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Manoharan SD, Abdul Hamid H, Md Hashim NF, Cheema MS, Chiroma SM, Mustapha M, Mehat MZ. Could protein phosphatase 2A and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta be targeted by natural compounds to ameliorate Alzheimer's pathologies? Brain Res 2024; 1829:148793. [PMID: 38309553 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that impairs memory and cognitive abilities, primarily in the elderly. The burden of AD extends beyond patients, impacting families and caregivers due to the patients' reliance on assistance for daily tasks. The main features of the pathogenesis of AD are beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), that strongly correlate with oxidative stress and inflammation. NFTs result from misfolded and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Various studies have focused on tau phosphorylation, indicating protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as the primary tau phosphatase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) as the leading tau kinase. Experimental evidence suggests that inhibition of PP2A and increased GSK-3β activity contribute to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment. Hence, targeting PP2A and GSK-3β with pharmacological approaches shows promise in treating AD. The use of natural compounds in the drug development for AD have been extensively studied for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and neuroprotective properties, demonstrating therapeutic advantages in neurological diseases. Alongside the development of PP2A activator and GSK-3β inhibitor drugs, natural compounds are likely to have neuroprotective effects by increasing PP2A activity and decreasing GSK-3β levels. Therefore, based on the preclinical and clinical studies, the potential of PP2A and GSK-3β as therapeutic targets of natural compounds are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmitaa Dhevii Manoharan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hafizah Abdul Hamid
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Fariesha Md Hashim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Manraj Singh Cheema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Samaila Musa Chiroma
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia (NUMed), Iskandar Puteri 79200, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Zulfadli Mehat
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Reichert F, Zohar K, Lezmi E, Eliyahu T, Rotshenker S, Linial M, Weinstock M. Ladostigil Reduces the Adenoside Triphosphate/Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Secretion of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines from Microglia and Modulate-Immune Regulators, TNFAIP3, and EGR1. Biomolecules 2024; 14:112. [PMID: 38254713 PMCID: PMC10813603 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Treatment of aging rats for 6 months with ladostigil (1 mg/kg/day) prevented a decline in recognition and spatial memory and suppressed the overexpression of gene-encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα, IL1β, and IL6 in the brain and microglial cultures. Primary cultures of mouse microglia stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 0.75 µg/mL) and benzoyl ATPs (BzATP) were used to determine the concentration of ladostigil that reduces the secretion of these cytokine proteins. Ladostigil (1 × 10-11 M), a concentration compatible with the blood of aging rats in, prevented memory decline and reduced secretion of IL1β and IL6 by ≈50%. RNA sequencing analysis showed that BzATP/LPS upregulated 25 genes, including early-growth response protein 1, (Egr1) which increased in the brain of subjects with neurodegenerative diseases. Ladostigil significantly decreased Egr1 gene expression and levels of the protein in the nucleus and increased TNF alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFaIP3), which suppresses cytokine release, in the microglial cytoplasm. Restoration of the aberrant signaling of these proteins in ATP/LPS-activated microglia in vivo might explain the prevention by ladostigil of the morphological and inflammatory changes in the brain of aging rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Reichert
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (F.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Keren Zohar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (K.Z.); (T.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Elyad Lezmi
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel;
| | - Tsiona Eliyahu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (K.Z.); (T.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Shlomo Rotshenker
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (F.R.); (S.R.)
| | - Michal Linial
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (K.Z.); (T.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Marta Weinstock
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Wu Z, Zhang T, Ma X, Guo S, Zhou Q, Zahoor A, Deng G. Recent advances in anti-inflammatory active components and action mechanisms of natural medicines. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2901-2937. [PMID: 37947913 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a series of reactions caused by the body's resistance to external biological stimuli. Inflammation affects the occurrence and development of many diseases. Anti-inflammatory drugs have been used widely to treat inflammatory diseases, but long-term use can cause toxic side-effects and affect human functions. As immunomodulators with long-term conditioning effects and no drug residues, natural products are being investigated increasingly for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on the inflammatory process and cellular mechanisms in the development of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, and coronavirus disease-2019. Also, we focus on three signaling pathways (Nuclear factor-kappa B, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3) to explain the anti-inflammatory effect of natural products. In addition, we also classified common natural products based on secondary metabolites and explained the association between current bidirectional prediction progress of natural product targets and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Arshad Zahoor
- College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ganzhen Deng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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4
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Mayor E. Neurotrophic effects of intermittent fasting, calorie restriction and exercise: a review and annotated bibliography. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1161814. [PMID: 37334045 PMCID: PMC10273285 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1161814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, important progress has been achieved in the understanding of the neurotrophic effects of intermittent fasting (IF), calorie restriction (CR) and exercise. Improved neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity and adult neurogenesis (NSPAN) are essential examples of these neurotrophic effects. The importance in this respect of the metabolic switch from glucose to ketone bodies as cellular fuel has been highlighted. More recently, calorie restriction mimetics (CRMs; resveratrol and other polyphenols in particular) have been investigated thoroughly in relation to NSPAN. In the narrative review sections of this manuscript, recent findings on these essential functions are synthesized and the most important molecules involved are presented. The most researched signaling pathways (PI3K, Akt, mTOR, AMPK, GSK3β, ULK, MAPK, PGC-1α, NF-κB, sirtuins, Notch, Sonic hedgehog and Wnt) and processes (e.g., anti-inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis) that support or thwart neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis are then briefly presented. This provides an accessible entry point to the literature. In the annotated bibliography section of this contribution, brief summaries are provided of about 30 literature reviews relating to the neurotrophic effects of interest in relation to IF, CR, CRMs and exercise. Most of the selected reviews address these essential functions from the perspective of healthier aging (sometimes discussing epigenetic factors) and the reduction of the risk for neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease) and depression or the improvement of cognitive function.
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Gahtori R, Tripathi AH, Kumari A, Negi N, Paliwal A, Tripathi P, Joshi P, Rai RC, Upadhyay SK. Anticancer plant-derivatives: deciphering their oncopreventive and therapeutic potential in molecular terms. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-023-00465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Over the years, phytomedicines have been widely used as natural modalities for the treatment and prevention of various diseases by different ethnic groups across the globe. Although, 25% of drugs in the USA contain at least one plant-derived therapeutic compound, currently there is a paucity of plant-derived active medicinal ingredients in the pharmaceutical industry. Scientific evidence-based translation of plant-derived ethnomedicines for their clinical application is an urgent need. The anticancer and associated properties (antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inhibition) of various plant extracts and phytochemicals have been elucidated earlier. Several of the plant derivatives are already in use under prophylactic/therapeutic settings against cancer and many are being investigated under different phases of clinical trials.
Main body
The purpose of this study is to systematically comprehend the progress made in the area of prophylactic and therapeutic potential of the anticancerous plant derivatives. Besides, we aim to understand their anticancer potential in terms of specific sub-phenomena, such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic and inhibition of EMT, with an insight of the molecules/pathways associated with them. The study also provides details of classes of anticancer compounds, their plant source(s) and the molecular pathway(s) targeted by them. In addition to the antioxidative and antiproliferative potentials of anticancer plant derivatives, this study emphasizes on their EMT-inhibition potential and other ‘anticancer related’ properties. The EMT is highlighted as a phenomenon of choice for targeting cancer due to its role in the induction of metastasis and drug resistance. Different phytochemicals in pre-clinical or clinical trials, with promising chemopreventive/anticancer activities have been enlisted and the plant compounds showing synergistic anticancer activity in combination with the existing drugs have been discussed. The review also unravels the need of carrying out pan-signalome studies for identifying the cardinal pathways modulated by phytomedicine(s), as in many cases, the molecular pathway(s) has/have been randomly studied.
Conclusion
This review systematically compiles the studies regarding the impact of various plant derivatives in different cancers and oncogenic processes, as tested in diverse experimental model systems. Availability of more comprehensive information on anticancer phyto-constituents, their relative abundance in crude drugs, pathways/molecules targeted by phytomedicines, their long-term toxicity data and information regarding their safe use under the combinatorial settings, would open greater avenues of their utilization in future against this dreaded disease.
Graphical Abstract
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Anti-Neuroinflammatory Potential of Natural Products in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031486. [PMID: 36771152 PMCID: PMC9920976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease, which is the main cause of dementia in the elderly. Much evidence shows that the onset and late symptoms of AD are caused by multiple factors. Among them, aging is the main factor in the pathogenesis of AD, and the most important risk factor for AD is neuroinflammation. So far, there is no cure for AD, but the relationship between neuroinflammation and AD may provide a new strategy for the treatment of AD. We herein discussed the main etiology hypothesis of AD and the role of neuroinflammation in AD, as well as anti-inflammatory natural products with the potential to prevent and alleviate AD symptoms, including alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols, which are available with great potential for the development of anti-AD drugs.
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Woodfield A, Gonzales T, Helmerhorst E, Laws S, Newsholme P, Porter T, Verdile G. Current Insights on the Use of Insulin and the Potential Use of Insulin Mimetics in Targeting Insulin Signalling in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15811. [PMID: 36555450 PMCID: PMC9779379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are chronic diseases that share several pathological mechanisms, including insulin resistance and impaired insulin signalling. Their shared features have prompted the evaluation of the drugs used to manage diabetes for the treatment of AD. Insulin delivery itself has been utilized, with promising effects, in improving cognition and reducing AD related neuropathology. The most recent clinical trial involving intranasal insulin reported no slowing of cognitive decline; however, several factors may have impacted the trial outcomes. Long-acting and rapid-acting insulin analogues have also been evaluated within the context of AD with a lack of consistent outcomes. This narrative review provided insight into how targeting insulin signalling in the brain has potential as a therapeutic target for AD and provided a detailed update on the efficacy of insulin, its analogues and the outcomes of human clinical trials. We also discussed the current evidence that warrants the further investigation of the use of the mimetics of insulin for AD. These small molecules may provide a modifiable alternative to insulin, aiding in developing drugs that selectively target insulin signalling in the brain with the aim to attenuate cognitive dysfunction and AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Woodfield
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Tatiana Gonzales
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Erik Helmerhorst
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Simon Laws
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
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Alarcón-Enos J, Muñoz-Núñez E, Gutiérrez M, Quiroz-Carreño S, Pastene-Navarrete E, Céspedes Acuña C. Dyhidro-β-agarofurans natural and synthetic as acetylcholinesterase and COX inhibitors: interaction with the peripheral anionic site (AChE-PAS), and anti-inflammatory potentials. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1845-1856. [PMID: 35815566 PMCID: PMC9278454 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2091554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to find molecules of natural origin with potential biological activities, we isolate and synthesise compounds with agarofuran skeletons (epoxyeudesmanes). From the seeds of Maytenus disticha and Maytenus magellanica we obtained six dihydro-β-agarofurans, and by means of the Robinson annulation reaction we synthesised five compounds with the same skeleton. The structures were established on the basis of NMR, IR, and MS. The evaluated compounds showed inhibitory activity on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and on the COX enzymes. Compound 4 emerged as the most potent in the acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay with IC50 17.0 ± 0.016 µM on acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The compounds evaluated were shown to be selective for AChE. The molecular docking, and the propidium displacement assay suggested that the compounds do not bind to the active site of the enzyme AChE, but rather bind to the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of the enzyme, on the other hand, the natural compound 8, showed the best inhibitory activity on the COX-2 enzyme with an IC50 value of 0.04 ± 0.007 µM. The pharmacokinetic profile calculated in silico using the SWISSADME platform shows that these molecules could be considered as potential drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alarcón-Enos
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Evelyn Muñoz-Núñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
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9
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Laws JS, Smid SD. Evaluating Cannabis sativa L.'s neuroprotection potential: From bench to bedside. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 107:154485. [PMID: 36209703 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases and dementia pose a global health challenge in an aging population, exemplified by the increasing incidence and prevalence of its most common form, Alzheimer's disease. Although several approved treatments exist for Alzheimer's disease, they only afford transient symptomatic improvements and are not considered disease-modifying. The psychoactive properties of Cannabis sativa L. have been recognized for thousands of years and now with burgeoning access to medicinal formulations globally, research has turned to re-evaluate cannabis and its myriad phytochemicals as a potential treatment and adjunctive agent for neurodegenerative diseases. PURPOSE This review evaluated the neuroprotective potential of C. sativa's active constituents for potential therapeutic use in dementia and Alzheimer's disease, based on published studies demonstrating efficacy in experimental preclinical settings associated with neurodegeneration. STUDY DESIGN Relevant information on the neuroprotective potential of the C. sativa's phytoconstituents in preclinical studies (in vitro, in vivo) were included. The collated information on C. sativa's component bioactivity was organized for therapeutic applications against neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS The therapeutic use of C. sativa related to Alzheimer's disease relative to known phytocannabinoids and other phytochemical constituents were derived from online databases, including PubMed, Elsevier, The Plant List (TPL, www.theplantlist.org), Science Direct, as well as relevant information on the known pharmacological actions of the listed phytochemicals. RESULTS Numerous C. sativa -prevalent phytochemicals were evidenced in the body of literature as having efficacy in the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions exemplified by Alzheimer's disease. Several phytocannabinoids, terpenes and select flavonoids demonstrated neuroprotection through a myriad of cellular and molecular pathways, including cannabinoid receptor-mediated, antioxidant and direct anti-aggregatory actions against the pathological toxic hallmark protein in Alzheimer's disease, amyloid β. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide strong evidence for a role of cannabis constituents, individually or in combination, as potential neuroprotectants timely to the emergent use of medicinal cannabis as a novel treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Future randomized and controlled clinical studies are required to substantiate the bioactivities of phytocannabinoids and terpenes and their likely synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Staton Laws
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Scott D Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Mathew S, Zhou X, Münch G, Bodkin F, Wallis M, Li F, Raju R. Tristaenone A: A New Anti-Inflammatory Compound Isolated from the Australian Indigenous Plant Tristaniopsis laurina. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196592. [PMID: 36235129 PMCID: PMC9571334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by ethnopharmacological knowledge, we conducted a bioassay-guided fractionation of the leaves of Tristaniopsis laurina which led to the discovery of a new anti-inflammatory compound, tristaenone A (1). The structure was elucidated by detailed spectroscopic data analysis, and the absolute configuration was established using X-ray crystallography analysis. Tristaenone A (1) suppressed LPS and IFN-γ-induced NO, TNF-α and IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values of 37.58 ± 2.45 μM, 80.6 ± 5.82 μM and 125.65 ± 0.34 μM, respectively. It also inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation by 52.93 ± 14.14% at a concentration of 31.85 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintu Mathew
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Francis Bodkin
- Department of Pharmacology, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Matthew Wallis
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Ritesh Raju
- Department of Pharmacology, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-02-4620-3878
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11
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Koca S, Kiris I, Sahin S, Cinar N, Karsidag S, Hanagasi HA, Yildiz GB, Tarik Baykal A. Decreased levels of cytokines implicate altered immune response in plasma of moderate-stage Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurosci Lett 2022; 786:136799. [PMID: 35842208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. However, increasing evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of the disease is associated with peripheral inflammation. Here, we aimed to determine plasma concentrations of multiple cytokines and chemokines from moderate-stage AD and age-matched controls. Changes in a total of 20 cytokines and chemokines in plasma of moderate-stage AD were evaluated by using quantitative microarray. Six of them, namely MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, MMP-9, RANTES, and VEGF, were found to be significantly reduced in moderate-stage AD patients (n = 25) in comparison to age-matched and non-demented controls (n = 25). However, GM-CSF, GRO-α/β/γ, IFN- γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12 p70, IL-13, IL-2, IL- 4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α showed no significant differences between the patient and control groups. On the contrary to previous early-stage AD studies that show increased plasma cytokine/chemokine levels, our results indicate that inflammatory plasma molecules are reduced in moderate-stage AD. This finding points out the reduced immune responsiveness, which is known to be directly correlated to the degree of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebile Koca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Kiris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevki Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Cinar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Karsidag
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasmet A Hanagasi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsen B Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Fakhri S, Piri S, Moradi SZ, Khan H. Phytochemicals Targeting Oxidative Stress, Interconnected Neuroinflammatory, and Neuroapoptotic Pathways Following Radiation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:836-856. [PMID: 34370636 PMCID: PMC9881105 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210809103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation for therapeutic purposes has shown positive effects in different contexts; however, it can increase the risk of many age-related and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). These different outcomes highlight a dose-response phenomenon called hormesis. Prevailing studies indicate that high doses of radiation could play several destructive roles in triggering oxidative stress, neuroapoptosis, and neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration. However, there is a lack of effective treatments in combating radiation-induced neurodegeneration, and the present drugs suffer from some drawbacks, including side effects and drug resistance. Among natural entities, polyphenols are suggested as multi-target agents affecting the dysregulated pathogenic mechanisms in neurodegenerative disease. This review discusses the destructive effects of radiation on the induction of neurodegenerative diseases by dysregulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. We also describe the promising effects of polyphenols and other candidate phytochemicals in preventing and treating radiation-induced neurodegenerative disorders, aiming to find novel/potential therapeutic compounds against such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;,Address correspondence to these author at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; E-mail: Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan; E-mail:
| | - Sana Piri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;,These authors have contributed equally to this work.
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;,Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran;,These authors have contributed equally to this work.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan,Address correspondence to these author at the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; E-mail: Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan; E-mail:
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Dietary uptake of Salvia macilenta extract improves Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway and diminishes inflammation and apoptosis in amyloid beta-induced rats. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7667-7676. [PMID: 34724130 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies showed the protective role of Salvia in traditional medicine against neurodegenerative diseases. Salvia macilenta is one of the potent antioxidant herbs among Salvia species against oxidative stress. In the current study, the effect of oral administration of S. macilenta in the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities of Aβ-injected male albino Wistar rats was determined. METHODS Rats were received S. macilenta (50 mg/kg/day) orally, for ten successive days and then some of them received Aβ (10 ng/µl) in their hippocampus (CA1 region). Proteins involved in antioxidant defense system and inflammatory signaling pathways in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were evaluated using Western blotting technique. To study apoptosis, Western blotting technique and histological staining were used. Catalase activity, glutathione peroxidase (GSH) and nitric oxide levels were measured. RESULTS Results demonstrated that S. macilenta increased Nrf2 protein level and decreased TNFα and IL-6 protein level in Aβ-injected rats compared to the Aβ-injected group in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Histological analysis showed pretreatment with S. macilenta decreased apoptosis levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, about 41 and 42%, compared to Aβ-injected rats, respectively. This study showed that catalase activity was changed in the S. macilenta + Aβ group compared to the Aβ-injected rats. Also, GSH level was increased in the S. macilenta + Aβ group compared to the Aβ-injected rat. CONCLUSION Orally treatment of S. macilenta extract in Aβ-injected rats could ameliorate protective pathways and, so, it can be one of the proposed dietary supplements for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
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Tamfu AN, Kucukaydin S, Yeskaliyeva B, Ozturk M, Dinica RM. Non-Alkaloid Cholinesterase Inhibitory Compounds from Natural Sources. Molecules 2021; 26:5582. [PMID: 34577053 PMCID: PMC8472022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder of different brain regions accompanied by distresses and affecting more than 25 million people in the world. This progressive brain deterioration affects the central nervous system and has negative impacts on a patient's daily activities such as memory impairment. The most important challenge concerning AD is the development of new drugs for long-term treatment or prevention, with lesser side effects and greater efficiency as cholinesterases inhibitors and the ability to remove amyloid-beta(Aβ) deposits and other related AD neuropathologies. Natural sources provide promising alternatives to synthetic cholinesterase inhibitors and many have been reported for alkaloids while neglecting other classes with potential cholinesterase inhibition. This review summarizes information about the therapeutic potential of small natural molecules from medicinal herbs, belonging to terpenoids, coumarins, and phenolic compounds, and others, which have gained special attention due to their specific modes of action and their advantages of low toxicity and high efficiency in the treatment of AD. Some show superior drug-like features in comparison to synthetic cholinesterase inhibitors. We expect that the listed phytoconstituents in this review will serve as promising tools and chemical scaffolds for the discovery of new potent therapeutic leads for the amelioration and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Ngenge Tamfu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries, University of Ngaoundere, 454 Ngaoundere, Cameroon
- Department of Chemistry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey; (B.Y.); (M.O.)
| | - Selcuk Kucukaydin
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Koycegiz Vocational School of Health Services, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48800, Turkey;
| | - Balakyz Yeskaliyeva
- Department of Chemistry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey; (B.Y.); (M.O.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Mehmet Ozturk
- Department of Chemistry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey; (B.Y.); (M.O.)
| | - Rodica Mihaela Dinica
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Dunarea de Jos University, 47 Domneasca Str., 800008 Galati, Romania
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15
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Ullah R, Ali G, Subhan F, Khan A, Ahsan Halim S, Naveed M, Kalsoom S, Al-Harrasi A. Attenuation of spatial memory in 5xFAD mice by targeting cholinesterases, oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling using 2-(hydroxyl-(2-nitrophenyl)methyl)cyclopentanone. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108083. [PMID: 34478946 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is classified pathologically as a progressive neurological disorder associated with memory decline. The study was designed to assess the underlying molecular signaling involved in the neuroprotective effect of the 2-(hydroxyl-(2-nitrophenyl)methyl)cyclopentanone (2NCP) as a novel therapeutic agent for AD. In this connection, in vitro cholinesterases inhibitory and antioxidant activities were investigated. In vivo studies were carried out on a well-known 5xFAD mice model in different behavioural models such as light/dark box,balance beam, rotarod, elevated plus maze (EPM),novel object recognition (NOR), paddling Y-maze, and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Hippocampus (HC) and frontal cortex (FC) homogenates were examined for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), and catalase. Further, we examined the expression of inflammatory cytokines and Nrf2 in the HC and FC through RT-PCR. Computational studies were conducted to predict the binding mode of the 2NCP with target sites of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and cholinesterases. The findings of in vitro assays revealed that the IC50 values of the 2NCP against AChE and BChE were 17 and 23 µg/ml respectively. DPPH antioxidant assay displayed an IC50 value for the 2NCP was 62 µg/ml. Whereas, theex vivo study depicted that the activities of AChE and BChEwere significantly reduced. Moreover, free radicals load, GSH level, catalase and GST activities were significantly declined. Furthermore, in vivostudies showed that the 2NCP treated animals exhibited gradual memory improvement and improved motor functions. RT-PCR study revealed that mRNA levels of the inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) were significantly reduced, while the expression of antioxidant Nrf2 was significantly increased.The molecular docking studies further confirmed that the 2NCP showed excellent binding affinities for NF-κB and cholinesterases. Taken together, the 2NCP improves spatial memory and learning, short- and long-term memory,markedly inhibits cholinesterases, reduced neuroinflammation, and mitigated oxidative stress in the 5xFAD mice; hence the 2NCP may be a potential candidate for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Gowhar Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry Building, Room 13-715, 300 East Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - Fazal Subhan
- Department of Pharmacy, CECOS University of Science and technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saima Kalsoom
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman
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16
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Ahsan H, Haider I, Mushtaq MN, Qaisar MN, Naqvi F, Asif A. Pharmacological support to anti-arthritic prospective of physostigmine: a new approach. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1119-1129. [PMID: 34224070 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a slowly progressing inflammatory autoimmune disease. Several features are involved in the RA pathogenesis in addition to environmental and genetic factors. Previously it has been reported that acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity is enhanced in old age and may contribute in the progression of RA. The current experimental work was projected to assess the activity of physostigmine (a cholinesterase inhibitor) for treatment of RA. In vitro and in vivo approaches were used for such evaluation. However, enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) was performed to determine the concentrations of Prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor-α in arthritic rats after treatment with physostigmine. Moreover, anti-oxidant assays were employed to calculate the level of super oxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase peroxidase (CAT) in tissue of treated animals. The results claimed the dose dependent protective and stabilizing effect of physostigmine on denaturation of albumin (egg and bovine serum) protein and human red blood cell membrane, respectively, through in vitro studies. Furthermore, the physostigmine (10 and 20 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the swelling of paw after induction of arthritis with formaldehyde or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) as compared to arthritic control animals. Moreover, significant (p < 0.001) reduction in the levels of inflammatory markers (PGE2 and TNF-α) at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg of physostigmine has been observed in ELISA test. Likewise, there was a prominent rise in levels of SOD and CAT in animals treated with physostigmine. These findings pharmacologically conclude the anti-arthritic effect of physostigmine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Ihtisham Haider
- Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Farwa Naqvi
- Department of Pharmacology, Sargodha Medical College, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Awais Asif
- Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
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17
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Scassellati C, Galoforo AC, Esposito C, Ciani M, Ricevuti G, Bonvicini C. Promising Intervention Approaches to Potentially Resolve Neuroinflammation And Steroid Hormones Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1337-1357. [PMID: 34341712 PMCID: PMC8279527 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a biological process by which the central nervous system responds to stimuli/injuries affecting its homeostasis. So far as this reactive response becomes exacerbated and uncontrolled, it can lead to neurodegeneration, compromising the cognitive and neuropsychiatric domains. Parallelly, modifications in the hypothalamic signaling of neuroprotective hormones linked also to the inflammatory responses of microglia and astrocytes can exacerbate these processes. To complicate the picture, modulations in the gut microbiota (GM) can induce changes in neuroinflammation, altering cognitive and neuropsychiatric functioning. We conducted a web-based search on PubMed. We described studies regarding the cross-talk among microglia and astrocytes in the neuroinflammation processes, along with the role played by the steroid hormones, and how this can reflect on cognitive decline/neurodegeneration, in particular on Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and its neuropsychiatric manifestations. We propose and support the huge literature showing the potentiality of complementary/alternative therapeutic approaches (nutraceuticals) targeting the sustained inflammatory response, the dysregulation of hypothalamic system and the GM composition. NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 are the main molecular targets on which a list of nutraceuticals can modulate the altered processes. Since there are some limitations, we propose a new intervention natural treatment in terms of Oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) therapy that could be potentially used for AD pathology. Through a meta-analytic approach, we found a significant modulation of O3 on inflammation-NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome/Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Interleukin IL-17α signalling, reducing mRNA (p<0.00001 Odd Ratio (OR)=-5.25 95% CI:-7.04/-3.46) and protein (p<0.00001 OR=-4.85 95%CI:-6.89/-2.81) levels, as well as on Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Through anti-inflammatory, immune, and steroid hormones modulation and anti-microbial activities, O3 at mild therapeutic concentrations potentiated with nutraceuticals and GM regulators could determine combinatorial effects impacting on cognitive and neurodegenerative domains, neuroinflammation and neuroendocrine signalling, directly or indirectly through the mediation of GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Scassellati
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Carlo Galoforo
- Oxygen-Ozone Therapy Scientific Society (SIOOT), Gorle, Italy.
- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ciro Esposito
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Italy.
- Nephrology and dialysis unit, ICS S. Maugeri SPA SB Hospital, Pavia, Italy.
- P.D. High School in Geriatrics, University of Pavia, Italy.
| | - Miriam Ciani
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Ricevuti
- P.D. High School in Geriatrics, University of Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy.
- St. Camillus Medical University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cristian Bonvicini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
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18
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Lai MMY, Sharman MJ, Ames DJ, Ellis KA, Cox KL, Hepworth G, Desmond P, Cyarto EV, Martins RN, Masters CL, Lautenschlager NT. Relationship of Established Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Peripheral Biomarkers on Cognitive Function in Adults at Risk of Cognitive Deterioration. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:163-171. [PMID: 32007955 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of information on the role of microvascular and inflammatory biomarkers in cognitive dysfunction. OBJECTIVE This study sought to evaluate the relationships between established and a number of peripheral biomarkers on cognitive patterns in 108 older adults with memory complaints. METHODS Participants in the AIBL Active study aged 60 years and older with at least one vascular risk factor and memory complaints completed a neuropsychological test battery and provided cross-sectional health data. Linear regression models adjusted for covariates examined associations between cognitive performance and a panel of vascular risk factors (Framingham cardiovascular scores, hs-CRP, homocysteine, fasting glucose, LDL-cholesterol) and peripheral biomarkers (TNF-α, BDNF, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, PAI-1, CD40L). RESULTS Higher fasting glucose and homocysteine levels were independent factors associated with poorer performance in Trail Making Test (TMT) B (adjusted β= 0.40±0.10 and 0.43±0.09, respectively). Increasing homocysteine levels were weakly associated with poorer global cognition and delayed recall (adjusted β= 0.23±0.10 and -0.20±0.10 respectively). Increasing Framingham cardiovascular scores were related to poorer performance in TMT B (β = 0.42±0.19). There was early evidence of associations between increasing plasma TNF-α and poorer TMT B (adjusted β = 0.21±0.10) and between increasing BDNF and better global cognition (β= -0.20±0.09). CONCLUSION This study provides evidence to support the associations between vascular risk factors (Framingham scores, fasting glucose, and homocysteine) and poorer cognitive functions. Additionally, we measured several peripheral biomarkers to further investigate their associations with cognition. The relationship between TNF-α, BDNF, and cognitive performance in various domains may offer new insights into potential mechanisms in vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Y Lai
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sharman
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David J Ames
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Ellis
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kay L Cox
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Graham Hepworth
- Statistical Consulting Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patricia Desmond
- Department of Radiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth V Cyarto
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Bolton Clarke Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicola T Lautenschlager
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,WA Centre for Health & Ageing, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Li H, Wang Y, Wang B, Li M, Liu J, Yang H, Shi Y. Baicalin and Geniposide Inhibit Polarization and Inflammatory Injury of OGD/R-Treated Microglia by Suppressing the 5-LOX/LTB4 Pathway. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1844-1858. [PMID: 33891262 PMCID: PMC8187209 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia causes severe neurological disorders and neuronal dysfunction. Baicalin (BC), geniposide (GP), and their combination (BC/GP) have been shown to inhibit post-ischemic inflammatory injury by inhibiting the 5-LOX/CysLTs pathway. The aims of this study were to observe the inhibitory effects of BC/GP on the activation of microglial cells induced by oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) and to investigate whether the 5-LOX/LTB4 pathway was involved in these effects. Molecular docking showed that BC and GP exhibited considerable binding activity with LTB4 synthase LTA4H. BV-2 microglia were transfected with a 5-LOX overexpression lentiviral vector, and then OGD/R was performed. The effects of different concentrations of BC, GP, and BC/GP (6.25 μM, 12.5 μM, and 25 μM) on cell viability and apoptosis of microglia were evaluated by MTT and flow cytometry. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, and pNF-κB also was measured by ELISA, Western blots and immunofluorescence. Western blots and qRT-PCR analysis were used to determine the levels of CD11b, CD206, and 5-LOX pathway proteins. Results showed that BC, GP, and BC/GP reduced the apoptosis caused by OGD/R in a dose-dependent manner, and cell viability was significantly increased at a concentration of 12.5 μM. OGD/R significantly increased the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, pNF-κB, and CD11b. These effects were suppressed by BC, GP, and BC/GP, and the OGD/R-induced transfer of NF-κB p65 from the ctytoplasm to the nucleus was inhibited in microglia. Interestingly, the LTB4 inhibitor, U75302, exhibited the same effect. Also, BC, GP, and BC/GP significantly reduced the expression of 5-LOX pathway proteins. These results demonstrated that BC/GP inhibited OGD/R-induced polarization in BV2 microglia by regulating the 5-LOX/LTB4 signaling pathways and attenuating the inflammatory response. Our results supported the theoretical basis for additional in-depth study of the function of BC/GP and the value of determining its unique target, which might provide a new therapeutic strategy for ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiMin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Mechanism and Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Mechanism and Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Mechanism and Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Mechanism and Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - JiPing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Mechanism and Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - HongLian Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - YongHeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Mechanism and Material Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
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20
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Abiri B, Vafa M. Impact of coenzyme Q10 on inflammatory biomarkers and its role in future therapeutic strategies. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 43:25-30. [PMID: 34024523 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an important component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The finding that multiple chronic diseases show lower levels of CoQ10 has led to the possibility that CoQ10 supplementation could be an effective approach to ameliorate or prevent disease progression. In this review, we discuss the state of the art regarding the role of CoQ10 in health and disease and describe the latest clinical studies which have tested the effects of CoQ10 supplementation in inflammatory diseases. The results of these studies indicate that individuals suffering from inflammation-related diseases show improvement under the CoQ10 supplementation protocol. However, these results have been inconsistent, leading to the need for additional studies at the preclinical and clinical levels, involving a greater number of subjects and different treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Abiri
- Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Molina-Martínez P, Corpas R, García-Lara E, Cosín-Tomás M, Cristòfol R, Kaliman P, Solà C, Molinuevo JL, Sánchez-Valle R, Antonell A, Lladó A, Sanfeliu C. Microglial Hyperreactivity Evolved to Immunosuppression in the Hippocampus of a Mouse Model of Accelerated Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Traits. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:622360. [PMID: 33584248 PMCID: PMC7875867 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.622360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We sought to study the glial derangement in AD using diverse experimental models and human brain tissue. Besides classical pro-inflammatory cytokines, we analyzed chitinase 3 like 1 (CHI3L1 or YKL40) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) that are increasingly being associated with astrogliosis and microgliosis in AD, respectively. The SAMP8 mouse model of accelerated aging and AD traits showed elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated microglia phenotype. Furthermore, 6-month-old SAMP8 showed an exacerbated inflammatory response to peripheral lipopolysaccharide in the hippocampus and null responsiveness at the advanced age (for this strain) of 12 months. Gene expression of TREM2 was increased in the hippocampus of transgenic 5XFAD mice and in the cingulate cortex of autosomal dominant AD patients, and to a lesser extent in aged SAMP8 mice and sporadic early-onset AD patients. However, gene expression of CHI3L1 was increased in mice but not in human AD brain samples. The results support the relevance of microglia activation in the pathways leading to neurodegeneration and suggest diverse neuroinflammatory responses according to the AD process. Therefore, the SAMP8 mouse model with marked alterations in the dynamics of microglia activation and senescence may provide a complementary approach to transgenic mouse models for the study of the neuroinflammatory mechanisms underlying AD risk and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Molina-Martínez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Corpas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa García-Lara
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cosín-Tomás
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Cristòfol
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Perla Kaliman
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Antonell
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Lladó
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Potential anti-neuroinflammatory compounds from Australian plants - A review. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104897. [PMID: 33186611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex response to brain injury involving the activation of glia, release of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, and generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Even though it is considered an event secondary to neuronal death or dysfunction, neuro-inflammation comprises a majority of the non-neuronal contributors to the cause and progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) and others. As a result of the lack of effectiveness of current treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, neuroinflammation has become a legitimate therapeutic target for drug discovery, leading to the study of various in vivo and in vitro models of neuroinflammation. Several molecules sourced from plants have displayed anti-inflammatory properties in the study of neurodegenerative diseases. A group of these anti-inflammatory compounds has been classified as cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs), which target the pro-inflammatory AP1 and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways and inhibit the expression of many pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, or nitric oxide. Australian plants, thriving amid the driest inhabited continent of the world, are an untapped source of chemical diversity in the form of secondary metabolites. These compounds are produced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses that the plants are exposed to in the highly biodiverse environment. This review is an attempt to highlight anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from Australian plants.
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23
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Chen WD, Zhao YL, Dai Z, Zhou ZS, Zhu PF, Liu YP, Zhao LX, Luo XD. Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory diterpenoids with highly oxygenated substituents from kidney tea (Clerodendranthus spicatus). J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13511. [PMID: 33103258 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The whole plant of Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) is one of popular functional food in south of China, named as "kidney tea" and used to ameliorate renal inflammation. In order to verify this potential function and explore the accurate compounds responsible for inflammation, the ethanol extract, fractions, and subfractions of this plant were prepared to evaluate anti-inflammation effect on xylene-induced acute inflammatory mice model, and the results indicated that two subfractions from EtOAc fraction show potential activities. Subsequent bioassay-guided isolation of the bioactive subfractions led to isolation of 25 compounds. Among them, compounds 2, 4, 5, 9-11, 13, 16, 17, and 20-22 inhibited the productions of pro-inflammation factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced renal epithelia (HK-2) cells, respectively. Further anti-inflammation evaluation in vivo indicated that the major bioactive compounds 1, 2, 5-7, 17, 21, and 22 from C. spicatus were even better than aspirin. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: C. spicatus as a healthy tea has been available in the Chinese market and as a medicine for various disorders such as nephritis, rheumatism, inflammation, gout, and diabetes. Previous pharmacological investigation of the plant revealed the potential anti-inflammatory activities, but the material basis of anti-inflammatory activity remains to be elucidated. In our study, the anti-inflammatory fractions and compounds were obtained by the bioassay-guide isolation and the results showed that the highly oxygenated diterpenoids were major anti-inflammatory compounds, in which 1, 2, 5-7, 17, 21, and 22 were even better than aspirin. This information supported kidney tea as a functional food for treatment of renal inflammation reasonably and may add a new dimension to biological activity of this plant in the field of agriculture as a functional food were cultivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Dai
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Shun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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24
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Dubey SK, Lakshmi KK, Krishna KV, Agrawal M, Singhvi G, Saha RN, Saraf S, Saraf S, Shukla R, Alexander A. Insulin mediated novel therapies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2020; 249:117540. [PMID: 32165212 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is one of the leading causes of death in the USA, along with cancer and cardiac disorders. AD is characterized by various neurological factors like amyloid plaques, tau hyperphosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, acetylcholine deficiency, etc. Together, impaired insulin signaling in the brain is also observed as essential factor to be considered in AD pathophysiology. Hence, currently researchers focused on studying the effect of brain insulin metabolism and relation of diabetes with AD. Based on the investigations, AD is also considered as type 3 or brain diabetes. Besides the traditional view of correlating AD with aging, a better understanding of various pathological factors and effects of other physical ailments is necessary to develop a promising therapeutic approach. There is a vast scope of studying the relation of systemic insulin level, insulin signaling, its neuroprotective potency and effect of diabetes on AD progression. The present work describes worldwide status of AD and its relation with diabetes mellitus and insulin metabolism; pathophysiology of AD; different metabolic pathways associating insulin metabolism with AD; insulin receptor and signaling in the brain; glucose metabolism; insulin resistance; and various preclinical and clinical studies reported insulin-based therapies to treat AD via systemic route and through direct intranasal delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India.
| | - K K Lakshmi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kowthavarapu Venkata Krishna
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mukta Agrawal
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 490 024, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ranendra Narayana Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS-PILANI), Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Swarnlata Saraf
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Shailendra Saraf
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-R), New Transit Campus, Bijnor Road, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, NH 37, NITS Mirza, Kamrup-781125, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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25
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Zhang J, Zheng Y, Luo Y, Du Y, Zhang X, Fu J. Curcumin inhibits LPS-induced neuroinflammation by promoting microglial M2 polarization via TREM2/ TLR4/ NF-κB pathways in BV2 cells. Mol Immunol 2019; 116:29-37. [PMID: 31590042 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia mediate multiple facets of neuroinflammation, which plays a double-edged role in various brain diseases via distinct microglial phenotypes (deleterious M1 and neuroprotective M2). Therefore, the inhibition of overactivated inflammatory M1 microglia by switching to the protective M2 phenotype appears to be a potential therapeutic strategy in neuroinflammatory disorders. Curcumin has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. The present study investigated the potential effects of curcumin on microglial M1/M2 polarization and elucidated the possible molecular mechanisms of action in vitro. In this study, the BV2 microglial cell line was pretreated with different curcumin concentrations in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to assess the anti-inflammatory efficacy of curcumin based on the morphological and inflammatory changes. The cytotoxicity of curcumin for BV2 cells was evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. Further, the effect of curcumin concentrations on LPS-induced BV2 cells was studied. The morphological changes were observed using an optical microscope and immunofluorescent staining. Nitric oxide (NO) expression was determined using the Griess reagent. The expression of cytokines and inflammatory mediators was also measured by ELISA, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. Western blot analysis was used to determine the levels of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, p-NF-κB p65, IκB, and p-IκB expression. Results showed that curcumin concentrations less than 10 μM did not induce any detectable cytotoxicity but decreased BV2 cell viability up to 20 μM. Curcumin inhibited LPS-induced microglial activation. Curcumin treatment switched the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype to the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype by decreasing the expression of M1 markers (i.e., iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and CD16/32) and elevating the expression of M2 markers (i.e., arginase 1, IL-4, IL-10, and CD206). Interestingly, curcumin attenuated the activation of TLR4/NF-κB pathways and the downregulation of TREM2 expression in LPS-activated BV2 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that curcumin significantly alleviates LPS-induced inflammation by regulating microglial (M1/M2) polarization by reducing the imbalance of TREM2 and TLR4 and balancing the downstream NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yaling Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jianliang Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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