don E Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Katrina L Leaptrot
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - David C Koomen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Gustavo de A Cavalcanti
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Monica C Padilha
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Henrique M G Pereira
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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5
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Feeney W, Moorthy AS, Sisco E. Spectral trends in GC-EI-MS data obtained from the SWGDRUG mass spectral library and literature: A resource for the identification of unknown compounds. Forensic Chem 2020; 31:10.1016/j.forc.2022.100459. [PMID: 36578315 PMCID: PMC9793444 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Rapid identification of new or emerging psychoactive substances remains a critical challenge in forensic drug chemistry laboratories. Current analytical protocols are well-designed for confirmation of known substances yet struggle when new compounds are encountered. Many laboratories initially attempt to classify new compounds using gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS). Though there is a large body of research focused on the analysis of illicit substances with GC-EI-MS, there is little high-level discussion of mass spectral trends for different classes of drugs. This manuscript compiles literature information and performs simple exploratory analyses on evaluated GC-EI-MS data to investigate mass spectral trends for illicit substance classes. Additionally, this work offers other important aspects: brief discussions of how each class of drugs is used; illustrations of EI mass spectra with proposed structures of commonly observed ions; and summaries of mass spectral trends that can help an analyst classify new illicit compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Feeney
- Corresponding author at: Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Material Measurement Laboratory, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. (W. Feeney)
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6
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Rossini EL, Kulyk DS, Ansu-Gyeabourh E, Sahraeian T, Pezza HR, Badu-Tawiah AK. Direct Analysis of Doping Agents in Raw Urine Using Hydrophobic Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1212-1222. [PMID: 32357004 PMCID: PMC7891915 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the direct analysis of doping agents in urine samples with no sample preparation by a modified paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) methodology has been demonstrated for the first time. We have described a paper surface treatment with trichloromethylsilane using a gas-phase reaction to increase the ionization of target compounds. This approach was applied for the analysis of two classes of banned substances in urine samples: anabolic agents (trenbolone and clenbuterol) and diuretics (furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide). Under optimized conditions, the developed methods presented satisfactory repeatability, and an analysis of variance showed linearity without lack-of-fit. Highly sensitive detections as low as sub-nanogram per milliliter levels, which is below the minimum required performance levels proposed by the World Anti-Doping Agency, have been reached using the hydrophobic PS-MS analysis without any preconcentration and cleanup step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Luiz Rossini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESP - São Paulo State University, R. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Dmytro S. Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Emelia Ansu-Gyeabourh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Taghi Sahraeian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Helena Redigolo Pezza
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESP - São Paulo State University, R. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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7
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Ammonium fluoride-induced stabilization for anion attachment mass spectrometry: Facilitating the pseudotargeted profiling of bile acids submetabolome. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1081:120-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Preindl K, Braun D, Aichinger G, Sieri S, Fang M, Marko D, Warth B. A Generic Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry Exposome Method for the Determination of Xenoestrogens in Biological Matrices. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11334-11342. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Preindl
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Aichinger
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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9
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A review on structural elucidation of metabolites of environmental steroid hormones via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Parr MK, Wüst B, Teubel J, Joseph JF. Splitless hyphenation of SFC with MS by APCI, APPI, and ESI exemplified by steroids as model compounds. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1091:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Methods in endogenous steroid profiling – A comparison of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) with supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr A 2018; 1554:101-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Urine is a biological matrix that contains hundreds of metabolic end products which constitute the urinary metabolome. The development and advances on LC-MS/MS have revolutionized the analytical study of biomolecules by enabling their accurate identification and quantification in an unprecedented manner. Nowadays, LC-MS/MS is helping to unveil the complexity of urine metabolome, and the results obtained have multiple biomedical applications. This review focuses on the targeted LC-MS/MS analysis of the urine metabolome. In the first part, we describe general considerations (from sample collection to quantitation) required for a proper targeted metabolic analysis. In the second part, we address the urinary analysis and recent applications of four relevant families: amino acids, catecholamines, lipids and steroids.
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13
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Cai T, Guo ZQ, Xu XY, Wu ZJ. Recent (2000-2015) developments in the analysis of minor unknown natural products based on characteristic fragment information using LC-MS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:202-216. [PMID: 27341181 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) has been widely used in natural product analysis. Global detection and identification of nontargeted components are desirable in natural product research, for example, in quality control of Chinese herbal medicine. Nontargeted components analysis continues to expand to exciting life science application domains such as metabonomics. With this background, the present review summarizes recent developments in the analysis of minor unknown natural products using LC-MS and mainly focuses on the determination of the molecular formulae, selection of precursor ions, and characteristic fragmentation patterns of the known compounds. This review consists of three parts. Firstly, the methods used to determine unique molecular formula of unknown compounds such as accurate mass measurements, MSn spectra, or relative isotopic abundance information, are introduced. Secondly, the methods improving signal-to-noise ratio of MS/MS spectra by manual-MS/MS or workflow targeting-only signals were elucidated; pure precursor ions can be selected by changing the precursor ion isolated window. Lastly, characteristic fragmentation patterns such as Retro-Diels-Alder (RDA), McLafferty rearrangements, "internal residue loss," and so on, occurring in the molecular ions of natural products are summarized. Classical application of characteristic fragmentation patterns in identifying unknown compounds in extracts and relevant fragmentation mechanisms are presented (RDA reactions occurring readily in the molecular ions of flavanones or isoflavanones, McLafferty-type fragmentation reactions of some natural products such as epipolythiodioxopiperazines; fragmentation by "internal residue loss" possibly involving ion-neutral complex intermediates). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:202-216, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ze-Qin Guo
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Xu
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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14
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Gaiffe G, Bridoux MC, Costanza C, Cole RB. A systematic tandem mass spectrometric study of anion attachment for improved detection and acidity evaluation of nitrogen-rich energetic compounds. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:21-29. [PMID: 28960805 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of rapid, efficient, and reliable detection methods for the characterization of energetic compounds is of high importance to security forces concerned with terrorist threats. With a mass spectrometric approach, characteristic ions can be produced by attaching anions to analyte molecules in the negative ion mode of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Under optimized conditions, formed anionic adducts can be detected with higher sensitivities as compared with the deprotonated molecules. Fundamental aspects pertaining to the formation of anionic adducts of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), nitroglycerin (NG), and 1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazinane energetic (R-salt) compounds using various anions have been systematically studied by ESI-MS and ESI tandem mass spectrometry (collision-induced dissociation) experiments. Bracketing method results show that the gas-phase acidities of PETN, RDX, and HMX fall between those of HF and acetic acid. Moreover, PETN and RDX are each less acidic than HMX in the gas phase. Nitroglycerin was found to be the most acidic among the nitrogen-rich explosives studied. The ensemble of bracketing results allows the construction of the following ranking of gas-phase acidities: PETN (1530-1458 kJ/mol) > RDX (approximately 1458 kJ/mol) > HMX (approximately 1433 kJ/mol) > nitroglycerin (1427-1327.8 kJ/mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gaiffe
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | - Christine Costanza
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Richard B Cole
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
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15
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Rodrigues MAA, Mendes DC, Ramamurthy V, Da Silva JP. ESI-MS of Cucurbituril Complexes Under Negative Polarity. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2508-2514. [PMID: 28756543 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a powerful tool to study host-guest supramolecular interactions. ESI-MS can be used for detailed gas-phase reactivity studies, to clarify the structure, or simply to verify the formation of complexes. Depending on the structure of the host and of the guest, negative and/or positive ESI are used. Here we report the unexpected formation of host-guest complexes between cucurbit[n]urils (n = 7, 8, CB[n]) and amine, styryl pyridine, and styryl pyridine dimer cations, under negative ESI. Non-complexed CB[n] form double charged halide (Br-, Cl-, F-) adducts. Under negative ESI, halide ions interact with CB[n] outer surface hydrogen atoms. One to one host-guest complexes (1:1) of CB[n] with positive charged guests were also observed as single and double charged ions under negative ESI. The positive charge of guests is neutralized by ion-pairing with halide anions. Depending on the number of positive charges guests retain in the gas phase, one or two additional halide ions are required for neutralization. Complexes 1:2 of CB[8] with styryl pyridines retain two halide ions in the gas phase, one per guest. Styryl pyridine dimers form 1:1 complexes possessing a single extra halide ion and therefore a single positive charge. Negative ESI is sensitive to small structural differences between complexes, distinguishing between 1:2 complexes of styryl pyridine-CB[8] and corresponding 1:1 complexes with the dimer. Negative ESI gives simpler spectra than positive ESI and allows the determination of guest charge state of CB[n] complexes in the gas phase. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A A Rodrigues
- Meditbio, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Débora C Mendes
- Meditbio, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - José P Da Silva
- Meditbio, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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16
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Sandjo LP, Nascimento MVPDS, da Silva LAL, Munhoz ACM, Pollo LAE, Biavatti MW, Ngadjui BT, Opatz T, Fröde TS. ESI-MS 2 and Anti-inflammatory Studies of Cyclopropanic Triterpenes. UPLC-ESI-MS and MS 2 Search of Related Metabolites from Donella ubanguiensis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:27-41. [PMID: 27976470 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triterpenes are one of the largest secondary metabolites groups spread in the plant kingdom with various skeletons. These metabolites have showed various bioactivities including anti-inflammatory activity. OBJECTIVE The study aims to explore the mass spectrometry fragmentation of donellanic acids A-C (DA A-C), three compounds identified from Donella ubanguiensis; in addition, the fragmentation behaviour of these metabolites will serve as a fingerprint to search and characterise triterpenes congeners in fruits, bark and wood crude extracts of D. ubanguiensis. This work was prompted by the anti-inflammatory activity on leukocyte migration, exudate concentrations and myeloperoxidase activity obtained for DA A-B. METHODOLOGY The bioactivity was performed on mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan and the parameters were analysed by veterinarian automated cell counter and colorimetric assays. While the tandem mass analyses of DA A-C were carried out by a direct infusion ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, the extracts were studied by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. RESULTS DA A displayed interesting anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting leukocyte migration, exudate concentrations and myeloperoxidase activity (p < 0.05) while DA B was weakly active (p > 0.05). Moreover, the diagnostic of the MS2 behaviour of DA A-C in conjunction with the chromatograms and the obtained MS2 data of the crude extract led to the characterisation of three cyclopropane triterpenes (T1-T3) and six saponins (T4-T9) from the fruits, the bark, and the wood extracts. CONCLUSIONS Donella species deserve more investigation since metabolites related to the anti-inflammatory compound (DA A) could be identified. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Sandjo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcus V P Dos Santos Nascimento
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Centre of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Layzon A L da Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Antonio C M Munhoz
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Centre of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz A E Pollo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Maique W Biavatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Bonaventure T Ngadjui
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tania S Fröde
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Centre of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário - Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-970, SC, Brazil
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Keevil BG. LC–MS/MS analysis of steroids in the clinical laboratory. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:989-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Marcos J, Pozo OJ. Current LC-MS methods and procedures applied to the identification of new steroid metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:41-56. [PMID: 26709140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study of the metabolism of steroids has a long history; from the first characterizations of the major metabolites of steroidal hormones in the pre-chromatographic era, to the latest discoveries of new forms of excretions. The introduction of mass spectrometers coupled to gas chromatography at the end of the 1960's represented a major breakthrough for the elucidation of new metabolites. In the last two decades, this technique is being complemented by the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition of becoming fundamental in clinical steroid determinations due to its excellent specificity, throughput and sensitivity, LC-MS has emerged as an exceptional tool for the discovery of new steroid metabolites. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the current LC-MS procedures used in the quest of novel metabolic products of steroidal hormones and exogenous steroids. Several aspects regarding LC separations are first outlined, followed by a description of the key processes that take place in the mass spectrometric analysis, i.e. the ionization of the steroids in the source and the fragmentation of the selected precursor ions in the collision cell. The different analyzers and approaches employed together with representative examples of each of them are described. Special emphasis is placed on triple quadrupole analyzers (LC-MS/MS), since they are the most commonly employed. Examples on the use of precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan and theoretical selected reaction monitoring strategies are also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Marcos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Toxicology Department, Labco Diagnostics, Verge de Guadalupe 18, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Dumont Q, Bárcenas M, Dossmann H, Bailloux I, Buisson C, Mechin N, Molina A, Lasne F, Rannulu NS, Cole RB. Improved Steroids Detection and Evidence for Their Regiospecific Decompositions Using Anion Attachment Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3585-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Dumont
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut
Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Mariana Bárcenas
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut
Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Héloïse Dossmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut
Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Isabelle Bailloux
- Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Nathalie Mechin
- Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Adeline Molina
- Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Françoise Lasne
- Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Nalaka S. Rannulu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, United States
| | - Richard B. Cole
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut
Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Department
of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, United States
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Pauwels S, Jans I, Peersman N, Billen J, Vanderschueren D, Desmet K, Vermeersch P. Possibilities and limitations of signal summing for an immunosuppressant LC-MS/MS method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6191-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Cai T, Luo YG, Zhou M, Wang D, Wu ZJ, Fang DM, Zhang GL. Untargeted analysis of sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids from the dried roots of Tripterygium wilfordii using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:965-972. [PMID: 26407311 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids are a large group of highly oxygenated sesquiterpenoids that have attracted attention in the fields of medicine because of their significant biological activities. METHODS Reference compounds including 14 sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids and one dihydroagarofuran ester were analyzed by collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS). A high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization (HPLC/ESI)-MS/MS method at two collision energies was adopted to investigate the botanical extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii. RESULTS For 15 reference compounds, in the high mass range, the product ions were formed by the loss of side chains or H2 O. In the low mass range, the high-abundance product ions at m/z 206, 204, or 194 were the characteristic ions of the pyridine moiety. The characteristic product ion at m/z 310 was formed through an ion-neutral complex intermediate. Fifty-four sesquiterpenoid derivatives, including 50 sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids, were identified or tentatively characterized in botanical extracts of T. wilfordii based on their elemental constituents, characteristic fragmentation patterns, and the major product ion profiles of the reference compounds ascertained with HPLC/ESI-MS/MS at two collision energies. It seems that isocratic energy was appropriate for the untargeted analysis of compounds with molecular weights exceeding 800 Da, whereas a linear gradient energy vs molecular weight was suitable for those compounds with molecular weights below 800 Da. CONCLUSIONS The HPLC/ESI-MS/MS method, combining characteristic fragmentation patterns and the profiles of the product ions generated at different collision energies, is an effective technique for characterizing untargeted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ying-Gang Luo
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dan Wang
- West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dong-Mei Fang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guo-Lin Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Quantitation of five organophosphorus nerve agent metabolites in serum using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5195-202. [PMID: 24633507 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although nerve agent use is prohibited, concerns remain for human exposure to nerve agents during decommissioning, research, and warfare. Exposure can be detected through the analysis of hydrolysis products in urine as well as blood. An analytical method to detect exposure to five nerve agents, including VX, VR (Russian VX), GB (sarin), GD (soman), and GF (cyclosarin), through the analysis of the hydrolysis products, which are the primary metabolites, in serum has been developed and characterized. This method uses solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for separation and isotopic dilution tandem mass spectrometry for detection. An uncommon buffer of ammonium fluoride was used to enhance ionization and improve sensitivity when coupled with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography resulting in detection limits from 0.3 to 0.5 ng/mL. The assessment of two quality control samples demonstrated high accuracy (101-105%) and high precision (5-8%) for the detection of these five nerve agent hydrolysis products in serum.
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Griffith DR, Kido Soule MC, Matsufuji H, Eglinton TI, Kujawinski EB, Gschwend PM. Measuring free, conjugated, and halogenated estrogens in secondary treated wastewater effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2569-2578. [PMID: 24476066 DOI: 10.1021/es402809u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal estrogens are potent endocrine-disrupting chemicals that enter natural waters through the discharge of treated and raw sewage. Because estrogens are detrimental to aquatic organisms at sub-nanogram per liter concentrations, many studies have measured so-called "free" estrogen concentrations in wastewater effluents, rivers, and lakes. Other forms of estrogens are also of potential concern because conjugated estrogens can be easily converted to potent free estrogens by bacteria in wastewater treatment plants and receiving waters and halogenated estrogens are likely produced during wastewater disinfection. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have concurrently characterized free, conjugated, and halogenated estrogens. We have developed a method that is capable of simultaneously quantifying free, conjugated, and halogenated estrogens in treated wastewater effluent, in which detection limits were 0.13-1.3 ng L(-1) (free), 0.11-1.0 ng L(-1) (conjugated), and 0.18-18 ng L(-1) (halogenated). An aqueous phase additive, ammonium fluoride, was used to increase the electrospray (negative mode) ionization efficiency of free and halogenated estrogens by factors of 20 and 2.6, respectively. The method was validated using treated effluent from the greater Boston metropolitan area, where conjugated and halogenated estrogens made up 60-70% of the steroidal estrogen load on a molar basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Griffith
- MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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Thomas MC, Kirk BB, Altvater J, Blanksby SJ, Nette GW. Formation and fragmentation of unsaturated fatty acid [M - 2H + Na]- ions: stabilized carbanions for charge-directed fragmentation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:237-247. [PMID: 24338213 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids that readily produce [M - H](-) ions upon negative ion electrospray ionization (ESI) and cationic complexes with alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals in positive ion ESI. In contrast, only one anionic monomeric fatty acid-metal ion complex has been reported in the literature, namely [M - 2H + Fe(II)Cl](-). In this manuscript, we present two methods to form anionic unsaturated fatty acid-sodium ion complexes (i.e., [M - 2H + Na](-)). We find that these ions may be generated efficiently by two distinct methods: (1) negative ion ESI of a methanolic solution containing the fatty acid and sodium fluoride forming an [M - H + NaF](-) ion. Subsequent collision-induced dissociation (CID) results in the desired [M - 2H + Na](-) ion via the neutral loss of HF. (2) Direct formation of the [M - 2H + Na](-) ion by negative ion ESI of a methanolic solution containing the fatty acid and sodium hydroxide or bicarbonate. In addition to deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety, formation of [M - 2H + Na](-) ions requires the removal of a proton from the fatty acid acyl chain. We propose that this deprotonation occurs at the bis-allylic position(s) of polyunsaturated fatty acids resulting in the formation of a resonance-stabilized carbanion. This proposal is supported by ab initio calculations, which reveal that removal of a proton from the bis-allylic position, followed by neutral loss of HX (where X = F(-) and (-)OH), is the lowest energy dissociation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Thomas
- Independent Marine Biochemistry Research, Moreton Bay Research Station, Dunwich, Qld, 4183, Australia,
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Gomez C, Fabregat A, Pozo ÓJ, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Analytical strategies based on mass spectrometric techniques for the study of steroid metabolism. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Keevil BG. Novel liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for measuring steroids. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 27:663-74. [PMID: 24094637 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is increasingly becoming the method of choice for steroid hormone measurements due to small sample volumes, fast analysis times and improved specificity compared to immunoassays. Achievement of demanding analytical targets for steroid analysis is now becoming possible because of improvements in sample preparation technology, liquid chromatography column technology and mass spectrometer design. The most popular sample treatment strategies comprise protein precipitation (PP), solid-phase extraction (SLE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Modern liquid chromatography columns can ensure the adequate separation of isobaric compounds e.g. 21 Deoxycortisol, 11 Deoxycortisol and Corticosterone. The most appropriate method may be chosen to improve assay sensitivity by reducing matrix effects (LLE, SPE) or simplicity and speed (PP). Specific examples of some clinically important steroids including oestradiol, aldosterone, renin, serum cortisol, salivary cortisol and salivary testosterone will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Keevil
- Biochemistry Department, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
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Wooding KM, Barkley RM, Hankin JA, Johnson CA, Bradford AP, Santoro N, Murphy RC. Mechanism of formation of the major estradiol product ions following collisional activation of the molecular anion in a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1451-5. [PMID: 23955001 PMCID: PMC3786604 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the mass spectral product ion structure is highlighted in quantitative assays, which typically use multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), and in the discovery of novel metabolites. Estradiol is an important sex steroid whose quantitation and metabolite identification using tandem mass spectrometry has been widely employed in numerous clinical studies. Negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of estradiol (E2) results in several product ions, including the abundant m/z 183 and 169. Although m/z 183 is one of the most abundant product ions used in many quantitative assays, the structure of m/z 183 has not been rigorously examined. We suggest a structure for m/z 183 and a mechanism of formation consistent with collision induced dissociation (CID) of E2 and several stable isotopes ([D4]-E2, [(13)C6]-E2, and [D1]-E2). An additional product ion from E2, namely m/z 169, has also been examined. MS(3) experiments indicated that both m/z 183 and m/z 169 originate from only E2 [M - H](-) m/z 271. These ions, m/z 183 and m/z 169, were also present in the collision induced decomposition mass spectra of other prominent estrogens, estrone (E1) and estriol (E3), indicating that these two product ions could be used to elucidate the estrogenic origin of novel metabolites. We propose two fragmentation schemes to explain the CID data and suggest a structure of m/z 183 and m/z 169 consistent with several isotopic variants and high resolution mass spectrometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M. Wooding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert M. Barkley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joseph A. Hankin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher A. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nanette Santoro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert C. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Owen LJ, Wu FC, Keevil BG. A rapid direct assay for the routine measurement of oestradiol and oestrone by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem 2013; 51:360-7. [PMID: 24084694 DOI: 10.1177/0004563213501478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is rapidly becoming the technology of choice for measuring steroid hormones. We have developed a rapid LC-MS/MS assay for the routine analysis of serum oestradiol and oestrone. The assay uses a relatively small volume and has a rapid run time. METHODS Supported liquid extraction was performed on 250 µL of sample using methyl tertiary butyl ether. The extract was dried and reconstituted with 100 µL of 40% methanol. Online automated solid phase extraction was performed on 75 µL of extract using C18 cartridges on a Waters OSM coupled to a Waters TQS mass spectrometer. Serum samples (n = 197) were analysed by LC-MS/MS and a commercial immunoassay. RESULTS The lower limit of quantitation for oestradiol and oestrone was 10 and 6 pmol/L, respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the assay for oestradiol and oestrone concentrations of 125 pmol/L was <7%. The assay had a CV of 10% at 22 pmol/L for oestradiol and 5% at 16 pmol/L for oestrone. The average recovery for oestradiol was 102% and oestrone was 106%. The comparison with a commercial immunoassay gave the following equation: Immunoassay = 0.94 × LC-MS/MS + 21 pmol/L. The run time was 4.5 min per sample. DISCUSSION We have developed a rapid assay for the LC-MS/MS measurement of oestradiol and oestrone which does not require derivatization in the sample preparation. The assay is suitable for routine clinical use or for clinical trials. The assay demonstrated superior performance compared to immunoassays at lower concentrations making it more suitable for use in males and patients on aromatase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Owen
- Biochemistry Department, University Hospital of South Manchester, UK
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Pauwels S, Antonio L, Jans I, Lintermans A, Neven P, Claessens F, Decallonne B, Billen J, Vanderschueren D, Vermeersch P. Sensitive routine liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for serum estradiol and estrone without derivatization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8569-77. [PMID: 23892882 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The need for a routinely applicable assay to measure low estradiol levels in adult men, postmenopausal women, and young adolescents was recently discussed in an Endocrine Society position statement. Our aim was to develop a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for estradiol and estrone in human serum without the need for derivatization or extended extraction protocols. After protein precipitation of serum with a mixture of methanol/acetonitrile (85/15) (v/v) containing isotopic internal standards (17β-estradiol-16,16,17-d 3 and estrone-2,3,4-(13)C), we quantified estradiol and estrone by two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in the negative mode monitoring 5 × 271.20→145.00 (17β-estradiol) and 269.20→145.00 (estrone). Sensitivity was increased by using fluoride and summation of 5 identical transitions for estradiol. Our method was analytically validated, compared against direct immunoassays using serum of 25 adult men, and clinically tested by measuring samples of 3 men at baseline and after chemical castration, 30 postmenopausal women and 15 patients receiving aromatase inhibitors. Total imprecision was below 20% for the low quality controls. Limit of quantification was 1.3 ng/L (4.8 pmol/L) for estradiol and 1.2 ng/L (4.4 pmol/L) for estrone. Estradiol in Certified Reference Material BCR-576 was within specified uncertainty limits. No significant ion suppression or interference was observed. Our method showed modest correlation with direct immunoassay for estradiol (r(2) = 0.64) but no correlation for estrone (r(2) = 0.12). Patient sample results were within expected ranges. In conclusion, we developed a routinely applicable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for estradiol and estrone measurement which is sensitive enough for use in men, postmenopausal women, and young adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Pauwels
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium,
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Tedmon L, Barnes JS, Nguyen HP, Schug KA. Differentiating isobaric steroid hormone metabolites using multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:399-409. [PMID: 23345032 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones and their metabolites are currently undergoing clinical trials as potential therapeutics for traumatic brain injury (TBI). To support this work, it is necessary to develop improved procedures for differentiating isobaric species in this compound class. Equilin sulfate (E-S), estrone sulfate (E1-S), 17α-dihydroequilin sulfate (ADHE-S), and 17β-dihydroequilin sulfate (BDHE-S) are primary constituents in hormone replacement therapies, such as Premarin, which are among pharmaceuticals being investigated for TBI treatment. The latter three compounds are isomers and can be difficult to differentiate in trace analytical determinations. In this work, a systematic study of the fragmentation of ADHE-S, BDHE-S, E1-S, and E-S under different stages of higher order tandem mass spectrometry (MS(n)) and variation of collision energy, allowed optimization of conditions for distinguishing the isomeric structures. For epimeric variants (e.g., ADHE-S versus BDHE-S; α- versus β-stereoisomerization in the C-17 position), differentiation was achieved at MS(4) and fragmentation was demonstrated through MS(5). Computational analysis was performed to further explore differences in the fragmentation pathways due to changes in stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Tedmon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
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Vidal DTR, Santana MA, Hotta GM, Godoi MN, Eberlin MN, do Lago CL. Probing the formation of monoalkyl carbonates and pyrocarbonates in water with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42518e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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