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Oliva-Lozano JM, Patterson SD, Chiampas G, Maybury E, Cost R. Blood flow restriction as a post-exercise recovery strategy: A systematic review of the current status of the literature. Biol Sport 2024; 41:191-200. [PMID: 38952909 PMCID: PMC11167478 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.133664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically review the current literature on blood flow restriction (BFR) as a post-exercise recovery strategy. Experimental studies investigating the effect of BFR on recovery after exercise were included. Only studies meeting the following inclusion criteria were selected: (a) studies investigating about BFR as a post-exercise recovery strategy in athletes and healthy individuals; (b) the full text being available in English; (c) experimental research study design. Studies that exclusively analyzed BFR as a recovery strategy during the exercise (e.g., recovery strategy between bouts of exercise) were excluded. A literature review was conducted on the PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science electronic databases up until May 7th, 2023. The main findings were that (i) 9 studies investigated passive BFR as a post-exercise recovery strategy, which shows a significant lack of research in both team and individual sports (especially in female populations), and only 2 studies used active BFR protocols; (ii) although a high quality range of studies was observed, there were methodological limitations such as BFR interventions that were usually conducted after fatiguing protocols or fitness tests, which may not represent the real exercise (e.g., a sprint session of 6 sets of 50 m may induce muscle damage but it does not represent the demands of a team sport like rugby or soccer); (iii) there is a lack of consistency in BFR protocols (e.g., number of cycles or duration of the occlusion-reperfusion periods) for recovery; (iv) some studies showed beneficial effects while others found no positive or detrimental effects of BFR as a post-exercise recovery strategy in comparison with the control/SHAM group. In conclusion, only 11 studies investigated BFR as a post-exercise recovery strategy and there is not any significant amount of evidence in team or individual sports (especially in female populations). BFR could be a potential post-exercise recovery strategy, but practitioners should use caution when applying this method of recovery for their athletes and clients. In addition, it would be of interest for high performance-related practitioners to have a better understanding of the benefits of BFR interventions combined with either active or passive forms of exercise as a post-exercise recovery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- Centre for Applied Performance Sciences, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | | | - Ellie Maybury
- United States Soccer Federation. Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rick Cost
- United States Soccer Federation. Chicago, IL, United States
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Silva H, Nakamura FY, Praça G, Ribeiro J, Marcelino R. The Relationship Between Individually Assessed High-Intensity Accelerations, High-Intensity Decelerations, Sprints, and Technical Performances During Soccer Matches: A Full Season Analysis. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38905702 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2353713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: This longitudinal study analyzed the relationship between players' physical (sprint distances, number of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations assessed with individual and relative thresholds) and technical (retrieved from SofaScore platform) performances during competition. Methods: Twenty elite players were monitored across a full season. Physical performances were monitored with GNSS devices, retrieving time (s), velocity (km.h-1) and distance (m). Sprint distances were calculated as > 80% of the match peak speed registered across the season. High-intensity accelerations and decelerations were calculated as >75% of the peak values registered across the season. Pearson (r) correlations (with 95% confidence intervals) were calculated to assess the relationship among different physical performance variables and between the physical and technical performance variables. Results: Sprint distances correlated with the number of ball touches (r = -0.36 [-0.49, -0.23], p < .001), accurate passes (r = -0.45 [-0.56, -0.32], p < .001), and dribble attempts (r = 0.30 [0.16, 0.43], p < .001). If players touched the ball more frequently and pass the ball more accurately, they covered shorter sprint distances. However, if players attempted more dribbles, they covered longer sprint distances. Conclusion: Practitioners can develop tactical strategies considering the relationship between sprint distances and technical variables such as ball touches, accurate passes, and dribble attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Silva
- CreativeLab Research Community
- University of Maia
| | | | | | - João Ribeiro
- CreativeLab Research Community
- University of Maia
- Sporting Clube de Braga SAD
| | - Rui Marcelino
- CreativeLab Research Community
- University of Maia
- Portuguese Football Federation
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3
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Tamujo AC, Flores HN, Cetolin T, Ribeiro-Alvares JB, Haupenthal A, Baroni BM. Creatine kinase concentration on the second post-match day is not associated with risk of subsequent muscle injury in professional football players: a four-season cohort study. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:271-276. [PMID: 37548364 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2246175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between creatine kinase (CK) concentration following official matches and the risk of subsequent muscle injury in professional male football (soccer) players. METHODS Blood samples were collected on the second post-match day for CK analysis over four consecutive seasons in a professional football club. Players were then followed for five days to observe any occurrence of indirect muscle injury (structural or functional in nature). Players exposed to at least 45 minutes in two consecutive matches within seven days were considered valid cases for analysis. RESULTS Eighty players participated in the study, generating 1,656 cases eligible for analysis, of which 229 resulted in muscle injuries. The hamstrings were the most frequently injured muscle group (54%), followed by the adductor (21%), triceps surae (19%), quadriceps (5%), and psoas (1%). While CK concentration was higher in muscle injury cases [783 ± 507 U/L (95%CI, 717 to 849; min-max, 105-2,800)] compared with uninjured cases [688 ± 446 U/L (95%CI, 665 to 711; min-max, 100-2,950)], it was not an accurate predictor of subsequent muscle injury risk in professional football players (sensitivity = 56%; specificity = 55%; odds ratio = 1.00; area under curve = 0.557). CONCLUSION CK concentration on the second post-match day cannot be used to effectively screen subsequent muscle injury risk in professional male football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Camillo Tamujo
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hebert Nunes Flores
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Cetolin
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - João Breno Ribeiro-Alvares
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Haupenthal
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Castilla-López C, Romero-Franco N. Well-being fluctuations and injuries during an entire season in male professional soccer players: an observational study. Res Sports Med 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38501730 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2024.2330959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe and relate the well-being perception and injury incidence of soccer players in an entire soccer season. For 37 weeks, twenty-eight male professional soccer players (25.2 ± 4.3 years old; 22.8 ± 1.4 kg/m2) daily scored (from 1: bad; to 5: perfect) well-being perception (fatigue, sleep, muscle soreness, stress and mood and Hooper Index (HI) as general status). Injuries were also registered. Results showed that players had the lowest well-being perception during Preseason (in terms of HI, fatigue, muscle soreness and stress), being lower than EarlySeason (ps < 0.05, ds > 1.0) and/or InSeason (ps < 0.05, ds > 1.0). The injury incidence was 8.3 ± 9.2/1000 h, being always higher in training compared to competition (35.0 vs 11.1/1000 h). A lower stress perception (worse) correlated with a higher rate of new injuries during PreSeason (r = -0.84), while a greater muscle soreness and fatigue correlated with the new injuries occurring in the following week during the whole season (r = -0.38 and r = -0.39, respectively). As a conclusion, the well-being perception of professional soccer players was especially low during Preseason, with fatigue, muscle soreness and stress as the most affected items that correlated with injury incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Romero-Franco
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
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Branquinho L, de França E, Teixeira JE, Titton A, Leite de Barros LF, Campos P, Marinho DA, Forte P, Caperuto EC, Thomatieli dos Santos RV, Ferraz R. Identifying the ideal weekly training load for in-game performance in an elite Brazilian soccer team. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1341791. [PMID: 38505708 PMCID: PMC10948442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1341791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ideal training load to be applied during periods of fixture congestion to ensure an adequate dose-response effect for performance maintenance. Methods: Match performance data and corresponding pre-match training load sessions (both N = 498 match performance cases and training-block session cases) were collected (with the catapult system, VECTOR7) from 36 male professional soccer players (23.5 ± 5.2 years; 178 ± 4 cm; 75.5 ± 6.0 kg) belonging to the Brazilian First Division team during the 2022 season. The following data were collected in match and training sessions: jump, acceleration, deceleration, and change of direction (COD); running distance producing metabolic power at different intensities (>20, >20-35, >35-45, >45-55, and >55 W kg-1), total distance (m), relative distance (m/min), running distance at different speeds (>20, >25, and >30 km/h), number of sprints (running >25 km/h), and maximum speed (km/h). Mixed linear model (MLM), decision tree regression (DTR), and cluster K means model (SPSS v.26) approach were performed to identify the most critical variables (and their respective load) in the training sessions that could explain the athlete's match performance. Results: MLM and DTR regression show that training load significantly affects game performance in a specific way. According to the present data, an interference phenomenon can occur when a high load of two different skills (running in a straight line vs COD, deceleration, and jumping) is applied in the same training block of the week. The cluster approach, followed by a chi-squared test, identified significant associations between training load and athlete match performance in a dose-dependent manner. Discussion: The high load values described here have a beneficial effect on match performance, despite the interference between stimuli discussed above. We present a positive training load from a congested season from the Brazilian First Division team. The study suggests that an interference effect occurs when high physical training loads are applied to different specific physical skills throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Branquinho
- Agrarian School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portalegre, Portugal
- CI-ISCE–ISCE Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elias de França
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E. Teixeira
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Sport Sciences and Physical Education Department, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Sport Department, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Daniel A. Marinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- CI-ISCE–ISCE Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Sport Sciences and Physical Education Department, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Sport Department, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | | | | | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Gonzalo-Skok O, Tous-Fajardo J, Maroto-Izquierdo S, Raya-González J, Sánchez-Sánchez J. The Inclusion of Preplanned and Random and Unanticipated/Unexpected Events During Strength Training Improves the Ability to Repeat High-Intensity Efforts Under Uncertainty. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:249-256. [PMID: 38157844 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of unilateral flywheel training (FT), using a rotational conical pulley, including multidirectional movements with either preplanned or random unanticipated/unexpected executions on functional performance in football players. METHODS A total of 32 young male football players were randomly assigned to an FT program including preplanned unilateral multidirectional movements (PTG, n = 11), an FT executing the same unilateral movements through random (ie, right or left leg) unanticipated (ie, verbal or visual cue) or unexpected (ie, moment where the cue was provided) situations (UTG, n = 11), or a control group (n = 10) that followed their football training routine. FT consisted of 1 set × 5-12 repetitions of 4 exercises performed once a week for 10 weeks. Intermittent endurance performance, repeated unilateral and bilateral jumping ability, change-of-direction (COD) ability, linear sprint velocity, preplanned repeated-sprint ability (RSA), and uncertainty RSA (RSA-RANDOM) were assessed preintervention and postintervention. RESULTS Significant improvements were found in RSA-RANDOM performance (P < .05, effect size [ES] range: UTG [1.83-2.16], PTG [0.69-0.73]) and COD (P < .05, ES: UTG = 1.34, PTG = 0.98]) in both training groups. Furthermore, significant improvements were also found in intermittent endurance performance (P = .016, ES = 0.37) and sprinting (P = .006, ES = 0.45) in UTG. No changes in any variable were found in the control group. No significant between-groups differences (P > .05) were reported between UTG and PTG, while differences were observed to the control group in unilateral jumping ability, COD, and RSA-RANDOM for UTG, and in RSA-RANDOM for PTG. CONCLUSIONS A 10-week unilateral FT improved RSA-RANDOM and COD ability in youth football players, so both preplanned and unexpected situations should be included on strength training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes (UEMC), Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Sousa H, Clemente FM, Gouveia ÉR, Field A, Sarmento HB. Effects of changing the head coach on soccer team's performance: A systematic review. Biol Sport 2024; 41:83-94. [PMID: 38524815 PMCID: PMC10955743 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.131816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to identify and synthesise the most significant literature addressing the effects of changing the HC on soccer team's performance, identifying the most frequently researched outcomes and characterizing their methodologies. A systematic review of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA, 2020) guidelines. The following keywords and synonyms were entered in various combinations in the title, abstract or keywords: "football*" OR soccer AND "coach*" OR "manager*" AND "replacement" OR "turnover" OR "substitution*" OR "change". Solely original articles written in English that contained data about the effects of the change in the HC on performance in professional male soccer were included. A total of 94 titles were identified, of which 24 met the eligibility criteria. The quality of the studies was considered excellent. The most common topic of analysis was the effects of the HC on match outcomes (i.e., win, draw, loss, points won, goals average). Some studies suggest that the HCs dismissal has small but positive impacts on a team's short-term performance, while other findings suggest that little-to-no impact is observed following HC departure. The dismissal of the HC does not guarantee increase success of an underperforming team. Some studies suggest that hiring an appropriate coach could positively affect match performance in the short-term. Due to limited variations in study designs, further research is needed before robust conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honorato Sousa
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity. Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Élvio R. Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- LARSyS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Adam Field
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Hugo Borges Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity. Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
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Wilke CF, Coimbra CC, Drummond FR, Drummond LR, Campos HO, Kanope T, Ramos GP. Differences between 48 and 72-hour intervals on match load and subsequent recovery: a report from the Brazilian under-20 national football team. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 5:1164454. [PMID: 38332996 PMCID: PMC10850290 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1164454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the external and internal load and subsequent recovery of football players after international tournament matches separated by 48 h vs. 72 h. Methods A total of 14 male football players from the Brazilian National Team, competing in the 2019 South American Under-20 Championship, participated in the study. Match load was quantified using GPS variables and perceived exertion ratings (1). Additionally, before and 13-15 h after each match, players answered questions about the number of hours and quality of sleep, recovery status, and muscle soreness (0-10) and provided a blood sample for creatine kinase and reactive C-protein analysis. Values of all variables were compared between matches played with 48-h intervals (matches 1-4) and 72-h intervals (matches 5-8). Results No significant differences in performance or perceptual parameters were observed between matches (p = 0.136-0.953). However, CK was higher in matches 1-4 compared to matches 5 and 6; and ΔPCR was higher in matches 2 and 3 compared to matches 5 and 6, and in match 4 compared to matches 5 and 8. Conclusions After matches with a 48-h rest interval, players showed increased markers of inflammation and muscle damage compared to matches with a 72-h rest interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Franco Wilke
- Faculty of Sport, Technology and Health Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Filipe R. Drummond
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rios Drummond
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Minas Gerais State University, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helton Oliveira Campos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Biological Science, Minas Gerais State University, Carangola, Brazil
| | - Tane Kanope
- Sports Psychology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Physiology Department, Aspire Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Guilherme Passos Ramos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Brazilian Football Federation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Pérez Armendáriz ML, Spyrou K, Alcaraz PE. Match demands of female team sports: a scoping review. Biol Sport 2024; 41:175-199. [PMID: 38188119 PMCID: PMC10765441 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to characterize and quantify the external load demands of professional female team sports, in terms of total distance [TD], moderate-speed [MSR] and high-speed running [HSR], sprint, accelerations [ACC], and decelerations [DEC]. A search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until 15/04/2023. The Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS) was used. Eighty-six articles were eligible for inclusion in this review, with 40 in soccer, 23 in rugby (6 rugby union, 3 rugby league, and 14 rugby sevens), 8 in field hockey, 8 in basketball, 6 in handball, and 1 in futsal. Soccer is the most investigated sport, and players perform ~9500 m TD, of which ~580 m is performed in HSR, and with a great number of ACC, DEC, and sprints. Rugby league and union players cover a greater distance (~5450 m) when compared to rugby sevens (~1550 m); however, rugby sevens is more demanding in terms of high-intensity actions. Field hockey players perform ~5400 m TD with high-intensity and sprint actions. Women's indoor sports are less studied, and basketball players cover ~5300 m TD, of which 7% is performed in MSR. Handball players perform ~3500 m TD and cover ~423 m in MSR and ~141 m in HSR, and futsal players perform ~5 m × min-1 in HSR and they do a great number of high-intensity activities (HSR, ACC, and DEC). Considering the high physical demands experienced by female athletes, professionals could use the present results for training and return to competition schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Pérez Armendáriz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Konstaninos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Murcia, Spain
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Bortnik L, Nir O, Forbes N, Alexander J, Harper D, Bruce-Low S, Carling C, Rhodes D. Worst Case Scenarios in Soccer Training and Competition: Analysis of Playing Position, Congested Periods, and Substitutes. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023:1-13. [PMID: 38100605 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2290265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Aim: To understand mean (WCSmean) and peak (WCSpeak) worst case scenarios within training and game play in male professional soccer. Methods: Thirty-one (n = 31) first team players were monitored across 37 matches and 14 MD-3 sessions. Playing status was distinguished, football drills analyzed, and performance explored in long-period: >6 days, moderate-period: 5-6 days, and congested-period: ≤4 days. Relative total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD, >19.8 km·h-1), sprint distance (SD, >25.2 km·h-1), accelerations/decelerations (A+D, >3 m·s-2), accelerations (Acc, >3 m·s-2), and decelerations (Dec, >-3 m·s-2) were measured as well as Maximum acceleration (Max Acc; m·s-2) and deceleration (Max Dec; m·s-2). Results: Analysis of variance found differences between matches and training in WCSmean for TD, HSRD, SD, and Max Dec in all positions (p < .001; partial η2 > .275). Fullbacks displayed differences between match and training in Max Acc (moderate ESs; p < .001), while center backs and central midfielders in Max Dec (large ESs; p > .05). Main effects of playing status were discovered for all metrics except Max Dec (p < .001; partial η2 > .124). Analysis showed differences between long- and congested-period for A+D and Dec (large ESs; p ≤ .05). Conclusions: Findings provide more insights into short peak intensity demands of soccer showing that the maximum high velocity action of acceleration and deceleration is not being replicated in training. Nonstarters lack maximum intensity exposure in matches (WCSpeak) increasing the gap between training and competition even higher during congested fixture periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Bortnik
- University of Central Lancashire
- Analysis Department at Hapoel Beer Sheva FC
| | - Ofer Nir
- Analysis Department at Hapoel Beer Sheva FC
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11
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Chen TC, Chou TY, Nosaka K. Adequate Interval between Matches in Elite Female Soccer Players. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:614-625. [PMID: 38045739 PMCID: PMC10690515 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared four different intervals between three simulated soccer matches for changes in muscle damage and performance parameters. Thirteen well-trained female university soccer players performed three bouts of 90-min Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) with four different intervals between bouts; one (1d), two (2d), three (3d) and four days (4d), with >12-weeks between conditions in a counterbalanced order. Heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion and distance covered in each LIST were measured. Changes in several muscle damage markers (e.g., maximal voluntary isometric torque of the knee extensors: MVC-KE, muscle soreness), performance parameters (e.g., Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1: Yo-Yo IR1), and blood measures (e.g., osmolality, high sensitivity cardiac troponin T) before the first LIST, 1 h after each LIST, and one to five days after the third LIST were compared among the conditions. The total distance covered during the first two LISTs was not different among the conditions, but that during the third LIST was shorter (P < 0.05) for the 1d (9,416 ± 885 m) and 2d conditions (9,737 ± 246 m) than the 3d (10,052 ± 490 m) and 4d conditions (10,432 ± 538 m). Changes in all measures were smaller (P < 0.05) in the 3d and 4d conditions (e.g., the decrease in MVC-KE at one day after the third LIST was -13 ± 4% and -10 ± 3%, respectively) when compared with the 1d and 2d conditions (-20 ± 7%, -18 ± 5%). Performance parameters showed smaller (P < 0.05) changes in the 4d (e.g., the decrease in Yo-Yo IR1 at one day after the third LIST was -9 ± 3%) and 3d (-13 ± 6%) conditions when compared with the 1d (-19 ± 4%) and 2d (-20 ± 8%) conditions. These results suggest that muscle damage and fatigue accumulate when soccer matches are performed three consecutive days or every other day, but if more than three days are inserted between matches, this could be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor C Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ying Chou
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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12
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Ammann L, Chmura P. Internal and external load during on-field training drills with an aim of improving the physical performance of players in professional soccer: a retrospective observational study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1212573. [PMID: 38028802 PMCID: PMC10661947 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1212573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has led to evidence-based methodological recommendations for appropriate prescription and implementation of different training drills to improve the physical performance of professional soccer players, while also pointing out limitations of drills. Less is known about the current methods used in an ecological context and the extent to which evidence-based considerations are applied. Knowledge of current practices might also enable to identify pitfalls in successful implementation and/or deficiencies in the communication of scientific knowledge. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify and compare the load that players experience in an ecological context during drills that are frequently used, and in which there is an intention to improve the players' physical capacities. Therefore, a retrospective observational cohort study was conducted over a 14-month period, analyzing 9 load measures during training drills of 39 players of a team competing in the highest Swiss league. The load experienced by players was statistically significant different between the assessed drill categories for each load measure (all p < .001). This indicates different drills provide different stimuli. HIIT drills proved to be a more powerful tool of getting players to cover distances at high-speed and to spend time at an intensity ≥90% HRmax compared to sided games. The sprint distance of players was very low in all sided games and in most cases also in HIIT drills, in the latter the players also hardly performed any deceleration. In small goal-oriented sided games, players covered a greater distance per minute when outside floaters were present. Particularly regarding an improvement of the players' aerobic capacity, the present data emphasize the relevance for coaches to ensure an appropriate exposure. In general, the importance of individual load management in professional soccer is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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13
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Jiménez SL, Mateus N, Weldon A, Bustamante-Sánchez Á, Kelly AL, Sampaio J. Analysis of the most demanding passages of play in elite youth soccer: a comparison between congested and non-congested fixture schedules. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:358-365. [PMID: 36039491 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2117404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the most demanding passages of play in elite youth soccer for congested and non-congested fixture schedules. Seventeen elite youth male soccer players (18.2 ± 1.3 years old) participated in this study across 30 competitive matches. Assessed matches included congested (n = 12, three matches within eight consecutive days or less) and non-congested matches (n = 18, at least 5 days between matches). The players' activity profiles during matches were analysed using global positioning measurement units (GPS). Players activity included: distance covered, distance covered at different velocities, high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, and player load. The most demanding passages (MDP) of match play was calculated using a moving average method within three-time windows (i.e., 1, 5, and 10 min). Data were analysed using a Bayesian ANOVA. During congested fixtures, the players' distance covered and player load declined, with the former decreasing across all the MDP time windows, whereas the latter exclusively into the long-time windows (i.e., 5 and 10 min). Conversely, statistical differences in the remaining variables were anecdotal and in favour of the null hypothesis (i.e., Bayes factor <1), suggesting a non-influence of the competition fixture schedule. These findings provide insight into the MDP of youth soccer, helping practitioners to periodize training and recovery strategies during different competitive fixture schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio L Jiménez
- Centre for Sport Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Nuno Mateus
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro School of Life Sciences and Environment, Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Anthony Weldon
- Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi), Chai Wan, Hong Kong
| | | | - Adam L Kelly
- Department of Sport and Exercise, Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro School of Life Sciences and Environment, Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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14
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Hubbard J, Pitcairn J, Brownstein CG. Exacerbated impairments in neuromuscular function when two bouts of team sport match simulations are separated by 48 h. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1422-1433. [PMID: 37811800 PMCID: PMC10988426 DOI: 10.1113/ep091419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent team sports, involving high metabolic and mechanical demands, elicit prolonged impairments in neuromuscular function which persist for ∼48-72 h. Whether impairments in neuromuscular function are exacerbated when such exercise is repeated with incomplete recovery is unknown. This study assessed the neuromuscular, heart rate and metabolic responses to two bouts of ∼90 min modified team sport match simulations separated by 48 h in 12 competitive football players. Before and 2 min after both bouts, knee extensor isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), contractile function (Qtw,pot ) and voluntary activation (VA) were measured. Heart rate (HR), sprint time, blood lactate and glucose were measured throughout both bouts. MVC was reduced relative to baseline at post-bout 1 (21 ± 12%; P = 0.003) and pre-bout 2 (14 ± 11%; P = 0.009), and was lower post-bout 2 (33 ± 14%; P < 0.001) relative to post-bout 1 (P = 0.036). Qtw,pot was reduced post-bout 1 (30 ± 11%; P < 0.001) and pre-bout 2 (9 ± 6%; P = 0.004), and was not different post-bout 2 (28 ± 8%; P < 0.001) relative to post-bout 1 (P = 0.872). VA was reduced post-bout 1 (8 ± 7%; P = 0.023), recovered pre-bout 2 (P = 0.133) and was lower post-bout 2 (16 ± 7%; P < 0.001) relative to post-bout 1 (P = 0.029). Total sprint time was longer, and HR, blood lactate and glucose were lower during bout 2 than bout 1 (P ≤ 0.021). Thus, impairments in neuromuscular function are exacerbated when high-intensity intermittent exercise is performed with incomplete recovery concurrent with accentuated reductions in VA. The lower blood lactate and glucose during the second bout might be due, at least in part, to reduced glycogen availability upon commencing exercise and consequently a greater reliance on glucose extraction. NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? There is limited evidence on whether impairments in neuromuscular function are exacerbated when prolonged high-intensity intermittent exercise is repeated with incomplete recovery: what are the neuromuscular consequences of performing two bouts of a modified team sport match simulations separated by 48 h? What is the main finding and its importance? Impairments in knee extensor force generating capacity are exacerbated concurrent with accentuated reductions in nervous system activation of muscle when prolonged high-intensity intermittent exercise is repeated with 48 h recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hubbard
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport SciencesFaculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Jade Pitcairn
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport SciencesFaculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Callum G. Brownstein
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport SciencesFaculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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15
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García-Calvo T, Huertas F, Ponce-Bordón JC, López Del Campo R, Resta R, Ballester R. Does player age influence match physical performance? A longitudinal four-season analysis in Spanish Soccer LaLiga. Biol Sport 2023; 40:1097-1106. [PMID: 37867733 PMCID: PMC10588586 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.124844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyse the evolution of match running performance in relation to the age distribution of professional soccer players using a large-scale analysis. An explorational-longitudinal and retrospective study was designed and a total of 36,883 individual match observations were collected on outfield players competing across four consecutive Spanish LaLiga seasons (from 2015/16 to 2018/19), using an optical tracking system (ChyronHego). Soccer players were divided into 3 age groups: young (18-24 years old), middle-aged (25-30 years old), and seniors (31-41 years old). Relative total distance (TD/min), distance covered at 21-24 km · h-1 (HIRD/min), and > 24 km · h-1 per minute (VHIRD/min) were analysed; also, the number of efforts at 21-24 km · h-1 (Sp21) and > 24 km · h-1 (Sp24) were taken into consideration. Seasons were divided into four phases (P): P1 (matches 1-10), P2 (11-19), P3 (20-29), and P4 (30-38). The results showed that young players covered significantly greater TD, HIRD and VHIRD than the rest of the players (p < .05) in all season phases. In addition, TD significantly decreased along season phases in all player age group (p < .01). Crucially, young players performed significantly greater numbers of Sp21 and Sp24 than the rest of the players (p < .05) in all season phases. In addition, Sp21 and SP24 significantly decreased in middle-aged (p < .01) and senior players (p < .05) across the seasons. This study demonstrated that players' match running performance decreases with increasing years, especially in high-intensity running distances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florentino Huertas
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Ballester
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, Spain
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16
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Pinheiro GS, Quintão RC, Claudino JG, Carling C, Lames M, Couto BP. High rate of muscle injury despite no changes in physical, physiological and psychophysiological parameters in a professional football team during a long-congested fixture period. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:744-755. [PMID: 35156469 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2038159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse match availability, participation, and muscle injury incidence and to compare the effect of time intervals between matches (3-4 versus 6-7 days) on physical, physiological, and psychophysiological parameters in a professional football team during a prolonged congested fixture period. Thirteen professional male football players (29.2 ± 4.8 years old; 78.5 ± 8.3 kg; 179.3 ± 8.8 cm;) participated. Data were collected during 17 consecutive weeks for 35 official matches separated by an average interval of ≤ 3.5 days. Results showed a player availability of 84.8 ± 16.1% while match participation was 68.8% ± 6.4%. Muscle injury incidence was 19.0/ 1,000 hours of match exposure. These injuries occurred after individual players participated in sequences of 8.3 ± 3.3 consecutive matches with intervals of 3.8 ± 0.8 days. No differences were observed in physical performance or in fatigue-related parameters irrespective of the time interval between matches. A high player availability rate was observed. No differences were observed in physical, physiological, and psychophysiological indices of performance when comparing shorter and longer time intervals between consecutive matches.Prolonged exposure to fixture congestion resulted in an high risk of incurring muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Pinheiro
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - R C Quintão
- Department of Physiology, Clube Atlético Mineiro, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - J G Claudino
- Research and Development Department, Load control, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Laboratory of Biomechanics, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - C Carling
- High Performance Department, French Football Federation, Paris, France
| | - M Lames
- Chair of Performance Analysis and Sports Informatics, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - B P Couto
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- UFMG Soccer Science Center, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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Riboli A, Esposito F, Coratella G. Technical and locomotor demands in elite soccer: manipulating area per player during small-sided games to replicate official match demands. Biol Sport 2023; 40:639-647. [PMID: 37398955 PMCID: PMC10286612 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.118338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the area per player (ApP) to replicate the technical and locomotor match demands using small-sided games (SSGs) in male soccer players (n = 20) competing in major European and UEFA competitions. The relative number of each individual technical activity per minute (number · min-1; technical demands) was counted and the relative (m · min-1) total (TD), high-speed running (HSRD), very high-speed running (VHSRD), sprint and acceleration+deceleration (Acc+Dec) distances were collected during different SSG formats (n = 24; 4 vs 4 to 10 vs 10 with an ApP from 60 to 341 m2 · player-1) and official matches (n = 28). Data were collected during two full seasons. A linear mixed model analysis was used to calculate the individual relationship between technical/locomotor demands and the ApP during SSGs; the correlation coefficient was also calculated. With the exception of an inverse moderate (r = -0.457) correlation for Acc+Dec, each locomotor metric (TD, HSRD, VHSRD and sprint) showed a positive large to very large (r = 0.560 to 0.710) correlation with ApP (P < 0.001). The technical demands showed an inverse moderate correlation (r = -0.529) with ApP. Additionally, inverse moderate to large correlations (r = -0.397 to -0.600; P < 0.05) between the technical demands and the locomotor demands (TD, HSR, VHSR and sprint) were found. Lastly, an ApP of ~243 m2 · player was found to replicate the official match technical demand and it was quite similar to the ApP required to replicate HSRD, VHSRD and sprint. These findings may help practitioners to replicate, overload and underload both technical and locomotor demands using a specific ApP during SSGs in elite soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Riboli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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18
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Nobari H, Alijanpour N, Talvari A, Oliveira R. Effects of different training schedules based on distance and accelerometry measures: A full-season case study in professional soccer players. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10193. [PMID: 37353563 PMCID: PMC10290058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate external load based on distance and accelerometry measures in six different microcycle schedules with congested (CW2, CW3, and CW4) and regular weeks (RW4, RW5, and RW6) in professional soccer players. Twelve Iranian First League players (age: 28.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 77.92 ± 4.72 kg, and height: 183.2 ± 0.06 cm) participated in this study. A GPSPORTS system was used to collect training/match durations, total distance, distance covered at different speeds, number of accelerations, delecelerations and body load over 29 weeks, 40 matches, and 121 training sessions. Data were analysed by weekly mean and accumulated weekly values. The results showed a tendency for higher values in CWs than RWs. Regarding mean total distance, RW4 and RW5 presented lower values with very large effect size than CW2 (all, p < 0.05). The mean distance covered between 16 and 23 km/h showed that all RWs presented significantly lower values than all CWs (p < 0.05 with considerable effect size). In addition, mean acceleration values at < 2 m/s2 showed significantly lower values than all CWs (p < 0.05 with a very large effect size). Therefore, it is recommended to coaches pay special attention to players who participate in matches to reduce fatigue and improve the performance of professional soccer players. Ensuring recovery mechanisms are in place to minimize the external load is recommended. Coaches arrange practice sessions for non-starters who do not experience similar external loads compared to starters to prepare them for potential competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Nader Alijanpour
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, 18010, Granada, Spain
| | - Amirhossein Talvari
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Sports Siences, University of Tehran, 1417935840, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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19
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Draper G, Atkinson G, Chesterton P, Portas M, Wright M. Elite North American soccer performance in thermally challenging environments: An explorative approach to tracking outcomes. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1107-1114. [PMID: 37733023 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2259262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The physiologic challenges related to performances in hot conditions calls for dedicated consideration when planning athlete training, although complete amelioration of the effects of heat may not be possible. We aimed to quantify within-subject correlations between different measures of environmental temperature and performance changes over multiple elite soccer competitions. METHODS Thirty-seven elite male soccer players (age: 26 ± 3.4 years, height: 171 ± 2 cm, body mass: 78 ± 7.1 kg) competed in North America over four seasons (range: 3 to 98 matches). Players wore global positioning system devices during games and reported differential-RPE immediately post game. Temperatures at kick-off, week average temperature, the difference between game-day and week average (DiffTemp), and heat index at kick-off were obtained. Within-player correlations were calculated using general linear models to quantify associations between fluctuations in temperature measures and physical and perceived outputs. RESULTS Correlations between total distance and the various temperature measures were trivial to small (range: -0.08 to 0.13, p=<0.001-0.02). Small negative correlations were found between all temperature measures except DiffTemp and high-speed running (HSR) (range: -0.17 to -0.14, p=<0.001). Most correlations between differential-RPE and temperature measures were trivial to small and not significant (r = 0.06 to 0.18 p = 0.03-0.92) although breathlessness-RPE and heat index showed a small significant association (P = 0.018). CONCLUSION Decrements in HSR appear to be associated with increased environmental temperature, however, these associations are small in magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrison Draper
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough, UK
- Philadelphia Union, Major League Soccer (MLS), Philadelphia, USA
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Chesterton
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Matthew Portas
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough, UK
- The English Football Association, Burton Upton Trent, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Matthew Wright
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough, UK
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20
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Ammann L, Altmann S. Training and match load ratios in professional soccer-should we use player- or position-specific match reference values? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1151828. [PMID: 37260734 PMCID: PMC10227614 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1151828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Careful load management is needed to optimize the physical capacity, a key performance component, of soccer players. The training load of soccer players is often expressed as a percentage of match load. However, no study has yet evaluated how training match load ratios are affected by using either a player-specific or position-specific reference for match load. Therefore, this study aimed to compare training match load ratios of professional soccer players per day of a microcycle with match load being player-specific and position-specific, respectively. Additionally, the load that players typically experience per day of a microcycle and its variation should be analyzed. Therefore, a retrospective observational cohort study was conducted over a 14-month period, analyzing 11 external load measures during sessions of 20 players belonging to a team competing in the highest Swiss league. Within a microcycle, typical full matches presented a unique load for players, and they experienced higher training loads on days with a greater temporal distance to a match. Load variation proved to be highly associated with the day in a microcycle and the load measure. Substantial differences in typical load were evident in (i) trainings between players, (ii) matches both between players and positions, and (iii) training match load ratios when using player-specific or position-specific match references. The importance of individual load management in professional soccer was reaffirmed. When consulting training match load ratios for that purpose, one should be aware of the aim, select appropriate reference values depending on it, and interpret the ratios accurately to finally draw adequate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ammann
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
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21
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Castilla-López C, Romero-Franco N. Blood Flow Restriction Is Not Useful as Soccer Competition Recovery in Youth Male National-Level Soccer Players: A Crossover Randomised Controlled Trial. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11050099. [PMID: 37234055 DOI: 10.3390/sports11050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In soccer, blood flow restriction (BFR) is used to optimise between-match recovery. However, the benefits are unclear. This study evaluated the effects of BFR as a recovery strategy after a competition on countermovement jump (CMJ) height, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the wellness of soccer players. Forty national-level soccer players were allocated into two conditions: BFR (an active recovery session wearing a BFR device, 24 h after a competition) or NoBFR (the same recovery without BFR). CMJ, RPE and wellness were evaluated the day (CMJ and RPE) or the morning (wellness) before the competition; just after the competition (CMJ and RPE); and 24, 48 (wellness) and 72 h later. After 4 weeks, the players changed conditions. All players showed impaired CMJ (p = 0.013), RPE (p < 0.001) and wellness (p < 0.001) after the match compared with the baseline. The CMJ returned to the baseline 24 h later and wellness returned 48 h later. Only in the BFR condition did the RPE remain impaired 24 h after the match, which was also the moment after finishing the BFR recovery session (p < 0.001). BFR during active recovery does not provide any additional benefits compared with traditional exercise modalities to recover CMJ, RPE and wellness in youth national-level soccer players. BFR could even induce an immediate higher RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Romero-Franco
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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22
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Dello Iacono A, Beato M, Unnithan VB, Shushan T. Programming High-Speed and Sprint Running Exposure in Football: Beliefs and Practices of More Than 100 Practitioners Worldwide. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37116894 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To gain knowledge on the beliefs and practices of football practitioners applying high-speed and sprint running exposure programming strategies. METHODS One hundred two football practitioners from 22 different countries participated in a study consisting of a survey including 5 domains: demographic and professional characteristics (Who); importance of high-speed and sprint running exposure for physical-capability development, preparation for competition, and injury-prevention strategies (Why); exposure timing (When); methodological procedures for exposure monitoring and training scheduling (What); and effectiveness of common training practices (How). Data were analyzed using a combination of descriptive statistics, generalized mixed effects, and multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS Data revealed 5 main findings: (1) overall agreement on the importance of exposure for physical-capability development, preparation for competition, and injury-prevention strategies; (2) different exposure timing and selective training scheduling for starting and nonstarting players across typical and congested weeks; (3) lack of consensus on the conceptual constructs defining high-speed and sprint running metrics and the methodological procedures used for monitoring; (4) a probable association between match-related outcomes and exposure strategies used in training; and (5) a broad range of training methods considered effective to elicit exposure. CONCLUSIONS This study provides actionable insights into the planning, implementing, and monitoring strategies for high-speed and sprint running exposure in football. While some conform with the evidence on high-speed and sprint running training in football, further research and professional debate are warranted to develop empirical knowledge and provide pragmatic recommendations to help practitioners in adopting evidence-informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dello Iacono
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton,United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich,United Kingdom
| | - Viswanath B Unnithan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton,United Kingdom
| | - Tzlil Shushan
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW,Australia
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23
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Field A, Corr LD, Sarmento H, Naughton R, Clifford T, Haines M, Page RM, Harper LD. The Impact of 120 Minutes of Soccer-Specific Exercise on Recovery. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:237-245. [PMID: 35344470 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1964697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The extra-time (ET) period of soccer is competed during fixture congested schedules with often limited recovery time between matches. The aim of this study was to assess muscle damage recovery following 90- and 120-min (i.e., incorporation of ET) of simulated soccer match-play. Methods: Twelve semiprofessional soccer players completed 90 and 120-min treadmill-based soccer-specific exercise in a counterbalanced order. Creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase, perceived muscle soreness, pain pressure threshold, reactive strength index, countermovement jump height, and isokinetic strength assessments of eccentric knee flexors at 60, 180 and 270 deg‧s-1 were taken at baseline and immediately-, 24, 48 and 72-hr post-exercise to assess recovery. Results: No significant between-trial interactions except for CK were found. Pairwise comparisons detected a 53% increase in CK at 24-hr (455 ± 29 μ∙L-1) following 120-min of simulated match-play vs. the corresponding post 90-min time-point (299 ± 29 μ∙L-1; p < .01). The 120-min trial caused a 58% higher CK response at 72-hr (244 ± 25 μ∙L-1) vs. post 90-min comparisons (154 ± 29 μ∙L-1; p = .02). No interaction effects were detected for any other recovery variables. Creatine kinase and perceived muscle soreness remained elevated up to 72-hr in both trials (p < .01). Conclusions: These data indicate that 120 min of simulated soccer match-play delays the time-course of CK recovery up to 72-hr post-match. However, 120 min of simulated soccer has no additional impact on functional recovery and perceived muscle soreness vs. 90 min. Recovery should be investigated following 90- and 120-min of actual match-play.Trial registration The study was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/VGU6T Date: 10/06/2019).
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24
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Page RM, Field A, Langley B, Harper LD, Julian R. The Effects of Fixture Congestion on Injury in Professional Male Soccer: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:667-685. [PMID: 36527592 PMCID: PMC9758680 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional soccer teams are often required to compete with ≤ 4 days recovery between matches. Since congested schedules reduce recovery time between matches, players are possibly at an increased injury risk. To date, there are no published systematic reviews on the impact of match congestion on injuries during professional male soccer. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects of fixture congestion on injuries during professional soccer. METHODS Following pre-registration on the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/86m25/ ) and conforming with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, systematic searches of four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) were conducted by independent researchers from inception until February 2022. Articles were included if they were original articles written in English and contained relevant time-loss injury data (injury that results in unavailability for training and/or match-play) for male professional soccer players regarding periods of fixture congestion (a minimum of two matches with ≤ 4 days recovery). RESULTS A total of eight articles were included in the review. Five studies identified that congested fixture schedules expose players to increased match injury incidence, although layoff duration was typically lower during congested periods. Two studies identified that training and overall injury incidence were higher during congested periods, with another study identifying a lower training injury incidence during congested periods. CONCLUSION Injury risk is, overall, increased during fixture-congested periods; however, the layoff duration is typically shorter. The current findings have implications for practitioners regarding the management, periodisation, monitoring, and design of training and competition schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Michael Page
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Adam Field
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK
| | - Ben Langley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Liam David Harper
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK
| | - Ross Julian
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,School of Sport and Exercise, Exercise and Sport Research Centre, University of Gloucestershire, The Park, Cheltenham, GL50 2RH, UK
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25
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Gualtieri A, Rampinini E, Dello Iacono A, Beato M. High-speed running and sprinting in professional adult soccer: Current thresholds definition, match demands and training strategies. A systematic review. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1116293. [PMID: 36860737 PMCID: PMC9968809 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this systematic review were (1) to summarize the evidence on absolute velocity thresholds used to classify high-speed running and sprinting, (2) to examine the existing evidence about the individualized thresholds approach, (3) to describe high-speed and sprint running distance match demands, and (4) to provide training strategies for eliciting HSR and sprinting during training sessions in professional adult soccer. This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. After the authors' screening, 30 studies were included in this review. This review found that, to date, there is no consensus on the absolute thresholds defining high-speed and sprint running in adult soccer players. Until international standards are defined, it is reasonable to set absolute thresholds considering the range of values found in the literature collected in this review. Relative velocity thresholds could be considered for specific training sessions whose goal is to reach near maximal velocity exposure. During official matches, high-speed and sprint running distances ranged from 911 to 1,063 m and 223-307 m, respectively, in professional female soccer players, while ranges from 618 to 1,001 m and 153-295 m, respectively, in professional male soccer players. During training, game-based drills designed in formats using relative areas per player greater than 225 m2 and 300 m2 appear to be adequate for achieving high-speed running and sprinting exposure, respectively, for male players. The combination of game-based, running exercises and soccer circuit-based drills is advisable to ensure adequate high-speed and sprint running exposure both at a team and individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gualtieri
- Sport Science and R&D Department, Juventus Football Club, Torino, Italy
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Olgiate Olona, Italy
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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26
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Calleja-González J, Mallo J, Cos F, Sampaio J, Jones MT, Marqués-Jiménez D, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Freitas TT, Alcaraz PE, Vilamitjana J, Ibañez SJ, Cuzzolin F, Terrados N, Bird SP, Zubillaga A, Huyghe T, Jukic I, Lorenzo A, Loturco I, Delextrat A, Schelling X, Gómez-Ruano M, López-laval I, Vazquez J, Conte D, Velarde-Sotres Á, Bores A, Ferioli D, García F, Peirau X, Martin-Acero R, Lago-Peñas C. A commentary of factors related to player availability and its influence on performance in elite team sports. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1077934. [PMID: 36726395 PMCID: PMC9885271 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1077934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia,Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,Correspondence: Julio Calleja-González
| | - Javier Mallo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cos
- Manchester City Football Club 1 Team, Manchester City, United Kingdom,National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Margaret T. Jones
- School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, VA, United States
| | - Diego Marqués-Jiménez
- Valoración del rendimiento deportivo, actividad física y salud y lesiones deportivas (REDAFLED), Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain,NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Sergio J. Ibañez
- Group for Optimization of Training and Sport Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Nicolás Terrados
- Regional Unit of Sports Medicine and Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences Ipswich, Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Asier Zubillaga
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Thomas Huyghe
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Igor Jukic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alberto Lorenzo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anne Delextrat
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy,Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xavi Schelling
- School of Health and Medical Sciences Ipswich, Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Miguel Gómez-Ruano
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isaac López-laval
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Jairo Vazquez
- Sport Performance Area, Fútbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniele Conte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Álvaro Velarde-Sotres
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain,Departamento de Salud, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche, México
| | - Antonio Bores
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Davide Ferioli
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Franc García
- Sport Performance Area, Fútbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Peirau
- Research Group Into Human Movement, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Lleida, Spain
| | - Rafael Martin-Acero
- Grupo de Aprendizaje y Control del Movimiento Humano. Facultade de Ciencias do Deporte e a Educación Física. Universidade da Coruña. Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Lago-Peñas
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Governance and Economics Research Network, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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27
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Ammann L, Altmann S, Ruf L, Sperlich B. Seasonal analysis of match load in professional soccer players: An observational cohort study of a Swiss U18, U21 and first team. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1023378. [PMID: 36685210 PMCID: PMC9846105 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1023378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify and compare various external match load measures in three age groups and leagues in male soccer (U18 in highest league of their age group vs U21 in fourth highest league vs first team in highest league). In this retrospective observational cohort study accelerations, decelerations, absolute and relative high-speed running as well as sprint distance, dynamic stress load, explosive distance, high intensity bursts total distance, high metabolic load (HML) distance, speed intensity, total distance, total time, and total loading were assessed in 416 individual player matches of 59 players. All these external load measures showed large inter-individual variability. At a group level, one-way ANOVAs or Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed statistically significant differences between the three teams for all measures analyzed (all p < 0.05), except accelerations. The first team displayed statistically significant higher dynamic stress load, explosive distance, HML distance, speed intensity, total distance and total loading compared to the two youth teams (all p < 0.05). The U18 featured statistically significant higher number of decelerations, absolute and relative high-speed running distance, high metabolic load distance, speed intensity, relative sprint distance, total distance, and total time than the U21, while for U21 higher dynamic stress load was observed than for U18 (all p < 0.05). Based on our data we conclude a routinely monitoring of match loads of different age groups and competitive settings to be required to 1) provide an indication of what players need to be prepared for, 2) track the athletic and match evolution, and 3) individually tailor training programs allowing players to fulfill the short- and long-term sport-specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ammann
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany,TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany,*Correspondence: Stefan Altmann,
| | - Ludwig Ruf
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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28
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Thron M, Düking P, Härtel S, Woll A, Altmann S. Differences in Physical Match Performance and Injury Occurrence Before and After the COVID-19 Break in Professional European Soccer Leagues: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:121. [PMID: 36178557 PMCID: PMC9523642 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, matches and soccer-specific training were suspended for several weeks, matches after resumption were congested, and substitutions per team and game increased from three to five. Objective The aim of this review was to examine possible differences in physical match performance and injuries between before and after the COVID-19 induced break of matches and training in professional male European soccer leagues during the 2019/2020 season. Methods A systematic search identified all scientifically peer-reviewed publications involving elite male soccer players competing in the European leagues which reported physical match performance variables such as total running distance and running distance at different speed zones and/or injury parameters pre- and post-COVID-19 induced break. Results In total, 11 articles were included, which were coming from German Bundesliga, Polish Ekstraklasa, Croatian HNL, Spanish La Liga, and Italian Serie A. In all studies investigating the German Bundesliga, most parameters of physical match performance remained unaffected (0.08 ≤ p ≤ 0.82; − 0.15 ≤ ES 0.15), while studies investigating the Polish Ekstraklasa (p ≤ 0.03; − 0.27 ≤ ES − 0.18), Croatian HNL (p ≤ 0.04; − 1.42 ≤ ES ≤ 1.44), Spanish La Liga (p ≤ 0.017; − 0.32 ≤ ES ≤ 5.5), and Italian Serie A (p ≤ 0.014; − 1.01 ≤ ES 0.24) showed a decrease in most parameters of physical match performance after the COVID-19 break. Injury rates were only investigated by studies targeting the German Bundesliga and Italian Serie A. In the majority of studies (3 out of 4 studies), there occurred no difference in injuries between pre- and post-COVID-19 break (p > 0.05; ES = N/A). Conclusion Results indicate that Bundesliga teams maintained physical match performance during the 9-weeks break in matches and 3-weeks break in group training, whereas a longer match and group training interruption up to 15 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively, in the other leagues appeared to lead to a decreased physical match performance. Regarding injuries, we speculate that the increase in substitutions from 3 to 5 substitutions per game might prevent an increase in injury occurrence during matches. The underlying studies’ results provide hints for possible upcoming unexpected interruptions with respect to optimal physical preparations for the resumption of matches and a congested schedule to maintain physical match performance, or for possible rule changes such as 5 instead of 3 substitutions to avoid physical overload during congested match schedules. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00505-z.
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29
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Congested Period in Professional Youth Soccer Players Showed a Different High Decelerations Profile in the Group Performance and a Specific Positional Behaviour. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040108. [PMID: 36547654 PMCID: PMC9781980 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Present soccer demands are increasing in terms of running requirements and the number of matches until youth soccer players experience several periods of fixture congestion during the season. Currently, congested periods have not been extensively studied in this population. For this reason, this study aimed to compare the running demands of professional youth soccer players in congested periods according to their specific playing positions. Twenty youth players were grouped according to their position: Central Defenders (CD), Fullbacks (FB), Midfielders (MF), Wide Midfielders (WM) and Strikers (ST). A GPS system was used to monitor the players during the first (M1), second (M2) and third (M3) matches played during a congested period, measuring their total distance covered (TDC), DC 18.0−20.9 km·h−1, DC 21.0−23.9 km·h−1, DC > 24.0 km·h−1, number of high accelerations (>2.5 m·s−2), number of high decelerations (<2.5 m·s−2) and peak speed (km·h−1). M1, M2 and M3 showed the same TDC, DC 18.0−20.9 km·h−1, DC 21.0−23.9 km·h−1, DC > 24.0 km·h−1, number of high accelerations, and peak speed (p > 0.05). The statistical analysis showed significant differences between M1, M2 and M3 in the decelerations recorded between M1 and M3 (p < 0.05). Likewise, each position showed specific behaviours during the congested period, with all showing at least one difference in DC 18.0−20.9 km·h−1, 21.0−23.9 km·h−1 or >24.0 km·h−1 between M1, M2 and M3 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, coaches should pay attention to the fatigue produced by the number of high decelerations. Secondly, an individualized training protocol should be considered according to the running requirements of each position when youth professional soccer players are involved in a congested period.
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30
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Schimpchen J, Correia PF, Meyer T. Minimally Invasive Ways to Monitor Changes in Cardiocirculatory Fitness in Running-based Sports: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Med 2022; 44:95-107. [PMID: 36332619 PMCID: PMC9940993 DOI: 10.1055/a-1925-7468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review provides a synthesis of research investigating submaximal protocols to monitor changes in cardiocirculatory fitness in running-based sports. Following PRISMA guidelines, 2,452 records were identified and 14 studies, representing 515 athletes, satisfied the eligibility criteria. While most studies found large associations between changes in heart rate at standardized, submaximal running speeds and changes in aerobic fitness (r=0.51-0.88), three studies failed to establish a relationship (r=0.19-0.35). The intensity of the submaximal protocols seems to be relevant, with changes in running speeds at 90% of maximal heart rate showing larger relationships with changes in aerobic fitness (r=0.52-0.79) compared to 70% of maximal heart rate (r=0.24-0.52). Conversely, changes in post-exercise heart rate variability were very largely associated with changes in aerobic fitness when the testing protocols were less intense (70% of maximal heart rate) (r=0.76-0.88), but not when the test required participants to achieve 90% of their maximal heart rate (r=-0.02-0.06). Studies on post-exercise heart rate recovery revealed inconclusive results (r=-0.01- -0.55), while rate of heart rate increase may be a promising athlete monitoring metric (r=0.08- -0.84) but requires further research. In summary, when executed, analyzed, and interpreted appropriately, submaximal protocols can provide valuable information regarding changes in athlete cardiocirculatory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schimpchen
- Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Human Performance Department, Lisbon,
Portugal,Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University,
Saarbrücken, Germany,Correspondence Jan Schimpchen Sport Lisboa
e BenficaQuinta da
TrindadeSeixal
2840-600Portugal
| | | | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University,
Saarbrücken, Germany
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31
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Jiang Z, Hao Y, Jin N, Li Y. A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Workload and Injury Risk of Professional Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013237. [PMID: 36293817 PMCID: PMC9602492 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The number of studies on the relationship between training and competition load and injury has increased exponentially in recent years, and it is also widely studied by researchers in the field of professional soccer. In order to provide practical guidance for workload management and injury prevention in professional athletes, this study provides a review of the literature on the effect of load on injury risk, injury prediction, and interpretation mechanisms. The results of the research show that: (1) It appears that short-term fixture congestion may increase the match injury incidence, while long-term fixture congestion may have no effect on both the overall injury incidence and the match injury incidence. (2) It is impossible to determine conclusively whether any global positioning system (GPS)-derived metrics (total distance, high-speed running distance, and acceleration) are associated with an increased risk of injury. (3) The acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) of the session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) may be significantly associated with the risk of non-contact injuries, but an ACWR threshold with a minimum risk of injury could not be obtained. (4) Based on the workload and fatigue recovery factors, artificial intelligence technology may possess good predictive power regarding injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Jiang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuerong Hao
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Naijing Jin
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Li
- Physical Department, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Correspondence:
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32
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Silva JR. The soccer season: performance variations and evolutionary trends. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14082. [PMID: 36217385 PMCID: PMC9547588 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological demands of soccer challenge the entire spectrum of the response capacity of the biological systems and fitness requirements of the players. In this review we examined variations and evolutionary trends in body composition, neuromuscular and endurance-related parameters, as well as in game-related physical parameters of professional players. Further, we explore aspects relevant for training monitoring and we reference how different training stimulus and situational variables (e.g., competition exposure) affect the physiological and performance parameters of players. Generally, improvements of small magnitude in non- (non-CMJ) and countermovement-based jumps (CMJBased) and in the sprint acceleration (ACCPhase) and maximal velocity phase (MVPhase) are observed from start of preparation phase (PPS) to beginning of competition phase (BCP). A greater magnitude of increases is observed in physiological and endurance performance measures within this period; moderate magnitude in sub-maximal intensity exercise (velocity at fixed blood lactate concentrations; V2-4mmol/l) and large magnitude in VO2max, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and intense intermittent exercise performance (IE). In the middle of competition phase (MCP), small (CMJBased and ACCPhase), moderate (non-CMJ; MVPhase; VO2max; sub-maximal exercise) and large (MAS and IE) improvements were observed compared to PPS. In the end of competition period (ECP), CMJBased and MVPhase improve to a small extent with non-CMJ, and ACCPhase, VO2max, MAS, sub-maximal intensity exercise and IE revealing moderate increments compared to PPS. Although less investigated, there are generally observed alterations of trivial magnitude in neuromuscular and endurance-related parameters between in-season assessments; only substantial alterations are examined for IE and sub-maximal exercise performance (decrease and increase of small magnitude, respectively) from BCP to MCP and in VO2max and IE (decrements of small magnitude) from MCP to ECP. Match performance may vary during the season. Although, the variability between studies is clear for TD, VHSR and sprint, all the studies observed substantial increments in HSR between MCP and ECP. Finally, studies examining evolutionary trends by means of exercise and competition performance measures suggests of a heightened importance of neuromuscular factors. In conclusion, during the preseason players "recover" body composition profile and neuromuscular and endurance competitive capacity. Within in-season, and more robustly towards ECP, alterations in neuromuscular performance seem to be force-velocity dependent, and in some cases, physiological determinants and endurance performance may be compromised when considering other in-season moments. Importantly, there is a substantial variability in team responses that can be observed during in-season. Consequently, this informs on the need to both provide a regular training stimulus and adequate monitorization throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Renato Silva
- Center for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
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Annino G, Manzi V, Alashram AR, Romagnoli C, Coniglio M, Lamouchideli N, Perrone MA, Limongi D, Padua E. COVID-19 as a Potential Cause of Muscle Injuries in Professional Italian Serie A Soccer Players: A Retrospective Observational Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11117. [PMID: 36078838 PMCID: PMC9518420 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has shocked the entire planet. The soccer world has also suffered major upheavals, and many professional soccer players have been infected with the virus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of injuries in Italian Serie A professional soccer players before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We evaluated the incidence of muscle injuries between four competitive seasons of the Italian Serie A (2016-2017, 2017-2018, and 2018-2019 pre-COVID-19 vs. 2020/2021 post-COVID-19) in professional soccer players. Results: Significant differences were found in muscular injuries between the post-COVID-19 season and the previous seasons (p < 0.001). The median split of the players' positivity duration was of 15 days. The players' long positivity (PLP) group showed a significant number of muscular injuries compared to the players' short positivity (PSP) group (p < 0.0014, ES = 0.81, Large). The total teams' days of positivity were significantly related to the total team number of muscular injuries (r = 0.86; CI 95% 0.66 to 0.94; p < 0.0001). In conclusion, this data showed that the competitive season post-COVID-19 lockdown has a higher incidence of muscle injuries in Italian Serie A soccer players compared to the pre-pandemic competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Annino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Centre of SpaceBio-Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Manzi
- Department of Humanities Science, Pegaso Open University, 80143 Naples, Italy
- Hellas Verona FC, Via Olanda 11, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Anas Radi Alashram
- Department of Physiotherapy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
| | - Cristian Romagnoli
- Department for Life Quality Studies Rimini, Alma Mater University, 47521 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Coniglio
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Niloofar Lamouchideli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Alfonso Perrone
- Department of Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- University Sports Centre, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Dolores Limongi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Padua
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Recovery During a Congested Schedule and Injury in Professional Football. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1399-1406. [PMID: 35483701 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the relationships between the recovery kinetics experienced by professional football players and noncontact injury. METHODS A cohort of 46 professional football players (age 24.2 [4.7] y) from the same team (French Ligue 1) was monitored each day between matches when the team played twice a week. The recovery monitoring procedure was implemented after 38 matches and included some questionnaires: duration of sleep, Hooper scale (quality of sleep, level of stress, fatigue, and muscle soreness), perceived recovery status scale, creatine kinase concentrations, a countermovement jump, and an isometric force test. Noncontact injuries were collected during these periods. RESULTS Noncontact injuries were associated with perceived fatigue and muscle soreness 2 days (relative risk [RR] = 1.89 and 1.48, respectively) and 3 days following the matches (RR = 2.08 and 2.08, respectively). An increase of sleep quantity during the 2 nights following a match was significantly associated with a lower RR (RR = 0.65), as well as a lower decrement score on the isometric force test on each of the 3 days after the matches (RR = 0.97, RR = 0.99, and RR = 0.97, respectively). No other association was reported for the variables sleep quality, stress, perceived recovery, creatine kinase concentrations, countermovement jump, and noncontact injuries. CONCLUSION During a congested schedule, implementing a recovery monitoring protocol including questionnaires about fatigue, muscle soreness, quantity of sleep, and a physical test of isometric force could help practitioners prevent injuries.
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Zouhal H, Barthélémy B, Dellal A, Zouita S, Ben Abderrahman A, Ben Ounis O, Tourny C, Belamjahad A, Ahmaidi S, Paillard T, Dyon N, Bideau B, Saeidi A, Moran J, Chaouachi A, Nassis GP, Carling C, Granacher U, Ravé G. FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022: Solutions to the Physical Fitness Challenge. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:482-486. [PMID: 36157392 PMCID: PMC9459774 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In 2022, the FIFA World Cup has been scheduled to take place in Qatar in November and December, months which coincide with the in-season period of the European soccer season. This will be challenging for the staff of the participating national teams and the domestic clubs to which participating players are attached. The aim of this letter to the editor is to propose solutions on how to manage the associated challenges.
Regular training and competition over the course of a season in European professional soccer is generally characterized by a pre-competition preparation period of five to six weeks, followed by two competition phases, interspersed with a winter break (Eliakim et al., 2018). Certain leagues such as the English Premier League do not typically have a winter break meaning that games are played almost continuously across the season. During World Cup years, there is usually an average of four to five weeks between the end of national domestic championships and the start of the World Cup tournament (Table 1, Figure 1) which traditionally takes place during the off-season period.
However, in 2022, the FIFA World Cup has been scheduled to take place in November and December, months which coincide with the in-season period of the European soccer season (Figure 1). With the World Cup being staged during this part of the season, many national team players (notably those in the major European Leagues) will have just one week of preparation between the last match of their domestic leagues and the start of the World Cup tournament (November 20th, 2022). More precisely, the major European soccer leagues will interrupt match schedules between November 9th and 13th with differences in the number of games completed at this time of the season ranging from 14 to 17 across the various leagues (Table 2).
The physical and mental demands placed on modern professional players have steadily risen over recent years due to an increase in the number of matches played during congested periods across the season (Anderson et al., 2016). Since the number of matches is not evenly distributed across the typical 40-week season, players can often compete in as many as three matches in a seven-day period. Aside from the physical and mental demands that are imposed during a match, players might experience insufficient recovery between these games; in part due to extensive travelling which can disrupt the sleep/wake cycle (Lastella et al., 2019). Indeed, poor quality of sleep and the stress induced by a match can negatively affect physical fitness and may even increase the risk of sustaining injuries and/or infections (Clemente et al., 2021) in the period leading up to the World Cup.
National teams are composed of players from different leagues who have varying levels of exposure to match-play (e.g., starters, non-starters) in terms of the average weekly volume of soccer matches at their clubs (“Rapports - Observatoire du football CIES”). Moreover, both starters and non-starters are exposed to different external match and training loads (Anderson et al., 2016). External loads have previously been defined as the overall volume of activity that a player performs during both training sessions and matches (Ravé et al., 2020). There is evidence that this metric correlates with a player’s physical fitness status (Clemente et al., 2019) and their injury risk (Malone et al., 2017). Accordingly, it will be challenging for national teams to manage the fitness of players such that they are physically ready to play at the World Cup tournament. This is especially applicable to individuals who play in the major European leagues and we note a significant contrast between European match schedules and those on other continents. For example, in Major League Soccer (MLS) in North America, match schedules will be interrupted from November 5th, 15 days before the World Cup tournament begins. Similarly, in the Japanese J-League in Asia, Saudi Pro League and Qatar Star League, matches will be interrupted one month before the World Cup tournament begins, leaving more time for players on these continents to prepare.
It is also important to note that the French, Spanish and English domestic championships will resume their match schedules on December 27th which is just ten days after the end of the World Cup (Figure 1). Clubs will clearly want their players to return uninjured and with sufficient fitness levels to resume domestic competition but these goals could be compromised by the aforementioned scheduling of the World Cup tournament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- University Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Institute International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850, Irodouer, France
| | - Benjamin Barthélémy
- University Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Toulouse Football Club (FC Toulouse), Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Dellal
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Centre orthopédique Santé, Lyon, France
- MyCoach Performance, Nice, France
| | - Sghaeir Zouita
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Tunisia
| | | | - Omar Ben Ounis
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Tunisia
| | - Claire Tourny
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Ali Belamjahad
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Said Ahmaidi
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Thierry Paillard
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Pays de l’Adour, Tarbes, France
| | | | - Benoit Bideau
- University Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester. Essex, UK
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - George P. Nassis
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christopher Carling
- Fédération Française de Football, Paris, France
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Akyildiz Z, Ocak Y, Clemente FM, Birgonul Y, Günay M, Nobari H. Monitoring the post-match neuromuscular fatigue of young Turkish football players. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13835. [PMID: 35974069 PMCID: PMC9381501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue tests have been used in previous studies to organize post-match training programs and to minimize injuries. The aim of this study is to describe the neuromuscular fatigue that occurs after a football match and to examine the relationship between internal and external load values in the match and fatigue parameters obtained at different time intervals. Twenty male U19 academy league soccer players (age: 19; height: 181.3 ± 4.3; weight: 73.4 ± 6.7) participated in the study. The countermovement jump (CMJ) test was applied to the players 24 h before, as well as 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after a football match. During the CMJ tests, the maximum velocity of each player during the jump was recorded by using the GymAware linear position transducer. The CMJ maximum velocity values 24 h before and 24 h after the match, as well as the CMJ height values (Cohen’s d: 1.210; p < 0.001), were statistically different from the values recorded 24 h before and 24 and 48 h after the match (Cohen’s d: 1.578; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d: 0,922; p < 0.009). The correlation values were not statistically significant. The results suggest, CMJ height and CMJ maximum velocity values, which determine neuromuscular fatigue after a football match, can be used by practitioners to display post-match neuromuscular fatigue measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Akyildiz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yücel Ocak
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Delegação da Covilhã, Instituto de Telecomunicações, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yasar Birgonul
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Günay
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain. .,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania. .,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
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Oliveira CB, Marques C, Abreu R, Figueiredo P, Calhau C, Brito J, Sousa M. Gut microbiota of elite female football players is not altered during an official international tournament. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32 Suppl 1:62-72. [PMID: 34779042 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate if the gut microbiota composition of elite female football players changes during an official international tournament. The study was conducted throughout ten consecutive days, encompassing seven training sessions, and three official matches. The matches were separated by 48-72 h. Seventeen elite female football players from the Portuguese women's national football team participated in the study. Fecal samples were collected at two time points: at the beginning and end of the tournament. Fecal microbiota was analyzed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Throughout the study, the duration and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded after training sessions and matches. The internal load was determined by the session RPE. The gut microbiota of players was predominantly composed of bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes (50% of relative abundance) and Bacteroidetes (20%); the genera Faecalibacterium (29%) and Collinsella (16%); the species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (30%) and Collinsella aerofaciens (17%). Overall, no significant changes were observed between time points (p ≥ 0.05). Also, no relationship was found between any exercise parameter and the gut microbiota composition (p ≥ 0.05). These findings demonstrate that the physical and physiological demands of training and matches of an official international tournament did not change the gut microbiota composition of elite female football players. Furthermore, it supports that the gut microbiota of athletes appears resilient to the physical and physiological demands of training and match play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina B Oliveira
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Marques
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CINTESIS, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Abreu
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Science, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
- CIDEFES, Universidade Lusófona, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CINTESIS, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mónica Sousa
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CINTESIS, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
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Variation in Physical Performance of Futsal Players During Congested Fixtures. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:367-373. [PMID: 34911034 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the match-to-match variation of physical performance during official congested fixtures in elite futsal players. METHODS Physical performance was measured by external and internal load metrics in 12 elite male futsal players. Two periods with 3 matches within 4 days were analyzed. The variation in physical performance of the players during matches was analyzed using the latent growth curve modeling that estimated interindividual and intraindividual growth paths. RESULTS Playing time had a significant effect on physical performance growth with significant paths of interindividual and intraindividual variability. Players who competed for more time revealed lower initial levels (ie, first match) of total distance covered (β = -0.62), high-speed running (β = -0.18), accelerations (β = -0.31), decelerations (β = -0.44), and session rate of perceived exertion (β = 0.81) than players who competed for less time (P < .05). In addition, players who competed for more time revealed higher increases in total distance covered (β = 0.47), high-speed running (β = 0.16), and session rate of perceived exertion (β = 0.66) and lower increases in accelerations (β = -0.21) and decelerations (β = -0.58) than players who competed for less time from the first to the third match (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Congested fixtures did not affect physical performance in elite futsal players. Playing time showed to be a key performance factor. There was a considerable heterogeneity in the responsiveness to physical performance over congested fixtures, suggesting an analysis of individual variability to evaluate real changes in match performance, training intensity, and workload.
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Doncaster G, White P, Svenson R, Page RM. The influence of fixture congestion on physical performance response to U23 soccer match-play. Res Sports Med 2021:1-15. [PMID: 34747292 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.2001649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to examine differences in measures of intense periods of physical performance during competitive match-play, between one-match (1 match weeks) and two-match microcycles (2 match week). 1, 3 and 5 min "peak" and mean averages for total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR) and metabolic power (MP) were analysed for each 15 min period of match-play. Linear mixed models were employed to examine the differences in dependent variables for each method of measurement between the 1 and 2 game microcycles. No differences were reported for "peak" values for all epoch lengths, however, results revealed significantly reduced "average" values, during periods of fixture congestion, for 1, 3 and 5 min epochs for average TD, and 3 min epochs for average HSR towards the end of the match (75-90 min split). There was, however, a trend for the opposite response to occur in the 60-75-min period. The current data suggests that players potentially display altered pacing strategies during periods of fixture congestion, with these observed responses being dependent on sampling method and epoch length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Doncaster
- Department of Physical Activity & Sport, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Paul White
- Stoke City FC Academy, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | | | - Richard Michael Page
- Department of Physical Activity & Sport, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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Kołodziejczyk M, Chmura P, Konefał M, Chmura J, Rokita A, Andrzejewski M. The Effect of Squad Rotation on Physical Activity at the 2018 World Cup in Russia. Analysis the Most Exploited Players of the 4 Best Teams. Front Psychol 2021; 12:726207. [PMID: 34603146 PMCID: PMC8484307 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine how the four best teams in the 2018 Football Men's World Cup rotate by squad and how this impact the physical activity of the teams in consecutive rounds. The study sample consisted of the 31 players of the 4 best teams, who played in every tournament match, except for the third game of the group stage. The analysis included 186 observations and was carried out on the most exploited players (MEP) excluding goalkeepers, who played at least 450 mins (5 full matches) in the tournament. The analysis was conducted using data collected by an advanced motion analysis system known as STATS®. The selected physical activity parameters analyzed included: total distance covered (m/min), distance covered at various intensity ranges (m/min), top speed (km/h), and number of sprints performed. It was found that all four teams in the third match of the group stage have performed the largest number of rotations with most exploited players and introduced the highest number of rested players (7.75 ± 2.06). A significant increase was observed between the second and fourth match in the 0–7 km/h distance covered (37.99 ± 3.19–39.23 ± 3.35 m/min) and the top speed (28.12 ± 2.22–29.21 ± 2.64 km/h)—p < 0.05. Furthermore, MEPs in the knockout stage, used pacing strategies by increasing the amount of low-intensity running to maintain high intensity during the game. From a practical point of view, this investigation shows that squad rotation can be a valuable support to a pacing strategy by players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Nuñez J, Suarez-Arrones L, de Hoyo M, Loturco I. Strength training in professional soccer: effects on short-sprint and jump performance. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:485-495. [PMID: 34560812 DOI: 10.1055/a-1653-7350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have confirmed the efficacy of strength training to maximize soccer player performance during competition. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the effects of different strength training protocols on short-sprint and vertical jump performance of professional soccer players from the first division of their countries. The following inclusion criteria were employed for the analysis: (a) randomized studies; (b) high validity and reliability instruments; (c) studies published in a high-quality peer-reviewed journal; (d) studies involving professional soccer players from the first division; (e) studies with descriptions of strength training programs; and (f) studies where countermovement jump and 10-m sprint time were measured pre and post training. Overall, the different strength-oriented training schemes produced similar performance improvements, which seem not to depend on the training strategy. Strength training appears to have a lower effect when applied during in-season than when applied in pre-season periods in first division soccer players. In this meta-analysis it is not possible to confirm that strength training in isolation is capable of improving the short-sprint and jump performance of elite soccer players. The congested fixture schedule and, thus, the limited time to perform complementary (non-specific) training sessions, may contribute to these reduced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Nuñez
- Department of Sports and Informatics, University of Pablo de Olavide of Sevilla, Sevile, Spain
| | | | - Moisés de Hoyo
- Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Sport Science, NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
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The Effect of High-Intensity Accelerations and Decelerations on Match Outcome of an Elite English League Two Football Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189913. [PMID: 34574836 PMCID: PMC8471310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Previous research has highlighted the frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations in elite football. The influence of these actions on match performance outcomes has not been established. The aim of the present study was to identify the influence of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations on match performance outcomes (i.e., win, draw, lost). Comparisons were also made between team and positional high-intensity accelerations and decelerations recorded within the games. Methods: 26 elite outfield footballers from an elite English Football League (EFL) Two team completed the present study. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology was utilised to quantify high-intensity accelerations and decelerations during 45 games in a competitive season. Magnitude analysis and the effects of results, positions and fixture periods were observed. Results: Significant effects of results, periods and positions were observed (p ≤ 0.05), with the highest outputs observed in games won. Positionally, fullbacks and centre forwards in a 4–3–3 formation exhibited the greatest frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations. Very large differences were observed between the frequency of high-intensity decelerations compared to accelerations in games won (g = 2.37), drawn (g = 2.99) and lost (g = 3.59). The highest team frequencies of high-intensity accelerations (n = 3330) and decelerations (n = 6482) were completed in games won. Conclusions: The frequency of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations has a significant impact on match performance outcomes in an elite English League Two football team. Consideration needs to be given to specific conditioning and recovery strategies to optimise high-intensity acceleration and deceleration performance in games. Caution should be taken as these findings are representative of one team within the EFL.
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Abstract
Cannabis is widely used for both recreational and medicinal purposes on a global scale. There is accumulating interest in the use of cannabis and its constituents for athletic recovery, and in some instances, performance. Amidst speculation of potential beneficial applications, the effects of cannabis and its two most abundant constituents, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), remain largely un-investigated. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the literature describing the effects of whole cannabis, THC, and CBD, on athletic performance and recovery. While investigations of whole cannabis and THC have generally shown either null or detrimental effects on exercise performance in strength and aerobic-type activities, studies of sufficient rigor and validity to conclusively declare ergogenic or ergolytic potential in athletes are lacking. The ability of cannabis and THC to perturb cardiovascular homeostasis warrants further investigation regarding mechanisms by which performance may be affected across different exercise modalities and energetic demands. In contrast to cannabis and THC, CBD has largely been scrutinized for its potential to aid in recovery. The beneficial effects of CBD on sleep quality, pain, and mild traumatic brain injury may be of particular interest to certain athletes. However, research in each of these respective areas has yet to be thoroughly investigated in athletic populations. Elucidating the effects of whole cannabis, THC, and CBD is pertinent for both researchers and practitioners given the widespread use of these products, and their potential to interact with athletes' performance and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie F Burr
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Christian P Cheung
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Andreas M Kasper
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Scott H Gillham
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Corr LD, Field A, Pufal D, Clifford T, Harper LD, Naughton RJ. The effects of cocoa flavanols on indices of muscle recovery and exercise performance: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:90. [PMID: 34391456 PMCID: PMC8364049 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, muscle soreness, and reductions in muscle function. Cocoa flavanols (CF) are (poly)phenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and thus may attenuate symptoms of EIMD. The purpose of this narrative review was to collate and evaluate the current literature investigating the effect of CF supplementation on markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as changes in muscle function, perceived soreness, and exercise performance. Acute and sub-chronic intake of CF reduces oxidative stress resulting from exercise. Evidence for the effect of CF on exercise-induced inflammation is lacking and the impact on muscle function, perceived soreness and exercise performance is inconsistent across studies. Supplementation of CF may reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, with potential for delaying fatigue, but more evidence is required for any definitive conclusions on the impact of CF on markers of EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Corr
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Adam Field
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Deborah Pufal
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Liam D Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Robert J Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.
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45
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García-Romero-Pérez Á, Ordonez FJ, Reyes-Gil F, Rodríguez-López ES, Oliva-Pascual-Vaca Á. Muscle Damage Biomarkers in Congestion Weeks in English Premier League Soccer Players: A Prospective Study for Two Consecutive Seasons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157960. [PMID: 34360252 PMCID: PMC8345565 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to compare muscle damage biomarkers in single- vs. multi-match weeks in elite soccer players for two consecutive seasons. A secondary objective was to analyze the influence of playing position and exposure time on muscle damage in single- vs. multi-match weeks. This is a prospective cohort study performed in a professional elite soccer club in the English Premier League during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 seasons up until the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected in the Medical Department Room of an English Premier League Club before and after the soccer game from a total of 29 elite soccer players (mean ± S.D.; age = 27.59 ± 3.83 years; height = 1.83 ± 0.05 m; body mass = 80.16 ± 7.45 kg) who were enrolled in the club during both seasons. The main outcome measurements were creatine kinase (CK), weight, lean mass, % fat DEXA, high speed running, total distance, density of total distance and high-speed running and wellbeing questionnaires. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Players who completed more than 60 min in the previous game had significantly increased pregame CK levels and fatigue in multi-match weeks. Midfielders had both significantly increased pregame CK and muscle soreness in multi-match weeks. Midfielders and players with an exposure time of at least 60 min showed higher pregame CK values that should play a key role for deciding substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro García-Romero-Pérez
- Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Department, Watford FC, Watford WD18 0ER, UK;
- Physiotherapy Department, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
- Physiotherapy Department, Universidad of Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain;
| | | | - Fernando Reyes-Gil
- Physiotherapy Department, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elena Sonsoles Rodríguez-López
- Physiotherapy Department, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
- Escuela de Osteopatía de Madrid, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Ángel Oliva-Pascual-Vaca
- Physiotherapy Department, Universidad of Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain;
- Escuela de Osteopatía de Madrid, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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Oliveira R, Palucci Vieira LH, Martins A, Brito JP, Nalha M, Mendes B, Clemente FM. In-Season Internal and External Workload Variations between Starters and Non-Starters-A Case Study of a Top Elite European Soccer Team. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:645. [PMID: 34201642 PMCID: PMC8306595 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Interpretation of the load variations across a period seems important to control the weekly progression or variation of the load, or to identify in-micro- and mesocycle variations. Thus, the aims of this study were twofold: (a) to describe the in-season variations of training monotony, training strain and acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) through session ratings of perceived exertion (s-RPE), total distance and high-speed running (HSR); and (b) to compare those variations between starters and non-starters. Materials and Methods: Seventeen professional players from a European First League team participated in this study. They were divided in two groups: starters (n = 9) and non-starters (n = 8). The players were monitored daily over a 41-week period of competition where 52 matches occurred during the 2015-2016 in-season. Through the collection of s-RPE, total distance and HSR, training monotony, training strain and ACWR were calculated for each measure, respectively. Data were analyzed across ten mesocycles (M: 1 to 10). Repeated measures ANOVA was used with the Bonferroni post hoc test to compare M and player status. Results: The results revealed no differences between starters vs. non-starters (p > 0.05). M6 had a greater number of matches and displayed higher values for monotony (s-RPE, total distance and HSR), strain (only for total distance) and ACWR (s-RPE, TD and HSR). However, the variation patterns for all indexes displayed some differences. Conclusions: The values of both starters and non-starters showed small differences, thus suggesting that the adjustments of training workloads that had been applied over the season helped to reduce differences according to the player status. Even so, there were some variations over the season (microcycles and mesocycles) for the whole team. This study could be used as a reference for future coaches, staff and scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic, Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (A.M.); (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Quinta de Prados, Edifício Ciências de Desporto, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luiz H. Palucci Vieira
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory, Physical Education Department, School of Sciences, UNESP São Paulo State University, 17033-360 Bauru, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre Martins
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic, Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (A.M.); (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic, Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (A.M.); (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Quinta de Prados, Edifício Ciências de Desporto, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Matilde Nalha
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic, Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (A.M.); (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Falculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisboa, 1649-002 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Muscle Damage and Performance after Single and Multiple Simulated Matches in University Elite Female Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084134. [PMID: 33919800 PMCID: PMC8070760 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare changes in muscle damage and performance parameters after playing single versus multiple soccer matches to examine fixture congestion effects on performance. Twelve elite female university soccer players performed single, three and six consecutive 90-min bouts of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) with ≥12-weeks between conditions in a pseudo-randomized order. Heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion and covering distance in each LIST were examined. Changes in several types of muscle damage (e.g., maximal voluntary isometric torque of the knee extensors: MVC-KE) and performance measures (e.g., Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1: YYIR1) were taken before each LIST, 1 h, and 1–5 d after the last LIST. The total distance covered during the LIST was shorter (p < 0.05) in the 2nd–3rd, or 2nd–6th LISTs when compared with the 1st LIST. Changes (p < 0.05) in all measures were observed after the LIST, and the greatest changes were observed after the six than after the three LISTs followed by one LIST (e.g., largest changes in MVC-KE: −26 > −20 > −14%; YYIR1: −31 > −26 > −11%). Many of the variables did not recover to the baseline for 5 d after six LISTs. These suggest that fixture congestion induces greater muscle damage and performance decline than a single match.
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