1
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Dimka JL, Schneider BM, Mamelund SE. Protocol for a systematic review to understand the long-term mental-health effects of influenza pandemics in the pre-COVID-19 era. Scand J Public Health 2024; 52:391-396. [PMID: 38153124 PMCID: PMC11067412 DOI: 10.1177/14034948231217362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This protocol describes a forthcoming systematic review of the question: 'What are the long-term effects of historical influenza pandemics on mental health, resulting either from illness itself or the social or economic effects of pandemics and public health responses?' METHODS We will review studies that investigate associations between influenza pandemics and long-term mental-health impacts. Following the PICO framework, populations (P) may include those with and without pre-existing mental-health symptoms or conditions. Intervention (I) is exposure to an influenza pandemic during the study period encompassing five pandemics (1889-2009). Comparators or controls (C) are not applicable. The review will address outcomes (O) of mental-health morbidity from direct infection and/or related circumstances, including, for example, receiving a disability pension, institutionalisation and/or death. RESULTS Due to societal disruptions, illness and bereavement during pandemics, many people are likely to be affected in myriad ways. Therefore, investigation into mental-health consequences should not be restricted by risk group or diagnosis. To our knowledge, this protocol and forthcoming systematic review are the first to include studies for broad populations and multiple measures of mental-health morbidity. The historical perspective and comparison of pandemics with varying severity but assumed similar causative pathogens also enable insights into the consistency of long-term consequences across pandemics. CONCLUSIONS Pandemics likely produce long-term mental-health impacts with relevance for social, health and economic planning. The systematic review based on this protocol will complement other evidence on pandemic impacts and help policymakers incorporate relevant interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Dimka
- Jessica L. Dimka, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, USA. E-mail:
| | - Benjamin M. Schneider
- Centre for Research on Pandemics & Society (PANSOC), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
| | - Svenn-Erik Mamelund
- Centre for Research on Pandemics & Society (PANSOC), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
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2
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Furuya S, Zheng F, Lu Q, Fletcher JM. Separating Scarring Effect and Selection of Early-Life Exposures With Genetic Data. Demography 2024; 61:363-392. [PMID: 38482998 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11239766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Causal life course research examining consequences of early-life exposures has largely relied on associations between early-life environments and later-life outcomes using exogenous environmental shocks. Nonetheless, even with (quasi-)randomized early-life exposures, these associations may reflect not only causation ("scarring") but also selection (i.e., which members are included in data assessing later life). Investigating this selection and its impacts on estimated effects of early-life conditions has, however, often been ignored because of a lack of pre-exposure data. This study proposes an approach for assessing and correcting selection, separately from scarring, using genetic measurements. Because genetic measurements are determined at the time of conception, any associations with early-life exposures should be interpreted as selection. Using data from the UK Biobank, we find that in utero exposure to a higher area-level infant mortality rate is associated with genetic predispositions correlated with better educational attainment and health. These findings point to the direction and magnitude of selection from this exposure. Corrections for this selection in examinations of effects of exposure on later educational attainment suggest underestimates of 26-74%; effects on other life course outcomes also vary across selection correction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Furuya
- Department of Sociology, Center for Demography of Health and Aging, and Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fengyi Zheng
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, Department of Statistics, and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jason M Fletcher
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, Center for Demography and Ecology, La Follette School of Public Affairs, Department of Population Health Science, and Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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3
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Doran Á, Colvin CL, McLaughlin E. What can we learn from historical pandemics? A systematic review of the literature. Soc Sci Med 2024; 342:116534. [PMID: 38184966 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
What are the insights from historical pandemics for policymaking today? We carry out a systematic review of the literature on the impact of pandemics that occurred since the Industrial Revolution and prior to Covid-19. Our literature searches were conducted between June 2020 and September 2023, with the final review encompassing 169 research papers selected for their relevance to understanding either the demographic or economic impact of pandemics. We include literature from across disciplines to maximise our knowledge base, finding many relevant articles in journals which would not normally be on the radar of social scientists. Our review identifies two gaps in the literature: (1) the need to study pandemics and their effects more collectively rather than looking at them in isolation; and (2) the need for more study of pandemics besides 1918 Spanish Influenza, especially milder pandemic episodes. These gaps are a consequence of academics working in silos, failing to draw on the skills and knowledge offered by other disciplines. Synthesising existing knowledge on pandemics in one place provides a basis upon which to identify the lessons in preparing for future catastrophic disease events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine Doran
- Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Ulster University, 2-24 York Street, Belfast, BT15 1AP, UK.
| | - Christopher L Colvin
- Department of Economics, Queen's University Belfast, Riddel Hall, 185 Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5EE, UK.
| | - Eoin McLaughlin
- Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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4
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Basco S, Domènech J, Rosés JR. Socioeconomic mortality differences during the Great Influenza in Spain. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 52:101318. [PMID: 38070226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite being one of the deadliest viruses in history, there is limited information on the socioeconomic factors that affected mortality rates during the Great Influenza Pandemic. In this study, we use occupation-province level data to investigate the relationship between influenza excess mortality rates and occupation-related status in Spain. We obtain three main results. Firstly, individuals in low-income occupations experienced the highest excess mortality, pointing to a notable income gradient. Secondly, professions that involved more social interaction were associated with a higher excess of mortality, regardless of income. Finally, we observe a substantial rural mortality penalty, even after controlling for income-related occupational groups. Based on this evidence, it seems that the high number of deaths was caused by not self-isolating. Some individuals did not quarantine themselves because they could not afford to miss work. In rural areas, home confinement was likely more limited because their inhabitants did not have immediate access to information about the pandemic or fully understand its impact due to their limited experience handling influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Basco
- Departament d'Economia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Domènech
- Department of Social Sciences, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joan R Rosés
- Historical Economic Demography Group, Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and CEPR, United Kingdom.
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5
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Lovett R, Filec S, Bonham M, Yoshino Benavente J, O'Conor R, Russell A, Zheng P, Wismer G, Yoon E, Weiner-Light S, Vogeley A, Morrissey Kwasny M, Lowe S, Curtis LM, Federman A, Bailey SC, Wolf M. Long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-management of chronic conditions among high-risk adults in the USA: protocol for the C3 observational cohort study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e077911. [PMID: 37899164 PMCID: PMC10618985 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 is an unprecedented public health threat in modern times, especially for older adults or those with chronic illness. Beyond the threat of infection, the pandemic may also have longer-term impacts on mental and physical health. The COVID-19 & Chronic Conditions ('C3') study offers a unique opportunity to assess psychosocial and health/healthcare trajectories over 5 years among a diverse cohort of adults with comorbidities well-characterised from before the pandemic, at its onset, through multiple surges, vaccine rollouts and through the gradual easing of restrictions as society slowly returns to 'normal'. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The C3 study is an extension of an ongoing longitudinal cohort study of 'high-risk' adults (aged 23-88 at baseline) with one or more chronic medical conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Five active studies with uniform data collection prior to COVID-19 were leveraged to establish the C3 cohort; 673 adults in Chicago were interviewed during the first week of the outbreak. The C3 cohort has since expanded to include 1044 participants across eight survey waves (T1-T8). Four additional survey waves (T9-T12) will be conducted via telephone interviews spaced 1 year apart and supplemented by electronic health record and pharmacy fill data, for a total of 5 years of data post pandemic onset. Measurement will include COVID-19-related attitudes/behaviours, mental health, social behaviour, lifestyle/health behaviours, healthcare use, chronic disease self-management and health outcomes. Mental health trajectories and associations with health behaviours/outcomes will be examined in a series of latent group and mixed effects modelling, while also examining mediating and moderating factors. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine Institutional Review Board (STU00215360). Results will be published in international peer-reviewed journals and summaries will be provided to the funders of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lovett
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Filec
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Morgan Bonham
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julia Yoshino Benavente
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachel O'Conor
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrea Russell
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pauline Zheng
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guisselle Wismer
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Esther Yoon
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sophia Weiner-Light
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Abigail Vogeley
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mary Morrissey Kwasny
- Preventive Medicine (Biostatistics), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Lowe
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laura M Curtis
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alex Federman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Stacy C Bailey
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Wolf
- General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Applied Health Research on Aging, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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6
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Peiris S, Izcovich A, Ordunez P, Luciani S, Martinez C, Aldighieri S, Reveiz L. Challenges to delivering evidence-based management for long COVID. BMJ Evid Based Med 2023; 28:295-298. [PMID: 37491142 PMCID: PMC10579509 DOI: 10.1136/bmjebm-2023-112311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Peiris
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Ariel Izcovich
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Pedro Ordunez
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Silvana Luciani
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Carmen Martinez
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Ludovic Reveiz
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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7
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Theilmann M, Geldsetzer P, Bärnighausen T, Sudharsanan N. Does Early Childhood BCG Vaccination Improve Survival to Midlife in a Population With a Low Tuberculosis Prevalence? Quasi-experimental Evidence on Nonspecific Effects From 32 Swedish Birth Cohorts. Demography 2023; 60:1607-1630. [PMID: 37732832 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10970757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) is widely used globally. Many high-income countries discontinued nationwide vaccination policies starting in the 1980s as the TB prevalence decreased. However, there is continued scientific interest in whether the general childhood immunity boost conferred by the BCG vaccination impacts adult health and mortality in low-TB contexts (known as nonspecific effects). While recent studies have found evidence of an association between BCG vaccination and survival to ages 34-45, it is unclear whether these associations are causal or driven by the unobserved characteristics of those who chose to voluntarily vaccinate. We use the abrupt discontinuation of mandatory BCG vaccination in Sweden in 1975 as a natural experiment to estimate the causal nonspecific effect of the BCG vaccine on cohort survival to midlife. Applying two complementary study designs, we find no evidence that survival to age 40 was affected by the discontinuation of childhood BCG vaccination. The results are consistent among both males and females and are robust to several sensitivity tests. Overall, despite prior correlational studies suggesting large nonspecific effects, we do not find any population-level evidence for a nonspecific effect of the BCG vaccine discontinuation on survival to age 40 in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Theilmann
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Professorship of Behavioral Science for Disease Prevention and Health Care and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pascal Geldsetzer
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nikkil Sudharsanan
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Professorship of Behavioral Science for Disease Prevention and Health Care and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Salvisberg V, Le Vu M, Floris J, Matthes KL, Staub K. Health of neonates born in the maternity hospital in Bern, Switzerland, 1880-1900 and 1914-1922. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289157. [PMID: 37585406 PMCID: PMC10431681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of factors impeding normal fetal development and growth is crucial for improving neonatal health. Historical studies are relevant because they show which parameters have influenced neonatal health in the past in order to better understand the present. We studied temporal changes of neonatal health outcomes (birth weight, gestational age, stillbirth rate) and the influence of different cofactors in two time periods. Moreover, we investigated particularly neonatal health in the wake of the 1918/19 influenza pandemic. Data were transcribed from the Bern Maternity Hospital and consists of two time periods: A) The years 1880, 1885, 1890, 1895 and 1900 (N = 1530, births' coverage 20%); B) The years 1914-1922 (N = 6924, births' coverage 40-50%). Linear regression models were used to estimate the effect of birth year on birth weight, and logistic regression models to estimate the effect of birth year and of the exposure to the pandemic on premature birth, stillborn and low birth weight (LBW). Mean birth weight increased only minimally between the two datasets; whereas, in the years 1914-1922, the preterm birth and stillbirth rates were markedly reduced compared with the years 1880-1900. Sex, parity, gestational age and maternal age were significantly associated with birth weight in both time periods. The probability of LBW was significantly increased in 1918 (OR 1.49 (95% CI 1.00-2.23)) and in 1919 (OR 1.55 (95% CI 1.02-2.36)) compared to 1914. Mothers who were heavily exposed to the influenza pandemic during pregnancy had a higher risk of stillbirth (OR 2.27 (95% CI 1.32-3.9)). This study demonstrated that factors influencing neonatal health are multifactorial but similar in both time periods. Moreover, the exposure to the 1918/19 pandemic was less associated with LBW and more associated with an increased risk of stillbirth. If this trend is confirmed by further studies, it could indicate some consistency across pandemics, as similar patterns have recently been shown for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne Salvisberg
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Le Vu
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joël Floris
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of History, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katarina L. Matthes
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar Staub
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of History, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Gaddy H, Ingholt MM. Did the 1918 influenza pandemic cause a 1920 baby boom? Demographic evidence from neutral Europe. POPULATION STUDIES 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37011659 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2023.2192041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
In 1919-20, the European countries that were neutral in the First World War saw a small baby bust followed by a small baby boom. The sparse literature on this topic attributes the 1919 bust to individuals postponing conceptions during the peak of the 1918-20 influenza pandemic and the 1920 boom to recuperation of those conceptions. Using data from six large neutral countries of Europe, we present novel evidence contradicting that narrative. In fact, the subnational populations and maternal birth cohorts whose fertility was initially hit hardest by the pandemic were still experiencing below-average fertility in 1920. Demographic evidence, economic evidence, and a review of post-pandemic fertility trends outside Europe suggest that the 1920 baby boom in neutral Europe was caused by the end of the First World War, not by the end of the pandemic.
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10
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Matthes KL. Long-term mortality effects of century crises: A warning from the past for the decades after COVID-19? Swiss Med Wkly 2023; 153:40057. [PMID: 36971660 DOI: 10.57187/smw.2023.40057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina L Matthes
- Anthropometrics and Historical Epidemiology Research Group, Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Developmental screening of full-term infants at 16 to 18 months of age after in-utero exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Perinatol 2023; 43:659-663. [PMID: 36932135 PMCID: PMC10020764 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-023-01642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen for neurodevelopmental delays in a cohort of full-term infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2. STUDY DESIGN This was a prospective, descriptive cohort study of full-term infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. Subjects underwent neurodevelopmental screening using the Ages and Stages Questionnaires®-Third Edition (ASQ®-3) at 16 to 18 months age. RESULTS Of 51 subjects, twelve (24%) were below cutoff, and twenty-seven (53%) were either below or close to the cutoff in at least one developmental domain. Communication (29%), fine motor (31%), and problem-solving (24%) were the most affected domains. There were no differences in outcomes between infants born to asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic mothers. CONCLUSION We observed increased risk of neurodevelopmental delays during screening of infants born at full-term to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 at 16 to 18 months age. These results highlight the urgent need for follow-up studies of infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2.
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12
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Schneider EB, Edvinsson S, Ogasawara K. Did smallpox cause stillbirths? Maternal smallpox infection, vaccination, and stillbirths in Sweden, 1780–1839. POPULATION STUDIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2023.2174266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Schneider
- London School of Economics and Political Science
- Centre for Economic Policy Research
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13
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Liebana-Presa C, Martínez-Fernández MC, García-Fernández R, Martín-Vázquez C, Fernández-Martínez E, Hidalgo-Lopezosa P. Self perceived health and stress in the pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1166882. [PMID: 37065878 PMCID: PMC10102544 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1166882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has had numerous maternal and neonatal consequences, especially at the mental level. Pregnant women experience a rise in anxiety symptoms and prenatal stress. Aims The aim was to describe self-perceived health status, general stress and prenatal stress and to analyze relations and associations with sociodemographic factors. Methods A quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted using non-probabilistic circumstantial sampling. The sample was recruited during the first trimester of pregnancy during the control obstetrical visit. The Google Forms platform was used. A total of 297 women participated in the study. The Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (PDQ), the Perceived Stress Score (PSS) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were used. Results Primiparas presented higher levels of worry about childbirth and the baby (10.93 ± 4.73) than multiparous women (9.88 ± 3.96). Somatic symptoms were present in 6% of the women. Anxiety-insomnia was scored positively by 18% of the women. In the Spearman correlation analysis, statistically significant values were found between almost all study variables. A positive correlation was observed between self-perceived health and prenatal and general stress levels. Discussion During the first trimester of gestation, prenatal concerns increase when levels of anxiety, insomnia and depression also increase. There is a clear relationship between prenatal worries, anxiety, insomnia and depression with stress. Health education that focuses on mental health of pregnant women would help reduce worries during pregnancy and would improve the pregnant women perception of her health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Liebana-Presa
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- SALBIS Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - María Cristina Martínez-Fernández
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- SALBIS Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Rubén García-Fernández
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- SALBIS Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ponferrada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rubén García-Fernández,
| | | | - Elena Fernández-Martínez
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- SALBIS Reseach Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, León, Spain
| | - Pedro Hidalgo-Lopezosa
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
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14
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Dimka J, van Doren TP, Battles HT. Pandemics, past and present: The role of biological anthropology in interdisciplinary pandemic studies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9082061 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biological anthropologists are ideally suited for the study of pandemics given their strengths in human biology, health, culture, and behavior, yet pandemics have historically not been a major focus of research. The COVID‐19 pandemic has reinforced the need to understand pandemic causes and unequal consequences at multiple levels. Insights from past pandemics can strengthen the knowledge base and inform the study of current and future pandemics through an anthropological lens. In this paper, we discuss the distinctive social and epidemiological features of pandemics, as well as the ways in which biological anthropologists have previously studied infectious diseases, epidemics, and pandemics. We then review interdisciplinary research on three pandemics–1918 influenza, 2009 influenza, and COVID‐19–focusing on persistent social inequalities in morbidity and mortality related to sex and gender; race, ethnicity, and Indigeneity; and pre‐existing health and disability. Following this review of the current state of pandemic research on these topics, we conclude with a discussion of ways biological anthropologists can contribute to this field moving forward. Biological anthropologists can add rich historical and cross‐cultural depth to the study of pandemics, provide insights into the biosocial complexities of pandemics using the theory of syndemics, investigate the social and health impacts of stress and stigma, and address important methodological and ethical issues. As COVID‐19 is unlikely to be the last global pandemic, stronger involvement of biological anthropology in pandemic studies and public health policy and research is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dimka
- Centre for Research on Pandemics and Society Oslo Metropolitan University Oslo Norway
| | | | - Heather T. Battles
- Anthropology, School of Social Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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15
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A mixed-methods study on health learning materials utilization for COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement among health workers in Arsi Zone, Ethiopia: Implication for response to pandemic. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269574. [PMID: 35671317 PMCID: PMC9173612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Risk communication and community engagement are among the key strategies used in response to pandemics. Effective risk communication and community engagement can be achieved when assisted by health learning materials. However, their utilization was not known in Ethiopia. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the utilization of COVID-19 health learning materials (HLMs), and explore barriers and facilitating factors. Methods A sequential explanatory mixed-methods study consisting of two phases was carried out. The first phase was a cross-sectional survey to assess the utilization of COVID-19 HLMs and their predictors. In this phase, a multistage sampling technique was used to select 530 health workers. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Epi-data manager version 4.6.0.2 and STATA version 16 were used for data entry and analyses, respectively. Descriptive analyses were carried out as necessary. Ordinal logistic regression analyses were done to identify the predictors of COVID-19 HLMs utilization. Phase two is a qualitative study to explore enablers and barriers to COVID-19 HLMs utilization. A judgmental sampling technique was used and 14 key informants were recruited. The collected data were uploaded into Atlas ti version 7.0.71. An inductive process of thematic analysis was employed and the data were coded, categorized, and thematized. Results Findings showed that out of the total 530 respondents, 210(39.6%), 117(22.1%), and 203(38.3%) of them never use COVID-19 HLMs, use sometimes, and always, respectively. Health workers’ perceived quality of COVID-19 HLMs [AOR = 6.44 (95% CI: 4.18–9.94)], health workers’ perceived usefulness of COVID-19 HLMs [AOR = 2.82 (95% CI: 1.88–4.22)], working facility [AOR = 1.83 (95% CI: 1.07–3.14)], educational level of the respondents [AOR = 1.73 (95% CI: 1.11–2.72)] and availability of COVID-19 HLMs [AOR = 1.45(95% CI: 1.01–2.08)] had statistically significant association with the utilization status of COVID-19 HLMs. Findings from the qualitative study showed that materials-related factors, and structure and health workers-related factors had influence on HLMs utilization. Conclusions In this study, we found that only a few of the respondents were regularly utilizing COVID-19 HLMs. Perceived quality, usefulness, and availability of HLMs, and health workers’ educational status and working facility determined the level of COVID-19 HLMs utilization. There is a need for giving due attention to HLMs, evaluating their quality, availing them to health facilities, and providing training for health workers.
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16
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Noguchi Y, Taki A, Honda I, Sugie M, Shidei T, Ito K, Iwata H, Koyama A, Okazaki K, Kondo M, Morioka C, Kashimada K, Morio T. Transcriptome analysis of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells revealed fetal programming due to chorioamnionitis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6537. [PMID: 35444246 PMCID: PMC9021264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chorioamnionitis (CAM) has been demonstrated to be associated with numerous short- and long-term morbidities, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. One of the reasons for this is the lack of appropriate models for analyzing the relationship between the fetal environment and chorioamnionitis and fetal programming in humans. In this study, we aimed to clarify the fetal programming caused by CAM using the gene expression profiles of UCMSCs. From nine preterm neonates with CAM (n = 4) or without CAM (n = 5), we established UCMSCs. The gene expression profiles obtained by RNA-seq analysis revealed distinctive changes in the CAM group USMSCs. The UCMSCs in the CAM group had a myofibroblast-like phenotype with significantly increased expression levels of myofibroblast-related genes, including α-smooth muscle actin (p < 0.05). In the pathway analysis, the genes involved in DNA replication and G1 to S cell cycle control were remarkably decreased, suggesting that cellular proliferation was impaired, as confirmed by the cellular proliferation assay (p < 0.01–0.05). Pathway analysis revealed that genes related to white fat cell differentiation were significantly increased. Our results could explain the long-term outcomes of patients who were exposed to CAM and revealed that UCMSCs could be an in vitro model of fetal programming affected by CAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Noguchi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Atsuko Taki
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Izumi Honda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8524, Japan
| | - Manabu Sugie
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tsunanori Shidei
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ito
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Haruka Iwata
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Koyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8524, Japan
| | - Kaoru Okazaki
- Department of Neonatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8561, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kondo
- Department of Neonatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8561, Japan
| | - Chikako Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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17
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The Impact of Maternal Prenatal Stress Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic during the First 1000 Days: A Historical Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084710. [PMID: 35457577 PMCID: PMC9029063 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has a major impact on society, particularly affecting its vulnerable members, including pregnant women and their unborn children. Pregnant mothers reported fear of infection, fear of vertical transmission, fear of poor birth and child outcomes, social isolation, uncertainty about their partner's presence during medical appointments and delivery, increased domestic abuse, and other collateral damage, including vaccine hesitancy. Accordingly, pregnant women's known vulnerability for mental health problems has become a concern during the COVID-19 pandemic, also because of the known effects of prenatal stress for the unborn child. The current narrative review provides a historical overview of transgenerational effects of exposure to disasters during pregnancy, and the role of maternal prenatal stress. We place these effects into the perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hereby, we aim to draw attention to the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women of reproductive age (15-49 year) and its potential associated short-term and long-term consequences for the health of children who are conceived, carried, and born during this pandemic. Timely detection and intervention during the first 1000 days is essential to reduce the burden of transgenerational effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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18
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Liu Y, Dai M, Tang S. Effect of initial COVID-19 outbreak during first trimester on pregnancy outcome in Wuxi, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:54. [PMID: 35062910 PMCID: PMC8778492 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted to examine the effect of initial COVID-19 outbreak during first trimester on pregnancy outcome in Wuxi, China. Methods Women who delivered children at our hospital during June 2020 to July 2020 (control group), and October 2020 to December 2020 (exposure group) were recruited in the present study. All of the participants were not infected with COVID-19. The last menstrual period (LMP) of the exposure group was between January 24th, 2020 and March 12th, 2020, whilst in the control group, the LMP was between May 12th and October 31st, 2019. Results There were 1,456 women in the exposure group and 1,816 women in the control group. Women in the exposure group were more susceptible to hypertension during pregnancy (HDP, P = 0.004, OR[95%CI] = 1.90[1.22–2.95]) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM, P = 0.008, OR[95%CI] = 1.31[1.08–1.60]) compared to those in the control group. Mothers diagnosed with HDP were more likely to deliver premature infants, leading to a higher rate of low birth weight (all P < 0.05). The other common outcomes of pregnancy showed no statistical differences between the two groups. Conclusions The initial COVID-19 outbreak might increase the incidence rates of HDP and GDM among pregnant women whose first trimesters were during that period, resulting in higher percentages of premature delivery and low birth weight. These results should be confirmed by studies from other hospitals or cities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04395-7.
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19
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Maternal-fetal immune responses in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:320. [PMID: 35042863 PMCID: PMC8766450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women represent a high-risk population for severe/critical COVID-19 and mortality. However, the maternal-fetal immune responses initiated by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and whether this virus is detectable in the placenta, are still under investigation. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy primarily induces unique inflammatory responses at the maternal-fetal interface, which are largely governed by maternal T cells and fetal stromal cells. SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is also associated with humoral and cellular immune responses in the maternal blood, as well as with a mild cytokine response in the neonatal circulation (i.e., umbilical cord blood), without compromising the T-cell repertoire or initiating IgM responses. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 is not detected in the placental tissues, nor is the sterility of the placenta compromised by maternal viral infection. This study provides insight into the maternal-fetal immune responses triggered by SARS-CoV-2 and emphasizes the rarity of placental infection. As pregnant women are considered vulnerable to SARSCoV-2 infection, it is important to investigate the actual risks involved. The authors show here that, while a T cell-dominant inflammatory response is observed at the maternal-foetal interface, the virus remains undetectable in the placenta but triggers specific immune responses in the neonatal (umbilical cord blood) circulation.
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20
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Anisman H, Kusnecov AW. Stressors: Psychological and neurobiological processes. Cancer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91904-3.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Lynn F, Alderdice F, Peralta-Ramirez MI. Cortisol levels versus self-report stress measures during pregnancy as predictors of adverse infant outcomes: a systematic review. Stress 2022; 25:189-212. [PMID: 35435113 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2022.2059348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematically review existing evidence to (1) identify the association between self-report stress and cortisol levels measured during pregnancy; and, (2) assess their association with adverse infant outcomes to determine which is the better predictor. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Search terms focused on pregnancy, psychological stress and cortisol. Nine electronic databases were searched, in addition to reference lists of relevant papers. Eligibility criteria consisted of studies that included measurement of self-reported psychological stress, cortisol and assessed their associations with any infant-related outcome. Further limits included studies published in English or Spanish with human female participants. A meta-regression was not feasible due to differences in study samples, measurement tools employed, types of cortisol assessed and outcomes reported. A narrative synthesis was provided. 28 studies were eligible for inclusion. Convergent validity between self-report measures and cortisol was reported by three studies (range r = 0.12-0.41). Higher levels of self-report stress were significantly associated with intrauterine growth restriction (fetal biparietal diameter, low fetal head circumference, abdominal circumference), low gestational age at birth, low anthropometric measures (birth length, head circumference, length of the neonate), poor infant neurodevelopment (cognitive development) and potentially pathogenic gut microbiota (Clostridiaceae Clostridium, Haemophilus) in six studies. Higher cortisol levels were significantly associated with intrauterine growth restriction (fetal biparietal diameter, low fetal head circumference, abdominal circumference), low gestational age at birth, low infant birth weight, poor infant neurodevelopment (attention scores on the Network Neurobehavioral Scale) and low levels of potentially protective gut microbiota (Lactobacillus, Slackia and Actinobaculum) in 13 studies. Of the studies that assessed which type of measure was a better predictor of infant outcomes (n = 6), there was agreement that cortisol levels were statistically better at predicting adverse outcomes than self-reported stress. Self-report stress measures appear to be modest predictors of adverse infant outcomes in comparison to cortisol. A number of methodological limitations need to be addressed in future studies to help understand the relationship between cortisol and self-reported stress and how they are related to adverse infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Caparros-Gonzalez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Fiona Lynn
- Medical Biology Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Fiona Alderdice
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Dauby N, Flamand V. From maternal breath to infant's cells: Impact of maternal respiratory infections on infants 'immune responses. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1046100. [PMID: 36419921 PMCID: PMC9676445 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1046100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero exposure to maternally-derived antigens following chronic infection is associated with modulation of infants 'immune response, differential susceptibility to post-natal infections and immune response toward vaccines. The maternal environment, both internal (microbiota) and external (exposure to environmental microbes) also modulates infant's immune response but also the clinical phenotype after birth. Vertical transmission of ubiquitous respiratory pathogens such as influenza and COVID-19 is uncommon. Evidence suggest that in utero exposure to maternal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infections may have a significant impact on the developing immune system with activation of both innate and adaptive responses, possibly related to placental inflammation. Here in, we review how maternal respiratory infections, associated with airway, systemic and placental inflammation but also changes in maternal microbiota might impact infant's immune responses after birth. The clinical impact of immune modifications observed following maternal respiratory infections remains unexplored. Given the high frequencies of respiratory infections during pregnancy (COVID-19, influenza but also RSV and HMPV), the impact on global child health could be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dauby
- Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium.,School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Flamand
- Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Campos-Garzón C, Riquelme-Gallego B, de la Torre-Luque A, Caparrós-González RA. Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pregnant Women: A Scoping Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:181. [PMID: 34940116 PMCID: PMC8698569 DOI: 10.3390/bs11120181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the gestation period, pregnant women experience physical and psychological changes, which represent vulnerability factors that can boost the development of mental health conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic is producing new changes in the routines of the whole society, especially on lifestyle habits. The psychological impact associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and pregnant women remains unclear. A scoping review regarding the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women was conducted. Searchers were conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science and CINAHL databases. Articles in Spanish, English and French were included. The search was conducted between November 2020 and September 2021. We identified 31 studies that evaluated 30,049 expectant mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pregnant women showed high levels of anxiety and depression symptomatology. Fear of contagion and concerns regarding the health of the fetus were identified as the main variables related to psychological distress. An increase of the levels of depression, anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic amongst pregnant women has been observed. Moreover, an increased vulnerability of the fetus due to placental metabolic alterations is discussed. This review suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with a negative psychological impact on pregnant women. Thus, high levels of anxiety and depression symptoms suggest the need for a systematic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Campos-Garzón
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (C.C.-G.); (R.A.C.-G.)
| | - Blanca Riquelme-Gallego
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (C.C.-G.); (R.A.C.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro de la Torre-Luque
- Center of Biomedical Research in Mental Health, Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, CIBERSAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael A. Caparrós-González
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (C.C.-G.); (R.A.C.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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24
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Boberg-Fazlic N, Ivets M, Karlsson M, Nilsson T. Disease and fertility: Evidence from the 1918-19 influenza pandemic in Sweden. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2021; 43:101020. [PMID: 34252794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
What are the consequences of a severe health shock like an influenza pandemic on fertility? Using rich administrative data and a difference-in-differences approach, we evaluate fertility responses to the 1918-19 influenza pandemic in Sweden. We find evidence of a small baby boom following the end of the pandemic, but we show that this effect is second-order compared to a strong long-term negative fertility effect. Within this net fertility decline there are compositional effects: we observe a relative increase in births to married women and to better-off families. Several factors - including disruptions to the marriage market and income effects - contribute to the long-term fertility reduction. The results are consistent with studies that find a positive fertility response following natural disasters, but we show that this effect is short-lived.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Therese Nilsson
- Lund University and Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Sweden.
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25
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Pandemic-related pregnancy stress among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Midwifery 2021; 103:103163. [PMID: 34649033 PMCID: PMC8493637 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.103163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim was to develop and establish the psychometric properties of the Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress Scale (PREPS) in European Spanish speaking pregnant women in Spain. Design A cross section design using a non-random sample of 206 women completed the questionnaire during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown from April to June 2020 in Spain. Psychological, sociodemographic and obstetric factors and the new PREPS were collected. Results Bartlett's test of sphericity (χ2(105) = 580.36, p < .001), and KMO = .79 confirmed appropriateness for factor analysis of the PREPS. Confirmatory factor analyses based on the factor structure of the original USA English version of this instrument confirmed three factors - Preparedness Stress (7 items), Perinatal Infection Stress (5 items), and Positive Appraisal (3 items). The 15-item version of the PREPS demonstrates internal consistency and reliability are adequate (α > .77), and for F1 - Preparedness (α > .65), for F2 - Infection (α > 0.60) and for F3 - Positive appraisal (α > .55). The three factors exhibited good inter-item correlations, (F1 – Preparedness: .21; F2 – Infection: .23, and F3 – Positive Appraisal: .29). Convergent validity was examined through the Pearson's correlation coefficients of the PREPS with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (PDQ). Correlation between PREPS total and PSS was high, and moderate with PDQ (p < .05). Conclusion The psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the PREPS make it a valuable psychological measure to assess pandemic-related stress among pregnant women.
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26
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Easterlin MC, Crimmins EM, Finch CE. Will prenatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 define a birth cohort with accelerated aging in the century ahead? J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 12:683-687. [PMID: 33168125 PMCID: PMC7674789 DOI: 10.1017/s204017442000104x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The 1918 Influenza pandemic had long-term impacts on the cohort exposed in utero which experienced earlier adult mortality, and more diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and depression after age 50. It is possible that the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic will also have long-term impacts on the cohort that was in utero during the pandemic, from exposure to maternal infection and/or the stress of the pandemic environment. We discuss how COVID-19 disease during pregnancy may affect fetal and postnatal development with adverse impacts on health and aging. Severe maternal infections are associated with an exaggerated inflammatory response, thromboembolic events, and placental vascular malperfusion. We also discuss how in utero exposure to the stress of the pandemic, without maternal infection, may impact health and aging. Several recently initiated birth cohort studies are tracking neonatal health following in utero severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure. We suggest these cohort studies develop plans for longer-term observations of physical, behavioral, and cognitive functions that are markers for accelerated aging, as well as methods to disentangle the effects of maternal infection from stresses of the pandemic environment. In utero exposure to COVID-19 disease could cause developmental difficulties and accelerated aging in the century ahead. This brief review summarizes elements of the developmental origins of health, disease, and ageing and discusses how the COVID-19 pandemic might exacerbate such effects. We conclude with a call for research on the long-term consequences of in utero exposure to maternal infection with COVID-19 and stresses of the pandemic environment.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aging/physiology
- COVID-19/physiopathology
- COVID-19/transmission
- COVID-19/virology
- Child
- Child Development/physiology
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- History, 20th Century
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/history
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919/history
- Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919/statistics & numerical data
- Influenza, Human/history
- Influenza, Human/physiopathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Middle Aged
- Pandemics/history
- Pandemics/statistics & numerical data
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/physiopathology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/virology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caleb E. Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California
- Dornsife College, University of Southern California
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Shangguan F, Wang R, Quan X, Zhou C, Zhang C, Qian W, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Zhang XY. Association of Stress-Related Factors With Anxiety Among Chinese Pregnant Participants in an Online Crisis Intervention During COVID-19 Epidemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:633765. [PMID: 33995188 PMCID: PMC8119994 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous systematic review indicated the prevalence of prenatal anxiety as 14–54%. Pregnant women are a high-risk population for COVID-19. However, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and related factors is unknown in Chinese pregnant women during COVID-19 outbreak. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and the related factors in Chinese pregnant women who were attending crisis intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The data of this cross-sectional study were collected in about 2 months (February 28 to April 26, 2020). Data analysis was performed from April to May 2020. Participants completed a set of questionnaires via the Wechat Mini-program before starting the online self-help crisis intervention for COVID-19 epidemic. A total of 2,120 Chinese pregnant women who were attending a self-help crisis intervention participated in this study. A survey was developed to address possible stress-related factors in pregnant women during the COVID-19 outbreak, including demographic, socioeconomic, and pregnancy-related factors, as well as COVID-19 related factors. Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale and the 10-item perceived stress scale were, respectively, employed to measure anxiety and stress-related factors. Results: A total of 21.7% (459) of pregnant women reported at least mild anxiety (≥5 on the GAD-7 scale), and only 82 women reported moderate to severe anxiety (≥10 on the GAD-7 scale). Factors associated with at least mild anxiety included living in Hubei province (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.32–2.13), nobody providing everyday life support (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.18–2.77), pelvic pain or vaginal bleeding (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.32–2.09), and higher perceived stress (OR = 6.87, 95% CI = 5.42–9.02). Having relatives or neighbors with a diagnosis of COVID-19 was not associated with anxiety (p > 0.05). Conclusions and Relevance: Our findings indicate that evaluation and intervention for maternal and infant health are necessary in pregnant women with anxiety during COVID-19 epidemic, especially those with higher perceived stress, less everyday life support, or vaginal bleeding. Interactions among these related medical, social and psychological factors need to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Quan
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Bejing, China
| | - Chenhao Zhou
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Bejing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Bejing, China
| | - Wei Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China
| | | | - Zhengkui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing, China
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28
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Abstract
Purpose
The Spanish Flu 1918–1920 saw a high degree of excess mortality among young and healthy adults. The purpose of this paper is a further exploration of the hypothesis that high mortality risk during The Spanish Flu in Copenhagen was associated with early life exposure to The Russian Flu 1889–1892.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on 37,000 individual-level death records in a new unique database from The Copenhagen City Archives combined with approximate cohort-specific population totals interpolated from official censuses of population, the author compiles monthly time series on all-cause mortality rates 1916–1922 in Copenhagen by gender and one-year birth cohorts. The author then analyses birth cohort effects on mortality risk during The Spanish Flu using regression analysis.
Findings
The author finds support for hypotheses relating early life exposure to The Russian Flu to mortality risk during The Spanish Flu. Some indications of possible gender heterogeneity during the first wave of The Spanish Flu – not found in previous studies – should be a topic for future research based on data from other countries.
Originality/value
Due to lack of individual-level death records with exact dates of birth and death, previous studies on The Spanish Flu in Denmark and many other countries have relied on data with lower birth cohort resolutions than the one-year birth cohorts used in this study. The analysis in this paper illustrates how archival Big Data can be used to gain new insights in studies on historical pandemics.
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Kirchengast S, Hartmann B. Pregnancy Outcome during the First COVID 19 Lockdown in Vienna, Austria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073782. [PMID: 33916365 PMCID: PMC8038559 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The COVID 19 pandemic represents a major stress factor for non-infected pregnant women. Although maternal stress during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction, an increasing number of studies yielded no negative effects of COVID 19 lockdowns on pregnancy outcome. The present study focused on pregnancy outcome during the first COVID 19 lockdown phase in Austria. In particular, it was hypothesized that the national lockdown had no negative effects on birth weight, low birth weight rate and preterm birth rate. In a retrospective medical record-based single center study, the outcome of 669 singleton live births in Vienna Austria during the lockdown phase between March and July 2020 was compared with the pregnancy outcome of 277 live births at the same hospital during the pre-lockdown months of January and February 2020 and, in addition, with the outcome of 28,807 live births between 2005 and 2019. The rate of very low gestational age was significantly lower during the lockdown phase than during the pre-lockdown phase. The rate of low gestational age, however, was slightly higher during the lockdown phase. Mean birth weight was significantly higher during the lockdown phase; the rates of low birth weight, very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight were significantly lower during the lockdown phase. In contrast, maternal gestational weight gain was significantly higher during the lockdown phase. The stressful lockdown phase in Austria seems to have no negative affect on gestational length and newborn weight among non-infected mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kirchengast
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-4277-54712
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30
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Aassve A, Alfani G, Gandolfi F, Le Moglie M. Epidemics and trust: The case of the Spanish Flu. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2021; 30:840-857. [PMID: 33554412 PMCID: PMC7986373 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies argue that major crises can have long-lasting effects on individual behavior. While most studies focused on natural disasters, we explore the consequences of the global pandemic caused by a lethal influenza virus in 1918-19: the so-called "Spanish Flu." This was by far the worst pandemic of modern history, causing up to 100 million deaths worldwide. Using information about attitudes of respondents to the General Social Survey, we find evidence that experiencing the pandemic likely had permanent consequences in terms of individuals' social trust. Our findings suggest that lower social trust was passed on to the descendants of the survivors of the Spanish Flu who migrated to the United States. As trust is a crucial factor for long-term economic development, our research offers a new angle from which to assess current health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Alfani
- Bocconi UniversityMilanItaly
- Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research (IGIER)Bocconi UniversityMilanItaly
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31
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González FAI, Dip JA, London S. Long-lasting effects of pandemics: The case of the 1918 influenza pandemic in Argentina. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2021; 37:100409. [PMID: 33980404 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2021.100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease pandemic poses a serious threat. While its short-term effects are evident, its long-term consequences are a matter of analysis. In this work, the existence of long-lasting negative effects derived from exposure in utero to a great pandemic -1918 influenza pandemic- is analysed for the Argentine case. Outcomes of interest include educational achievement and unemployment status in adulthood -50 years after the pandemic. Based on a regression analysis, temporal differences in the spread of the pandemic and between close birth cohorts are exploited. The results indicate a significant reduction in educational achievement for people exposed in utero to the pandemic. In the region with the highest incidence of cases (Noroeste), this reduction is 0.5 years of education. There are no significant changes in the chances of being unemployed. In the context of climate change, these results constitute a call of attention for the implementation of child protection policies from gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Antonio Ignacio González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur, Universidad Nacional del Sur/CONICET (IIESS, UNS-CONICET), San Andrés 800, Bahía Blanca-Buenos Aires.
| | - Juan Antonio Dip
- Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Ruta 12 Km 12.5, Posadas-Misiones
| | - Silvia London
- Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur, Universidad Nacional del Sur/CONICET (IIESS, UNS-CONICET), San Andrés 800, Bahía Blanca-Buenos Aires
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32
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Brown LB, Spinelli MA, Gandhi M. The interplay between HIV and COVID-19: summary of the data and responses to date. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2021; 16:63-73. [PMID: 33186229 PMCID: PMC7735216 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We examine the interplay between the HIV and COVID-19 epidemics, including the impact of HIV on COVID-19 susceptibility and severe disease, the effect of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV prevention and treatment, and the influence of the HIV epidemic on responses to COVID-19. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence to date does not suggest that people living with HIV (PLWH) have a markedly higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, with disparities in the social determinants of health and comorbidities likely having a greater influence. The majority of literature has not supported a higher risk for severe disease among PLWH in Europe and the United States, although a large, population-based study in South Africa reported a higher rate of death due to COVID-19. Higher rates of comorbidities associated with COVID-19 disease severity among PLWH is an urgent concern. COVID-19 is leading to decreased access to HIV prevention services and HIV testing, and worsening HIV treatment access and virologic suppression, which could lead to worsening HIV epidemic control. CONCLUSION COVID-19 is threatening gains against the HIV epidemic, including the U.S. Ending the HIV Epidemic goals. The ongoing collision of these two global pandemics will continue to need both study and interventions to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 on HIV efforts worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian B. Brown
- Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Matthew A. Spinelli
- Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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33
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Arthi V, Parman J. Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19. EXPLORATIONS IN ECONOMIC HISTORY 2021; 79:101381. [PMID: 33162564 PMCID: PMC7606070 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2020.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
How might COVID-19 affect human capital and wellbeing in the long run? The COVID-19 pandemic has already imposed a heavy human cost-taken together, this public health crisis and its attendant economic downturn appear poised to dwarf the scope, scale, and disruptiveness of most modern pandemics. What evidence we do have about other modern pandemics is largely limited to short-run impacts. Consequently, recent experience can do little to help us anticipate and respond to COVID-19's potential long-run impact on individuals over decades and even generations. History, however, offers a solution. Historical crises offer closer analogues to COVID-19 in each of its key dimensions-as a global pandemic, as a global recession-and offer the runway necessary to study the life-course and intergenerational outcomes. In this paper, we review the evidence on the long-run effects on health, labor, and human capital of both historical pandemics (with a focus on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic) and historical recessions (with a focus on the Great Depression). We conclude by discussing how past crises can inform our approach to COVID-19-helping tell us what to look for, what to prepare for, and what data we ought to collect now.
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34
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Halpern-Manners A, Raymo JM, Warren JR, Johnson KL. School performance and mortality: The mediating role of educational attainment and work and family trajectories across the life course. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2020; 46:100362. [PMID: 33456423 PMCID: PMC7808718 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2020.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of a strong negative correlation between adolescent academic performance and mortality points to the importance of not only cognitive, but also non-cognitive, skills in predicting survival. We integrated two bodies of research to evaluate expectations regarding the role of educational attainment and trajectories of employment and marriage experience in mediating relationships between high school class rank and longevity. In particular, we used data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (n = 9,232) to fit parametric mortality models from age 55 to age 77. Multiple mediator models allowed for quantification of the degree to which the association between high school class rank and mortality is mediated by life trajectories and educational attainment. Our results show that high school class rank is a statistically significant and substantively meaningful predictor of survival beyond age 55 and that this relationship is partially, but not fully, mediated by trajectories of employment and marriage experience across the life course. Higher educational attainment also mediates a substantial part of the relationship, but to varying degrees for men and women.
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35
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Kendall E, Ehrlich C, Chapman K, Shirota C, Allen G, Gall A, Kek-Pamenter JA, Cocks K, Palipana D. Immediate and Long-Term Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic for People With Disabilities. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1774-1779. [PMID: 33058709 PMCID: PMC7661992 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Some people with disabilities may have greater risk of contracting COVID-19 or experiencing worse outcomes if infected. Although COVID-19 is a genuine threat for people with disabilities, they also fear decisions that might limit lifesaving treatment should they contract the virus.During a pandemic, health systems must manage excess demand for treatment, and governments must enact heavy restrictions on their citizens to prevent transmission. Both actions can have a negative impact on people with disabilities.Ironically, the sociotechnical advances prompted by this pandemic could also revolutionize quality of life and participation for people with disabilities. Preparation for future disasters requires careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kendall
- All of the authors are with the Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Qld, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carolyn Ehrlich
- All of the authors are with the Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Qld, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kelsey Chapman
- All of the authors are with the Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Qld, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Camila Shirota
- All of the authors are with the Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Qld, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary Allen
- All of the authors are with the Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Qld, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Gall
- All of the authors are with the Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Qld, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joe-Anne Kek-Pamenter
- All of the authors are with the Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Qld, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin Cocks
- All of the authors are with the Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Qld, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dinesh Palipana
- All of the authors are with the Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Qld, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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36
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Goldstein JA, Gallagher K, Beck C, Kumar R, Gernand AD. Maternal-Fetal Inflammation in the Placenta and the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:531543. [PMID: 33281808 PMCID: PMC7691234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.531543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Events in fetal life impact long-term health outcomes. The placenta is the first organ to form and is the site of juxtaposition between the maternal and fetal circulations. Most diseases of pregnancy are caused by, impact, or are reflected in the placenta. The purpose of this review is to describe the main inflammatory processes in the placenta, discuss their immunology, and relate their short- and long-term disease associations. Acute placental inflammation (API), including maternal and fetal inflammatory responses corresponds to the clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis and is associated with respiratory and neurodevelopmental diseases. The chronic placental inflammatory pathologies (CPI), include chronic villitis of unknown etiology, chronic deciduitis, chronic chorionitis, eosinophilic T-cell vasculitis, and chronic histiocytic intervillositis. These diseases are less-well studied, but have complex immunology and show mechanistic impacts on the fetal immune system. Overall, much work remains to be done in describing the long-term impacts of placental inflammation on offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery A. Goldstein
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kelly Gallagher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Celeste Beck
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital and Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alison D. Gernand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
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37
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Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Ganho-Ávila A, de la Torre-Luque A. The COVID-19 Pandemic Can Impact Perinatal Mental Health and the Health of the Offspring. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:E162. [PMID: 33114124 PMCID: PMC7690769 DOI: 10.3390/bs10110162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 ongoing pandemic constitutes a major challenge for countries throughout the world due to the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 and devastating consequences in health. No one is free from COVID-19 impact. In this regard, pregnant women are not the exception. The COVID-19 outbreak represents a massive source of stressful agents for women and their babies during the perinatal period. The COVID-19 pandemic has been suggested to potentially have short- and long-term detrimental effects on pregnant women and the baby. These adverse consequences range from mental to medical diseases. During the last centuries, several dreadful and fatal incidents have put pregnant women and their babies at higher risk of mortality and health deterioration. For example, it has been informed that women exposed to the 1918 flu pandemic (commonly known as the Spanish flu) while pregnant showed higher rates of premature delivery in the short term. Long-term consequences have also been reported and individuals (both males and females) who were exposed to the 1918 flu pandemic while in utero had a higher risk of developing schizophrenia, diabetes, coronary heart disease or cancer throughout their lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. Caparros-Gonzalez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Ganho-Ávila
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Alejandro de la Torre-Luque
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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38
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Palloni A, McEniry M, Huangfu Y, Beltran-Sanchez H. Impacts of the 1918 flu on survivors' nutritional status: A double quasi-natural experiment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232805. [PMID: 33079928 PMCID: PMC7575088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust empirical evidence supports the idea that embryonic and, more generally, intrauterine disruptions induced by the 1918-flu pandemic had long-term consequences on adult health status and other conditions. In this paper we assess the 1918-flu long-term effects not just of in utero exposure but also during infancy and early childhood. A unique set of events that took place in Puerto Rico during 1918-1919 generated conditions of a "double quasi-natural experiment". We exploit these conditions to empirically identify effects of exposure to the 1918 flu pandemic and those of the devastation left by an earthquake-tsunami that struck the island in 1918. Because the earthquake-tsunami affected mostly the Western coast of the island whereas early (in utero and postnatal) exposure to the flu was restricted to those born in the interval 1917-1920, we use geographic variation to identify the effects of the quake and timing of birth variation to identify those of the flu. We benefit from availability of information on markers of nutritional status in a nationally representative sample of individuals aged 75 and older in 2002. We make two contributions. First, unlike most fetal-origins research that singles out early nutritional status as a determinant of adult health, we hypothesize that the 1918 flu damaged the nutritional status of adult survivors who, at the time of the flu, were in utero or infants. Second, we target markers of nutritional status largely set when the adult survivors were infants and young children. Estimates of effects of the pandemic are quite large mostly among females and those who were exposed to the earthquake-tsunami. Impacts of the flu in areas less affected by the earthquake are smaller but do vary by area flu severity. These findings constitute empirical evidence supporting the conjecture that effects of the 1918 flu and/or the earthquake are associated not just with disruption experienced during the fetal period but also postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Palloni
- Center for Demography and Health of Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Mary McEniry
- Center for Demography and Health of Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Yiyue Huangfu
- Center for Demography and Health of Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Hiram Beltran-Sanchez
- Population Research Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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39
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders Induced by Maternal Immune Activation: Toward a Prevention Strategy in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. PSYCHIATRY INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/psychiatryint1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As of summer 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic is having a major impact on our daily lives on a global scale, forcing us to change to the new normal. However, the effects are not only detrimental to our present socioeconomic conditions but also have the risk of having negative biological effects on our descendants. Of concern is the effect of maternal immune activation following maternal infection with COVID-19 on the fetus’ cerebral nervous system. While we are currently occupied with countering the imminent threats in front of us, we also need to take steps from a public health perspective to reduce the impact of maternal infection on the fetus, especially the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, such a risk can be prevented and managed through the digital transformation of the nation’s health data and the strategic application of sophisticated data science approaches to those big data.
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40
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Serratos-Sotelo L. Were there long-term economic effects of exposure to polio vaccination? An analysis of migrants to Sweden 1946-2003. SSM Popul Health 2020; 11:100589. [PMID: 32577493 PMCID: PMC7305338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research showed that exposure to the vaccine against polio in early life had no long-term economic benefits among native Swedes. However, whether this result holds for individuals from other countries remains unexplored. This study explores the relationship between exposure to the vaccine and later-life outcomes, but focuses on individuals who migrated to Sweden (birth cohorts 1946-1971), and constitute a diverse sample in terms of national origin. Using a differences-in-differences approach and register data from the Swedish Longitudinal Immigrant Database, this study explores if being exposed to the vaccine against polio in the year of birth in the country of origin has any impact on adult income, educational achievement, or days or number of hospitalizations. The results are in line with the previous research in showing that there are no statistically significant effects on adult income, education, or health from exposure to the vaccine against polio, regardless of national origin. Furthermore, no scarring effects of exposure to polio epidemics were found on any of the outcomes, reinforcing the hypothesis that polio did not scar individuals in the same way as other contemporary epidemic diseases did, and that the lack of scarring could explain the absence of long-term impact from vaccine exposure.
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41
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Frankenberg E, Sumantri C, Thomas D. Effects of a natural disaster on mortality risks over the longer term. NATURE SUSTAINABILITY 2020; 3:614-619. [PMID: 33681474 PMCID: PMC7935047 DOI: 10.1038/s41893-020-0536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to disasters and other extreme events is rising across the globe but the impact on long-term mortality risks of affected populations is not established. We examine how mortality and individual-specific traumatic exposures at the time of the disaster affect mortality risks of survivors over the next ten years, using data from Aceh, Indonesia collected before and after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Across communities, the higher the percentage of individuals killed in the tsunami, the lower the mortality rate for adults over the next decade. However, among older adults post-disaster mortality is elevated for males with poor post-tsunami psychosocial health and for females whose spouse died in the tsunami. Individual-specific tsunami exposures do not affect mortality of younger adults within the 10 year time frame. Whereas positive mortality selection is evident for all adults, scarring is evident only for older adults and is large enough to substantively counteract the reductions in risk from positive mortality selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Frankenberg
- Department of Sociology and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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42
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Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Alderdice F. The COVID-19 pandemic and perinatal mental health. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2020; 38:223-225. [PMID: 32615801 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1786910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Alderdice
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
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43
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Bengtsson T, Dribe M, Eriksson B. Social Class and Excess Mortality in Sweden During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:2568-2576. [PMID: 30059957 PMCID: PMC7314276 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Consensus is lacking in the literature about the role of socioeconomic factors on influenza-associated deaths during the 1918 pandemic. Although some scholars have found that social factors were important, others have not. In this study, we analyzed differences in excess mortality by social class in Sweden during the 1918 pandemic. We analyzed individual-level mortality of the entire population aged 30-59 years by combining information from death records with census data on occupation. Social class was measured by an occupation-based class scheme. Excess mortality during the pandemic was measured as the number of deaths relative to the number occurring in the same month the year before. Social class differences in numbers of deaths were modeled using a complementary log-log model that was adjusted for potential confounding at the family, the residential (urban/rural), and the county levels. We found notable class differences in excess mortality but no perfect class gradient. Class differences were somewhat larger for men than for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Bengtsson
- Centre for Economic Demography, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Economic History, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Dribe
- Centre for Economic Demography, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Economic History, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Eriksson
- Centre for Economic Demography, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Economic History, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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