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Li S, Feng W, Wu J, Cui H, Wang Y, Liang T, An J, Chen W, Guo Z, Lei H. A Narrative Review: Immunometabolic Interactions of Host-Gut Microbiota and Botanical Active Ingredients in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9096. [PMID: 39201782 PMCID: PMC11354385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is where the majority of gut microbiota settles; therefore, the composition of the gut microbiota and the changes in metabolites, as well as their modulatory effects on the immune system, have a very important impact on the development of gastrointestinal diseases. The purpose of this article was to review the role of the gut microbiota in the host environment and immunometabolic system and to summarize the beneficial effects of botanical active ingredients on gastrointestinal cancer, so as to provide prospective insights for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. A literature search was performed on the PubMed database with the keywords "gastrointestinal cancer", "gut microbiota", "immunometabolism", "SCFAs", "bile acids", "polyamines", "tryptophan", "bacteriocins", "immune cells", "energy metabolism", "polyphenols", "polysaccharides", "alkaloids", and "triterpenes". The changes in the composition of the gut microbiota influenced gastrointestinal disorders, whereas their metabolites, such as SCFAs, bacteriocins, and botanical metabolites, could impede gastrointestinal cancers and polyamine-, tryptophan-, and bile acid-induced carcinogenic mechanisms. GPRCs, HDACs, FXRs, and AHRs were important receptor signals for the gut microbial metabolites in influencing the development of gastrointestinal cancer. Botanical active ingredients exerted positive effects on gastrointestinal cancer by influencing the composition of gut microbes and modulating immune metabolism. Gastrointestinal cancer could be ameliorated by altering the gut microbial environment, administering botanical active ingredients for treatment, and stimulating or blocking the immune metabolism signaling molecules. Despite extensive and growing research on the microbiota, it appeared to represent more of an indicator of the gut health status associated with adequate fiber intake than an autonomous causative factor in the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. This study detailed the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal cancers and the botanical active ingredients used for their treatment in the hope of providing inspiration for research into simpler, safer, and more effective treatment pathways or therapeutic agents in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanlan Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.A.); (W.C.); (Z.G.)
| | - Wuwen Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China;
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.A.); (W.C.); (Z.G.)
| | - Herong Cui
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.A.); (W.C.); (Z.G.)
| | - Yiting Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.A.); (W.C.); (Z.G.)
| | - Tianzhen Liang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.A.); (W.C.); (Z.G.)
| | - Jin An
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.A.); (W.C.); (Z.G.)
| | - Wanling Chen
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.A.); (W.C.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhuoqian Guo
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.A.); (W.C.); (Z.G.)
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (S.L.); (J.W.); (Y.W.); (T.L.); (J.A.); (W.C.); (Z.G.)
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Sheikh HK, Ortiz CJC, Arshad T, Padrón JM, Khan H. Advancements in steroidal Pt(II) & Pt(IV) derivatives for targeted chemotherapy (2000-2023). Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116438. [PMID: 38685141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
One of the key strategies in chemotherapy involves crosslinking the DNA strands of cancer cells to impede their replication, with platinum (Pt) coordination compounds being a prominent class and cisplatin being its major representative. Steroidal ligands tethered to DNA interactive Pt core act as drug carriers for targeted therapy. While crosslinking of nuclear or mitochondrial DNA strands using coordination complexes has been studied for years, there remains a lack of comprehensive reviews addressing the advancements made in steroidal-Pt derivatives. This review specifically focuses on advancements made in steroid-tethered structural derivatives of Pt(II) or prodrug Pt(IV) for targeted chemotherapy, synthesized between 2000 and 2023. This period was deliberately chosen due to the widespread use of computational techniques for more accurate structure-based drug-design in last two decades. This review discusses the strategy behind tethering steroidal ligands such as testosterone, estrogen, bile acids, and cholesterol to the central DNA interactive Pt core through specific linker groups. The steroidal ligands function as drug delivery vehicles of DNA interactive Pt core and bind with their respective target receptors or proteins that are often overexpressed in cancer cells, thus enabling targeted delivery of Pt moiety to interact with DNA. We discussed structural features such as the location of the linker group on the steroid, the mono, bi, and tridentate configuration of the chelating arm in coordination with Pt, and the rigidity and flexibility of the linker group. The comparative in vitro, in vivo activities, and relative binding affinities of the designed compounds against standard Pt drugs are also discussed. We also provided a critique of observed trends and shortcomings. Our review will provide insights into future molecular designing of targeted DNA crosslinkers and their structural optimization to achieve desired drug properties. From this analysis, we proposed further research directions leading to the future of targeted chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdullah Khadim Sheikh
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - José M Padrón
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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Dai S, Zhu J, Chen X, Zheng L, Li X, Liu L. Alteration of serum bile acid profiles of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma identified by LC-MS/MS. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:157. [PMID: 38528272 PMCID: PMC10963458 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma closely related to metabolic disorders is a common and aggressive liver malignancy. The dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis has emerged as a key factor for the development and progression of HCC. We aimed to investigate the relationship between bile acids and HCC diagnosis and progression. METHODS A total of 744 HBV-related patients (including 396 HCC patients and 348 patients with chronic liver diseases) were enrolled in the current study. The baseline characteristics of patients were collected from electronic medical records, and the levels of bile acid profiles were determined by LC-MS/MS. Propensity score matching analysis was conducted to reduce the effect of selection bias, and receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to evaluate the clinical application values of bile acid. RESULTS Significant differences were observed for most characteristics between the HCC group and the CLD group before PSM analysis. Patients with HCC were older and fatter (p < 0.05). After adjusting with a 1:1 ratio for age, gender and BMI, 42 HCC patients and 42 non-HCC patients were matched in 2 groups, respectively. The total bile acid level in HCC patients was lower than that in patients with chronic liver diseases before and after PSM analysis (p < 0.05). However, patients with HCC had significantly higher levels of DCA, LCA, and GLCA and lower levels of TCDCA, GUDCA, and TUDCA (p < 0.05, respectively). Besides, the TCDCA, TUDCA, GLCA, and GUDCA were significantly correlated with tumor procession. Moreover, the BAs profiles had a superior predictive ability for predicting the development of HCC even in patients with low serum AFP levels. CONCLUSION Patients with HCC had significantly lower levels of total bile acid, but higher levels of secondary bile acids (DCA, LCA, and GLCA). The levels of primary bile acid (TCDCA) were closely related to tumor size and stage, which indicated that the bile acids were involved in the HCC procession and had important clinical application values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Dai
- Changzhou Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Lanling Road, Changzhou City, 213001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingfei Zhu
- Clinical Lab, Changzhou Third People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Xuqiong Chen
- Changzhou Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Lanling Road, Changzhou City, 213001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liming Zheng
- Clinical Lab, Changzhou Third People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Clinical Lab, Changzhou Third People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213001, China.
| | - Longgen Liu
- Changzhou Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Lanling Road, Changzhou City, 213001, Jiangsu, China.
- Institute of Hepatology, Changzhou Third People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213001, China.
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Lin X, Zhang J, Chu Y, Nie Q, Zhang J. Berberine prevents NAFLD and HCC by modulating metabolic disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 254:108593. [PMID: 38301771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global metabolic disease with high prevalence in both adults and children. Importantly, NAFLD is becoming the main cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Berberine (BBR), a naturally occurring plant component, has been demonstrated to have advantageous effects on a number of metabolic pathways as well as the ability to kill liver tumor cells by causing cell death and other routes. This permits us to speculate and make assumptions about the value of BBR in the prevention and defense against NAFLD and HCC by a global modulation of metabolic disorders. Herein, we briefly describe the etiology of NAFLD and NAFLD-related HCC, with a particular emphasis on analyzing the potential mechanisms of BBR in the treatment of NAFLD from aspects including increasing insulin sensitivity, controlling the intestinal milieu, and controlling lipid metabolism. We also elucidate the mechanism of BBR in the treatment of HCC. More significantly, we provided a list of clinical studies for BBR in NAFLD. Taking into account our conclusions and perspectives, we can make further progress in the treatment of BBR in NAFLD and NAFLD-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Lin
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juanhong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yajun Chu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiuying Nie
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Abou-Fadel J, Reid V, Le A, Croft J, Zhang J. Key Members of the CmPn as Biomarkers Distinguish Histological and Immune Subtypes of Hepatic Cancers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061012. [PMID: 36980321 PMCID: PMC10047786 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer, comprising hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The liver is a primary metabolic organ for progesterone (PRG) and PRG exerts its effects through classic nuclear PRG receptors (nPRs) and non-classic membrane PRG receptors (mPRs) or a combination of both. Previous studies have shown that the CCM signaling complex (CSC) couples both nPRs and mPRs to form the CmPn (CSC-mPR-PRG-nPR) signaling network, which is involved in multiple cellular signaling pathways, including tumorigenesis of various cancers. Despite advances in treatment, 5-year survival rates for liver cancer patients remain low, largely due to the chemoresistant nature of HCCs. The lack of sensitive and specific biomarkers for liver cancer diagnosis and prognosis emphasizes the need for identifying new potential biomarkers. We propose the potential use of CmPn members’ expression data as prognostic biomarkers or biomarker signatures for the major types of hepatic cancer, including HCCs and CCAs, as well as rare subtypes such as undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) and hepatic angiosarcoma (HAS). In this study, we investigated the CmPn network through RNAseq data and immunofluorescence techniques to measure alterations to key cancer pathways during liver tumorigenesis. Our findings reveal significant differential expression of multiple CmPn members, including CCM1, PAQR7, PGRMC1, and nPRs, in both HCCs and CCAs, highlighting the crucial roles of mPRs, nPRs, and CSC signaling during liver tumorigenesis. These key members of the CmPn network may serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of liver cancer subtypes, including rare subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jun Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(915)-215-4197
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Chen N, Wang J, Zhou L, Hu B, Chen Y, Zhu Z. GPBAR1 is associated with asynchronous bone metastasis and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1113785. [PMID: 36755861 PMCID: PMC9899898 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1113785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in China. Asynchronous metastasis is the main reason for HCC recurrence, but the current assessment of HCC metastasis and prognosis is far from clinically satisfactory. Materials In our study, we investigated the expression of G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor (GPBAR1) in HCC tissues and tumor-adjacent tissues by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The associations between GPBAR1 expression, clinicopathological factors, and asynchronous metastases were assessed by the Chi-square test. The overall survival curves of different variables were plotted with the Kaplan-Meier method, and the statistical significance between different subgroups was analyzed with the log-rank test. The independent prognostic factors were identified by the Cox regression hazard model. Results GPBAR1 was more highly expressed in HCC tissues than in tumor-adjacent tissues. GPBAR1 expression in HCC was significantly higher than that in liver cirrhosis, followed by normal liver tissues. GPBAR1 was significantly associated with poor prognosis in HCC and can be regarded as an independent prognostic biomarker. Interestingly, GPBAR1 expression in HCC was significantly correlated with asynchronous metastasis to the bone but not to the liver or lung. Conclusions GPBAR1 was found to be an independent, unfavorable prognostic factor of HCC, as well as an indicator of asynchronous bone metastasis but not liver or lung metastases. Our results could provide a new aspect for HCC metastasis studies and help identify high-risk HCC patients, which helps ameliorate the prognostic assessment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Jieqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Baiqiang Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yinzhong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhuangchen Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Zhuangchen Zhu,
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Li Y, Tian Y, Wang Q, Gu X, Chen L, Jia Y, Cao S, Zhang T, Zhou M, Gou X. Serum metabolomics strategy for investigating the hepatotoxicity induced by different exposure times and doses of Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr. in rats based on GC-MS. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2635-2648. [PMID: 36741154 PMCID: PMC9844675 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07269f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr. (GS), has been widely used in Chinese folk medicine and can promote circulation, relieve pain and remove stasis. In recent years, the hepatotoxicity caused by GS has been reported, however its mechanism is not fully elucidated. Metabolomic techniques are powerful means to explore the toxicological mechanism and therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine. The purpose of this study was to establish a serum metabolomics method based on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to explore the hepatotoxicity mechanism of different exposure times and doses of GS in rats. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were administered daily with distilled water, 7.5 g kg-1 GS, or 15 g kg-1 GS by intragastrical gavage for either 10 or 21 days. The methods adopted included enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and GC-MS-based serum metabolomics. Serum biochemistry analysis showed that the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglycerides (TG), total bilirubin (TBIL) and total bile acid (TBA) significantly (P < 0.05) increased while the levels of albumin (ALB) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in GS-treated groups, compared with the control group. Interestingly, the ALT, AST, TG and ALB levels changed in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The results of H&E staining showed the degree of liver damage after administration of GS gradually deepened with the extension of administration time and the increase of the dose. According to the results of metabolomics analysis, 26 differential metabolites were identified, which were involved in 8 metabolic pathways including phenylalanine metabolism, glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism and so on. Meanwhile, the number of differential metabolites in different GS-treated groups was associated with GS exposure time and dose. Therefore, we concluded that GS might induce hepatotoxicity depending on the exposure time and dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai201203China
| | - Yingxin Tian
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai201203China,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai201203China
| | - Qixue Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai201203China
| | - Xinyi Gu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai201203China
| | - Long Chen
- Experiment Center of Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai201203China
| | - Yiqun Jia
- Experiment Center of Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai201203China
| | - Shan Cao
- Central Laboratory, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of ShanghaiShanghai201999China+86 21 56601100+86 21 36072150
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai201203China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai201203China
| | - Xiaojun Gou
- Central Laboratory, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of ShanghaiShanghai201999China+86 21 56601100+86 21 36072150
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Klyushova LS, Perepechaeva ML, Grishanova AY. The Role of CYP3A in Health and Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2686. [PMID: 36359206 PMCID: PMC9687714 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP3A is an enzyme subfamily in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily and includes isoforms CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, and CYP3A43. CYP3A enzymes are indiscriminate toward substrates and are unique in that these enzymes metabolize both endogenous compounds and diverse xenobiotics (including drugs); almost the only common characteristic of these compounds is lipophilicity and a relatively large molecular weight. CYP3A enzymes are widely expressed in human organs and tissues, and consequences of these enzymes' activities play a major role both in normal regulation of physiological levels of endogenous compounds and in various pathological conditions. This review addresses these aspects of regulation of CYP3A enzymes under physiological conditions and their involvement in the initiation and progression of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria L. Perepechaeva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova Str. 2, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Cholesterol-stabilized membrane-active nanopores with anticancer activities. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5985. [PMID: 36216956 PMCID: PMC9551035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-enhanced pore formation is one evolutionary means cholesterol-free bacterial cells utilize to specifically target cholesterol-rich eukaryotic cells, thus escaping the toxicity these membrane-lytic pores might have brought onto themselves. Here, we present a class of artificial cholesterol-dependent nanopores, manifesting nanopore formation sensitivity, up-regulated by cholesterol of up to 50 mol% (relative to the lipid molecules). The high modularity in the amphiphilic molecular backbone enables a facile tuning of pore size and consequently channel activity. Possessing a nano-sized cavity of ~ 1.6 nm in diameter, our most active channel Ch-C1 can transport nanometer-sized molecules as large as 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein and display potent anticancer activity (IC50 = 3.8 µM) toward human hepatocellular carcinomas, with high selectivity index values of 12.5 and >130 against normal human liver and kidney cells, respectively. Bacterial cells utilize cholesterol-enhanced pore formation to specifically target eukaryotic cells. Here, the authors present a class of bio-inspired, cholesterol-enhanced nanopores which display anticancer activities in vitro.
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Dong TS, Jacobs JP, Agopian V, Pisegna JR, Ayoub W, Durazo F, Enayati P, Sundaram V, Benhammou JN, Noureddin M, Choi G, Lagishetty V, Fiehn O, Goodman MT, Elashoff D, Hussain SK. Duodenal Microbiome and Serum Metabolites Predict Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Multicenter Cohort of Patients with Cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:3831-3841. [PMID: 34799768 PMCID: PMC9287237 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rapidly increasing in the U.S. and is a leading cause of mortality for patients with cirrhosis. Discovering novel biomarkers for risk stratification of HCC is paramount. We examined biomarkers of the gut-liver axis in a prospective multicenter cohort. METHODS Patients with cirrhosis without a history of HCC were recruited between May 2015 and March 2020 and prospectively followed at 3 tertiary care hospitals in Los Angeles. Microbiome analysis was performed on duodenal biopsies and metabolomic analysis was performed on serum samples, collected at the time of enrollment. Optimal microbiome-based survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were used to determine microbiota and metabolite associations with HCC development, respectively. RESULTS A total of 227 participants with liver cirrhosis contributed a total of 459.58 person-years of follow-up, with 14 incident HCC diagnoses. Male sex (HR = 7.06, 95% CI = 1.02-54.86) and baseline hepatic encephalopathy (HE, HR = 4.65, 95% CI = 1.60-13.52) were associated with developing HCC over follow-up. Adjusting for age, sex, baseline HE, and alkaline phosphatase, an increased risk of HCC were observed for participants with the highest versus lowest three quartiles for duodenal Alloprevotella (HR = 3.22, 95% CI = 1.06-9.73) and serum taurocholic acid (HR = 6.87, 95% CI = 2.32-20.27), methionine (HR = 9.97, 95% CI = 3.02-32.94), and methioninesulfoxide (HR = 5.60, 95% CI = 1.84-17.10). Being in the highest quartile for Alloprevotella or methionine had a sensitivity and specificity for developing HCC of 85.71% and 60.56%, respectively, with an odds ratio of 10.92 (95% CI = 2.23-53.48). CONCLUSION Alloprevotella and methionine, methioninesulfoxide, and taurocholic acid predicted future HCC development in a high-risk population of participants with liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien S Dong
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vatche Agopian
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Pisegna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Walid Ayoub
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francisco Durazo
- Froedtert Hospital Transplant Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Pedram Enayati
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vinay Sundaram
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jihane N Benhammou
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gina Choi
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marc T Goodman
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shehnaz K Hussain
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Medical Sciences 1C, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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11
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Zhan X, Liu Y, Yang KL, Luo D. State-of-the-Art Development in Liquid Crystal Biochemical Sensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:577. [PMID: 36004973 PMCID: PMC9406035 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As an emerging stimuli-responsive material, liquid crystal (LC) has attracted great attentions beyond display applications, especially in the area of biochemical sensors. Its high sensitivity and fast response to various biological or chemical analytes make it possible to fabricate a simple, real-time, label-free, and cost-effective LC-based detection platform. Advancements have been achieved in the development of LC-based sensors, both in fundamental research and practical applications. This paper briefly reviews the state-of-the-art research on LC sensors in the biochemical field, from basic properties of LC material to the detection mechanisms of LC sensors that are categorized into LC-solid, LC-aqueous, and LC droplet platforms. In addition, various analytes detected by LCs are presented as a proof of the application value, including metal ions, nucleic acids, proteins, glucose, and some toxic chemical substances. Furthermore, a machine-learning-assisted LC sensing platform is realized to provide a foundation for device intelligence and automatization. It is believed that a portable, convenient, and user-friendly LC-based biochemical sensing device will be achieved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Zhan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Road 1088, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Road 1088, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kun-Lin Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Road 1088, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
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12
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Ahmed M. Functional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects of Bile. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2022; 15:105-120. [PMID: 35898963 PMCID: PMC9309561 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s360563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile is a unique body fluid synthesized in our liver. Enterohepatic circulation preserves bile in our body through its efficient synthesis, transport, absorption, and reuptake. Bile is the main excretory route for bile salts, bilirubin, and potentially harmful exogenous lipophilic substances. The primary way of eliminating cholesterol is bile. Although bile has many organic and inorganic contents, bile acid is the most physiologically active component. Bile acids have a multitude of critical physiologic functions in our body. These include emulsification of dietary fat, absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins, maintaining glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis, sustenance of intestinal epithelial integrity and epithelial cell proliferation, reducing inflammation in the intestine, and prevention of enteric infection due to its antimicrobial properties. But bile acids can be harmful in certain altered conditions like cholecystectomy, terminal ileal disease or resection, cholestasis, duodenogastric bile reflux, duodenogastroesophageal bile reflux, and bile acid diarrhea. Bile acids can have malignant potentials as well. There are also important diagnostic and therapeutic roles of bile acid and bile acid modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monjur Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Khalyfa AA, Punatar S, Yarbrough A. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Understanding the Inflammatory Implications of the Microbiome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158164. [PMID: 35897739 PMCID: PMC9332105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. It is well known that repeated inflammatory insults in the liver can cause hepatic cellular injury that lead to cirrhosis and, ultimately, hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, the microbiome has been implicated in multiple inflammatory conditions which predispose patients to malignancy. With this in mind, we explore the inflammatory implications of the microbiome on pathways that lead to HCC. We also focus on how an understanding of these underlying inflammatory principles lead to a more wholistic understanding of this deadly disease, as well as potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahamed A. Khalyfa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Franciscan Health Olympia Fields, Olympia Fields, IL 60461, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shil Punatar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Franciscan Health Olympia Fields, Olympia Fields, IL 60461, USA;
| | - Alex Yarbrough
- Department of Gastroenterology, Franciscan Health Olympia Fields, Olympia Fields, IL 60461, USA;
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14
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Liu J, Geng W, Sun H, Liu C, Huang F, Cao J, Xia L, Zhao H, Zhai J, Li Q, Zhang X, Kuang M, Shen S, Xia Q, Wong VWS, Yu J. Integrative metabolomic characterisation identifies altered portal vein serum metabolome contributing to human hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2022; 71:1203-1213. [PMID: 34344785 PMCID: PMC9120406 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Altered metabolites are important for the tumourigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We performed integrative metabolomics analysis of the metabolites changes in portal venous blood and in comparison with the metabolites changes in liver tissues and stool samples of HCC patients and healthy liver donors. DESIGN Serum (portal and central vein), liver tissue (HCC tumour and adjacent non-tumour, normal liver) and stool samples were collected from 102 subjects (52 HCC patients and 50 healthy controls) in the discovery cohort; and 100 subjects (50 HCC patients and 50 healthy controls) in an independent validation cohort. Untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The function of candidate metabolites was validated in hepatocyte cell lines. RESULTS Detailed metabolomic evaluation showed distinct clusters of metabolites in serum, liver tissue and stool samples from patients with HCC and control individuals (p<0.001). HCC patients had significantly higher levels of portal vein serum and HCC tissue metabolites of DL-3-phenyllactic acid, L-tryptophan, glycocholic acid and 1-methylnicotinamide than healthy controls, which were associated with impaired liver function and poor survival. On the other hand, HCC patients had lower levels of linoleic acid and phenol in portal vein and stool samples than healthy controls. Linoleic acid and phenol significantly inhibited HCC proliferation, inferring their anti-HCC function as protective metabolites. CONCLUSIONS The integrative metabolome analysis of serum, tissue and stool metabolites revealed unreported metabolic alterations in HCC patients. In portal vein, we identified elevated and depleted metabolites signifying that they might play a role in HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Wei Geng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyong Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changan Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Fan Huang
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreas Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchuan Zhao
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreas Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianning Zhai
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Qing Li
- The Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Ming Kuang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Institue of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shunli Shen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Institue of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Vincent Wai-Sun Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China SAR
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China SAR
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15
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Li Y, Lee AQ, Lu Z, Sun Y, Lu JW, Ren Z, Zhang N, Liu D, Gong Z. Systematic Characterization of the Disruption of Intestine during Liver Tumor Progression in the xmrk Oncogene Transgenic Zebrafish Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111810. [PMID: 35681505 PMCID: PMC9180660 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between tumors and their local microenvironment has been well studied, whereas the effect of tumors on distant tissues remains understudied. Studying how tumors affect other tissues is important for understanding the systemic effect of tumors and for improving the overall health of cancer patients. In this study, we focused on the changes in the intestine during liver tumor progression, using a previously established liver tumor model through inducible expression of the oncogene xmrk in zebrafish. Progressive disruption of intestinal structure was found in the tumor fish, displaying villus damage, thinning of bowel wall, increase in goblet cell number, decrease in goblet cell size and infiltration of eosinophils, most of which were observed phenotypes of an inflammatory intestine. Intestinal epithelial cell renewal was also disrupted, with decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death. Analysis of intestinal gene expression through RNA-seq suggested deregulation of genes related to intestinal function, epithelial barrier and homeostasis and activation of pathways in inflammation, epithelial mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix organization, as well as hemostasis. Gene set enrichment analysis showed common gene signatures between the intestine of liver tumor fish and human inflammatory bowel disease, the association of which with cancer has been recently noticed. Overall, this study represented the first systematic characterization of the disruption of intestine under the liver tumor condition and suggested targeting intestinal inflammation as a potential approach for managing cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Z.G.)
| | - Ai Qi Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
| | - Zhiyuan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuxi Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Jeng-Wei Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
| | - Ziheng Ren
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (A.Q.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.S.); (J.-W.L.); (Z.R.); (N.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Z.G.)
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16
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Wang G, Guan J, Yang Q, Wu F, Shao J, Zhou Q, Guo Z, Ren Y, Zhu H, Chen Z. Development of a Bile Acid-Related Gene Signature for Predicting Survival in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9076175. [PMID: 35592684 PMCID: PMC9113879 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9076175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common diseases that threaten millions of lives annually. Evidence supports that bile acid (BA) affects HCC through inflammation, DNA damage, or other mechanisms. Methods A total of 127 BA-associated genes were analyzed in HCC tumor and nontumor samples using The Cancer Genome Atlas data. Genes correlated to the prognosis of patients with HCC were identified using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Furthermore, a prediction model with identified genes was constructed to evaluate the risk of patients with HCC for prognosis. Results Out of 26 genes with differential expressions between the HCC and nontumor samples, 19 and 7 genes showed upregulated and downregulated expressions, respectively. Three genes, NPC1, ABCC1, and SLC51B, were extrapolated to construct a prediction model for the prognosis of patients with HCC. Conclusion The three-gene prediction model was more reliable than the pathological staging characters of the tumor for the prognosis and survival of patients with HCC. In addition, the upregulated genes facilitating the transport of BAs are associated with poor prognosis of patients with HCC, and genes of de novo synthesis of BAs benefit patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Guan
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengtian Wu
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junwei Shao
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zixuan Guo
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Ren
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haihong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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The Role of Thymine DNA Glycosylase in Transcription, Active DNA Demethylation, and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030765. [PMID: 35159032 PMCID: PMC8833622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Thymine DNA Glycosylase (TDG) is a DNA repair protein that plays an important role in gene regulation. Recent studies have shown that TDG interacts with various transcription factors to activate target genes. TDG also functions in a pathway known as active DNA demethylation, which removes 5-mC from DNA and replaces it with unmethylated cytosine. In this review, we summarize the various functions of TDG in gene regulation as well as the physiological relevance of TDG in cancer. Abstract DNA methylation is an essential covalent modification that is required for growth and development. Once considered to be a relatively stable epigenetic mark, many studies have established that DNA methylation is dynamic. The 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) mark can be removed through active DNA demethylation in which 5-mC is converted to an unmodified cytosine through an oxidative pathway coupled to base excision repair (BER). The BER enzyme Thymine DNA Glycosylase (TDG) plays a key role in active DNA demethylation by excising intermediates of 5-mC generated by this process. TDG acts as a key player in transcriptional regulation through its interactions with various nuclear receptors and transcription factors, in addition to its involvement in classical BER and active DNA demethylation, which serve to protect the stability of the genome and epigenome, respectively. Recent animal studies have identified a connection between the loss of Tdg and the onset of tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on TDG’s function as a transcriptional regulator as well as the physiological relevance of TDG and active DNA demethylation in cancer.
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Bartolini I, Risaliti M, Tucci R, Muiesan P, Ringressi MN, Taddei A, Amedei A. Gut microbiota and immune system in liver cancer: Promising therapeutic implication from development to treatment. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:1616-1631. [PMID: 34853639 PMCID: PMC8603449 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i11.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver tumour, followed by cholangiocarcinoma. Notably, secondary tumours represent up to 90% of liver tumours. Chronic liver disease is a recognised risk factor for liver cancer development. Up to 90% of the patients with HCC and about 20% of those with cholangiocarcinoma have an underlying liver alteration. The gut microbiota-liver axis represents the bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota, its metabolites and the liver through the portal flow. The interplay between the immune system and gut microbiota is also well-known. Although primarily resulting from experiments in animal models and on HCC, growing evidence suggests a causal role for the gut microbiota in the development and progression of chronic liver pathologies and liver tumours. Despite the curative intent of "traditional" treatments, tumour recurrence remains high. Therefore, microbiota modulation is an appealing therapeutic target for liver cancer prevention and treatment. Furthermore, microbiota could represent a non-invasive biomarker for early liver cancer diagnosis. This review summarises the potential role of the microbiota and immune system in primary and secondary liver cancer development, focusing on the potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Bartolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Matteo Risaliti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Rosaria Tucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Paolo Muiesan
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Ringressi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Antonio Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, SOD of Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Florence 50134, Italy
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Hepatocellular Cancer and Gut Microbiome: Time to Untie Gordian's Knot. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:1309-1313. [PMID: 34750696 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide and the incidence is growing on a global scale. About 90% of cases develop on the cirrhotic liver and the etiology is multifactorial. Increasing number of studies suggest that gut microbiota influences the development and progression of liver diseases, including chronic hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. The key role of gut microbiota in carcinogenesis seems to be associated with genomic instability of host cells and immune dysregulation. Recent clinical studies showed that a stable and healthy microbiota initially could have the ability to resist the emergence of chronic inflammation and, therefore, prevent the induction of carcinogenic cells in various organs such as the esophagus, stomach, colon, and liver. The progression from inflammation to cancer is a stepwise process occurring by the concerted action of several factors such as dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, diet, metabolomic, genetic, and epigenetic changes. In this article, we aimed to review the possible role of gut microbiota in the development, progression, and treatment of HCC.
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20
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Orabi D, Berger NA, Brown JM. Abnormal Metabolism in the Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Mechanistic Insights to Chemoprevention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3473. [PMID: 34298687 PMCID: PMC8307710 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise and becoming a major contributor to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Reasons for this include the rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome in contrast to the marked advances in prevention and treatment strategies of viral HCC. These shifts are expected to rapidly propel this trend even further in the coming decades, with NAFLD on course to become the leading etiology of end-stage liver disease and HCC. No Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications are currently available for the treatment of NAFLD, and advances are desperately needed. Numerous medications with varying mechanisms of action targeting liver steatosis and fibrosis are being investigated including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists. Additionally, drugs targeting components of metabolic syndrome, such as antihyperglycemics, have been found to affect NAFLD progression and are now being considered in the treatment of these patients. As NAFLD drug discovery continues, special attention should be given to their relationship to HCC. Several mechanisms in the pathogenesis of NAFLD have been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis, and therapies aimed at NAFLD may additionally harbor independent antitumorigenic potential. This approach may provide novel prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Orabi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nathan A. Berger
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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21
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Girisa S, Henamayee S, Parama D, Rana V, Dutta U, Kunnumakkara AB. Targeting Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) for developing novel therapeutics against cancer. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:21. [PMID: 35006466 PMCID: PMC8607382 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the lethal diseases that arise due to the molecular alterations in the cell. One of those alterations associated with cancer corresponds to differential expression of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor regulating bile, cholesterol homeostasis, lipid, and glucose metabolism. FXR is known to regulate several diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases, the two highly reported causes of mortality globally. Recent studies have shown the association of FXR overexpression with cancer development and progression in different types of cancers of breast, lung, pancreas, and oesophagus. It has also been associated with tissue-specific and cell-specific roles in various cancers. It has been shown to modulate several cell-signalling pathways such as EGFR/ERK, NF-κB, p38/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and JAK/STAT along with their targets such as caspases, MMPs, cyclins; tumour suppressor proteins like p53, C/EBPβ, and p-Rb; various cytokines; EMT markers; and many more. Therefore, FXR has high potential as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of cancer. Thus, the present review focuses on the diverse role of FXR in different cancers and its agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosmitha Girisa
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Sahu Henamayee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Dey Parama
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Varsha Rana
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Uma Dutta
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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22
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Dingeo G, Brito A, Samouda H, Iddir M, La Frano MR, Bohn T. Phytochemicals as modifiers of gut microbial communities. Food Funct 2021; 11:8444-8471. [PMID: 32996966 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01483d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A healthy gut microbiota (GM) is paramount for a healthy lifestyle. Alterations of the GM have been involved in the aetiology of several chronic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, as well as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In pathological conditions, the diversity of the GM is commonly reduced or altered, often toward an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The colonic fermentation of dietary fiber has shown to stimulate the fraction of bacteria purported to have beneficial health effects, acting as prebiotics, and to increase the production of short chain fatty acids, e.g. propionate and butyrate, while also improving gut epithelium integrity such as tight junction functionality. However, a variety of phytochemicals, often associated with dietary fiber, have also been proposed to modulate the GM. Many phytochemicals possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may positively affect the GM, including polyphenols, carotenoids, phytosterols/phytostanols, lignans, alkaloids, glucosinolates and terpenes. Some polyphenols may act as prebiotics, while carotenoids have been shown to alter immunoglobulin A expression, an important factor for bacteria colonization. Other phytochemicals may interact with the mucosa, another important factor for colonization, and prevent its degradation. Certain polyphenols have shown to influence bacterial communication, interacting with quorum sensing. Finally, phytochemicals can be metabolized in the gut into bioactive constituents, e.g. equol from daidzein and enterolactone from secoisolariciresinol, while bacteria can use glycosides for energy. In this review, we strive to highlight the potential interactions between prominent phytochemicals and health benefits related to the GM, emphasizing their potential as adjuvant strategies for GM-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Brito
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Population Health Department, Nutrition and Health Research Group, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, Strassen L-1445, Luxembourg. and Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Hanen Samouda
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Population Health Department, Nutrition and Health Research Group, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, Strassen L-1445, Luxembourg.
| | - Mohammed Iddir
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Population Health Department, Nutrition and Health Research Group, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, Strassen L-1445, Luxembourg.
| | - Michael R La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA. and Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA.
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Population Health Department, Nutrition and Health Research Group, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, Strassen L-1445, Luxembourg.
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23
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Udho EB, Huebner SM, Albrecht DM, Matkowskyj KA, Clipson L, Hedican CA, Koth R, Snow SM, Eberhardt EL, Miller D, Van Doorn R, Gjyzeli G, Spengler EK, Storts DR, Thamm DH, Edmondson EF, Weil MM, Halberg RB, Bacher JW. Tumor aggressiveness is independent of radiation quality in murine hepatocellular carcinoma and mammary tumor models. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1140-1151. [PMID: 33720813 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1900946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estimating cancer risk associated with interplanetary space travel is complicated. Human exposure data to high atomic number, high-energy (HZE) radiation is lacking, so data from low linear energy transfer (low-LET) γ-ray radiation is used in risk models, with the assumption that HZE and γ-ray radiation have comparable biological effects. This assumption has been challenged by reports indicating that HZE radiation might produce more aggressive tumors. The goal of this research is to test whether high-LET HZE radiation induced tumors are more aggressive. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine models of mammary and liver cancer were used to compare the impact of exposure to 0.2Gy of 300MeV/n silicon ions, 3 Gy of γ-rays or no radiation. Numerous measures of tumor aggressiveness were assessed. RESULTS For the mammary cancer models, there was no significant change in the tumor latency or metastasis in silicon-irradiated mice compared to controls. For the liver cancer models, we observed an increase in tumor incidence but not tumor aggressiveness in irradiated mice. CONCLUSION Tumors in the HZE-irradiated mice were not more aggressive than those arising from exposure to low-LET γ-rays or spontaneously. Thus, enhanced aggressiveness does not appear to be a uniform characteristic of all tumors in HZE-irradiated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane M Huebner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dawn M Albrecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Linda Clipson
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Santina M Snow
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily L Eberhardt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Devon Miller
- Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rachel Van Doorn
- Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Genti Gjyzeli
- Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Erin K Spengler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Douglas H Thamm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Molecular Histopathology Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael M Weil
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Richard B Halberg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeffery W Bacher
- Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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24
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Peiseler M, Tacke F. Inflammatory Mechanisms Underlying Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and the Transition to Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:730. [PMID: 33578800 PMCID: PMC7916589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a rising chronic liver disease and comprises a spectrum from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to end-stage cirrhosis and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of NAFLD is multifactorial, but inflammation is considered the key element of disease progression. The liver harbors an abundance of resident immune cells, that in concert with recruited immune cells, orchestrate steatohepatitis. While inflammatory processes drive fibrosis and disease progression in NASH, fueling the ground for HCC development, immunity also exerts antitumor activities. Furthermore, immunotherapy is a promising new treatment of HCC, warranting a more detailed understanding of inflammatory mechanisms underlying the progression of NASH and transition to HCC. Novel methodologies such as single-cell sequencing, genetic fate mapping, and intravital microscopy have unraveled complex mechanisms behind immune-mediated liver injury. In this review, we highlight some of the emerging paradigms, including macrophage heterogeneity, contributions of nonclassical immune cells, the role of the adaptive immune system, interorgan crosstalk with adipose tissue and gut microbiota. Furthermore, we summarize recent advances in preclinical and clinical studies aimed at modulating the inflammatory cascade and discuss how these novel therapeutic avenues may help in preventing or combating NAFLD-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
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25
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Zhou J, Tripathi M, Sinha RA, Singh BK, Yen PM. Gut microbiota and their metabolites in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:11. [PMID: 33490737 PMCID: PMC7116620 DOI: 10.20517/2394-5079.2020.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disorder worldwide. It comprises a spectrum of conditions that range from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, with progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, there is no FDA-approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD. The pathogenesis of NAFLD involves genetic and environmental/host factors, including those that cause changes in intestinal microbiota and their metabolites. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the relationship(s) of microbiota signature with severity of NAFLD and the role(s) microbial metabolites in NAFLD progression. We discuss how metabolites may affect NAFLD progression and their potential to serve as biomarkers for NAFLD diagnosis or therapeutic targets for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Madhulika Tripathi
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Rohit A Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Paul M Yen
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC 27701, USA.,Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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26
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Wu L, Feng J, Li J, Yu Q, Ji J, Wu J, Dai W, Guo C. The gut microbiome-bile acid axis in hepatocarcinogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111036. [PMID: 33378947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with few effective therapeutic options. Bile acids (BAs) are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and can be modulated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G-protein coupled BA receptor 1 (GPBAR1/TGR5). Alterations in BAs can affect hepatic metabolic homeostasis and contribute to the pathogenesis of liver cancer. Increasing evidence points to the key role of bacterial microbiota in the promotion and development of liver cancer. They are also involved in the regulation of BA synthesis and metabolism. The purpose of this review is to integrate related articles involving gut microbiota, BAs and HCC, and review how the gut microbiota-BA signaling axis can possibly influence the development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jianye Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, China.
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China.
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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27
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Zhang C, Yang M, Ericsson AC. The Potential Gut Microbiota-Mediated Treatment Options for Liver Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:524205. [PMID: 33163393 PMCID: PMC7591398 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.524205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Surgical and non-surgical treatments are optional for liver cancer therapy based on the cancer stage. Accumulating studies show that the gut–liver axis influences the progression of liver diseases, including liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and cancer. However, the role of gut microbiota and their derived components and metabolites in liver cancer remains to be further clarified. In this review, we discuss the roles of gut microbiota and specific bacterial species in HCC and the strategies to modulate gut microbiota to improve antitumor therapy. Given the limitation of current treatments, gut microbiota-mediated therapy is a potential option for HCC treatment, including fiber diet and vegetable diet, antimicrobials, probiotics, and pharmaceutical inhibitors. Also, gut microbiota can be used as a marker for early diagnosis of HCC. HCC occurs dependent on various environmental and genetic factors, including diet and sex. Furthermore, gut microbiota impacts the immunotherapy of HCC treatment. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of the gut–liver axis in liver cancer is critically important to improve therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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28
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Buechler C, Aslanidis C. Role of lipids in pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158658. [PMID: 32058031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive and widespread cancer. Patients with liver cirrhosis of different aetiologies are at a risk to develop HCC. It is important to know that in approximately 20% of cases primary liver tumors arise in a non-cirrhotic liver. Lipid metabolism is variable in patients with chronic liver diseases, and lipid metabolites involved therein do play a role in the development of HCC. Of note, lipid composition of carcinogenic tissues differs from non-affected liver tissues. High cholesterol and low ceramide levels in the tumors protect the cells from oxidative stress and apoptosis, and do also promote cell proliferation. So far, detailed characterization of the mechanisms by which lipids enable the development of HCC has received little attention. Evaluation of the complex roles of lipids in HCC is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of HCC, the later being of paramount importance for the development of urgently needed therapeutic interventions. Disturbed hepatic lipid homeostasis has systemic consequences and lipid species may emerge as promising biomarkers for early diagnosis of HCC. The challenge is to distinguish lipids specifically related to HCC from changes simply related to the underlying liver disease. This review article discusses aberrant lipid metabolism in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Charalampos Aslanidis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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29
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Tsai MS, Lee HM, Huang SC, Sun CK, Chiu TC, Chen PH, Lin YC, Hung TM, Lee PH, Kao YH. Nerve growth factor induced farnesoid X receptor upregulation modulates autophagy flux and protects hepatocytes in cholestatic livers. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 682:108281. [PMID: 32001246 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Upregulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) in parenchymal hepatocytes has been shown to exert hepatoprotective function during cholestatic liver injury. However, the modulatory role of NGF in regulation of liver autophagy remains unclear. This study aimed to scrutinize the regulatory role of NGF in hepatic expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid (BA)-activated nuclear receptor, and to determine its cytoprotective effect on BA-induced autophagy and cytotoxicity. Livers of human hepatolithiasis and bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced mouse cholestasis were used for histopathological and molecular detection. The regulatory roles of NGF in autophagy flux and FXR expression, as well as its hepatoprotection against BA cytotoxicity were examined in cultured hepatocytes. FXR downregulation in human hepatolithiasis livers showed positive correlation with hepatic NGF levels. NGF administration upregulated hepatic FXR levels, while neutralization of NGF decreased FXR expression in BDL-induced cholestatic mouse livers. In vitro studies demonstrated that NGF upregulated FXR expression, increased cellular LC3 levels, and exerted hepatoprotective effect in cultured primary rat hepatocytes. Conversely, autophagy inhibition abrogated NGF-driven cytoprotection under BA exposure, suggesting involvement of NGF-modulated auophagy flux. Although FXR agonistic GW4064 stimulation did not affect auophagic LC3 levels, FXR activity inhibition significantly potentiated BA-induced cytotoxicity and increased cellular p62/SQSTM1 and Rab7 protein in SK-Hep1 hepatocytes. Moreover, FXR gene silencing abolished the protective effect of NGF under BA exposure. These findings support that NGF modulates autophagy flux via FXR upregulation and protects hepatocytes against BA-induced cytotoxicity. NGF/FXR axis is a novel therapeutic target for treatment of cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shian Tsai
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Body Health and Beauty Center, Jiann-Ren Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ming Lee
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Huang
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Po-Han Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Min Hung
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Committee for Integration and Promotion of Advanced Medicine and Biotechnology, E-Da Healthcare Group, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Committee for Integration and Promotion of Advanced Medicine and Biotechnology, E-Da Healthcare Group, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Hsien Kao
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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30
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Anstee QM, Reeves HL, Kotsiliti E, Govaere O, Heikenwalder M. From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:411-428. [PMID: 31028350 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 841] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caloric excess and sedentary lifestyle have led to a global epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The hepatic consequence of metabolic syndrome and obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is estimated to affect up to one-third of the adult population in many developed and developing countries. This spectrum of liver disease ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Owing to the high prevalence of NAFLD, especially in industrialized countries but also worldwide, and the consequent burden of progressive liver disease, there is mounting epidemiological evidence that NAFLD has rapidly become a leading aetiology underlying many cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this Review, we discuss NAFLD-associated HCC, including its epidemiology, the key features of the hepatic NAFLD microenvironment (for instance, adaptive and innate immune responses) that promote hepatocarcinogenesis and the management of HCC in patients with obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities. The challenges and future directions of research will also be discussed, including clinically relevant biomarkers for early detection, treatment stratification and monitoring as well as approaches to therapies for both prevention and treatment in those at risk or presenting with NAFLD-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Anstee
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Helen L Reeves
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary Team, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elena Kotsiliti
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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31
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Jin LH, Fang ZP, Fan MJ, Huang WD. Bile-ology: from bench to bedside. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:414-427. [PMID: 31090267 PMCID: PMC6568232 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are originally known as detergents essential for the digestion and absorption of lipids. In recent years, extensive research has unveiled new functions of BAs as gut hormones that modulate physiological and pathological processes, including glucose and lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, inflammation, tumorigenesis, cardiovascular disease, and even the central nervous system in addition to cholesterol homeostasis, enterohepatic protection and liver regeneration. BAs are closely linked with gut microbiota which might explain some of their crucial roles in organs. The signaling actions of BAs can also be mediated through specific nuclear receptors and membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors. Several pharmacological agents or bariatric surgeries have demonstrated efficacious therapeutic effects on metabolic diseases through targeting BA signaling. In this mini-review, we summarize recent advances in bile-ology, focusing on its translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-hua Jin
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology; Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi-peng Fang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Min-jie Fan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-dong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Glycochenodeoxycholate promotes hepatocellular carcinoma invasion and migration by AMPK/mTOR dependent autophagy activation. Cancer Lett 2019; 454:215-223. [PMID: 30980867 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis and recurrence severely impact the treatment effect of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC complicated with cholestasis is more prone to recurrence and metastasis. Previous studies have implicated pathogenesis of HCC by bile acid; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown yet. Glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) is one of most important component of bile acid (BA). In the present study, the role of GCDC in HCC cells invasion was detected by in vitro and in vivo assays. GCDC was found to significantly enhance the invasive potential of HCC cells; Further studies showed that GCDC could induce autophagy activation and higher invasive capability in HCC cells. Interestingly, inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine (CQ) reversed this phenomenon. Subsequently, the correlation between TBA expression level and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed in HCC patients. Clinically, high TBA level in HCC tissue was found to be associated with more invasive and poor survival in HCC patients. Mechanistic study showed that bile acid induced autophagy by targeting the AMPK/mTOR pathway in HCC cells. Therefore, our results suggest that bile acid may promote HCC invasion via activation of autophagy and the level of bile acid may serve as a potential useful indicator for prognosis of HCC patients.
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Kovač U, Skubic C, Bohinc L, Rozman D, Režen T. Oxysterols and Gastrointestinal Cancers Around the Clock. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:483. [PMID: 31379749 PMCID: PMC6653998 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of oxidized sterols in three major gastrointestinal cancers (hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic, and colon cancer) and how the circadian clock affects the carcinogenesis by regulating the lipid metabolism and beyond. While each field of research (cancer, oxysterols, and circadian clock) is well-studied within their specialty, little is known about the intertwining mechanisms and how these influence the disease etiology in each cancer type. Oxysterols are involved in pathology of these cancers, but final conclusions about their protective or damaging effects are elusive, since the effect depends on the type of oxysterol, concentration, and the cell type. Oxysterol concentrations, the expression of key regulators liver X receptors (LXR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and oxysterol-binding proteins (OSBP) family are modulated in tumors and plasma of cancer patients, exposing these proteins and selected oxysterols as new potential biomarkers and drug targets. Evidence about how cholesterol/oxysterol pathways are intertwined with circadian clock is building. Identified key contact points are different forms of retinoic acid receptor related orphan receptors (ROR) and LXRs. RORs and LXRs are both regulated by sterols/oxysterols and the circadian clock and in return also regulate the same pathways, representing a complex interplay between sterol metabolism and the clock. With this in mind, in addition to classical therapies to modulate cholesterol in gastrointestinal cancers, such as the statin therapy, the time is ripe also for therapies where time and duration of the drug application is taken as an important factor for successful therapies. The final goal is the personalized approach with chronotherapy for disease management and treatment in order to increase the positive drug effects.
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Jacobs JP, Dong TS, Agopian V, Lagishetty V, Sundaram V, Noureddin M, Ayoub WS, Durazo F, Benhammou J, Enayati P, Elashoff D, Goodman MT, Pisegna J, Hussain S. Microbiome and bile acid profiles in duodenal aspirates from patients with liver cirrhosis: The Microbiome, Microbial Markers and Liver Disease Study. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:1108-1117. [PMID: 29923681 PMCID: PMC6334634 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cirrhosis is a leading cause of death worldwide, yet there are no well-established risk stratifying tools for lethal complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients with liver cirrhosis undergo routine endoscopic surveillance, providing ready access to duodenal aspirate samples that could be a source for identifying novel biomarkers. The aim of this study was to characterize the microbiome and bile acid profiles in duodenal aspirates from patients with liver cirrhosis to assess the feasibility of developing biomarkers for HCC risk stratification. METHODS Thirty patients with liver cirrhosis were enrolled in the Microbiome, Microbial Markers, and Liver Disease study between May 2015 and March 2017. Detailed clinical and epidemiological data were collected at baseline and at 6-monthly follow-up visits. Duodenal aspirate fluid was collected at baseline for microbial characterization using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and bile acid quantification using mass spectroscopy. RESULTS Alcohol-related cirrhosis was associated with reductions in the Bacteroidetes phylum, particularly Prevotella (13-fold reduction), and expansion of Staphylococcus (13-fold increase), compared to hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Participants with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) had less microbial diversity compared to patients without HE (P < 0.05), and were characterized by expansion of Mycobacterium (45-fold increase) and Gram-positive cocci including Granulicatella (3.1-fold increase), unclassified Planococcaceae (3.3-fold increase), and unclassified Streptococcaceae (4.5-fold increase). Non-Hispanic White patients had reduced microbial richness (P < 0.01) and diversity (P < 0.05), and increased levels of conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid (glycoursodeoxycholic acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid, P < 0.05) compared to Hispanic patients. CONCLUSION Microbial profiles of duodenal aspirates differed by cirrhosis etiology, HE, and Hispanic ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Jacobs
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Department of Medicine and Human GeneticsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,UCLA Microbiome CenterDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tien S. Dong
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vatche Agopian
- Departments of SurgeryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vinay Sundaram
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of MedicineCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of MedicineCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Walid S. Ayoub
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of MedicineCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Francisco Durazo
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,Departments of SurgeryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jihane Benhammou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Department of Medicine and Human GeneticsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pedram Enayati
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of MedicineCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public HealthUniversity of California , Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Marc T. Goodman
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joseph Pisegna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Department of Medicine and Human GeneticsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shehnaz Hussain
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public HealthUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Suppression of Hepatic Bile Acid Synthesis by a non-tumorigenic FGF19 analogue Protects Mice from Fibrosis and Hepatocarcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17210. [PMID: 30464200 PMCID: PMC6249240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical regulation of bile acid (BA) pool size and composition occurs via an intensive molecular crosstalk between the liver and gut, orchestrated by the combined actions of the nuclear Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the enterokine fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) with the final aim of reducing hepatic BA synthesis in a negative feedback fashion. Disruption of BA homeostasis with increased hepatic BA toxic levels leads to higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While native FGF19 has anti-cholestatic and anti-fibrotic activity in the liver, it retains peculiar pro-tumorigenic actions. Thus, novel analogues have been generated to avoid tumorigenic capacity and maintain BA metabolic action. Here, using BA related Abcb4-/- and Fxr-/- mouse models of spontaneous hepatic fibrosis and HCC, we explored the role of a novel engineered variant of FGF19 protein, called FGF19-M52, which fully retains BA regulatory activity but is devoid of the pro-tumoral activity. Expression of the BA synthesis rate-limiting enzyme Cyp7a1 is reduced in FGF19-M52-treated mice compared to the GFP-treated control group with consequent reduction of BA pool and hepatic concentration. Treatment with the non-tumorigenic FGF19-M52 strongly protects Abcb4-/- and Fxr-/- mice from spontaneous hepatic fibrosis, cellular proliferation and HCC formation in terms of tumor number and size, with significant reduction of biochemical parameters of liver damage and reduced expression of several genes driving the proliferative and inflammatory hepatic scenario. Our data bona fide suggest the therapeutic potential of targeting the FXR-FGF19 axis to reduce hepatic BA synthesis in the control of BA-associated risk of fibrosis and hepatocarcinoma development.
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Nuclear Receptor Metabolism of Bile Acids and Xenobiotics: A Coordinated Detoxification System with Impact on Health and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113630. [PMID: 30453651 PMCID: PMC6274770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional studies have provided numerous insights over the past years on how members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily tightly regulate the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Besides the role of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in the transcriptional control of bile acid transport and metabolism, this review provides an overview on how this metabolic sensor prevents the accumulation of toxic byproducts derived from endogenous metabolites, as well as of exogenous chemicals, in coordination with the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Decrypting this network should provide cues to better understand how these metabolic nuclear receptors participate in physiologic and pathologic processes with potential validation as therapeutic targets in human disabilities and cancers.
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Saga K, Iwashita Y, Hidano S, Aso Y, Isaka K, Kido Y, Tada K, Takayama H, Masuda T, Hirashita T, Endo Y, Ohta M, Kobayashi T, Inomata M. Secondary Unconjugated Bile Acids Induce Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103043. [PMID: 30301191 PMCID: PMC6213941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are key players in liver fibrosis, cellular senescence, and hepatic carcinogenesis. Bile acids (BAs) are involved in the activation of HSCs, but the detailed mechanism of this process remains unclear. We conducted a comprehensive DNA microarray study of the human HSC line LX-2 treated with deoxycholic acid (DCA), a secondary unconjugated BA. Additionally, LX-2 cells were exposed to nine BAs and studied using immunofluorescence staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry to examine the mechanisms of HSC activation. We focused on the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway and revealed upregulation of genes related to nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors. α-Smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was highly expressed in cells treated with secondary unconjugated BAs, including DCA, and a morphological change associated with radial extension of subendothelial protrusion was observed. Interleukin-6 level in culture supernatant was significantly higher in cells treated with secondary unconjugated BAs. Flow cytometry showed that the proportion of cells highly expressing α-SMA was significantly increased in HSCs cultured with secondary unconjugated BAs. We demonstrated that secondary unconjugated BAs induced the activation of human HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Saga
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Yukio Iwashita
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Shinya Hidano
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Yuiko Aso
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Kenji Isaka
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Tada
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Hiroomi Takayama
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Takashi Masuda
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Teijiro Hirashita
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Inomata
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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Falcon T, Freitas M, Mello AC, Coutinho L, Alvares-da-Silva MR, Matte U. Analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas Data Reveals Novel Putative ncRNAs Targets in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2864120. [PMID: 30046591 PMCID: PMC6038674 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2864120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the prevalent type of primary liver malignancy. Different noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that negatively regulate gene expression, such as the microRNAs and the long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), have been associated with cell invasiveness and cell dissemination, tumor recurrence, and metastasis in HCC. To evaluate which regulatory ncRNAs might be good candidates to disrupt HCC proliferation pathways, we performed both unsupervised and supervised analyses of HCC expression data, comparing samples of solid tumor tissue (TP) and adjacent tissue (NT) of a set of patients, focusing on ncRNAs and searching for common mechanisms that may shed light in future therapeutic options. All analyses were performed using the R software. Differential expression (total RNA and miRNA) and enrichment analyses (Gene Ontology + Pathways) were performed using the package TCGABiolinks. As a result, we improved the set of lncRNAs that could be the target of future studies in HCC, highlighting the potential of FAM170B-AS1 and TTN-AS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Falcon
- Gene Therapy Center, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Martiela Freitas
- Gene Therapy Center, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program on Genetics and Molecular Biology, UFRGS, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Mello
- Gene Therapy Center, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Graduation Program on Biotechnology/Bioinformatics, UFRGS, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Coutinho
- Gene Therapy Center, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Graduation Program on Biotechnology/Bioinformatics, UFRGS, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mario R. Alvares-da-Silva
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ursula Matte
- Gene Therapy Center, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program on Genetics and Molecular Biology, UFRGS, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, UFRGS, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Thakare R, Alamoudi JA, Gautam N, Rodrigues AD, Alnouti Y. Species differences in bile acids I. Plasma and urine bile acid composition. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1323-1335. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhishikesh Thakare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - Jawaher Abdullah Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - A. David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc.; Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE 68198 USA
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40
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VoPham T, Weaver MD, Vetter C, Hart JE, Tamimi RM, Laden F, Bertrand KA. Circadian Misalignment and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:719-727. [PMID: 29636342 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Circadian misalignment may increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to examine the association between distance from time zone meridian, a proxy for circadian misalignment, and HCC risk in the United States adjusting for known HCC risk factors.Methods: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) provided information on 56,347 HCC cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2014 from 16 population-based cancer registries in the United States. Distance from time zone meridian was estimated using the location of each SEER county's Center of Population in a geographic information system. Poisson regression with robust variance estimation was used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between distance from time zone meridian and HCC risk adjusting for individual-level age at diagnosis, sex, race/ethnicity, year of diagnosis, SEER registry, and county-level prevalence of health conditions, lifestyle factors, shift work occupation, socioeconomic status, and demographic and environmental factors.Results: A 5-degree increase in longitude moving east to west within a time zone was associated with a statistically significant increased risk for HCC (IRR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.14, P = 0.03). A statistically significant positive association was observed among those <65 years old, while no association was observed among individuals ≥65 years old (Pfor interaction < 0.01).Conclusions: Circadian misalignment from residing in the western region of a time zone may impact hepatocarcinogenesis.Impact: Circadian misalignment may be an independent risk factor for HCC. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(7); 719-27. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang VoPham
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew D Weaver
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Céline Vetter
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jaime E Hart
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francine Laden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Di Ciaula A, Wang DQH, Molina-Molina E, Lunardi Baccetto R, Calamita G, Palmieri VO, Portincasa P. Bile Acids and Cancer: Direct and Environmental-Dependent Effects. Ann Hepatol 2017; 16:s87-s105. [PMID: 29080344 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) regulate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol and lipids but have also a key role as singalling molecules and in the modulation of epithelial cell proliferation, gene expression and metabolism. These homeostatic pathways, when disrupted, are able to promote local inflammation, systemic metabolic disorders and, ultimately, cancer. The effect of hydrophobic BAs, in particular, can be linked with cancer in several digestive (mainly oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, biliary tract, colon) and extra-digestive organs (i.e. prostate, breast) through a complex series of mechanisms including direct oxidative stress with DNA damage, apoptosis, epigenetic factors regulating gene expression, reduced/increased expression of nuclear receptors (mainly farnesoid X receptor, FXR) and altered composition of gut microbiota, also acting as a common interface between environmental factors (including diet, lifestyle, exposure to toxics) and the molecular events promoting cancerogenesis. Primary prevention strategies (i.e. changes in dietary habits and lifestyle, reduced exposure to environmental toxics) mainly able to modulate gut microbiota and the epigenome, and the therapeutic use of hydrophilic BAs to counterbalance the negative effects of the more hydrophobic BAs might be, in the near future, part of useful tools for cancer prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Emilio Molina-Molina
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Raquel Lunardi Baccetto
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari. Italy
| | - Vincenzo O Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari. Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Massafra V, van Mil SWC. Farnesoid X receptor: A "homeostat" for hepatic nutrient metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:45-59. [PMID: 28986309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor activated by bile acids (BAs). BAs are amphipathic molecules that serve as fat solubilizers in the intestine under postprandial conditions. In the post-absorptive state, BAs bind FXR in the hepatocytes, which in turn provides feedback signals on BA synthesis and transport and regulates lipid, glucose and amino acid metabolism. Therefore, FXR acts as a homeostat of all three classes of nutrients, fats, sugars and proteins. Here we re-analyze the function of FXR in the perspective of nutritional metabolism, and discuss the role of FXR in liver energy homeostasis in postprandial, post-absorptive and fasting/starvation states. FXR, by regulating nutritional metabolism, represses autophagy in conditions of nutrient abundance, and controls the metabolic needs of proliferative cells. In addition, FXR regulates inflammation via direct effects and via its impact on nutrient metabolism. These functions indicate that FXR is an attractive therapeutic target for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Massafra
- Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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43
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Fan T, Rong Z, Dong J, Li J, Wang K, Wang X, Li H, Chen J, Wang F, Wang J, Wang A. Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of hepatocellular carcinomas in Hras12V transgenic mice. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2370-2384. [PMID: 28941178 PMCID: PMC5633588 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Ras/MAPK pathway is prevalently involved in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its effects on the deregulated cellular metabolic processes involved in HCC in vivo remain unknown. In this study, a mouse model of HCC induced by hepatocyte-specific expression of the Hras12V oncogene was investigated using an integrative analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics data. Consistent with the phenotype of abundant lipid droplets in HCC, the lipid biosynthesis in HCC was significantly enhanced by (1) a sufficient supply of acetyl-CoA from enhanced glycolysis and citrate shuttle activity; (2) a sufficient supply of NADPH from enhanced pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) activity; (3) upregulation of key enzymes associated with lipid biosynthesis; and (4) downregulation of key enzymes associated with bile acid biosynthesis. In addition, glutathione (GSH) was significantly elevated, which may result from a sufficient supply of 5-oxoproline and L-glutamate as well as an enhanced reduction in the process of GSSG being turned into GSH by NADPH. The high level of GSH along with elevated Bcl2 and Ucp2 expression may contribute to a normal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HCC. In conclusion, our results suggest that the lipid metabolism, glycolysis, PPP, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, citrate shuttle activity, bile acid synthesis, and redox homeostasis in the HCC induced by ras oncogene are significantly perturbed, and these altered metabolic processes may play crucial roles in the carcinogenesis, development, and pathological characteristics of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- Laboratory animal center, Dalian medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Zhuona Rong
- Laboratory animal center, Dalian medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Jianyi Dong
- Laboratory animal center, Dalian medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Juan Li
- Laboratory animal center, Dalian medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Kangwei Wang
- Laboratory animal center, Dalian medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Laboratory animal center, Dalian medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Huiling Li
- Laboratory animal center, Dalian medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Laboratory animal center, Dalian medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Fujin Wang
- Laboratory animal center, Dalian medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Laboratory animal center, Dalian medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Aiguo Wang
- Laboratory animal center, Dalian medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
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44
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Cariello M, Peres C, Zerlotin R, Porru E, Sabbà C, Roda A, Moschetta A. Long-term Administration of Nuclear Bile Acid Receptor FXR Agonist Prevents Spontaneous Hepatocarcinogenesis in Abcb4 -/- Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11203. [PMID: 28894223 PMCID: PMC5593831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered bile acid (BA) signaling is associated with hepatotoxicity. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that transcriptionally regulates BA homeostasis. Mice with FXR ablation present hepatocarcinoma (HCC) due to high toxic BA levels. Mice with Abcb4 ablation accumulate toxic BA within the bile ducts and present HCC. We have previously shown that intestinal specific activation of FXR by transgenic VP16-FXR chimera is able to reduce BA pool size and prevent HCC. Here we tested chemical FXR activation by administering for 15 months the dual FXR/ membrane G protein-coupled receptor (TGR5) agonist INT-767 (6α-ethyl-3α,7α,23-trihydroxy-24-nor-5β-cholan-23-sulphate) to Fxr-/- and Abcb4-/- mice. HCC number and size were significantly reduced by INT-767 administration. In contrast, no changes in HCC tumor number and size were observed in Fxr-/- mice fed with or without INT-767. Notably, INT-767 preserved the hepatic parenchyma, improved hepatic function and down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, in Abcb4-/- mice INT-767 prevented fibrosis by reducing collagen expression and deposition. Thus, long term activation of FXR is able to reduce BA pool, reprogram BA metabolism and prevent HCC. These data provide the impetus to address the bona fide therapeutic potential of FXR activation in disease with BA-associated development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Peres
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Zerlotin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
- INBB, National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Porru
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy.
- National Cancer Research Center, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124, Bari, Italy.
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45
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Bakiri L, Hamacher R, Graña O, Guío-Carrión A, Campos-Olivas R, Martinez L, Dienes HP, Thomsen MK, Hasenfuss SC, Wagner EF. Liver carcinogenesis by FOS-dependent inflammation and cholesterol dysregulation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1387-1409. [PMID: 28356389 PMCID: PMC5413325 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular cancers arise in a background of liver damage and inflammation. Bakiri et al. describe the function of the transcription factor c-Fos/AP-1 using mouse models and human data. c-Fos affects cholesterol and bile acid metabolism and induces DNA damage and inflammation, thus promoting liver cancer. Human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), which arise on a background of chronic liver damage and inflammation, express c-Fos, a component of the AP-1 transcription factor. Using mouse models, we show that hepatocyte-specific deletion of c-Fos protects against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCCs, whereas liver-specific c-Fos expression leads to reversible premalignant hepatocyte transformation and enhanced DEN-carcinogenesis. c-Fos–expressing livers display necrotic foci, immune cell infiltration, and altered hepatocyte morphology. Furthermore, increased proliferation, dedifferentiation, activation of the DNA damage response, and gene signatures of aggressive HCCs are observed. Mechanistically, c-Fos decreases expression and activity of the nuclear receptor LXRα, leading to increased hepatic cholesterol and accumulation of toxic oxysterols and bile acids. The phenotypic consequences of c-Fos expression are partially ameliorated by the anti-inflammatory drug sulindac and largely prevented by statin treatment. An inverse correlation between c-FOS and the LXRα pathway was also observed in human HCC cell lines and datasets. These findings provide a novel link between chronic inflammation and metabolic pathways important in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Bakiri
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rainer Hamacher
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Graña
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guío-Carrión
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Campos-Olivas
- Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lola Martinez
- Flow Cytometry Core Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans P Dienes
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin K Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sebastian C Hasenfuss
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a signalling cascade conserved from Drosophila melanogaster to mammals. The mammalian core kinase components comprise MST1 and MST2, SAV1, LATS1 and LATS2 and MOB1A and MOB1B. The transcriptional co-activators YAP1 and TAZ are the downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway and regulate target gene expression. Hippo signalling has crucial roles in the control of organ size, tissue homeostasis and regeneration, and dysregulation of the Hippo pathway can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and malignant transformation. Mammalian intestine consists of a stem cell compartment as well as differentiated cells, and its ability to regenerate rapidly after injury makes it an excellent model system to study tissue homeostasis, regeneration and tumorigenesis. Several studies have established the important role of the Hippo pathway in these processes. In addition, crosstalk between Hippo and other signalling pathways provides tight, yet versatile, regulation of tissue homeostasis. In this Review, we summarize studies on the role of the Hippo pathway in the intestine on these physiological processes and the underlying mechanisms responsible, and discuss future research directions and potential therapeutic strategies targeting Hippo signalling in intestinal disease.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second commonest cause of cancer death worldwide. Rather than falling as a result of prevention and treatments for viral hepatitis, an increase is evident in developed nations consequent to the rising prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-the two major risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The majority of patients with HCC complicating these conditions present with advanced disease as the tools for surveillance are inadequate, and the "at-risk" population is not well characterized. This review will summarize the epidemiological evidence linking obesity, T2DM, and NAFLD with HCC, what is known about the pathogenic mechanisms involved, as well as their relevance for clinicians managing patients at risk. There will also be an overview of the "unmet needs" surrounding this topic, with suggestions for the direction translational research should take in order to prevent progression of NAFLD to HCC, to improve early detection of HCC in those with NAFLD, as well as to improve outcomes for those affected.
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48
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Kong B, Zhu Y, Li G, Williams JA, Buckley K, Tawfik O, Luyendyk JP, Guo GL. Mice with hepatocyte-specific FXR deficiency are resistant to spontaneous but susceptible to cholic acid-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G295-302. [PMID: 26744468 PMCID: PMC4773826 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00134.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily with its endogenous ligands bile acids. Mice with whole body FXR deficiency develop liver tumors spontaneously, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Moreover, it is unknown whether FXR deficiency in liver alone serves as a tumor initiator or promoter during liver carcinogenesis. This study aims to evaluate the effects of hepatocyte-specific FXR deficiency (FXR(hep-/-)) in liver tumor formation. The results showed that FXR(hep-/-) mice did not show spontaneous liver tumorigenesis with aging (up to 24 mo of age). Therefore FXR(hep-/-) mice were fed a bile acid (cholic acid)-containing diet alone or along with a liver tumor initiator, diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Thirty weeks later, no tumors were found in wild-type or FXR(hep-/-) mice without any treatment or with DEN only. However, with cholic acid, while only some wild-type mice developed tumors, all FXR(hep-/-) mice presented with severe liver injury and tumors. Interestingly, FXR(hep-/-) mouse livers increased basal expression of tumor suppressor p53 protein, apoptosis, and decreased basal cyclin D1 expression, which may prevent tumor development in FXR(hep-/-) mice. However, cholic acid feeding reversed these effects in FXR(hep-/-) mice, which is associated with an increased cyclin D1 and decreased cell cycle inhibitors. More in-depth analysis indicates that the increased in cell growth might result from disturbance of the MAPK and JAK/Stat3 signaling pathways. In conclusion, this study shows that hepatic FXR deficiency may only serve as a tumor initiator, and increased bile acids is required for tumor formation likely by promoting cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kong
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey;
| | - Yan Zhu
- 2Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;
| | - Guodong Li
- 3Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin; ,4Division of Biobank Research, Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin;
| | - Jessica A. Williams
- 5Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas;
| | - Kyle Buckley
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey;
| | - Ossama Tawfik
- 6Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - James P. Luyendyk
- 7Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Grace L. Guo
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey;
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Zabarska N, Stumper A, Rau S. CuAAC click reactions for the design of multifunctional luminescent ruthenium complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:2338-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CuAAC (Cu(i) catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition) click chemistry has emerged as a versatile tool in the development of photoactive ruthenium complexes with multilateral potential applicability. Three general concepts for their synthesis and selected applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zabarska
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Anne Stumper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I
- Ulm University
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
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50
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Turmeric enhancing anti-tumor effect of Rhizoma paridis saponins by influencing their metabolic profiling in tumors of H22 hepatocarcinoma mice. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:948-54. [PMID: 26471217 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhizoma Paridis saponins combined with turmeric (RT) showed well anti-hepatocarcinoma activities in our previous research. The aim of this study was to investigate the progression of the biochemical response to RT and capture metabolic variations during intragastric administration of their compatibility. In the experiment, histopathological examination and (1)H NMR method were developed and validated for the metabolic profiling of RT intervention in H22 tumor growth. Data were analyzed with principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA). As a result, Rhizoma paridis saponins (RPS) or RT induced inflammatory cell infiltration in tumors. RT also mediated the tumor microenvironment to promote anti-tumor immunity of mice. RT significantly inhibited tumor growth rate through suppressing levels of amino acids containing alanine, asparagine, glutamine, putrescine, and sarcosine, lipid compounds, and carbohydrates like myo-inositol and arabinose in the tumor tissues. In conclusion, these results uncovered unexpectedly poor nutritional conditions in the RT-treated tumor tissues whose effect was stronger than RPS's. Therefore, RT could be a novel anticancer agent that targets on cancer metabolism through starving tumors reducing viability of cancer cells.
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