1
|
Malinowska JK, Żuradzki T. Towards the multileveled and processual conceptualisation of racialised individuals in biomedical research. SYNTHESE 2022; 201:11. [PMID: 36591336 PMCID: PMC9795162 DOI: 10.1007/s11229-022-04004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss the processes of racialisation on the example of biomedical research. We argue that applying the concept of racialisation in biomedical research can be much more precise, informative and suitable than currently used categories, such as race and ethnicity. For this purpose, we construct a model of the different processes affecting and co-shaping the racialisation of an individual, and consider these in relation to biomedical research, particularly to studies on hypertension. We finish with a discussion on the potential application of our proposition to institutional guidelines on the use of racial categories in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Żuradzki
- Institute of Philosophy & Interdisciplinary Centre for Ethics, Jagiellonian University, ul. Grodzka 52, 31-044 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peckins MK, Westerman HB, Burt SA, Murray L, Alves M, Miller AL, Gearhardt AN, Klump KL, Lumeng JC, Hyde LW. A brief child-friendly reward task reliably activates the ventral striatum in two samples of socioeconomically diverse youth. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263368. [PMID: 35113913 PMCID: PMC8812963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of increased risk-taking behavior, thought to be driven, in part, by heightened reward sensitivity. One challenge of studying reward processing in the field of developmental neuroscience is finding a task that activates reward circuitry, and is short, not too complex, and engaging for youth of a wide variety of ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. In the present study, we tested a brief child-friendly reward task for activating reward circuitry in two independent samples of youth ages 7-19 years old enriched for poverty (study 1: n = 464; study 2: n = 27). The reward task robustly activated the ventral striatum, with activation decreasing from early to mid-adolescence and increasing from mid- to late adolescence in response to reward. This response did not vary by gender, pubertal development, or income-to-needs ratio, making the task applicable for a wide variety of populations. Additionally, ventral striatum activation to the task did not differ between youth who did and did not expect to receive a prize at the end of the task, indicating that an outcome of points alone may be enough to engage reward circuitry. Thus, this reward task is effective for studying reward processing in youth from different socioeconomic backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Peckins
- Department of Psychology, St. John’s University, Queens, New York, United States of America
| | - Heidi B. Westerman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - S. Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Laura Murray
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martha Alves
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alison L. Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ashley N. Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kelly L. Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Julie C. Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Luke W. Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kirmayer LJ, Fung K, Rousseau C, Lo HT, Menzies P, Guzder J, Ganesan S, Andermann L, McKenzie K. Guidelines for Training in Cultural Psychiatry. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2021; 66:195-246. [PMID: 32345034 PMCID: PMC7918872 DOI: 10.1177/0706743720907505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This position paper has been substantially revised by the Canadian Psychiatric Association (CPA)'s Section on Transcultural Psychiatry and the Standing Committee on Education and approved for republication by the CPA's Board of Directors on February 8, 2019. The original position paper1 was first approved by the CPA Board on September 28, 2011.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Kirmayer
- James McGill Professor and Director, Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, 5620McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Director, Culture and Mental Health Research Unit, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Kenneth Fung
- Clinical Director, Asian Initiative in Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario; Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; President, Society for the Study of Psychiatry and Culture, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Cécile Rousseau
- Professor, Division of Social and Cultural Psychiatry, 5620McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Hung Tat Lo
- Director, Asian Clinic, Hong Fook Mental Health Association, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Peter Menzies
- Psychiatrist, Four Directions Therapeutic and Consulting Services, working with First Nations communities in northern Ontario
| | - Jaswant Guzder
- Professor, Department of Psychiatry, 5620McGill University, Montreal, Quebec; Senior Clinician, Cultural Consultation Service, Institute of Community and Family Psychiatry, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec; Senior Clinician, Child Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Soma Ganesan
- Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia; Director, Cross Cultural Psychiatry Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Lisa Andermann
- Psychiatrist, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Associate Professor, Equity, Gender and Populations Division, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Kwame McKenzie
- CEO, Wellesley Institute, Toronto, Ontario; Professor of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Director, Department of Health Equity, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Murray L, Lopez-Duran NL, Mitchell C, Monk CS, Hyde LW. Neural mechanisms of reward and loss processing in a low-income sample of at-risk adolescents. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1310-1325. [PMID: 33216937 PMCID: PMC7759206 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of engagement in risky, reward-driven behaviors, with concurrent developmental changes within reward-related neural systems. As previous research has recruited mostly higher socioeconomic, European and European American participants, therefore limiting generalizability to the US population, especially for populations of color or low-income populations. The current study provided one of the first opportunities to examine the neural correlates of reward and loss functioning in a population-based sample of adolescents at increased risk for poverty-related adversities. The study investigated neural reward and loss processing and whether age, pubertal status and the social constructs of gender and race predicted individual differences in reward- and loss-related brain function. One hundred and twenty-eight primarily low-income adolescents (mean age: 15.9 years, 75% African American) from urban environments completed a modified monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Consistent with the previous research, reward and loss anticipation recruited similar motivational circuitry including striatal, insular, thalamic and supplementary motor areas. Race and gender were not associated with reward- or loss-related neural reactivity. Age and pubertal development were associated with differences in neural reactivity to reward and loss, suggesting that older and more mature adolescents had increased activity in sensory and motivational circuits, but decreased activity in regions responsible for error detection and behavior modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Colter Mitchell
- Population Studies Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
- Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
| | - Christopher S Monk
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Luke W Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Michalska KJ, Davis EL. The psychobiology of emotional development: The case for examining sociocultural processes. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 61:416-429. [PMID: 30592032 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Psychobiological techniques to assess emotional responding have revolutionized the field of emotional development in recent decades by equipping researchers with the tools to quantify children's emotional reactivity and regulation more directly than behavioral approaches allow. Knowledge gained from the incorporation of methods spanning levels of analysis has been substantial, yet many open questions remain. In this prospective review, we (a) describe the major conceptual and empirical advances that have resulted from this methodological innovation, and (b) lay out a case for what we view as the most pressing challenge for the next decades of research into the psychobiology of emotional development: focusing empirical efforts toward understanding the implications of the broader sociocultural contexts in which children develop that shape the psychobiology of emotion. Thus, this review integrates previous knowledge about the psychobiology of emotion with a forward-looking set of recommendations for incorporating sociocultural processes into future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalina J Michalska
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Elizabeth L Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Borck C. [Not Available]. BERICHTE ZUR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE 2018; 41:238-257. [PMID: 32495358 DOI: 10.1002/bewi.201801899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Borck
- Universität zu Lübeck, Institut für Medizingeschichte und Wissenschaftsforschung (IMGWF), Königstraße 42, D-, 23552, Lübeck
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tompson S, Chua HF, Kitayama S. Connectivity between mPFC and PCC predicts post-choice attitude change: The self-referential processing hypothesis of choice justification. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 37:3810-3820. [PMID: 27237098 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research shows that after making a choice, decision makers shift their attitudes in a choice-congruous direction. Although this post-choice attitude change effect is robust, the neural mechanisms underlying it are poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that decision makers elaborate on their choice in reference to self-knowledge to justify the choice they have made. This self-referential processing of the choice is thought to play a pivotal role in the post-choice attitude change. Twenty-four young American adults made a series of choices. They also rated their attitudes toward the choice options before and after the choices. In support of the current hypothesis, we found that changes in functional connectivity between two putative self-regions (medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus]) during the post-choice (vs. pre-choice) rating of the chosen options predicted the post-choice shift of the attitudes toward the chosen options. This finding is the first to suggest that cognitive integration of various self-relevant cognitions is instrumental in fostering post-choice attitude change. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3810-3820, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tompson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Hannah Faye Chua
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prashad S, Milligan AL, Cousijn J, Filbey FM. Cross-Cultural Effects of Cannabis Use Disorder: Evidence to Support a Cultural Neuroscience Approach. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2017; 4:100-109. [PMID: 29062679 PMCID: PMC5650117 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-017-0145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cannabis use disorders (CUDs) are prevalent worldwide. Current epidemiological studies underscore differences in behaviors that contribute to cannabis use across cultures that can be leveraged towards prevention and treatment of CUDs. This review proposes a framework for understanding the effects of cross-cultural differences on psychological, neural, and genomic processes underlying CUDs that has the potential to inform global policies and impact global public health. RECENT FINDINGS We found that cultural factors may influence (1) the willingness to acknowledge CUD-related symptoms among populations of different countries, and (2) neural responses related to the sense of self, perception, emotion, and attention. These findings leverage the potential effects of culture on neural mechanisms underlying CUDs. SUMMARY As the number of individuals seeking treatment for CUDs increases globally, it is imperative to incorporate cultural considerations to better understand and serve differing populations and develop more targeted treatment strategies and interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Prashad
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Amber L. Milligan
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca M. Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ortega F, Vidal F. Culture: by the brain and in the brain? HISTORIA, CIENCIAS, SAUDE--MANGUINHOS 2016; 23:965-983. [PMID: 27992048 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702016000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s, several disciplines have emerged at the interface between neuroscience and the social and human sciences. For the most part, they aim at capturing the commonalities that underlay the heterogeneity of human behaviors and experiences. Neuroanthropology and cultural neuroscience, or the "neurodisciplines of culture," appear different, since their goal is to understand specificity rather than commonality and to address how cultural differences are inscribed in the brain. After offering an overview of these disciplines, and of their relation to endeavors such as cultural psychology and social neuroscience, this article discusses some of the most representative studies in the area in order to explore in which ways they are relevant for an understanding of culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ortega
- Professor, Instituto de Medicina Social/ Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lyra Filho, 7º andar 20550-013 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil.
| | - Fernando Vidal
- Professor, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies; Centro de Historia de la Ciencia/Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Carrer San Magrans, s.n. 08193 - Bellaterra - Barcelona - Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sustainable Digital Environments: What Major Challenges Is Humankind Facing? SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8080726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Kirmayer LJ, Ryder AG. Culture and psychopathology. Curr Opin Psychol 2016; 8:143-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Tompson S, Lieberman MD, Falk EB. Grounding the neuroscience of behavior change in the sociocultural context. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
13
|
Luo S, Ma Y, Liu Y, Li B, Wang C, Shi Z, Li X, Zhang W, Rao Y, Han S. Interaction between oxytocin receptor polymorphism and interdependent culture values on human empathy. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1273-81. [PMID: 25680993 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the association between oxytocin receptor polymorphism (OXTR rs53576) and emotion-related behavioral/psychological tendencies differs between individuals from East Asian and Western cultures. What remains unresolved is which specific dimension of cultural orientations interacts with OXTR rs53576 to shape these tendencies and whether such gene × culture interactions occurs at both behavioral and neural level. This study investigated whether and how OXTR rs53576 interacts with interdependence-a key dimension of cultural orientations that distinguish between East Asian and Western cultures-to affect human empathy that underlies altruistic motivation and prosocial behavior. Experiment 1 measured interdependence, empathy trait and OXTR rs53576 genotypes of 1536 Chinese participants. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed a stronger association between interdependence and empathy trait in G allele carriers compared with A/A homozygotes of OXTR rs53576. Experiment 2 measured neural responses to others' suffering by scanning A/A and G/G homozygous of OXTR rs53576 using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed stronger associations between interdependence and empathic neural responses in the insula, amygdala and superior temporal gyrus in G/G compared with A/A carriers. Our results provide the first evidence for gene × culture interactions on empathy at both behavioral tendency and underlying brain activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Luo
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and
| | - Yina Ma
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and
| | - Bingfeng Li
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chenbo Wang
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and
| | - Zhenhao Shi
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and
| | - Wenxia Zhang
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Rao
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shihui Han
- Department of Psychology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and
| |
Collapse
|