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Marcos-Pardo PJ, Espeso-García A, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Abelleira-Lamela T, González-Gálvez N. The Effect of Resistance Training with Outdoor Fitness Equipment on the Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Physical Health of Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:726. [PMID: 38610148 PMCID: PMC11011249 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12070726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of outdoor-fitness-equipment-based resistance training on the health parameters of middle-aged and older adults, as well as analyzing the effect of age on the results found. A total of 149 volunteers were randomly assigned to the training (TG) and control (CG) groups. The TG performed two weekly sessions of resistance training for 8 weeks using outdoor fitness equipment, while the CG continued with their regular daily activities. Body composition was measured using DXA, and the maximal isometric voluntary contraction in knee extension, elbow flexion, and hand grip were assessed, along with the 4 m walk test, the Timed Up and Go Test, and the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire. The TG showed a significant increase in the lean mass index (p = 0.002) and maximal isometric voluntary contraction in both legs (p < 0.001) and arms (p < 0.001), as well as in physical functioning (p < 0.001) and the role physical dimension (p = 0.006) of the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire, compared to the CG, which showed a decrease in all these variables. In addition, the TG showed a greater decrease in fat mass (p < 0.001), fat mass index (p = 0.003), and the Timed Up and Go Test (p < 0.001) than the CG. Age conditioned the evolution of most of the variables analyzed (p < 0.05). In conclusion, resistance training with outdoor fitness equipment may be useful for improving the health of middle-aged and older adults, although age is a factor that could influence the adaptations found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J. Marcos-Pardo
- Centro de Investigación para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social (CIBIS Research Center), SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Espeso-García
- Injury Prevention in Sport Research Group (PRELEDE), Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain
| | - Tomás Abelleira-Lamela
- Injury Prevention in Sport Research Group (PRELEDE), Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Noelia González-Gálvez
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Research Group on Health, Physical Activity, Fitness and Motor Behaviour (GISAFFCOM), Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
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Yeom DC, Hwang DJ, Lee WB, Cho JY, Koo JH. Effects of Low-Load, High-Repetition Resistance Training on Maximum Muscle Strength and Muscle Damage in Elite Weightlifters: A Preliminary Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17079. [PMID: 38069402 PMCID: PMC10707615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of different resistance training (RT) loads and repetition on muscle damage, intramuscular anabolic signaling, and maximal muscle strength (MMS) in weightlifters. Eighteen male weightlifters were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of supervised RT regimes: high-load, low-repetition (HL), low-load, high-repetition (LH), and combination of HL and LH (COMBI). All groups exhibited a significant increase in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and growth hormone levels, which ultimately contributed to improvement in MMS as indicated by 1-repetition maximum in the back squat and back muscle strength. Notably, while there were no significant changes in the mTOR protein, the phosphorylation of phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), which are involved in muscle cell growth, was significantly affected by the different training regimens. More importantly, LH-RT led to a significant reduction in muscle damage markers, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), suggesting reduced recovery time and fatigue. Our results demonstrated that the LH-RT paradigm could be a viable alternative for weightlifters to enhance MMS and muscle hypertrophy similar to HL-RT, while reducing RT-induced muscle damage, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Chul Yeom
- Department of Weightlifting, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-Joo Hwang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.H.); (J.-Y.C.)
- Sport Science Institute, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Bae Lee
- Department of Beauty Health Science, Shinhan University, Euijeongbu 11644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joon-Yong Cho
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.H.); (J.-Y.C.)
- Department of Exercise Training for Health Care & Management, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Koo
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea; (D.-J.H.); (J.-Y.C.)
- Department of Exercise Training for Health Care & Management, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea
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Bettariga F, Bishop C, Taaffe DR, Galvão DA, Maestroni L, Newton RU. Time to consider the potential role of alternative resistance training methods in cancer management? JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:715-725. [PMID: 37399886 PMCID: PMC10658316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has emerged as fundamental therapeutic medicine in the management of cancer. Exercise improves health-related outcomes, including quality of life, neuromuscular strength, physical function, and body composition, and it is associated with a lower risk of disease recurrence and increased survival. Moreover, exercise during or post cancer treatments is safe, can ameliorate treatment-related side effects, and may enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. To date, traditional resistance training (RT) is the most used RT modality in exercise oncology. However, alternative training modes, such as eccentric, cluster set, and blood flow restriction are gaining increased attention. These training modalities have been extensively investigated in both athletic and clinical populations (e.g., age-related frailty, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes), showing considerable benefits in terms of neuromuscular strength, hypertrophy, body composition, and physical function. However, these training modes have only been partially or not at all investigated in cancer populations. Thus, this study outlines the benefits of these alternative RT methods in patients with cancer. Where evidence in cancer populations is sparse, we provide a robust rationale for the possible implementation of certain RT methods that have shown positive results in other clinical populations. Finally, we provide clinical insights for research that may guide future RT investigations in patients with cancer and suggest clear practical applications for targeted cancer populations and related benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bettariga
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Dennis R Taaffe
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Daniel A Galvão
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Luca Maestroni
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
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Galasso L, Cappella A, Mulè A, Castelli L, Ciorciari A, Stacchiotti A, Montaruli A. Polyamines and Physical Activity in Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Potential Therapeutic Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9798. [PMID: 37372945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy dysregulation is commonplace in the pathogenesis of several invalidating diseases, such as musculoskeletal diseases. Polyamines, as spermidine and spermine, are small aliphatic cations essential for cell growth and differentiation, with multiple antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Remarkably, they are emerging as natural autophagy regulators with strong anti-aging effects. Polyamine levels were significantly altered in the skeletal muscles of aged animals. Therefore, supplementation of spermine and spermidine may be important to prevent or treat muscle atrophy. Recent in vitro and in vivo experimental studies indicate that spermidine reverses dysfunctional autophagy and stimulates mitophagy in muscles and heart, preventing senescence. Physical exercise, as polyamines, regulates skeletal muscle mass inducing proper autophagy and mitophagy. This narrative review focuses on the latest evidence regarding the efficacy of polyamines and exercise as autophagy inducers, alone or coupled, in alleviating sarcopenia and aging-dependent musculoskeletal diseases. A comprehensive description of overall autophagic steps in muscle, polyamine metabolic pathways, and effects of the role of autophagy inducers played by both polyamines and exercise has been presented. Although literature shows few data in regard to this controversial topic, interesting effects on muscle atrophy in murine models have emerged when the two "autophagy-inducers" were combined. We hope these findings, with caution, can encourage researchers to continue investigating in this direction. In particular, if these novel insights could be confirmed in further in vivo and clinical studies, and the two synergic treatments could be optimized in terms of dose and duration, then polyamine supplementation and physical exercise might have a clinical potential in sarcopenia, and more importantly, implications for a healthy lifestyle in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Galasso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cappella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- U.O. Laboratorio di Morfologia Umana Applicata, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Mulè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Castelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciorciari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- U.O. Laboratorio di Morfologia Umana Applicata, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Montaruli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant'Ambrogio, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Mochizuki Y, Saito M, Homma H, Inoguchi T, Naito T, Sakamaki-Sunaga M, Kikuchi N. Does resistance exercise lifting velocity change with different rest intervals? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:402-408. [PMID: 35912892 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.14079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we examined the sex difference of the effect of rest intervals on lifting velocity during resistance exercise. METHODS Twenty-two trained subjects (11 men and 11 women) were included. Each protocol consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of 1- repetition maximum (1RM) with rest intervals of 90 s (R90), 150 s (R150), and 240 s (R240) in a crossover design. The exercise did parallel squats with free weights. The measurement items are lifting velocity (mean velocity) in each repetition and blood lactate concentration after exercise. RESULTS There was a significant interaction between changes in the average velocity of 10 repetition in each set (AV<inf>10rep</inf>) and sex in each protocol, indicating that AV<inf>10rep</inf> during squat exercise has decreased in men but not in women in each protocol (P=0.002-0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that short rest intervals will not recover lifting velocity between short rest intervals until the next set at men, while women will be able to recover even with short rest intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukina Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Saito
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Homma
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamichi Inoguchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuto Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Sakamaki-Sunaga
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan -
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Germain P, Delalande A, Pichon C. Role of Muscle LIM Protein in Mechanotransduction Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179785. [PMID: 36077180 PMCID: PMC9456170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of protein synthesis is crucial to counteract the deconditioning of neuromuscular system and its atrophy. In the past, hormones and cytokines acting as growth factors involved in the intracellular events of these processes have been identified, while the implications of signaling pathways associated with the anabolism/catabolism ratio in reference to the molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been recently identified. Among them, the mechanotransduction resulting from a mechanical stress applied to the cell appears increasingly interesting as a potential pathway for therapeutic intervention. At present, there is an open question regarding the type of stress to apply in order to induce anabolic events or the type of mechanical strain with respect to the possible mechanosensing and mechanotransduction processes involved in muscle cells protein synthesis. This review is focused on the muscle LIM protein (MLP), a structural and mechanosensing protein with a LIM domain, which is expressed in the sarcomere and costamere of striated muscle cells. It acts as a transcriptional cofactor during cell proliferation after its nuclear translocation during the anabolic process of differentiation and rebuilding. Moreover, we discuss the possible opportunity of stimulating this mechanotransduction process to counteract the muscle atrophy induced by anabolic versus catabolic disorders coming from the environment, aging or myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Germain
- UFR Sciences and Techniques, University of Orleans, 45067 Orleans, France
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CNRS Orleans, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Anthony Delalande
- UFR Sciences and Techniques, University of Orleans, 45067 Orleans, France
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CNRS Orleans, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Chantal Pichon
- UFR Sciences and Techniques, University of Orleans, 45067 Orleans, France
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CNRS Orleans, 45071 Orleans, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Blood-Flow-Restriction-Training-Induced Hormonal Response is not Associated with Gains in Muscle Size and Strength. J Hum Kinet 2022; 83:235-243. [PMID: 36157947 PMCID: PMC9465748 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether increases in post-exercise endocrine response to low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction and high-load resistance exercise would have association with increases in muscle size and strength after an 8-week training period. Twenty-nine untrained men were randomly allocated into three groups: low-load resistance exercise with (LL-BFR) or without blood flow restriction (LL), and high-load resistance exercise (HL). Participants from LL-BFR and LL groups performed leg extension exercise at 20% of one repetition maximum (1RM), four sets of 15 repetitions and the HL group performed four sets of eight repetitions at 80% 1RM. Before the first training session, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), testosterone, cortisol, and lactate concentration were measured at rest and 15 min after the exercise. Quadriceps CSA and 1RM knee extension were assessed at baseline and after an 8-week training period. GH increased 15 min after exercise in the LL-BFR (p = 0.032) and HL (p < 0.001) groups, with GH concentration in the HL group being higher than in the LL group (p = 0.010). There was a time effect for a decrease in testosterone (p = 0.042) and an increase in cortisol (p = 0.005), while IGF-1 remained unchanged (p = 0.346). Both muscle size and strength were increased after training in LL-BFR and HL groups, however, these changes were not associated with the acute post-exercise hormone levels (p > 0.05). Our data suggest that other mechanisms than the acute post-exercise increase in systemic hormones induced by LL-BFR and HL produce changes in muscle size and strength.
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Rindom E, Ahrenfeldt M, Damgaard J, Overgaard K, Wang T. Short communication: Leucine, but not muscle contractions, stimulates protein synthesis in isolated EDL muscles from golden geckos. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 268:111206. [PMID: 35351650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercise and protein ingestion stimulate muscle protein synthesis in mammals and the combination of both stimuli exert an additive effect. However, mechanisms regulating muscle mass may be different in ectothermic vertebrates because these animals are adapted to low energy consumption, short bouts of physical activity, and prolonged periods of inactivity. Here, we investigated the effects of administration of leucine and simulated resistance exercise induced by electrical stimulation (ES) on protein synthesis rate in isolated extensor digitorum longus muscle from golden geckos (Gekko badenii). Muscles were placed in Krebs-Ringer buffer equilibrated with O2 (97%) and CO2 (3%) at 30 °C. One muscle from each animal was subjected to one of three interventions: 1) administration of leucine (0.5 mM) at rest, 2) isometric contractions evoked by ES, or 3) a combination of contractions and leucine, while the contralateral muscle served as untreated control. The rate of protein synthesis was measured through pyromycin-labeling. Administration of leucine led to a 2.75 (±1.88)-fold rise in protein synthesis rate in inactive muscles, whereas isometric contractions had no effect (0.67 ± 0.37-fold). The combination of isometric contractions and leucine did not affect protein synthesis rate (1.02 ± 0.34-fold), suggesting that muscle contractions attenuated the positive influence of leucine. Our study identifies leucine as a potent positive regulator of muscle protein synthesis in golden geckos, but also demonstrates that muscle contraction is not. More studies should be conducted in other taxonomic groups of ectothermic vertebrates to identify whether this is a general pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Rindom
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel Ahrenfeldt
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Damgaard
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Overgaard
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Li G, Jin B, Fan Z. Mechanisms Involved in Gut Microbiota Regulation of Skeletal Muscle. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2151191. [PMID: 35633886 PMCID: PMC9132697 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2151191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is one of the largest organs in the body and is essential for maintaining quality of life. Loss of skeletal muscle mass and function can lead to a range of adverse consequences. The gut microbiota can interact with skeletal muscle by regulating a variety of processes that affect host physiology, including inflammatory immunity, protein anabolism, energy, lipids, neuromuscular connectivity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and endocrine and insulin resistance. It is proposed that the gut microbiota plays a role in the direction of skeletal muscle mass and work. Even though the notion of the gut microbiota-muscle axis (gut-muscle axis) has been postulated, its causal link is still unknown. The impact of the gut microbiota on skeletal muscle function and quality is described in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Binghui Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhe Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Ogando PHM, Silveira-Rodrigues JG, Melo BP, Campos BT, Silva ADC, Barbosa EG, Aleixo IMS, Soares DD. Effects of high- and moderate-intensity resistance training sessions on glycemia of insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus individuals. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Lourenço Í, Krause Neto W, Amorim LDSP, Ortiz VMM, Geraldo VL, Ferreira GHDS, de Lima JT, Massoni AAR, Oliveira BM, Anaruma CA, Ciena AP, Gama EF, Caperuto ÉC. Previous short-term use of testosterone propionate enhances muscle hypertrophy in Wistar rats submitted to ladder-based resistance training. Tissue Cell 2022; 75:101741. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Myokines and Resistance Training: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073501. [PMID: 35408868 PMCID: PMC8998961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the muscular system has gained attention due to the discovery of the muscle-secretome and its high potency for retaining or regaining health. These cytokines, described as myokines, released by the working muscle, are involved in anti-inflammatory, metabolic and immunological processes. These are able to influence human health in a positive way and are a target of research in metabolic diseases, cancer, neurological diseases, and other non-communicable diseases. Therefore, different types of exercise training were investigated in the last few years to find associations between exercise, myokines and their effects on human health. Particularly, resistance training turned out to be a powerful stimulus to enhance myokine release. As there are different types of resistance training, different myokines are stimulated, depending on the mode of training. This narrative review gives an overview about resistance training and how it can be utilized to stimulate myokine production in order to gain a certain health effect. Finally, the question of why resistance training is an important key regulator in human health will be discussed.
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Transcriptomic adaptation during skeletal muscle habituation to eccentric or concentric exercise training. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23930. [PMID: 34907264 PMCID: PMC8671437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) contractions induce distinct muscle remodelling patterns that manifest early during exercise training, the causes of which remain unclear. We examined molecular signatures of early contraction mode-specific muscle adaptation via transcriptome-wide network and secretome analyses during 2 weeks of ECC- versus CON-specific (downhill versus uphill running) exercise training (exercise 'habituation'). Despite habituation attenuating total numbers of exercise-induced genes, functional gene-level profiles of untrained ECC or CON were largely unaltered post-habituation. Network analysis revealed 11 ECC-specific modules, including upregulated extracellular matrix and immune profiles plus downregulated mitochondrial pathways following untrained ECC. Of 3 CON-unique modules, 2 were ribosome-related and downregulated post-habituation. Across training, 376 ECC-specific and 110 CON-specific hub genes were identified, plus 45 predicted transcription factors. Secreted factors were enriched in 3 ECC- and/or CON-responsive modules, with all 3 also being under the predicted transcriptional control of SP1 and KLF4. Of 34 candidate myokine hubs, 1 was also predicted to have elevated expression in skeletal muscle versus other tissues: THBS4, of a secretome-enriched module upregulated after untrained ECC. In conclusion, distinct untrained ECC and CON transcriptional responses are dampened after habituation without substantially shifting molecular functional profiles, providing new mechanistic candidates into contraction-mode specific muscle regulation.
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Girard O, Mariotti-Nesurini L, Malatesta D. Acute performance and physiological responses to upper-limb multi-set exercise to failure: Effects of external resistance and systemic hypoxia. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1877-1888. [PMID: 34736360 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2002951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study quantified performance and physiological responses during multi-set resistance exercise to failure at light versus moderate loads in normoxia and systemic hypoxia. On separate visits, fifteen resistance-trained adults performed barbell biceps curl exercise trials (6 sets to failure, 2 min rest between sets) in four separate randomised conditions; i.e. in normoxia at 380 m above sea level or systemic hypoxia at ∼3800 m simulated altitude (inspired oxygen fraction = 20.9% and 12.9%, respectively) combined with two different intensity levels (30% and 70% of 1 repetition maximal or 1RM). Muscle activation (root mean square value calculated from surface electromyography) and oxygenation (integrated-tissue saturation index derived from near-infrared spectroscopy) were monitored for the biceps brachii muscle. The total number of repetitions before failure at 30% 1RM (122 ± 5 vs. 131 ± 5; P = 0.021), but not 70% 1RM (39 ± 1 vs. 41 ± 2; P = 0.313), was lower in hypoxia compared to normoxia. Root mean square activity of the biceps brachii muscle was higher for 70% 1RM compared to 30% 1RM (P < 0.001), while the increase in muscle activation from the first to the last set (P < 0.001) occurred independently of altitude (P > 0.158). Deoxygenation and reoxygenation responses were higher under hypoxic versus normoxic conditions at 70% 1 RM (P = 0.013 and P = 0.015) but not 30% 1RM (P = 0.528 and P = 0.384). During upper-limb multi-set resistance exercise to failure, exposure to acute normobaric hypoxia negatively impacts performance at light, but not moderate, loads. Overall, external resistance has more profound effects on physiological strain than hypoxic exposure per se.Highlights The addition of acute systemic hypoxia negatively affects work performed at low, but not moderate, loads during upper-limb resistance exercise to failure.Hypoxic exposure, however, does not fundamentally alter muscle activation and oxygenation patterns.Muscle activation and oxygenation responses in turn are more largely influenced by load lifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Luca Mariotti-Nesurini
- Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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König D, Kohl J, Jerger S, Centner C. Potential Relevance of Bioactive Peptides in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113997. [PMID: 34836255 PMCID: PMC8622853 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are physiologically active peptides mostly derived from proteins following gastrointestinal digestion, fermentation or hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes. It has been shown that bioactive peptides can be resorbed in their intact form and have repeatedly been shown to have a positive effect on health-related parameters such as hypertension, dyslipoproteinemia, inflammation and oxidative stress. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that biologically active peptides could also play an important role in sports nutrition. Current studies have shown that bioactive peptides could have a positive impact on changes in body composition and muscular performance, reduce muscle damage following exercise and induce beneficial adaptions within the connective tissue. In the following overview, potential mechanisms as well as possible limitations regarding the sports-related effect of bioactive peptides and their potential mechanisms are presented and discussed. In addition, practical applications will be discussed on how bioactive peptides can be integrated into a nutritional approach in sports to enhance athletic performance as well as prevent injuries and improve the rehabilitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel König
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz, 61150 Vienna, Austria
- Department for Nutritional Science, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, 61150 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-4277-59130
| | - Jan Kohl
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Simon Jerger
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
- Praxisklinik Rennbahn, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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16
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Putative Role of MCT1 rs1049434 Polymorphism in High-Intensity Endurance Performance: Concept and Basis to Understand Possible Individualization Stimulus. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9100143. [PMID: 34678924 PMCID: PMC8537363 DOI: 10.3390/sports9100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) have been proposed as important mediators of the exchange between lactate (La−) producer and La− recipient (consumer) cells. Previous studies have suggested that the MCT1 A1470T genotype could be related to different physical performance phenotypes. This study followed the guidelines for Strengthening the Reporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA) and aimed to evaluate the distribution of the MCT1 polymorphism rs1049434 in endurance-trained athletes compared to the untrained population. Moreover, this study explored the potential influence of the polymorphism alleles phenotypes on high-intensity exercise performance. In a cross-sectional study fashion, a total of 85 triathletes from northern Spain were genotyped for MCT1 rs1049434 and compared to a control group of 107 healthy male participants (1000 Genomes Research Study for Iberian Populations in Spain). All athletes performed a 30 s Wingate all-out test (WAnT) on a cycle ergometer. Peak and mean power (absolute and relative) were measured. After verification of the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, the findings indicated that the MCT1 TT genotype was overrepresented in triathletes in comparison to the genotypic frequency of the general Spanish population. No significant associations were found between any MCT1 genotype and peak or mean power performance in the WAnT. Further studies are required to understand the relationship among MCT1 A1470T polymorphism, endurance-trained athletes, and high-intensity performance.
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Xi Y, Hao M, Liang Q, Li Y, Gong DW, Tian Z. Dynamic resistance exercise increases skeletal muscle-derived FSTL1 inducing cardiac angiogenesis via DIP2A-Smad2/3 in rats following myocardial infarction. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:594-603. [PMID: 33246164 PMCID: PMC8500809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of dynamic resistance exercise to generate skeletal muscle-derived follistatin like-1 (FSTL1), which may induce cardioprotection in rats following myocardial infarction (MI) by inducing angiogenesis. METHODS Male, adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 12 in each group): sham group (S), sedentary MI group (MI), MI + resistance exercise group (MR), MI + adeno-associated virus (AAV)-FSTL1 injection group (MA), and MI + AAV-FSTL1 injection + resistance exercise group (MAR). The AAV-FSTL1 vector was prepared by molecular biology methods and injected into the anterior tibialis muscle. The MI model was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Rats in the MR and MAR groups underwent 4 weeks of dynamic resistance exercise training using a weighted climbing-up ladder. Heart function was evaluated by hemodynamic measures. Collagen volume fraction of myocardium was observed and analyzed by Masson's staining. Human umbilical vein vessel endothelial cells culture and recombinant human FSTL1 protein or transforming growth factor-β receptor 1 (TGFβR1) inhibitor treatment were used to elucidate the molecular signaling mechanism of FSTL1. Angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and disco interacting protein 2 homolog A (DIP2A) location were observed by immunofluorescence staining. The expression of FSTL1, DIP2A, and the activation of signaling pathways were detected by Western blotting. Angiogenesis of endothelial cells was observed by tubule experiment. One-way analysis of variance and Student's t test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Resistance exercise stimulated the secretion of skeletal muscle FSTL1, which promoted myocardial angiogenesis, inhibited pathological remodeling, and protected cardiac function in MI rats. Exercise facilitated skeletal muscle FSTL1 to play a role in protecting the heart. Exogenous FSTL1 promoted the human umbilical vein vessel endothelial cells proliferation and up-regulated the expression of DIP2A, while TGFβR1 inhibitor intervention down-regulated the phosphorylation level of Smad2/3 and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, which was not conducive to angiogenesis. FSTL1 bound to the receptor, DIP2A, to regulate angiogenesis mainly through the Smad2/3 signaling pathway. FSTL1-DIP2A directly activated Smad2/3 and was not affected by TGFβR1. CONCLUSION Dynamic resistance exercise stimulates the expression of skeletal muscle-derived FSTL1, which could supplement the insufficiency of cardiac FSTL1 and promote cardiac rehabilitation through the DIP2A-Smad2/3 signaling pathway in MI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xi
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Meili Hao
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China; School of Physical Education, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Qiaoqin Liang
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yongxia Li
- School of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Da-Wei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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18
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Haxhi J, Thompson PD. Rationale for the use of metformin and exercise to counteract statin-associated side effects. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e13900. [PMID: 33277775 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins are the most widely prescribed drugs for lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. They are usually well-tolerated, but have two main safety concerns: statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) and new-onset type 2 diabetes (NOD). METHODS A PubMed search was carried out using the following key words were used: statins, statin-associated muscle symptoms, statin myalgia, statin-associated diabetes, metformin and statins, exercise and statins. RESULTS Mitochondrial damage and muscle atrophy are likely the central mechanisms producing SAMS, whereas decreased glucose transport, fatty acid oxidation and insulin secretion are likely involved in the development of NOD. Metformin and exercise training share many pathways that could potentially contrast SAMS and NOD. Clinical evidence also supports the combination of statins with metformin and exercise. CONCLUSION This combination appears attractive both from a clinical and an economical viewpoint, since all three therapies are highly cost-effective and their combination could result in diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonida Haxhi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Paul D Thompson
- Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Andreu Caravaca L, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Rubio-Arias JÁ. Effects of Resistance Circuit-Based Training on Body Composition, Strength and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:377. [PMID: 33924785 PMCID: PMC8145598 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effects of resistance circuit-based training (CT) on strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted in three databases, ending on March, 2020. Meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were used to analyze the effects of pre-post-intervention CT and differences from control groups (CG). Of the 830 studies found, 45 were included in the meta-analysis (58 experimental groups (n = 897) and 34 CG (n = 474)). The CT interventions led to increases in muscle mass (1.9%; p < 0.001) and decreases in fat mass (4.3%; p < 0.001). With regard to cardiorespiratory fitness, CT had a favorable effect on VO2max (6.3%; p < 0.001), maximum aerobic speed or power (0.3%; p = 0.04), and aerobic performance (2.6%; p = 0.006) after training. Concerning strength outcome, the CT increased the strength of the upper and lower extremities. Only the magnitude of strength performance appears to be influenced by the training (number of sessions and frequency) and the training status. Moreover, low and moderate intensities and short rest time between exercise increase the magnitude of change in fat mass loss. Therefore, CT has been shown to be an effective method for improving body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and strength of the lower and upper limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Andreu Caravaca
- Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- International Chair of Sport Medicine, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Education, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain
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20
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Lacerda LT, Marra-Lopes RO, Lanza MB, Diniz RCR, Lima FV, Martins-Costa HC, Pedrosa GF, Gustavo Pereira Andrade A, Kibele A, Chagas MH. Resistance training with different repetition duration to failure: effect on hypertrophy, strength and muscle activation. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10909. [PMID: 33665031 PMCID: PMC7916538 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the effects of two 14-week resistance training protocols with different repetition duration (RD) performed to muscle failure (MF) on gains in strength and muscle hypertrophy as well as on normalized electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and force-angle relationships. Methods The left and right legs of ten untrained males were assigned to either one of the two protocols (2-s or 6-s RD) incorporating unilateral knee extension exercise. Both protocols were performed with 3–4 sets, 50–60% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM), and 3 min rest. Rectus femoris and vastus lateralis cross-sectional areas (CSA), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) at 30o and 90o of knee flexion and 1RM performance were assessed before and after the training period. In addition, normalized EMG amplitude-angle and force-angle relationships were assessed in the 6th and 39th experimental sessions. Results The 6-s RD protocol induced larger gains in MVIC at 30o of knee angle measurement than the 2-s RD protocol. Increases in MVIC at 90o of knee angle, 1RM, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis CSA were not significant between the 2-s and 6-s RD protocols. Moreover, different normalized EMG amplitude-angle and force-angle values were detected between protocols over most of the angles analyzed. Conclusion Performing longer RD could be a more appropriate strategy to provide greater gains in isometric maximal muscle strength at shortened knee positions. However, similar maximum dynamic strength and muscle hypertrophy gains would be provided by protocols with different RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Túlio Lacerda
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education and Sports, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Marra-Lopes
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcel Bahia Lanza
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo César Ribeiro Diniz
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vitor Lima
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hugo Cesar Martins-Costa
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Pedrosa
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Aeronautical Instruction and Adaptation Centre, Brazilian Air Force, Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo Pereira Andrade
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Armin Kibele
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Mönchebergstraße, Kassel, Germany
| | - Mauro Heleno Chagas
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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21
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Watson MD, Cross BL, Grosicki GJ. Evidence for the Contribution of Gut Microbiota to Age-Related Anabolic Resistance. Nutrients 2021; 13:706. [PMID: 33672207 PMCID: PMC7926629 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, people 65 years of age and older are the fastest growing segment of the population. Physiological manifestations of the aging process include undesirable changes in body composition, declines in cardiorespiratory fitness, and reductions in skeletal muscle size and function (i.e., sarcopenia) that are independently associated with mortality. Decrements in muscle protein synthetic responses to anabolic stimuli (i.e., anabolic resistance), such as protein feeding or physical activity, are highly characteristic of the aging skeletal muscle phenotype and play a fundamental role in the development of sarcopenia. A more definitive understanding of the mechanisms underlying this age-associated reduction in anabolic responsiveness will help to guide promyogenic and function promoting therapies. Recent studies have provided evidence in support of a bidirectional gut-muscle axis with implications for aging muscle health. This review will examine how age-related changes in gut microbiota composition may impact anabolic response to protein feeding through adverse changes in protein digestion and amino acid absorption, circulating amino acid availability, anabolic hormone production and responsiveness, and intramuscular anabolic signaling. We conclude by reviewing literature describing lifestyle habits suspected to contribute to age-related changes in the microbiome with the goal of identifying evidence-informed strategies to preserve microbial homeostasis, anabolic sensitivity, and skeletal muscle with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory J. Grosicki
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, GA 31419, USA; (M.D.W.); (B.L.C.)
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22
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Exercise-induced muscle damage: mechanism, assessment and nutritional factors to accelerate recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:969-992. [PMID: 33420603 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There have been a multitude of reviews written on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and recovery. EIMD is a complex area of study as there are a host of factors such as sex, age, nutrition, fitness level, genetics and familiarity with exercise task, which influence the magnitude of performance decrement and the time course of recovery following EIMD. In addition, many reviews on recovery from exercise have ranged from the impact of nutritional strategies and recovery modalities, to complex mechanistic examination of various immune and endocrine signaling molecules. No one review can adequately address this broad array of study. Thus, in this present review, we aim to examine EIMD emanating from both endurance exercise and resistance exercise training in recreational and competitive athletes and shed light on nutritional strategies that can enhance and accelerate recovery following EIMD. In addition, the evaluation of EIMD and recovery from exercise is often complicated and conclusions often depend of the specific mode of assessment. As such, the focus of this review is also directed at the available techniques used to assess EIMD.
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 5 month kettlebell-based training on jumping performance, balance, blood pressure and heart rate in female classical ballet dancers. It was a clinical trial study with 23 female dancers (age = 21.74 ± 3.1 years; body height = 168.22 ± 5.12 cm; body mass = 53.69 ± 5.91 kg) took part in the study. Participants were divided into two groups: a kettlebell group (n = 13), that followed a commercial kettlebell training protocol named the “Simple & Sinister protocol”, and a traditional dance training control group (n = 10). In the kettlebell group, kettlebell training completely replaced the jump and balance section of dance classes. Both groups performed balance and jumping tests before and after the training period. Blood pressure and the heart rate were also measured. The kettlebell group showed significant improvements in the balance tests (antero-posterior and medio-lateral oscillation) with both legs and eyes open as well as in all types of jump exercises (unrotated: +39.13%, p < 0.005; with a turnout: +53.15%, p < 0.005), while maximum and minimum blood pressure and the heart rate decreased significantly (max: -7.90%, p < 0.05; min: -9.86%, p < 0.05; Heart rate: -17.07%, p < 0.01). The results for the control group were non-significant for any variable. Comparison between groups showed significant differences for all variables analyzed, with greater improvements for the kettlebell group. Our results suggest that specific kettlebell training could be effective in improving jump performance and balance in classical dancers to a significantly greater degree compared to classical dance training.
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Corradi EFF, Lanza MB, Lacerda LT, Andrushko JW, Martins-Costa HC, Diniz RCR, Lima FV, Chagas MH. Acute physiological responses with varying load or time under tension during a squat exercise: A randomized cross-over design. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:171-176. [PMID: 32792317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite advancements in resistance training (RT) methods, the acute metabolic and neuromuscular responses to time under tension (TUT) and load remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate how TUT or resistance load impact muscular activation and blood lactate during an RT session. DESIGN A randomized cross-over design. METHODS Participants performed a squat exercise in three different conditions: baseline protocol (BPRO; three sets of eight repetitions with four second repetitions at 60% of 1RM) long duration protocol (LDPRO: six second repetitions) and high load protocol (HLPRO: 70% 1RM). RESULTS Muscular activation of the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris, and blood lactate were assessed. Blood lactate was ∼19% and ∼26% higher after set one and three in LDPRO compared to BPRO (P≤0.011) and ∼17% higher for LDPRO compared to HLPRO (P=0.002). Additionally, blood lactate was ∼17% higher for HLPRO compared to BPRO after the third set of exercise (P=0.003). Vastus lateralis activation was ∼10% higher for HLPRO compared to BPRO and LDPRO for sets one and two. Biceps femoris activation was ∼17% higher for HLPRO compared to BPRO for set one (P= 0.023) while for set two HLPRO was greater than BPRO and LDPRO (∼19% and ∼14%, respectively; P≤0.007). CONCLUSIONS Squatting with higher TUT caused a greater impact on the metabolic responses than lower TUT or higher loads, whereas an increase in training load resulted in greater muscle activation than higher TUT or lower training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica F F Corradi
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcel Bahia Lanza
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States.
| | - Lucas Túlio Lacerda
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departament of Physical Education Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Physical Education and Sports, Technological Education Federal Center of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo C Martins-Costa
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departament of Physical Education Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C R Diniz
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vitor Lima
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro Heleno Chagas
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ogasawara R, Jensen TE, Goodman CA, Hornberger TA. Resistance Exercise-Induced Hypertrophy: A Potential Role for Rapamycin-Insensitive mTOR. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2020; 47:188-194. [PMID: 30870215 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) exerts both rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin-insensitive signaling events, and the rapamycin-sensitive components of mTOR signaling have been widely implicated in the pathway through which resistance exercise induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy. This review explores the hypothesis that rapamycin-insensitive components of mTOR signaling also contribute to this highly important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki Ogasawara
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.,Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Craig A Goodman
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, and.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Gonzalez AM, Church DD, Townsend JR, Bagheri R. Emerging Nutritional Supplements for Strength and Hypertrophy: An Update of the Current Literature. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liang J, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Chen N. Regulatory role of exercise-induced autophagy for sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110789. [PMID: 31765742 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an aging-related disease, described as the progressive reduction in mass and strength of skeletal muscle. Sarcopenia is typically characterized as the accumulation of damaged products due to an imbalance between protein synthesis and protein degradation. This imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation is attributed to impaired autophagic signal pathways. Sarcopenia can predispose elderly patients to several complications that may significantly impact patient quality of life. Recent evidence indicates that autophagy is required for the control of skeletal muscle mass under catabolic conditions and plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis and integrity of skeletal muscle, specifically at appropriate level of autophagy. Exercise may be considered as a stress stimulus that can substantially modulate cellular signaling to promote metabolic adaptations. Appropriate exercise can induce autophagy or regulate the functional status of autophagy. Additionally, exercise-induced autophagy is the most effective treatment available in slowing down sarcopenia, improving mitochondrial quality, and the number of quiescent satellite cells, as a process that depends on basal autophagy. The molecular mechanisms underpinning the development of sarcopenia, however, remained largely unknown. In this narrative review, the current molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia are discussed from the perspective of exercise-induced autophagy and the effect of different exercise modalities on this response. This narrative review will aim to provide the references for developing scientific and optimal intervention strategies including exercise intervention for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia through regulating autophagic signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiling Liang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhengzhong Zeng
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Slater GJ, Dieter BP, Marsh DJ, Helms ER, Shaw G, Iraki J. Is an Energy Surplus Required to Maximize Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy Associated With Resistance Training. Front Nutr 2019; 6:131. [PMID: 31482093 PMCID: PMC6710320 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance training is commonly prescribed to enhance strength/power qualities and is achieved via improved neuromuscular recruitment, fiber type transition, and/ or skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The rate and amount of muscle hypertrophy associated with resistance training is influenced by a wide array of variables including the training program, plus training experience, gender, genetic predisposition, and nutritional status of the individual. Various dietary interventions have been proposed to influence muscle hypertrophy, including manipulation of protein intake, specific supplement prescription, and creation of an energy surplus. While recent research has provided significant insight into optimization of dietary protein intake and application of evidence based supplements, the specific energy surplus required to facilitate muscle hypertrophy is unknown. However, there is clear evidence of an anabolic stimulus possible from an energy surplus, even independent of resistance training. Common textbook recommendations are often based solely on the assumed energy stored within the tissue being assimilated. Unfortunately, such guidance likely fails to account for other energetically expensive processes associated with muscle hypertrophy, the acute metabolic adjustments that occur in response to an energy surplus, or individual nuances like training experience and energy status of the individual. Given the ambiguous nature of these calculations, it is not surprising to see broad ranging guidance on energy needs. These estimates have never been validated in a resistance training population to confirm the "sweet spot" for an energy surplus that facilitates optimal rates of muscle gain relative to fat mass. This review not only addresses the influence of an energy surplus on resistance training outcomes, but also explores other pertinent issues, including "how much should energy intake be increased," "where should this extra energy come from," and "when should this extra energy be consumed." Several gaps in the literature are identified, with the hope this will stimulate further research interest in this area. Having a broader appreciation of these issues will assist practitioners in the establishment of dietary strategies that facilitate resistance training adaptations while also addressing other important nutrition related issues such as optimization of fuelling and recovery goals. Practical issues like the management of satiety when attempting to increase energy intake are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary John Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Brad P. Dieter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, WA Spokane, WA, United States
| | | | - Eric Russell Helms
- Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
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Illera-Domínguez V, Nuell S, Carmona G, Padullés JM, Padullés X, Lloret M, Cussó R, Alomar X, Cadefau JA. Early Functional and Morphological Muscle Adaptations During Short-Term Inertial-Squat Training. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1265. [PMID: 30246805 PMCID: PMC6139363 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To assess early changes in muscle function and hypertrophy, measured as increases in muscle cross-sectional areas (CSAs) and total volume, over a 4 weeks inertial resistance training (RT) program. Methods: Ten young RT-naive volunteers (age 23.4 ± 4.1 years) underwent 10 training sessions (2–3 per week) consisting of five sets of 10 flywheel squats (moment of inertia 900 kg⋅cm2). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of both thighs were performed before (PRE), and after 2 (IN) and 4 (POST) weeks of training to compute individual muscle volumes and regional CSAs. Scans were performed after ≥96 h of recovery after training sessions, to avoid any influence of acute muscle swelling. PRE and POST regional muscle activation was assessed using muscle functional MRI (mfMRI) scans. Concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) squat force and power, as well as maximal voluntary isometric contraction force (MVIC) of knee extensors and flexors, were measured in every training session. Results: Significant quadriceps hypertrophy was detected during (IN: 5.5% ± 1.9%) and after (POST: 8.6% ± 3.6%) the training program. Increases in squat force (CON: 32% ± 15%, ECC: 31 ± 15%) and power (CON: 51% ± 30%, ECC: 48% ± 27%) were observed over the training program. Knee extensor MVIC significantly increased 28% ± 17% after training, but no changes were seen in knee flexor MVIC. No correlation was found between regional muscular activation in the first session and the % of increase in regional CSAs (r = -0.043, P = 0.164). Conclusion: This study reports the earliest onset of whole-muscle hypertrophy documented to date. The process initiates early and continues in response to RT, contributing to initial increases in force. The results call into question the reliability of mfMRI as a tool for predicting the potential hypertrophic effects of a given strengthening exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Illera-Domínguez
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Nuell
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Carmona
- Tecnocampus, Escola Superior de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró, Spain
| | - Josep M Padullés
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Padullés
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Lloret
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Cussó
- Departament de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Joan A Cadefau
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Kwon I, Jang Y, Cho JY, Jang YC, Lee Y. Long-term resistance exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy is associated with autophagy modulation in rats. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:269-280. [PMID: 28213823 PMCID: PMC10718009 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevation of anabolism and concurrent suppression of catabolism are critical metabolic adaptations for muscular hypertrophy in response to resistance exercise (RE). Here, we investigated if RE-induced muscular hypertrophy is acquired by modulating a critical catabolic process autophagy. Male Wistar Hannover rats (14 weeks old) were randomly assigned to either sedentary control (SC, n = 10) or resistance exercise (RE, n = 10). RE elicited significant hypertrophy of flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) muscles in parallel with enhancement in anabolic signaling pathways (phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR, and p70S6K). Importantly, RE-treated FDP muscle exhibited a significant decline in autophagy evidenced by diminished phosphorylation levels of AMPK, a decrease in LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, an increase in p62 level, and a decline in active form of lysosomal protease CATHEPSIN L in the absence of alterations of key autophagy proteins: ULK1 phosphorylation, BECLIN1, and BNIP3. Our study suggests that RE-induced hypertrophy is achieved by potentiating anabolism and restricting autophagy-induced catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insu Kwon
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Community Health, College of Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - Yongchul Jang
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Community Health, College of Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - Joon-Yong Cho
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young C Jang
- School of Applied Physiology and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Youngil Lee
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Community Health, College of Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA.
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31
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Watt KI, Goodman CA, Hornberger TA, Gregorevic P. The Hippo Signaling Pathway in the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:92-96. [PMID: 29346163 PMCID: PMC6319272 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway regulates the activity of the proteins Yes-associated protein (Yap) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (Taz) to control tissue growth in many different cell types. Previously, we demonstrated that Yap is a critical regulator of skeletal muscle mass. We hypothesize that alterations in Yap and Taz activity modulate the anabolic adaptations of skeletal muscle to resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin I. Watt
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Washington, USA
| | - Craig A. Goodman
- College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
- Institute for Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS),Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- Dept of Comparative Bioscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3010
- Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, 3800
- Dept of Neurology, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA 98195
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32
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Zaidi S, Hussain S, Verma S, Veqar Z, Khan A, Nazir SU, Singh N, Moiz JA, Tanwar P, Srivastava A, Rath GK, Mehrotra R. Efficacy of Complementary Therapies in the Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors. Front Oncol 2018; 7:326. [PMID: 29376027 PMCID: PMC5768617 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer diagnosed in women and the second most common cancer overall, ranking as the fifth cause of death from cancer. The chronicity of the disease produces long-term physiological and psychological manifestations, which adversely affect the quality of life of the individual. The primary treatment while managing cancer presents with various debilitating side effects. With the recent advances in treatment techniques that have improved the survival rate, patients suffer from continuing posttreatment complications. Patients seem to cope well with the stress of treatment of BC and sustain a normal life; however, the deterioration in physical well-being makes the patient functionally inefficient. Exercise has been proven to be an effective, safe, and feasible tool in combating the adverse effects of treatment, prevents complications and decreases the risk of BC-specific mortality. This review briefly presents an overview of the burden of the disease and its management strategies. Owing to the heterogeneity of the population and the multitude of therapies they receive, the response of each patient to treatment is different and so is the magnitude of adverse effects. The review discusses the late sequelae following treatment and evidence supporting the role of physical activity in their management. In conclusion, there is a need for personalized physical activity plans to be developed to suit the individual and their circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Zaidi
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Showket Hussain
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (NICPR-ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Shalini Verma
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Zubia Veqar
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Asiya Khan
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Sheeraz Un Nazir
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (NICPR-ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenberg University, Gothenberg, Sweden
| | - Jamal Ali Moiz
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | | | - G K Rath
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (NICPR-ICMR), New Delhi, India
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33
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Mersmann F, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Imbalances in the Development of Muscle and Tendon as Risk Factor for Tendinopathies in Youth Athletes: A Review of Current Evidence and Concepts of Prevention. Front Physiol 2017; 8:987. [PMID: 29249987 PMCID: PMC5717808 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons feature the crucial role to transmit the forces exerted by the muscles to the skeleton. Thus, an increase of the force generating capacity of a muscle needs to go in line with a corresponding modulation of the mechanical properties of the associated tendon to avoid potential harm to the integrity of the tendinous tissue. However, as summarized in the present narrative review, muscle and tendon differ with regard to both the time course of adaptation to mechanical loading as well as the responsiveness to certain types of mechanical stimulation. Plyometric loading, for example, seems to be a more potent stimulus for muscle compared to tendon adaptation. In growing athletes, the increased levels of circulating sex hormones might additionally augment an imbalanced development of muscle strength and tendon mechanical properties, which could potentially relate to the increasing incidence of tendon overload injuries that has been indicated for adolescence. In fact, increased tendon stress and strain due to a non-uniform musculotendinous development has been observed recently in adolescent volleyball athletes, a high-risk group for tendinopathy. These findings highlight the importance to deepen the current understanding of the interaction of loading and maturation and demonstrate the need for the development of preventive strategies. Therefore, this review concludes with an evidence-based concept for a specific loading program for increasing tendon stiffness, which could be implemented in the training regimen of young athletes at risk for tendinopathy. This program incorporates five sets of four contractions with an intensity of 85–90% of the isometric voluntary maximum and a movement/contraction duration that provides 3 s of high magnitude tendon strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Scott BR, Alcaraz PE, Rubio-Arias JA. The efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia to enhance strength and muscle growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:92-103. [PMID: 29045191 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1388850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that resistance training in hypoxia (RTH) may augment muscle size and strength development. However, consensus on the effects of RTH via systematic review and meta-analysis is not yet available. This work aimed to systematically review studies which have investigated using RTH versus normoxic resistance training (NRT) to improve muscular size and strength, and to perform a meta-analysis to determine the effect of RTH on these adaptive parameters. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from database inception until 17 June 2017 for original articles assessing the effects of RTH on muscle size and strength versus NRT. The effects on outcomes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD). Nine studies (158 participants) reported on the effects of RTH versus NRT for muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) (n = 4) or strength (n = 6). RTH significantly increased CSA (SMD = 0.70, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.05, 1.35; p = .04) and strength (SMD = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.20, 2.56; p < .00001). However, RTH did not produce significant change in CSA (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI -0.19, 0.68, p = .27) or strength (SMD = 0.20; 95% CI = -0.27, 0.78; p = .23) when compared to NRT. Although RTH improved muscle size and strength, this protocol did not provide significant benefit over resistance training in normoxia. Nevertheless, this paper identified marked differences in methodologies for implementing RTH, and future research using standardized protocols is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Brendan R Scott
- c School of Psychology and Exercise Science , Murdoch University , Perth , Australia
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Jacobo A Rubio-Arias
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
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Nakai N, Kawano F, Murakami T, Nakata K, Higashida K. Leucine supplementation after mechanical stimulation activates protein synthesis via L-type amino acid transporter 1 in vitro. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2094-2101. [PMID: 28856713 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid supplements consumed following exercise are widely used to increase muscle mass. Although both exercise (ie, mechanical stimulation) and branched-chain amino acid leucine supplementation have been reported to stimulate muscle protein synthesis by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway independently, the mechanisms underlying their synergistic effects are largely unknown. Utilizing cultured differentiated C2C12 myotubes, we established a combination treatment model in which the cells were subjected to cyclic uniaxial mechanical stretching (4 h, 15%, 1 Hz) followed by stimulation with 2 mM leucine for 45 min. Phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K), an mTOR-regulated marker of protein translation initiation, was significantly increased following mechanical stretching alone but returned to the baseline after 4 h. Leucine supplementation further increased p70S6K phosphorylation, with a greater increase observed in the stretched cells than in the non-stretched cells. Notably, the expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), a stimulator of the mTOR pathway, was also increased by mechanical stretching, and siRNA-mediated knockdown partially attenuated leucine-induced p70S6K phosphorylation. These results suggest that mechanical stretching promotes LAT1 expression and, consequently, amino acid uptake, leading to enhanced leucine-induced activation of protein synthesis. LAT1 has been demonstrated to be a point of crosstalk between exercise- and nutrition-induced skeletal muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nakai
- Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Fuminori Kawano
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Matsumoto University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Taro Murakami
- Department of Nutrition, Shigakkan University, Ohbu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken Nakata
- Medicine for Sports and Performing Arts, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Higashida
- Department of Nutrition, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
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A focus on extracellular Ca 2+ entry into skeletal muscle. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e378. [PMID: 28912570 PMCID: PMC5628281 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main task of skeletal muscle is contraction and relaxation for body movement and posture maintenance. During contraction and relaxation, Ca2+ in the cytosol has a critical role in activating and deactivating a series of contractile proteins. In skeletal muscle, the cytosolic Ca2+ level is mainly determined by Ca2+ movements between the cytosol and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The importance of Ca2+ entry from extracellular spaces to the cytosol has gained significant attention over the past decade. Store-operated Ca2+ entry with a low amplitude and relatively slow kinetics is a main extracellular Ca2+ entryway into skeletal muscle. Herein, recent studies on extracellular Ca2+ entry into skeletal muscle are reviewed along with descriptions of the proteins that are related to extracellular Ca2+ entry and their influences on skeletal muscle function and disease.
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37
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Silva VR, Belozo FL, Micheletti TO, Conrado M, Stout JR, Pimentel GD, Gonzalez AM. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation may improve recovery and muscle adaptations after resistance training: a systematic review. Nutr Res 2017; 45:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Melville GW, Siegler JC, Marshall PWM. The effects of d-aspartic acid supplementation in resistance-trained men over a three month training period: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182630. [PMID: 28841667 PMCID: PMC5571970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Research on d-aspartic acid (DAA) has demonstrated increases in total testosterone levels in untrained men, however research in resistance-trained men demonstrated no changes, and reductions in testosterone levels. The long-term consequences of DAA in a resistance trained population are currently unknown. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of DAA to alter basal testosterone levels over 3 months of resistance training in resistance-trained men. Design Randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial in healthy resistance-trained men, aged 18–36, had been performing regular resistance training exercise for at least 3 d.w-1 for the previous 2 years. Randomised participants were 22 men (d-aspartic acid n = 11; placebo n = 11) (age, 23.8±4.9 y, training age, 3.2±1.5 y). Intervention D-aspartic acid (6 g.d-1, DAA) versus equal-weight, visually-matched placebo (PLA). All participants performed 12 weeks of supervised, periodised resistance training (4 d.w-1), with a program focusing on all muscle groups. Measures Basal hormones, total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), estradiol (E2), sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and albumin (ALB); isometric strength; calf muscle cross-sectional area (CSA); calf muscle thickness; quadriceps muscle CSA; quadriceps muscle thickness; evoked V-wave and H-reflexes, were assessed at weeks zero (T1), after six weeks (T2) and after 12 weeks (T3). Results No change in basal TT or FT were observed after the intervention. DAA supplementation (n = 10) led to a 16%, 95% CI [-27%, -5%] reduction in E2 from T1-T3 (p<0.01). The placebo group (n = 9) demonstrated improvements in spinal responsiveness (gastrocnemius) at the level of the alpha motoneuron. Both groups exhibited increases in isometric strength of the plantar flexors by 17%, 95% CI [7%, 28%] (p<0.05) as well as similar increases in hypertrophy in the quadriceps and calf muscles. Conclusions The results of this paper indicate that DAA supplementation is ineffective at changing testosterone levels, or positively affecting training outcomes. Reductions in estradiol and the blunting of peripheral excitability appear unrelated to improvements from resistance training. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617000041358
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey W. Melville
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jason C. Siegler
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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Kupr B, Schnyder S, Handschin C. Role of Nuclear Receptors in Exercise-Induced Muscle Adaptations. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:a029835. [PMID: 28242783 PMCID: PMC5453380 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is not only one of the largest, but also one of the most dynamic organs. For example, plasticity elicited by endurance or resistance exercise entails complex transcriptional programs that are still poorly understood. Various signaling pathways are engaged in the contracting muscle fiber and collectively culminate in the modulation of the activity of numerous transcription factors (TFs) and coregulators. Because exercise confers many benefits for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of pathologies, pharmacological activation of signaling pathways and TFs is an attractive avenue to elicit therapeutic effects. Members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily are of particular interest owing to the presence of well-defined DNA- and ligand-binding domains. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the involvement of NRs in muscle biology and exercise adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kupr
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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Gonzalez AM, Sell KM, Ghigiarelli JJ, Kelly CF, Shone EW, Accetta MR, Baum JB, Mangine GT. Effects of phosphatidic acid supplementation on muscle thickness and strength in resistance-trained men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:443-448. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of phosphatidic acid (PA) supplementation on muscle thickness and strength following an 8 week supervised resistance-training program. Fifteen resistance trained men (22.8 ± 3.5 years; 80.6 ± 8.7 kg; 178.1 ± 5.6 cm; 14.6% ± 8.8% body fat) were randomly assigned to a group that either consumed 750 mg of PA or a placebo (PL). Testing was carried out before (PRE) and after (POST) training/supplementation for muscle thickness and strength. Muscle thickness of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps brachii (BB), and triceps brachii (TB) muscles were measured via ultrasonography, along with 1 repetition maximum (1RM) of squat, deadlift, and bench press. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), using PRE values as the covariate, did not reveal any group differences for measures of muscle thickness in the RF (PA: 3.6% ± 5.2%; PL: 3.2% ± 4.2%, p = 0.97), VL (PA: 23.4% ± 18.1%, PL: 12.5% ± 15.4%, p = 0.37), BB (PA: 3.7% ± 6.4%, PL: 9.6% ± 12.4%, p = 0.86), or TB (PA: 15.1% ± 17.9%, PL: 10.7% ± 19.3%, p = 0.79). Likewise, no group differences were observed in changes in squat (PA: 8.4% ± 4.1%, PL: 8.1% ± 4.2%, p = 0.79), deadlift (PA: 10.1% ± 10.1%, PL: 8.9% ± 9.5%, p = 0.66), or bench press (PA: 5.7% ± 5.5%, PL: 5.1% ± 3.0%, p = 0.76) exercises. Collectively, however, all participants experienced significant (p < 0.05) improvements in each measure of muscle thickness and strength. Results of this study suggest that PA supplementation, in combination with a 3 days·week−1 resistance-training program for 8 weeks, did not have a differential effect compared with PL on changes in muscle thickness or 1RM strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Gonzalez
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Katie M. Sell
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | | | | | - Edward W. Shone
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Matthew R. Accetta
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Jamie B. Baum
- Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
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Fairman CM, Hyde PN, Focht BC. Resistance training interventions across the cancer control continuum: a systematic review of the implementation of resistance training principles. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:677-685. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Gonzalez AM. Effect of Interset Rest Interval Length on Resistance Exercise Performance and Muscular Adaptation. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Effect of Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation Prior to Resistance Exercise on Metabolic Hormones, Plasma Amino Acids, and Serum Indices of Muscle Damage in the Recovery Period. TOP CLIN NUTR 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/tin.0000000000000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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FSTL1 as a Potential Mediator of Exercise-Induced Cardioprotection in Post-Myocardial Infarction Rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32424. [PMID: 27561749 PMCID: PMC5000295 DOI: 10.1038/srep32424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training has been reported to ameliorate heart dysfunction in both humans and animals after myocardial infarction (MI), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Follistatin-like1 (FSTL1) is a cardioprotective factor against ischemic injury and is induced in cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle in ischemic and hypoxic conditions. To test the hypothesis that FSTL1 may be a molecular link between exercise and improved heart function post MI, we subjected MI-rats, induced by left coronary artery ligation, to two modes of exercise: intermittent aerobic exercise (IAE) or mechanical vibration training (MVT), for four weeks and examined the relevance of FSTL1 to exercise-mediated cardiac effects. Exercise improved the functional performance, reduced fibrosis of MI-hearts and induced FSTL1 expression, the TGFβ-Smad2/3 signaling and angiogenesis in myocardium. In gastrocnemius, exercise increased the cross-sectional area of myocytes and FSTL1 expression. Importantly, exercise increased circulating FSTL1 levels, which were positively correlated with the skeletal muscle FSTL1 expression and negatively correlated with heart fibrosis. Overall, the IAE was more effective than that of MVT in cardioprotection. Finally, exogenous FSTL1 administration directly improved angiogenesis as well as functionality of post-MI hearts. Taken together, we have demonstrated that FSTL1 is a potential mediator of exercise-induced cardioprotection in post-MI rats.
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Intramuscular MAPK signaling following high volume and high intensity resistance exercise protocols in trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1663-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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