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Rockwood T, Edwards NM, Nelson B, Agel J. Evaluating the Impact of Youth Early Sport Specialization on Injury: An Evolution in Measurement. Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol 2023; 10:23333928231176207. [PMID: 37251699 PMCID: PMC10209588 DOI: 10.1177/23333928231176207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To track youth sports participation and injury occurrence accurately and longitudinally. Results An online survey tool that captures sports participation, frequency, level of competition, and tracks injury occurrence has been developed. The survey allows for longitudinal tracking of sports participation to evaluate the change from recreational to highly specialized sports participation. To maximize the utility of this research tool we identified swimmer plots which allow for clear visualization of the data as the best method for graphical representation. Implication Longitudinal measurement of sports participation to evaluate the impact of early sports specialization on injury is feasible with this tool and enhanced by the swimmer plots for visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Rockwood
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Bradley Nelson
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Julie Agel
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Wallace J, Osmotherly P, Gabbett T, Spratford W, Niyonsenga T, Newman P. A Validated Injury Surveillance and Monitoring Tool for Fast Jet Aircrew: Translating Sports Medicine Paradigms to a Military Population. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:92. [PMID: 35841441 PMCID: PMC9288569 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Military populations, including fast jet aircrew (FJA - aka fighter aircrew/pilots), commonly suffer from musculoskeletal complaints, which reduce performance and operational capability. Valid surveillance tools and agreed recordable injury definitions are lacking. Our objective was to develop and then evaluate the validity of a musculoskeletal complaints surveillance and monitoring tool for FJA. Methods A Delphi study with international experts sought consensus on recordable injury definitions and important content for use in a surveillance and monitoring tool for FJA. Using these results and feedback from end-users (FJA), the University of Canberra Fast Jet Aircrew Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (UC-FJAMQ) was developed. Following its use with 306 Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) FJA over 4 × five-month reporting periods, validity of the UC-FJAMQ was evaluated via multi-level factor analysis (MFA) and compared with routine methods of injury surveillance. Results Consensus was achieved for: eight words/descriptors for defining a musculoskeletal complaint; six definitions of recordable injury; and 14 domains important for determining overall severity. The UC-FJAMQ was developed and refined. MFA identified three distinct dimensions within the 11 items used to determine severity: operational capability, symptoms, and care-seeking. MFA further highlighted that symptom severity and seeking medical attention were poor indicators of the impact musculoskeletal complaints have upon operational capability. One hundred and fifty-two episodes of time loss were identified, with the UC-FJAMQ identifying 79% of these, while routine methods identified 49%. Despite modest weekly reporting rates (61%), the UC-FJAMQ outperformed routine surveillance methods. Conclusions The UC-FJAMQ was developed to specifically address the complexities of injury surveillance with FJA, which are similar to those noted in other military and sporting populations. The results demonstrated the UC-FJAMQ to be sensitive and valid within a large group of FJA over 4 × five-month reporting periods. Adoption of consistent, sensitive, and valid surveillance methods will strengthen the FJA injury prevention literature, ultimately enhancing their health, performance, and operational capability. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00484-1.
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Gijon-Nogueron G, Ortega-Avila AB, Kaldau NC, Fahlstrom M, Felder H, Kerr S, King M, McCaig S, Marchena-Rodriguez A, Cabello-Manrique D. Data Collection Procedures and Injury Definitions in Badminton: A Consensus Statement According to the Delphi Approach. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:e444-e450. [PMID: 35588081 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Previous studies involving injury surveillance in badminton players have used nonstandardized injury definitions and data collection methodologies. The purpose of this study was to apply a Delphi method to (1) reach a consensus on an injury definition in badminton and (2) develop a standardized badminton injury report form. An Injury Consensus Group was established under the auspices of the Badminton World Federation, and initial injury definitions and injury report form were developed. An internal panel was formed from the Injury Consensus Group, and an external panel was selected based on a combination of profession, experience in the field, sport-specific knowledge/expertise, and geographical location to obtain a widely representative sample. Through 2 rounds of voting by the external panel, consensus was reached on both the definition of an injury in badminton and a standardized injury report form. The agreed injury definition was "Any physical injury sustained by a player during a match or training regardless if further diagnostic tests were done or if playing time was lost" and the injury report form contained the following 7 sections: Injury record, Diagnosis, Injury mechanism, Regarding pain, Pain and return to play/training after injury, Grade of severity, and Recurrence. We recommend the use of the definitions and methods presented in this consensus statement for the reporting of injury in all international and domestic badminton players. This should make future injury surveillance reports directly comparable and hence more informative in recognizing trends over time and differences between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron
- Department of Nursing and Podiatry, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Belen Ortega-Avila
- Department of Nursing and Podiatry, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Niels Christian Kaldau
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center-Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager & Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Martin Fahlstrom
- Department of Clinical Science, Professional Development, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hanno Felder
- Department of Biomechanics, Olympic Training Center, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stewart Kerr
- Life Fit Wellness, Healthcare & Exercise Centre, Falkirk, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Steve McCaig
- English Institute of Sport, EIS/L'Boro Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Epidemiology of injuries sustained in professional Australian netball: A three season cohort study. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:294-299. [PMID: 35031236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the medical attention and time-loss injury epidemiology of Australia's premier netball competition. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS One-hundred and nineteen players in the Suncorp Super Netball league were under surveillance during three consecutive seasons (2017-2019), inclusive of pre-, in-, and post- season phases. Medical attention injuries were recorded by medical personnel, and additionally sub-categorised according to time loss. Injury incidence rates (IIR) and injury burden were calculated per 365 player contract days, with differences between season and season phase IIRs compared using negative binomial generated incidence rate ratios (IRR). RESULTS Eight hundred and sixty-six medical attention injuries and 393 time-loss injuries were recorded. The majority of the players had multiple (≥2) medical attention (n = 92; 77.3%) and time-loss (n = 75, 63.0%) injuries reported. The ankle (n = 181; 20.9%), knee (n = 136; 15.7%) and foot (n = 98; 11.3%) were the body sites with the most frequently reported medical attention injuries. Overall, there was a comparable injury incidence rate between the pre-season and in-season periods (IRR = 1.13, 95%CI = 0.98-1.30, p = 0.0842), although variation in the injury burden was identified. Ankle tendon injuries (23.5 days absence) and knee joint injuries (44.9 days absence) the most burdensome injuries in the pre-season and in-season periods respectively. CONCLUSIONS Lower limb injuries are the most frequent in professional level netball. Knee and ankle injuries are the most burdensome overall, however the type of injuries with a high burden vary between pre- and in-season periods. Time-loss, non-time loss and subsequent injuries are prominent in professional level netball.
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Bitchell CL, Varley-Campbell J, Robinson G, Stiles V, Mathema P, Moore IS. Recurrent and Subsequent Injuries in Professional and Elite Sport: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:58. [PMID: 33270184 PMCID: PMC7714809 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury surveillance in professional sport categorises injuries as either "new" or "recurrent". In an attempt to make categorisation more specific, subsequent injury categorisation models have been developed, but it is not known how often these models are used. The aim was to assess how recurrent and subsequent injuries are reported within professional and elite sport. METHODS Online databases were searched using a search strategy. Studies needed to prospectively report injury rates within professional or elite sports that have published consensus statements for injury surveillance. RESULTS A total of 1322 titles and abstract were identified and screened. One hundred and ninety-nine studies were screened at full text resulting in 81 eligible studies. Thirty studies did not report recurrent injuries and were excluded from data extraction. Within the studies that reported recurrent injuries, 21 reported the number and percentage; 13 reported only the proportion within all injuries; three reported only the number; five reported the number, percentage and incidence; and two only reported the incidence. Seven studies used subsequent injury terminology, with three reporting subsequent injury following concussion, one using an amended subsequent injury model and three using specific subsequent injury categorisation models. The majority of subsequent injuries (ranging from 51 to 80%) were categorised as different and unrelated to the index injury. The proportion of recurrent injuries (exact same body area and nature related to index injury) ranged from 5 to 21%. CONCLUSIONS Reporting recurrent or subsequent injuries remains inconsistent, and few studies have utilised subsequent injury models. There is limited understanding of subsequent injury risk, which may affect the development of injury prevention strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42019119264.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gemma Robinson
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Prabhat Mathema
- Welsh Rugby Union Group, WRU National Centre of Excellence, Vale of Glamorgan, UK
| | - Isabel Sarah Moore
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Anderson DS, Cathcart J, Wilson I, Hides J, Leung F, Kerr D. Lower limb MSK injuries among school-aged rugby and football players: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000806. [PMID: 33178442 PMCID: PMC7642221 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this systematic review was to explore the incidence of lower limb musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries sustained by rugby union, rugby league, soccer, Australian Rules and Gaelic football players under 18 years. The review sought to identify the mechanisms and types of injury sustained and to compare between sports. Design This systematic review focused on the incidence of lower limb injury in adolescent team sports that involved running and kicking a ball. A literature search of studies published prior to January 2020 was conducted using SportDiscus, Medline and PubMed databases. The Standard Quality Assessment Criteria appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of each article included in the review. Two or more authors independently reviewed all papers. Results Sixteen papers met the inclusion criteria; prospective cohort (N=14), retrospective (n=1) and longitudinal (n=1). These studies investigated injuries in rugby union and rugby league (n=10), football (soccer) (n=3), Australian Rules (n=2) and Gaelic football (n=1). There were a total of 55 882 participants, aged 7–19 years old, who reported 6525 injuries. The type, site and mechanisms of injury differed across sports. Summary Lower limb injuries were common in adolescent rugby, soccer, Gaelic football and Australian Rules football players, however these studies may not fully reflect the true injury burden where recurrent and overuse injuries have not been considered. There were differences between sports in the mechanisms, types and severity of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Cathcart
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University - Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Iseult Wilson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Julie Hides
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Felix Leung
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Daniel Kerr
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University - Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey, UK
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Injuries across a pre-professional ballet and contemporary dance tertiary training program: A retrospective cohort study. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:1166-1171. [PMID: 32703722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aims to analyse the incidence of medical attention injuries, subsequent injuries, and the median time to injury, across tertiary ballet and contemporary dance training programs. DESIGN Retrospective cohort. METHODS Consenting ballet and contemporary dance students completing the third/final year of two tertiary programs were included. The three-year programs consisted of six semesters. Access was granted to onsite physiotherapy notes, timetables, and academic enrolment. Injury was defined as requiring medical attention. Injury and exposure data were extracted, injuries coded for location and tissue, and subsequent injuries, occurring after an initial index injury, categorised. Mean, standard deviation, range, injury incidence, risk and rate ratios, proportions and Kaplan-Meier curves were calculated to report participant characteristics, and injury patterns across three years of the dance program. RESULTS All 17 students (mean age=20.7 years; standard deviation=1.32) from one program consented to participate, of which all were injured across the three-year program, with 2.71 (95% confidence interval: 2.22, 3.20) injury incidence rate per 1000h, and increasing injury incidences seen across the program. The most injured site and tissue were the ankle (17.65%) and muscle (23.53%) respectively. 74.86% of subsequent injuries were different (affecting a different location and tissue), and 4.88% reinjuries (affecting the same location, tissue, and structure after recovery). The median time to the first injury was seven weeks in the first semester, and later in subsequent year levels. CONCLUSIONS Increasing injury incidences were seen across the program. Most subsequent injuries were different from previous injuries in this cohort. Future research should use exposure measures beyond hours (i.e. intensity) and consider subsequent injuries.
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Bahr R, Clarsen B, Derman W, Dvorak J, Emery CA, Finch CF, Hägglund M, Junge A, Kemp S, Khan KM, Marshall SW, Meeuwisse W, Mountjoy M, Orchard JW, Pluim B, Quarrie KL, Reider B, Schwellnus M, Soligard T, Stokes KA, Timpka T, Verhagen E, Bindra A, Budgett R, Engebretsen L, Erdener U, Chamari K. International Olympic Committee consensus statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 (including STROBE Extension for Sport Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)). Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:372-389. [PMID: 32071062 PMCID: PMC7146946 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Injury and illness surveillance, and epidemiological studies, are fundamental elements of concerted efforts to protect the health of the athlete. To encourage consistency in the definitions and methodology used, and to enable data across studies to be compared, research groups have published 11 sport-specific or setting-specific consensus statements on sports injury (and, eventually, illness) epidemiology to date. Our objective was to further strengthen consistency in data collection, injury definitions and research reporting through an updated set of recommendations for sports injury and illness studies, including a new Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist extension. The IOC invited a working group of international experts to review relevant literature and provide recommendations. The procedure included an open online survey, several stages of text drafting and consultation by working groups and a 3-day consensus meeting in October 2019. This statement includes recommendations for data collection and research reporting covering key components: defining and classifying health problems; severity of health problems; capturing and reporting athlete exposure; expressing risk; burden of health problems; study population characteristics and data collection methods. Based on these, we also developed a new reporting guideline as a STROBE Extension-the STROBE Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS). The IOC encourages ongoing in- and out-of-competition surveillance programmes and studies to describe injury and illness trends and patterns, understand their causes and develop measures to protect the health of the athlete. Implementation of the methods outlined in this statement will advance consistency in data collection and research reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ben Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Spine Unit, Swiss Concussion Center and Swiss Golf Medical Center, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Caroline F Finch
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Astrid Junge
- Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Swiss Concussion Centre, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Kemp
- Rugby Football Union, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Karim M Khan
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Journal of Sports Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center and Department of Epidemiology at the Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Willem Meeuwisse
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- National Hockey League, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine (Sport Medicine), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- FINA Bureau (Sport Medicine), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John W Orchard
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Babette Pluim
- Department of Sports Medicine, Royal Netherlands Lawn Tennis Association, Amstelveen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center of Excellence, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Kenneth L Quarrie
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington, New Zealand
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bruce Reider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Research Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Centre for Healthcare Development, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abhinav Bindra
- Athlete Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Uğur Erdener
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar Sports Medicine and Orthopedic Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Van Netten JJ, Woodburn J, Bus SA. The future for diabetic foot ulcer prevention: A paradigm shift from stratified healthcare towards personalized medicine. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36 Suppl 1:e3234. [PMID: 31944530 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of diabetic foot ulcers is important to reduce the burden of diabetic foot disease. However, we found that ulcer prevention is underexposed in research and clinical practice. Barriers to explain this are seen in patient's goal-setting; in the lack of interdisciplinary teams for ulcer prevention; in sample sizes and funding for research; in industrial engagement; and in limited understanding of ulcer development. Rather than separately solving these barriers, we propose a paradigm shift from stratified healthcare towards personalized medicine for diabetic foot disease. Personalized medicine aims to deliver the right treatment to the right patient at the right time, based on individual diagnostics. Different treatment strategies should be available for different patients, delivered in an integrated, objective, quantitative and evidence-based approach. More than on the classical risk factors of peripheral neuropathy and peripheral artery disease, individual diagnostics should focus on modifiable risk factors for ulceration. This includes structured biomechanical and behavioral profiling, while new research with (big) data science may identify additional risk factors, such as geographical or temporal patterns in ulceration. Industry involvement can drive the development of wearable instruments and assessment tools, to facilitate large-scale individual diagnostics. For a paradigm shift towards personalized medicine in prevention, large-scale collaborations between stakeholders are needed. As each ulcer episode not prevented costs about €10,000 in medical costs alone, such investments can be cost-effective. We hope to see more discussions around this paradigm shift, and increasing investments of energy and money in diabetic foot ulcer prevention in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap J Van Netten
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Diabetic Foot Clinic, Almelo and Hengelo, the Netherlands
| | - James Woodburn
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Sicco A Bus
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Bitchell CL, Mathema P, Moore IS. Four-year match injury surveillance in male Welsh professional Rugby Union teams. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 42:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bahr R, Clarsen B, Derman W, Dvorak J, Emery CA, Finch CF, Hägglund M, Junge A, Kemp S, Khan KM, Marshall SW, Meeuwisse W, Mountjoy M, Orchard JW, Pluim B, Quarrie KL, Reider B, Schwellnus M, Soligard T, Stokes KA, Timpka T, Verhagen E, Bindra A, Budgett R, Engebretsen L, Erdener U, Chamari K. International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement: Methods for Recording and Reporting of Epidemiological Data on Injury and Illness in Sports 2020 (Including the STROBE Extension for Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)). Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120902908. [PMID: 32118084 PMCID: PMC7029549 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120902908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury and illness surveillance, and epidemiological studies, are fundamental elements of concerted efforts to protect the health of the athlete. To encourage consistency in the definitions and methodology used, and to enable data across studies to be compared, research groups have published 11 sport- or setting-specific consensus statements on sports injury (and, eventually, illnesses) epidemiology to date. OBJECTIVE To further strengthen consistency in data collection, injury definitions, and research reporting through an updated set of recommendations for sports injury and illness studies, including a new Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist extension. STUDY DESIGN Consensus statement of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). METHODS The IOC invited a working group of international experts to review relevant literature and provide recommendations. The procedure included an open online survey, several stages of text drafting and consultation by working groups, and a 3-day consensus meeting in October 2019. RESULTS This statement includes recommendations for data collection and research reporting covering key components: defining and classifying health problems, severity of health problems, capturing and reporting athlete exposure, expressing risk, burden of health problems, study population characteristics, and data collection methods. Based on these, we also developed a new reporting guideline as a STROBE extension-the STROBE Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS). CONCLUSION The IOC encourages ongoing in- and out-of-competition surveillance programs and studies to describe injury and illness trends and patterns, understand their causes, and develop measures to protect the health of the athlete. The implementation of the methods outlined in this statement will advance consistency in data collection and research reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roald Bahr
- Roald Bahr, MD, PhD, Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PB 4014 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway ()
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Green B, Lin M, Schache AG, McClelland JA, Semciw AI, Rotstein A, Cook J, Pizzari T. Calf muscle strain injuries in elite Australian Football players: A descriptive epidemiological evaluation. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:174-184. [PMID: 31494970 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calf muscle strain injuries (CMSI) show consistent rates of prevalence and re-injury in elite Australian Football players. An epidemiological evaluation is warranted to better understand the clinical presentation and recovery of CMSI. PURPOSE First, to describe the epidemiology of CMSI in elite Australian Football players. Second, to determine if recovery following injury is different according to: (a) injury type (index vs re-injury); (b) muscle injured (soleus vs gastrocnemius); and (c) mechanism of injury (running-related activity vs non running-related activity). STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiological. METHODS Data retrieved from the Soft Tissue injury Registry of the Australian Football League were analyzed. Sixteen clubs submitted data on CMSI from 2014 to 2017. Data included: player characteristics, training and match history at the time of injury, MRI, and the time to reach recovery milestones. RESULTS One hundred and eighty-four CMSI were included (149 index injuries; 35 re-injuries). Soleus injuries were most prevalent (84.6%). Soleus injuries took 25.4 ± 16.2 days to return to play, whereas gastrocnemius injuries took 19.1 ± 14.1 days (P = .097). CMSI sustained during running-related activities took approximately 12 days longer to recover than injuries sustained during non running-related activities (P = .001). Compared to index injuries, re-injuries involved older players (P = .03) and significantly more time was taken to run at >90% of maximum speed, return to full training, and return to play (P ≤ .001). Almost all of the observed re-injuries involved soleus (91.4%). CONCLUSION Soleus injuries are more prevalent than gastrocnemius injuries in elite Australian Football players. Prognosis appears to be influenced by clinical factors, with CMSI sustained during running-related activities and re-injuries needing more time to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Green
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Monica Lin
- Victoria House Imaging, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony G Schache
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jodie A McClelland
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam I Semciw
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jill Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tania Pizzari
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Smyth EA, Piromalli L, Antcliff A, Newman P, Waddington G, Weissensteiner JR, Drew MK. A prospective study of health problems at the 2018 17/U and 19/U Australian National Netball Championships with comparison of surveillance methodology. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:215-221. [PMID: 31704027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence, site, nature and cause of injuries sustained during and four weeks following the 2018 Australian National Netball Championships (ANNC's) using medical attention and self-report surveillance tools. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHOD Injuries were recorded prospectively using medical attention and self-report data collection methods. One hundred and ninety-two athletes competed at the 2018 ANNC's with 96 athletes in each age group (17/U & 19/U). RESULTS There were 103 medical attention injuries sustained by 80 athletes resulting in an incidence rate of 89.4 per 1000 player hours. The most frequently recorded medical attention injury diagnoses across both age groups were lateral ankle ligament sprain (n=14, 13.6%), foot blisters (n=11, 10.7%), and lumbar pain (n=10, 9.7%). Ankle sprains (n=4), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures (n=3) and concussion (n=3) recorded as the highest sports incapacity injuries. The self-report data collection revealed that 46 (27.2%) athletes arrived at the tournament with an existing self-reported injury/illness and 57 (39.3%) athletes had a self-reported injury/illness at the conclusion of the ANNC (RR 1.44 95%CI 1.05-1.99, p=0.030). CONCLUSION There are no recent studies reporting injury rates specifically in pre-elite netball players. This study found an incidence rate of 89.4 per 1000 player hours. Ankle sprains are the highest medical attention and sports-incapacity injury in pre-elite netball athletes. Foot blisters and low back pain also feature in the highest medical attention injuries and ACL rupture and concussion were high sports incapacity injuries at the ANNC's. Finally, combining both the medical attention and self-report injury/illness data collection methods identified more injuries/illnesses than the use of one method alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Smyth
- Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | | | | | - Phillip Newman
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Australia; Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Gordon Waddington
- Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Michael K Drew
- Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Australia
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Abstract
Special Operations Combat Personnel (SOCP) face significant challenges and occupational demands that put them at significant risk for musculoskeletal injury. Musculoskeletal injury leads to lost-duty days, medical disqualification, and compromises operational readiness and mission success. Optimizing human performance and developing injury prevention strategies can position SOCP for success, but human performance optimization is a complex process that demands the integration of multiple disciplines to address a broad range of capabilities necessary for this success. The Warrior Model for Human Performance Optimization outlines a step-by-step approach to human performance optimization embedded within a scientific, evidenced-based approach to injury prevention and performance optimization that includes a step to ensure specificity of training and interventions. This evidence-based approach can insure that SOCP capabilities match the demands of occupation enabling them to successfully execute their occupation tasks without risk of injury. While the focus of this review is on military personnel, the same principles have application to nonmilitary high-performance athletes.
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Stares JJ, Dawson B, Peeling P, Heasman J, Rogalski B, Fahey-Gilmour J, Dupont G, Drew MK, Welvaert M, Toohey L. Subsequent Injury Risk Is Elevated Above Baseline After Return to Play: A 5-Year Prospective Study in Elite Australian Football. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:2225-2231. [PMID: 31199669 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519852622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of sustaining a subsequent injury is elevated in the weeks after return to play (RTP) from an index injury. However, little is known about the magnitude, duration, and nature by which subsequent injury risk is increased. PURPOSE To quantify and describe the risk of injury in a 12-week period after RTP from an index injury in Australian football players. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Injury data were collected from 79 players over 5 years at 1 Australian Football League club. Injuries were classified with the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System and by side of the body. Furthermore, injury severity was classified as time loss (resulting in ≥1 matches being missed) or non-time loss (no matches missed). Subsequent injury was categorized with the SIC-2.0 model and applied to the data set via an automated script. The probability of a time loss subsequent injury was calculated for in-season index injuries for each week of a 12-week period after RTP via a mixed effect logistic regression model. RESULTS Subsequent injury risk was found to be highest in the week of RTP for both time loss injuries (9.4%) and non-time loss injuries (6.9%). Risk decreased with each week survived after RTP; however, it did not return to baseline risk of participation (3.6%). CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that athletes returning to play are at an increased risk of injury for a number of weeks, thus indicating the requirement for tertiary prevention strategies to ensure that they survive this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Stares
- West Coast Eagles Football Club, Perth, Australia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- West Coast Eagles Football Club, Perth, Australia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | - Jack Fahey-Gilmour
- West Coast Eagles Football Club, Perth, Australia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gregory Dupont
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- French Football Federation, Paris, France
| | - Michael K Drew
- Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Collaboration for Research Into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention, Perth, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute in Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australia
| | - Marijke Welvaert
- Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute in Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australia
| | - Liam Toohey
- Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Australian Collaboration for Research Into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention, Perth, Australia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Department, School of Allied Health (Physiotherapy), La Trobe University, Australia
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Toohey LA, Drew MK, Bullock N, Caling B, Fortington LV, Finch CF, Cook JL. Epidemiology of elite sprint kayak injuries: A 3-year prospective study. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1108-1113. [PMID: 31239203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the characteristics of injuries sustained by elite sprint kayak athletes, to investigate relationships between initial and subsequent injuries, and to examine injury differences between male and female athletes. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS Data from 63 athletes (37 male, 26 female) of the Australian national sprint kayak squad were prospectively collected over three continuous years (September 2014-August 2017). All medical attention injuries were recorded irrespective of time-loss and modality of training. Descriptive analyses were performed, and frequency comparisons across genders assessed with chi squared tests. RESULTS Forty-nine athletes (78%) sustained 146 injuries (median=2, interquartile range=1-4, range=0-12). Most injuries were to the upper limb (48%), with the shoulder being the most common body site injured (27%). Thirty-one athletes (49%) sustained at least one subsequent injury, equating to 97 subsequent injuries. The majority (68%) of subsequent injuries occurred at a different site and nature to previous injuries. Male athletes were more likely to sustain an injury than remain injury free compared to female athletes (Chi2(1)=6.75, p=0.009), but there was no difference between males and females who thereafter sustained a subsequent injury (Chi2(1)=0.84, p=0.359). CONCLUSIONS Injury occurrence is common in sprint kayak, with many athletes experiencing more than one injury. Small variations in injury characteristics exist between male and female athletes in sprint kayak. This study identifies upper limb and trunk, and joint and muscle injuries as the most prevalent sprint kayak injuries, providing a focus for the development of future injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A Toohey
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia; Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia.
| | - Michael K Drew
- Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia
| | - Nicola Bullock
- Paddle Australia, Australia; Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Australia
| | | | - Lauren V Fortington
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia; Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Caroline F Finch
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia; Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Jill L Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia
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Toohey LA, Drew MK, Finch CF, Cook JL, Fortington LV. A 2-Year Prospective Study of Injury Epidemiology in Elite Australian Rugby Sevens: Exploration of Incidence Rates, Severity, Injury Type, and Subsequent Injury in Men and Women. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:1302-1311. [PMID: 30779880 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518825380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injuries are common in rugby sevens, but studies to date have been limited to short, noncontinuous periods and reporting of match injuries only. PURPOSE To report the injury incidence rate (IIR), severity, and burden of injuries sustained by men and women in the Australian rugby sevens program and to provide the first longitudinal investigation of subsequent injury occurrence in rugby sevens looking beyond tournament injuries only. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS Ninety international rugby sevens players (55 men and 35 women) were prospectively followed over 2 consecutive seasons (2015-2016 and 2016-2017). All medical attention injuries were reported irrespective of time loss. Individual exposure in terms of minutes, distance, and high-speed distance was captured for each player for matches and on-field training, with the use of global positioning system devices. The IIR and injury burden (IIR × days lost to injury) were calculated per 1000 player-hours, and descriptive analyses were performed. RESULTS Seventy-three players (81.1%) sustained 365 injuries at an IIR of 43.2 per 1000 player-hours (95% CI, 43.0-43.3). As compared with male players, female players experienced a lower IIR (incidence rate ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.90-0.91). Female players also sustained a higher proportion of injuries to the trunk region (relative risk, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.28-2.40) but a lower number to the head/neck region (relative risk, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.37-0.93; P = .011). The majority (80.7%) of subsequent injuries were of a different site and nature than previous injuries. A trend toward a reduced number of days, participation time, distance, and high-speed distance completed before the next injury was observed after successive injury occurrence. CONCLUSION Female players have a lower IIR than male players, with variation of injury profiles observed between sexes. With a surveillance period of 2 years, subsequent injuries account for the majority of injuries sustained in rugby sevens, and they are typically different from previous types of sustained injuries. After each successive injury, the risk profile for future injury occurrence appears to be altered, which warrants further investigation to inform injury prevention strategies in rugby sevens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A Toohey
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
| | - Michael K Drew
- Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
| | - Caroline F Finch
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jill L Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Lauren V Fortington
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
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Toohey LA, Drew MK, Fortington LV, Menaspa MJ, Finch CF, Cook JL. Comparison of subsequent injury categorisation (SIC) models and their application in a sporting population. Inj Epidemiol 2019; 6:9. [PMID: 31245258 PMCID: PMC6582673 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-019-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The original subsequent injury categorisation (SIC-1.0) model aimed to classify relationships between chronological injury sequences to provide insight into the complexity and causation of subsequent injury occurrence. An updated model has recently been published. Comparison of the data coded according to the original and revised subsequent injury categorisation (SIC-1.0 and SIC-2.0) models has yet been formally compared. Methods Medical attention injury data was prospectively collected for 42 elite water polo players over an 8 month surveillance period. The SIC-1.0 and SIC-2.0 models were retrospectively applied to the injury data. The injury categorisation from the two models was compared using descriptive statistics. Results Seventy-four injuries were sustained by the 42 players (median = 2, range = 0–5), of which 32 injuries (43.2%) occurred subsequent to a previous injury. The majority of subsequent injuries were coded as occurring at a different site and being of a different nature, while also being considered clinically unrelated to the previous injury (SIC-1.0 category 10 = 57.9%; SIC-2.0 clinical category 16 = 54.4%). Application of the SIC-2.0 model resulted in a greater distribution of category allocation compared to the SIC-1.0 model that reflects a greater precision in the SIC-2.0 model. Conclusions Subsequent injury categorisation of sport injury data can be undertaken using either the original (SIC-1.0) or the revised (SIC-2.0) model to obtain similar results. However, the SIC-2.0 model offers the ability to identify a larger number of mutually exclusive categories, while not relying on clinical adjudication for category allocation. The increased precision of SIC-2.0 is advantageous for clinical application and consideration of injury relationships. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40621-019-0183-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A Toohey
- 1La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, School of Allied Health (Physiotherapy), Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia.,2Athlete Availability Program, Applied Technology and Innovation, Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Street, Bruce, ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Michael K Drew
- 2Athlete Availability Program, Applied Technology and Innovation, Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Street, Bruce, ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Lauren V Fortington
- 1La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, School of Allied Health (Physiotherapy), Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia.,4School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia.,5Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Miranda J Menaspa
- 3Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT Australia
| | - Caroline F Finch
- 1La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, School of Allied Health (Physiotherapy), Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia.,4School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Jill L Cook
- 1La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, School of Allied Health (Physiotherapy), Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia
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Coyne JOC, Gregory Haff G, Coutts AJ, Newton RU, Nimphius S. The Current State of Subjective Training Load Monitoring-a Practical Perspective and Call to Action. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2018; 4:58. [PMID: 30570718 PMCID: PMC6301906 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This commentary delivers a practical perspective on the current state of subjective training load (TL) monitoring, and in particular sessional ratings of perceived exertion, for performance enhancement and injury prevention. Subjective measures may be able to reflect mental fatigue, effort, stress, and motivation. These factors appear to be important moderators of the relationship TL has with performance and injury, and they also seem to differ between open and closed skill sports. As such, mental factors may affect the interaction between TL, performance, and injury in different sports. Further, modeling these interactions may be limited due to the assumption that an independent signal can adequately account for the performance or injury outcomes. An independent signal model does not accurately reflect training environments where multiple stressors (e.g., mechanical, emotional, nutritional) impact adaptations. Common issues with using subjective TL monitoring, including a lack of differentiation between biomechanical, physiological, and cognitive load, may be overcome by considering psychometric measurement best practices, finer graded scales, and differential ratings of perceived exertion. Methods of calculating TL, including different acute and chronic time periods, may also need to be individualized to different sports and potentially different individuals within the same sport. As TL monitoring is predominately a "chronic" decision-making tool, "acute" decision-making tools, e.g., subjective wellness and autonomic nervous system measures, should be combined in a bespoke multivariate model to aid sports coaches. A call to action is presented for future research on key issues associated with TL monitoring that will have relevance for practitioners in an applied setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O C Coyne
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Leppe J, Besomi M. Recent Versus Old Previous Injury and Its Association with Running-Related Injuries During Competition by SeRUN® Running Profiles: a Cross-sectional Study. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2018; 4:49. [PMID: 30421313 PMCID: PMC6232187 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous injury in the last 12 months is the main risk factor for future running-related injuries (RRI) during training and competition environments. However, the relationship between a recent versus old previous injury and a new RRI has not been established yet, nor a separate analysis by different types of runners. METHODS An online questionnaire was sent to 6000 participants of a running event (10 km, 21 km and 42 km), 10 days following the event. The questionnaire included the following information: the presence and topography of new RRIs during the race, old previous injury (from 12-4 months before the race), recent previous injury (from 3-0 months before the race), running experience, training factors and socio-demographic characteristics. Univariate binomial regression analysis was applied to assess different associated factors, and multivariable binomial backward regression (p < 0.05) was used to analyse the relationship between the new and previous injury. RESULTS A total of 868 surveys were analysed (10 km, 32.6%; 21 km, 52%; 42 km, 15.4%). The median age was 38 years (IQR 31-46), and 63.5% were males. Previous injury was reported by 30.3% and 27.6% for old and recent, respectively. The majority of runners were categorised into the advanced group (42.9%), having more than 5 years of running experience. During the race, 7.0% reported a RRI, with 36.1% located at the knee. The multivariable analysis showed an association only between new injury and recent injury. CONCLUSION The delineation of recent and old previous injuries should be considered in running epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Leppe
- School of Physical Therapy, Universidad del Desarrollo, Avenida La Plaza 680, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuela Besomi
- School of Physical Therapy, Universidad del Desarrollo, Avenida La Plaza 680, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.
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Archbold H, Rankin A, Webb M, Nicholas R, Eames N, Wilson R, Henderson L, Heyes G, Davies R, Bleakley C. Recurrent injury patterns in adolescent rugby. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 33:12-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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