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Bettini S, Schiff S, Carraro E, Callegari C, Gusella B, Pontesilli GM, D’Angelo M, Baldan V, Zattarin A, Romanelli G, Angeli P, Girardi P, Spinella P, Vettor R, Busetto L. Chrono-Nutritional Patterns, Medical Comorbidities, and Psychological Status in Patients with Severe Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:5003. [PMID: 38068861 PMCID: PMC10707777 DOI: 10.3390/nu15235003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrono-nutrition studies dietary habits and their role in the onset of metabolic diseases. The aim of this study is to describe chrono-nutritional patterns based on the analysis of the eating habits of patients with severe obesity during the 24-h cycle and investigate a possible relationship between these profiles, the comorbidities, and the psychological status. From the overall evaluation of the chrono-nutritional profiles of 173 patients with severe obesity, four predominant eating patterns were obtained with a refined statistical model. A regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between chrono-nutritional patterns, medical comorbidities, and psychological status. Profile 1 was the most frequent (46.2%) and characterised by the regular presence of the three main meals. The distribution of the chrono-nutritional profiles did not vary with BMI. Chrono-nutritional profiles affected predominantly psychological variables, with lower performances among chrono-nutritional profiles 3 (to eat during all the 24-h, with nibbling and snacking also during the night) and 4 (like the fourth but without night-eating). This finding could be useful in the assessment and treatment of patients with obesity, allowing the identification of patients with a higher probability of suffering from a psychopathological condition simply by knowing the patients' dietary profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bettini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Internal Medicine Unit 3, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Sami Schiff
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Internal Medicine Unit 5, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Carraro
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Chiara Callegari
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Internal Medicine Unit 5, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gusella
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Internal Medicine Unit 3, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Maria Pontesilli
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Department of General Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 45100 Rovigo, Italy
| | - Matteo D’Angelo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Baldan
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zattarin
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Romanelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Internal Medicine Unit 5, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Girardi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia, Italy;
| | - Paolo Spinella
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Internal Medicine Unit 3, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Busetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.C.); (B.G.); (G.M.P.); (M.D.); (V.B.); (A.Z.); (G.R.); (P.A.); (P.S.); (R.V.); (L.B.)
- Internal Medicine Unit 3, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Li R, Kajanoja J, Tuulari JJ, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Karukivi M. Relationships between alexithymia and food addiction: The Finnish version of Yale Food Addiction Scale and preliminary test of its psychometric properties. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1067872. [PMID: 36743252 PMCID: PMC9893275 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1067872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has long been suggested that addictive behaviors are associated with alexithymia, a personality trait characterized by difficulties in emotional awareness and expression. However, little is known about the role of alexithymia in food addiction. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between alexithymia and food addiction. As part of the study, the validity of the Finnish version of Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS-F) was also investigated. Methods The sample consisted of 360 parents from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. The structural validity of the YFAS-F was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to explore the structure when proposed models were not supported by CFA. The associations of alexithymia as measured by the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and food addiction were examined using regression analyses followed by structural equation modeling. Results Higher alexithymia was associated with more food addiction by conducting linear regression analysis (B = 0.013, p = 0.011) and structural equation modeling (β = 0.24, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a single-factor model for the 8 criteria of the YFAS-F was supported by CFA and showed acceptable internal reliability (KR-20 = 0.72), and a three-factor solution for the 20 items of the scale was suggested by EFA with good internal reliability (McDonald's ω = 0.91 for the YFAS-F, 0.91 for component 1, 0.87 for component 2, and Spearman-Brown coefficient = 0.89 for component 3). Conclusion The current study determined a significant relationship between alexithymia and food addiction, which suggests alexithymia as a relevant factor for food addiction and may provide clinical implications for interventions. Moreover, the YFAS-F appeared to be a valid and reliable tool to evaluate food addiction in our Finnish general population sample. Further studies on the psychometric properties of the YFAS-F in more diverse populations are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Clinical Medicine, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,*Correspondence: Ru Li, ✉
| | - Jani Kajanoja
- Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Clinical Medicine, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Psychiatry, Satakunta Hospital District, Pori, Finland
| | - Jetro J. Tuulari
- Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Clinical Medicine, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Turku Collegium for Science, Medicine and Technology, TCSMT, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Center for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Clinical Medicine, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Center for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Max Karukivi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Niroumand Sarvandani M, Asadi M, Khosravi F, Gearhardt AN, Razmhosseini M, Soleimani M, Mohseni F, Garmabi B, Rafaiee R. Validation and Psychological Properties of the Persian Version of DSM 5 Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (PYFAS 2.0) in Non-clinical Population. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2022; 14:175-184. [PMID: 36544977 PMCID: PMC9743828 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2022.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) is used for the assessment of food addiction (FA). This research intended to evaluate the validity of the Persian translation of the questionnaire and to investigate the psychological properties and the association between FA and anthropometric indices. Methods In a sample of 473 nonclinical participants, FA, binge eating, and objectively measured anthropometric indices were assessed. Internal consistency, convergent, and validity of the PYFAS 2.0 were examined. Also, the factor structure (confirmatory factor analysis following the 11 diagnostic indicators in addition to the significant distress) and the construct of the scale were evaluated. Findings The frequencies of mild, moderate, and severe FA based on PYFAS 2.0 were 0.2%, 10%, and 5.5%, respectively. The findings supported a one-factor structure. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good construct validity (RMSEA=0.043, χ2=76.38, df=41, χ2 (CMIN)/df=1.862, GFI=0.975, AGFI=0.957, IFI=0.986, RFI=0.958, ECVI=0.319, TLI=0.978). For both the diagnostic and symptom count versions, the PYFAS 2.0 presented acceptable internal consistency (IC) (Kuder-Richardson 20=0.99 and McDonald omega=0.91). Conclusion The PYFAS 2.0 was a psychometrically sound instrument in an Iranian non-clinical population. This questionnaire can be used to study FA in Persian non-clinical populations. Future research should study the psychometric characteristics of this scale in high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Asadi
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Farideh Khosravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ashley N. Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | | | - Maryam Soleimani
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Mohseni
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Behzad Garmabi
- Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Raheleh Rafaiee
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,Corresponding Author: Raheleh Rafaiee, Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Sönmez Güngör E, Çelebi C, Akvardar Y. The Relationship of Food Addiction With Other Eating Pathologies and Impulsivity: A Case-Control Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:747474. [PMID: 34899418 PMCID: PMC8661135 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.747474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of food addiction (FA) has become central in recent years in understanding the psychological etiology of obesity. In this matched case-control study from Turkey, it was aimed to examine the prevalence of FA and related risk factors in four consecutive body mass index (BMI) categories. The case group consisted of pre-operative bariatric surgery patients with BMI over 35.0 kg/m2 (n = 40) and the control group was composed of age- and gender- matching individuals from the other categories, namely obese (n = 35), overweight (n = 40), and normal weight (n = 40). The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and a standardized clinical interview using the DSM-5 substance use disorders criteria adopted for FA, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ) and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) were used as assessment instruments. It was found that FA was significantly associated with more serious eating pathologies, more frequent weight-cycling and earlier onset of dieting, higher impulsivity, and higher BMI. Motor and total impulsivity scores showed a positive albeit week correlation with the severity of FA but no significant correlation with BMI, indicating a relationship between impulsivity and weight gain in some but not all individuals. The severity of FA predicted the increase in BMI. Our findings suggest that FA is associated with weight gain in a group of individuals, plausibly through impulsive overeating. Emphasis on FA and its clinical implications such as addiction-based treatments may improve outcomes in obesity and facilitate health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Sönmez Güngör
- Department of Psychiatry, Erenköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Çelebi
- Department of Psychiatry, Büyükçekmece Mimar Sinan State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yildiz Akvardar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Rostanzo E, Aloisi AM. Food addiction assessment in a nonclinical sample of the Italian population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 76:477-481. [PMID: 34211122 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Discussion about the potential addictive role of certain types of food and their link with obesity has recently increased. Researchers have developed instruments to specifically assess food addiction (FA). The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the prevalence of food addiction in a nonclinical sample of the Italian population. METHODS All participants (n = 148: 46 males, 102 females) completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) and provided self-reported measures and demographic information. They were divided into three age groups. RESULTS The prevalence of FA was 15.5% of our sample (82.6% of the subjects diagnosed with FA were female). The FA symptoms mean was 1.90 (SD = 2.87). In both sexes, participants aged 18-30 had the highest diagnosis of FA, with 52.1% of all FA subjects being females aged 18-30. According to the Body Mass Index (BMI), all the males diagnosed with FA were overweight or obese, as were most (63.2%) of the FA females. CONCLUSIONS Future food education policies could consider FA assessment together with that of other eating disorders, even among nonclinical subjects in order to anticipate diagnosis and improve treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Rostanzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Tinghino B, Lugoboni F, Amatulli A, Biasin C, Bramani Araldi M, Cantiero D, Cremaschini M, Galimberti GL, Giusti S, Grosina C, Mulazzani GEG, Nizzoli U. The FODRAT study (FOod addiction, DRugs, Alcohol and Tobacco): first data on food addiction prevalence among patients with addiction to drugs, tobacco and alcohol. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:449-455. [PMID: 32072572 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main focus of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of food addiction (FA) in a population of 575 subjects, all affected by drugs, alcohol and/or tobacco addiction. METHODS Patients were enrolled in Addiction Service Centers and 25 items YFAS questionnaire was administered. Prevalence of FA was studied among patients who already have an addiction and then this prevalence was compared between groups of abusers (by type of substance), comparing mono abusers with polyabusers, as well as regressions by age, BMI, sex, through multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Prevalence of FA in the sample is 20.17%. Risk of FA increases with the number of substances used (polyabuse). Results show a positive correlation, in addicted people, between BMI values and FA, with significant values (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.04-1.13; p = 0.006). Age is inversely correlated with FA (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95-0.99; p = 0.01). Female sex is positively associated (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.59-4.27, p = 0.000). No significant association appears with any substance, even if the highest prevalence is recorded among cannabis users (31.03%), and heroin (21.07%), followed by cocaine (18.53%), alcohol (14.49%) and tobacco (11.61%). A comparison between the FA prevalence in our study and that from another study in the Italian general population (11%) shows a significant difference (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of FA among addicted people is greater than in the general population. Risk of FA increases with the increase in number of used substances (polyabuse). Age is inversely correlated with FA. There is a positive and significant correlation between BMI and FA among substance/tobacco abusers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, observational cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tinghino
- UO Alcologia e Nuove Dipendenze, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy.
| | - F Lugoboni
- UO Medicina delle Dipendenze, Ospedale Universitario di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A Amatulli
- Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy
| | - C Biasin
- SER.D ULSS 9 Scaligera, Verona, UOC Bussolengo e Legnago, Legnago, Italy
| | - M Bramani Araldi
- UO Tossicodipendenze, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy
| | - D Cantiero
- SER.D ULSS 9 Scaligera, Verona, UOC Bussolengo e Legnago, Legnago, Italy
| | - M Cremaschini
- Dipartimento Cure Primarie, ATS di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - G L Galimberti
- UOSD Dipendenze, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - S Giusti
- UO Medicina delle Dipendenze, Ospedale Universitario di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - C Grosina
- UO Alcologia e Nuove Dipendenze, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze, ASST di Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy
| | - G E G Mulazzani
- Medico specializzando in Scienza dell'Alimentazione, Università Statale di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - U Nizzoli
- Società Italiana Studio Disturbi Comportamento Alimentare, SISDCA, Roma, Italy
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Schiff S, Testa G, Rusconi ML, Angeli P, Mapelli D. Expectancy to Eat Modulates Cognitive Control and Attention Toward Irrelevant Food and Non-food Images in Healthy Starving Individuals. A Behavioral Study. Front Psychol 2021; 11:569867. [PMID: 33519584 PMCID: PMC7838084 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that just as hunger itself, the expectancy to eat impacts attention and cognitive control toward food stimuli, but this theory has not been extensively explored at a behavioral level. In order to study the effect of expectancy to eat on attentional and cognitive control mechanisms, 63 healthy fasting participants were presented with an affective priming spatial compatibility Simon task that included both food and object (non-food) distracters. The participants (N = 63) were randomly assigned to two groups: an "immediate expectancy" group made up of participants who expected to eat immediately after the task (N = 31; females = 21; age = 26.8 ± 9.6) and a "delayed expectancy" cohort made up of individuals who expected to eat a few hours later (N = 32; females = 21; age = 25.0 ± 8.0). Slower reaction times (RTs) toward the food and non-food distracters and a more pronounced effect on the RTs in the incompatible condition [i.e., the Simon effect (SE)] were noted in both groups. The effect of the food and non-food distracters on the RTs was more pronounced in the immediate with respect to the delayed expectancy group. The magnitude of the SE for the food and the non-food distracters was also greater in the immediate with respect to the delayed expectancy group. These results seem to indicate that when the expectancy to eat is short, the RTs are delayed, and the SE is more pronounced when food and non-food distracters are presented. Instead, when the expectancy to eat is more distant, the distracters have less of an effect on the RTs and the correspondence effect is smaller. Our results suggest that the expectancy to eat can modulate both attention orienting and cognitive control mechanisms in healthy fasting individuals when distracting details are competing with information processing during goal directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Schiff
- Medical Clinic 5, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Testa
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Rusconi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Medical Clinic 5, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniela Mapelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Psychological predictors of poor weight loss following LSG: relevance of general psychopathology and impulsivity. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:1621-1629. [PMID: 31728923 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE After bariatric surgery (BS) a significant minority of patients do not reach successful weight loss or tend to regain weight. In recent years, interest for the psychological factors that predict post-surgical weight loss has increased with the objective of developing interventions aimed to ameliorate post-surgical outcomes. In the present study, predictive models of successful or poor weight loss 12 months after BS were investigated considering pre-surgery level of psychopathological symptoms, dysfunctional eating behaviors and trait impulsivity at baseline (pre-surgery). METHODS Sixty-nine patients with morbid obesity canditates for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy were assessed regarding metabolic and psychological dimensions. Successful post-surgery weight loss was defined as losing at least 50% of excess body weight (%EWL). RESULTS Logistic models adjusted for patient sex, age and presence of metabolic diseases showed that the baseline presence of intense psychopathological symptoms and low attentional impulsivity predict poor %EWL (< 50%), as assessed 12-month post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that intensity of general psychopathology and impulsivity, among other psychological factors, might affect post-surgery %EWL. Conducting adequate psychological assessment at baseline of patients candidates for BS seems to be crucial to orient specific therapeutic interventions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, case-control analytic study.
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Moghaddam SAP, Amiri P, Saidpour A, Hosseinzadeh N, Abolhasani M, Ghorbani A. The prevalence of food addiction and its associations with plasma oxytocin level and anthropometric and dietary measurements in Iranian women with obesity. Peptides 2019; 122:170151. [PMID: 31505221 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a prevalent public health problem, and food addiction (FA) is one of the most controversial factors in its management. Therefore, this study was designed to validate an FA questionnaire for Iranian women with obesity and to determine the prevalence of FA and its associations with plasma oxytocin (OT) levels as well as anthropometric and dietary measurements. In this descriptive-analytical study, 450 adult women with obesity were included. The prevalence of FA was determined with a valid Yale food addiction scale (YFAS). Macronutrient intakes were measured by a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). In addition, plasma OT was measured after eight hours of fasting. In this study, the prevalence of FA was 26.2% in women with obesity. In comparison with class I obesity, the odds ratios (95% CI) of FA for class II and class III obesity were 2.5 (CI: 1.29-5.09) and 3.3 (CI: 1.69-6.4) respectively. Dietary intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol were significantly higher in food-addicted (FAD) women compared to non-food-addicted (NFA) ones (p < 0.001). Moreover, plasma OT level was lower in FAD women with obesity than in NFA subjects (p = 0.02). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that FA is prevalent in Iranian women with obesity. In addition, FA is related to obesity severity, dietary intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, cholesterol, and plasma OT level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Atefeh Panahi Moghaddam
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 46, West Arghavan St., Farahzadi Blvd., Shahrak Qods, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Parisa Amiri
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Endocrine Health & Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Atoosa Saidpour
- National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 46, West Arghavan St., Farahzadi Blvd., Shahrak Qods, Tehran, P.O. Box: 19395-4741, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Nima Hosseinzadeh
- Faculty of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Maryam Abolhasani
- Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Arman Ghorbani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Abstract
The concept of food addiction is currently a highly debated subject within both the general public and the scientific communities. The term food addiction suggests that individuals may experience addictive-like responses to food, similar to those seen with classic substances of abuse. An increasing number of studies have established the prevalence and correlates of food addiction. Moreover, food addiction may be associated with obesity and disordered eating. Thus, intervening on food addiction may be helpful in the prevention and therapy of obesity and eating disorders. However, controversy exists about if this phenomenon is best defined through paradigms reflective of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) substance-related disorders (e.g. food addiction) or non-substance-related disorders (e.g. eating addiction) criteria. This review paper will give a brief summarisation of the current state of research on food addiction, a more precise definition of its classification, its differentiation from eating addiction and an overview on potential overlaps with eating disorders. Based on this review, there is evidence that food addiction may represent a distinct phenomenon from established eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder. Future studies are needed to further examine and establish orthogonal diagnostic criteria specific to food addiction. Such criteria must differentiate the patterns of eating and symptoms that may be similar to those of eating disorders to further characterise food addiction and develop therapy options. To date, it is too premature to draw conclusions about the clinical significance of the concept of food addiction.
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Testa G, Buongiorno F, Rusconi ML, Mapelli D, Vettor R, Angeli P, Amodio P, Schiff S. ERP correlates of cognitive control and food-related processing in normal weight and severely obese candidates for bariatric surgery: Data gathered using a newly designed Simon task. Biol Psychol 2019; 149:107804. [PMID: 31704200 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been suggestions that altered cognitive control and food reward sensitivity contribute to overeating in obese individuals, neurophysiological correlates of these mechanisms have been poorly investigated. The current study investigated event-related potentials (ERP) in 24 severely obese and 26 normal weight individuals in fasting condition, using a novel Simon task with food and object distractors. The study showed that conflict in the Simon task for the food distractor increased with hunger in both groups but was larger with respect to a neutral condition only in the obese individuals. ERP showed higher N1amplitudes in both groups for food distractor, reflecting early food processing. The P2 latency was delayed and the effect of distractors on N2 amplitude was smaller in the obese subjects, reflecting altered neural mechanisms associated with selective attention and cognitive control, all contributing hypothetically to delay response selection of these individuals faced with food distractor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Testa
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniela Mapelli
- Department of General Psychology - DPG, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Angeli
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Piero Amodio
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Sami Schiff
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Italy.
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12
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The validation of the Malay Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0: factor structure, item analysis and model fit. Public Health Nutr 2019; 23:402-409. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019002684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:The development of a second version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) coincides with the latest updates in the diagnosis of addiction as documented in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The objective of the present study was to translate the YFAS 2.0 into the Malay language and test its psychometric properties in a primary-care population.Design:Patients were assessed for food addiction utilizing the Malay YFAS 2.0. The participants were also assessed for eating disorder using the validated Malay Binge Eating Scale. The psychometric properties of the YFAS 2.0 were determined by analysing factor structure, overall item statistics, internal consistency and construct validity.Setting:Between 2017 and 2018, participants were chosen from a regional primary-care clinic in the district of Seremban, Malaysia.Participants:Patients (n 382) from a regional primary-care clinic.Results:The prevalence of food addiction was 5·0%. A two-factor structure of the YFAS was confirmed as the most optimal solution for the scale via confirmatory factor analysis. In both its diagnostic and symptom count version, the YFAS 2.0 had good internal consistency (Kuder–Richardson α > 0·80 and McDonald’s ω > 0·9).Conclusions:We validated a psychometrically sound Malay version of the YFAS 2.0 in a primary-care population. Both diagnostic and symptom count versions of the scale had robust psychometric properties. The questionnaire can be used to develop health promotion strategies to detect food addiction tendencies in a general population.
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Psychometric properties of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0 in an Italian non-clinical sample. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:37-45. [PMID: 30414076 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the dimensionality and psychometric properties of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) in an Italian non-clinical sample. METHODS 262 adults (184 women) were administered the Italian versions of the mYFAS 2.0, and questionnaires measuring binge eating severity, anxiety and depression symptoms, and emotional dysregulation. RESULTS 15 individuals (5.7%) met the criteria for a diagnosis of food addiction according to the mYFAS 2.0. Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis supported a single-factor solution for the mYFAS 2.0. The mYFAS 2.0 had good internal consistency (Ordinal α = 0.91), and convergent validity with binge eating severity (r = 0.67, p < 0.001), both anxiety (r = 0.31, p < 0.001) and depressive (r = 0.35, p < 0.001) symptoms, and difficulties in emotion regulation (r = 0.35, p < 0.001). Finally, both discriminant validity with dietary restraint (Gamma = 0.11; p = 0.52) and incremental validity in predicting binge eating severity over emotion dysregulation and psychopathology (b = 0.52; t = 11.11; p < 0.001) were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS The Italian mYFAS 2.0 has satisfactory psychometric properties and can be used as a brief instrument for the assessment of addictive eating behaviors when time constraints prevent the use of the original version. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Penzenstadler L, Soares C, Karila L, Khazaal Y. Systematic Review of Food Addiction as Measured with the Yale Food Addiction Scale: Implications for the Food Addiction Construct. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:526-538. [PMID: 30406740 PMCID: PMC6712300 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666181108093520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of food addiction attracts much interest in the scientific community. Research is mainly based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), a tool developed to assess food addiction. Substance use disorder criteria have been used to develop this scale. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to review the clinical significance of food addiction diagnoses made with the YFAS and to discuss the results in light of the current debate on behavioral addictions. METHODS We performed a systematic review of the studies that assessed food addiction with the YFAS published between January 2014 and July 2017 by searching the electronic databases PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and PsycARTICLES. RESULTS Sixty publications were included in the analysis. Thirty-three studies examined nonclinical samples and 27 examined clinical samples. All studies used YFAS scoring results to define food addiction. The prevalence of food addiction according to the YFAS varied largely by the studied samples. In general, a higher body mass index and the presence of eating disorders (EDs), especially binge eating disorder (BED), were associated with higher YFAS scores. CONCLUSION The concept of food addiction has not been established to this day although it can be grouped with other EDs such as BED. More research is needed to understand this behavior and the differences between food addiction and other EDs. The criteria for food addiction should be revisited in light of the concepts currently used to examine behavioral addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Penzenstadler
- Address correspondence to this author at the Geneva University Hospitals, Rue de Grand-Pré, 70 C, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; Tel: +41 22 372 57 50; Fax: +41 22 372 55 70; E-mail:
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Guzzardi MA, Garelli S, Agostini A, Filidei E, Fanelli F, Giorgetti A, Mezzullo M, Fucci S, Mazza R, Vicennati V, Iozzo P, Pagotto U. Food addiction distinguishes an overweight phenotype that can be reversed by low calorie diet. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 26:657-670. [PMID: 30350446 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Similarities in neural activation patterns in obese and substance-dependent subjects led to the food addiction concept, but studies exploiting this issue for obesity stratification are missing. We assessed brain activation in response to food cues using 18 F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose-PET in 36 overweight women, stratified by low or high food addiction groups according to the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). Assessments were repeated after a 3-month diet. We found greater activation in thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, putamen, and occipital cortex (reward), but not in prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices (control/reward receipt) in the high-YFAS versus low-YFAS group. In high-YFAS subjects, orbitofrontal responsiveness was inversely related to YFAS severity and hunger rating, and positive associations were observed between regional brain activation and lipid intake. A 3-month diet abolished group differences in brain activation. Our data suggest that food addiction distinguishes an overweight phenotype that can be reversed by diet, opening to personalized strategies in obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Garelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine DIMES St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marco Mezzullo
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Mazza
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Vicennati
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patricia Iozzo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Schiestl ET, Gearhardt AN. Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children 2.0: A dimensional approach to scoring. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 26:605-617. [PMID: 30334311 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessment approaches for food addiction in younger samples have not been updated to reflect recently revised diagnostic approaches for addictive disorders. The aim of the current study is to develop a new dimensional approach to assess food addiction in adolescents that is psychometrically sound, developmentally appropriate, and reflective of the updated diagnostic criteria. METHODS The dimensional Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children 2.0 (dYFAS-C 2.0) and related measures were administered to 127 adolescents from the community in the United States. Endorsement rates for each question were reviewed, and the psychometric properties were evaluated. RESULTS Problem-focused symptoms had low endorsement rates and were excluded from the final version of the scale. The dYFAS-C 2.0 demonstrated partial evidence for a one-factor structure, had good internal consistency reliability, and was positively associated with emotional eating, external eating, and body mass index (BMI). The dYFAS-C 2.0 also accounted for unique variance in BMI. Unexpectedly, the dYFAS-C 2.0 was positively associated with restrained eating. CONCLUSIONS The dYFAS-C 2.0 appears to have adequate psychometric properties for assessing food addiction in community samples of adolescents. Future research should evaluate the measure in clinical samples and investigate the association between food addiction and restrained eating over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Schiestl
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Imperatori C, Innamorati M, Lamis DA, Farina B, Fabbricatore M, Contardi A. Body uneasiness is associated with food addiction symptoms: A cross-sectional study. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 26:638-644. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Innamorati
- Department of Human Sciences; European University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Dorian A. Lamis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Benedetto Farina
- Department of Human Sciences; European University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | | | - Anna Contardi
- Department of Human Sciences; European University of Rome; Rome Italy
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Establishing a food addiction diagnosis using the Yale Food Addiction Scale: A closer look at the clinically significant distress/functional impairment criterion. Appetite 2018; 129:55-61. [PMID: 29966727 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of food addiction (FA) represents a set of problematic eating behaviors related to overeating. According to the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), which was based on the DSM-IV-TR substance dependence diagnostic criteria, a FA diagnosis is assigned when at least three criteria and the criterion evaluating clinically significant distress and/or functional impairment are endorsed. Considering the decisive role of this last criterion, the present study aimed to investigate its endorsement among individuals suffering from severe obesity and awaiting bariatric surgery. A total of 146 individuals were recruited at the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute and were invited to complete various questionnaires. Differences between individuals who endorsed at least three FA criteria and reported distress/impairment (FA+D/I; N = 24) and individuals who endorsed at least three FA criteria but did not report distress/impairment (FA-D/I; N = 27) were examined. Results revealed that 16% of the total sample fulfilled a FA diagnosis when considering the clinically significant distress/functional impairment criterion; however, this prevalence rate climbed to 35% when removing the inclusion of distress/impairment. Furthermore, individuals from the FA+D/I group showed more FA symptomatology and hedonic hunger, but did not statistically differ from the FA-D/I group on expected markers of psychological distress (depressive symptoms and quality of life). Lastly, the experience of withdrawal symptoms and hedonic hunger were found to be the best predictors of the endorsement of the distress/impairment criterion. This study underlines the impact of this criterion in establishing a FA diagnosis and highlights the importance of considering alternative ways to interpret findings from the YFAS when dealing with clinical samples.
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Loxton NJ. The Role of Reward Sensitivity and Impulsivity in Overeating and Food Addiction. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-018-0206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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MOSH Syndrome (Male Obesity Secondary Hypogonadism): Clinical Assessment and Possible Therapeutic Approaches. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040474. [PMID: 29649106 PMCID: PMC5946259 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) impairs fertility, sexual function, bone mineralization, fat metabolism, cognitive function, deteriorates muscle mass and alters body composition. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of dietary intervention and physical activity on the MOSH patient’s hormonal profile after a 10% weight loss compared to baseline. Fourteen male patients were enrolled. Hormonal, lipid, glycemic profiles and body composition were determined at baseline and after a 10% weight loss. Aging Male Symptoms Scale (AMS) and Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) were administered to patients in order to investigate hypogonadal symptoms and food addiction. Compared to baseline, a significant increase of Total Testosterone (TT) (300.2 ± 79.5 ng/dL vs. 408.3 ± 125.9 ng/dL, p = 0.002, 95% CI 26.8; 167.7) and a reduction of 17-Beta Estradiol level (48.3 ± 14.9 pg/mL vs. 39.2 ± 15.2 pg/mL, p = 0.049, 95% CI 3.1; 0.0) were observed. Total Fat Mass (FM) percentage, android and gynoid fat mass percentage (39.2 ± 6.4% vs. 36.2 ± 5.8%, p = 0.0001, 95% CI 22.5; 62.3; 51.5 ± 6.8% vs. 47.6 ± 6.8%, p = 0.001, 95% CI 0.6; 1.8, vs. 39.2 ± 6.2% vs. 36.5 ± 6.3% p = 0.0001, 95% CI 0.9; 2.0 respectively) were significantly decreased after nutritional intervention. In addition, total Fat Free Mass (FFM) in kg was significantly reduced after 10% weight loss (62.3 ± 2.8 kg vs. 60.3 ± 7.7 kg, p = 0.002, 95% CI 45.0; 93.0). Lifestyle changes, specifically dietotherapy and physical activity, induce positive effects on hypogonadism due to obesity.
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study was aimed to examine the structural and construct validity of the Italian version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale in a multisite sample of postgraduate students. METHODS Two hundred and fifty-six subjects (78.1% females) aged from 18 to 53 years (mean = 23.93, SD = 4.96) and attending different postgraduate university programs at multiple Italian universities completed the Italian YFAS, the Italian Binge Eating Scale (BES), the Italian Eating Attitudes Test-26 and the Italian Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) online through Qualtrics. RESULTS Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the single-factor model of the Italian YFAS including all original items had adequate fit indexes (χ2252 = 454.183; p < 0.001; normed χ2 = 1.802; RMSEA = 0.056; 90% CI 0.048-0.076; CFI = 0.761; WRMR = 1.592). However, item analysis revealed that item#25 had zero variance (all subjects were assigned the same score after item dichotomization) and item#24 had a low factor loading, and were thus removed. Furthermore, item#10 and item#11 showed to be almost perfectly correlated (r = 0.998) and were thus parceled. The resulting 19-item single-factor model revealed a better fit to the data (χ2152 = 235.69; p < 0.001; normed χ2 = 1.556; RMSEA = 0.046; 90% CI 0.034-0.058; CFI = 0.858; WRMR = 1.236) and its internal consistency was acceptable (KR-20 = 0.72). Also, a single-factor model including the seven diagnostic symptoms was tested and showed adequate fit values (χ220 = 41.911; p < 0.003; normed χ2 = 2.09; RMSEA = 0.065; 90% CI 0.037-0.093; CFI = 0.946; WRMR = 1.132). Statistically significant and small-to-high correlations were found with all convergent measures, in particular with the BES. CONCLUSION The Italian 19-item YFAS resulted to be a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of food addiction in postgraduate students. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive study.
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Magyar ÉE, Tényi D, Gearhardt A, Jeges S, Abaligeti G, Tóth ÁL, Janszky J, Molnár D, Tényi T, Csábi G. Adaptation and validation of the Hungarian version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:181-188. [PMID: 29383940 PMCID: PMC6035032 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity proves to be an important public health issue, since it serves as a potential risk factor for multiple diseases. Food addiction could also serve as an important etiological factor. As childhood obesity plays a serious issue also in Hungary, we aimed to adapt and validate the Hungarian version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (H-YFAS-C). Methods A total of 191 children were assessed with the H-YFAS-C and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI). The following psychometric properties were analyzed: internal consistency, construct validity, convergent, and discriminant validity. Results A good construct validity was revealed by confirmatory factor analysis (RMSEA = 0.0528, CFI = 0.896, χ2 value = 279.06). Question 25 proved to have no significant effect on its group and was removed from further analyses. The Kuder-Richardson 20 coefficient indicated good internal consistency (K20 = 0.82). With the use of the eight EDI subscales, a good convergent and discriminant validity could be determined. Food addiction was diagnosed in 8.9% of children. The mean symptom count was 1.7 ± 1.2 (range: 0-7). Females were more often diagnosed with food addiction than males (p = .016; OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.2-10.6). BMI percentiles were significantly higher in children with diagnosed food addiction (p = .003). There proved to be no correlation between age and the occurrence of food addiction. Discussion and conclusion Our results show that H-YFAS-C is a good and reliable tool for addictive-like behavior assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Erzsébet Magyar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dalma Tényi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary,Corresponding author: Dalma Tényi; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Pécs, Rét u.2., 7623 Pécs, Hungary; Phone: +36 72 536 000; Fax: +36 72 535 911; E-mail:
| | - Ashley Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sára Jeges
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gallusz Abaligeti
- Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Levente Tóth
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Janszky
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tényi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Csábi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Burrows T, Kay-Lambkin F, Pursey K, Skinner J, Dayas C. Food addiction and associations with mental health symptoms: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31:544-572. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Burrows
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; Priority Research Centre of Physical Activity and Nutrition; University of Newcastle; Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - F. Kay-Lambkin
- Faculty Health and Medicine; NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use; National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; University of Newcastle; Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - K. Pursey
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; Priority Research Centre of Physical Activity and Nutrition; University of Newcastle; Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - J. Skinner
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; Priority Research Centre of Physical Activity and Nutrition; University of Newcastle; Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - C. Dayas
- School of Biomedicine and Pharmacy; Faculty of Health and Medicine; University of Newcastle; Newcastle NSW Australia
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Sanlier N, Navruz Varli S, Macit MS, Mortas H, Tatar T. Evaluation of disordered eating tendencies in young adults. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:623-631. [PMID: 28871480 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It was aimed to determine the prevalence of high disordered eating tendencies and its relationship with food addiction, emotional eating and self esteem in participants at 18 and 33 years age group. METHODS This study was planned as a cross-sectional study and conducted with 1359 young adult volunteers (M = 386, F = 973) with an average age of 22.4 ± 2.84 years. Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were used. EAT-26 score above 20 was considered as eating disorders risk cutoff. RESULTS Participants with disordered eating tendencies have higher rates (22.4%) of food addiction compared to participants without high disordered eating tendencies (7.2%). There is no difference for EMAQ and YFAS scores; however, there is a significant difference for RSES and EAT-26 scores according to gender. A positive association of EAT-26 with YFAS and EMAQ-negative scores and a negative association of EAT-26 with RSES and EMAQ-positive were found. DISCUSSION There is association among EAT-26, YFAS, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Emotional Appetite Questionnaire scores. This study provides information for future studies about high disordered eating tendencies, food addiction and mood that are thought to be important in young adults. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V (cross-sectional descriptive study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Sanlier
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science Faculty, Biruni University, Topkapı, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Semra Navruz Varli
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Sedanur Macit
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hande Mortas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Tatar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
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The Association between Food Addiction and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Overweight and Obese Women: A Preliminary Investigation. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111259. [PMID: 29149076 PMCID: PMC5707731 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing focus on early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) as core features associated with eating psychopathology. The aims of the present study were to assess in overweight and obese women: (i) the association between dysfunctional eating patterns (i.e., food addiction and binge eating) and EMSs, and (ii) the association between food addiction and EMSs after controlling for potential confounding variables (i.e., binge eating severity and psychopathology). Participants were 70 overweight and obese women seeking low-energy-diet therapy. The patients were administered self-report measures investigating food addiction, binge eating, EMSs, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Food addiction severity was strongly associated with all main schema domains. Binge eating severity was positively related to disconnection/rejection (r = 0.41; p < 0.01), impaired limits (r = 0.26; p < 0.05), and other-directedness domains (r = 0.27; p < 0.05). The disconnection/rejection schema was independently associated with food addiction severity, after controlling for the presence of other potential confounding variables (i.e., binge eating severity and psychopathology) suggesting that this domain may be a crucial factor for the development of food addiction.
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26
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Validation of the Italian version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (I-YFAS 2.0) in a sample of undergraduate students. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:527-533. [PMID: 28780748 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Food addiction (FA) refers to a condition characterized by addiction in relation to some high-fat and high-sugar carbohydrate that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress on several areas of functioning. The Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) has been recently updated to measure FA according to the DSM-5 criteria for substance-related and addictive disorders. This study aimed at validating the Italian version of YFAS 2.0. METHODS A sample of 574 Italian university students was involved in this research. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Kuder-Richardson's alpha for dichotomous data were run to evaluate scale structure and reliability. Correlations between YFAS 2.0 and eating psychopathology, binge eating, sleep, and mood symptoms were evaluated. RESULTS Analogously to the original version, a single factor structure emerged at the CFA. The alpha coefficient was 0.87. Moreover, sound, from moderate to high, correlations were found with other measures. CONCLUSIONS The Italian version of the YFAS 2.0 has demonstrated in a sample of university students to be a useful tool to investigate food addictions. Level of evidence Level V, descriptive study.
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Mies GW, Treur JL, Larsen JK, Halberstadt J, Pasman JA, Vink JM. The prevalence of food addiction in a large sample of adolescents and its association with addictive substances. Appetite 2017; 118:97-105. [PMID: 28826746 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing, due to, among other factors, increased availability of highly palatable food (food high in fat, salt and/or sugar). It has been proposed that certain foods and/or eating behaviours may be addictive, to a degree comparable to substances of abuse. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) measures 'food addiction' by translating the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder to eating behaviour. So far, only a few studies have examined the prevalence of food addiction in children with the YFAS for children (YFAS-C). Large-scale studies, especially among adolescents, are lacking. Adolescence is of particular interest because it is a period wherein unhealthy eating behaviours or addictive tendencies are likely to develop. The current study examines the prevalence of food addiction using the YFAS-C in a large group of Dutch adolescents (N = 2653) aged 14-21 years. With Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) analysis we tested the relationship between food addiction symptoms and smoking, cannabis use, alcohol use, and sugar intake through drinks, while controlling for gender, age, educational level and weight class. In the total sample 2.6% met the criteria for a food addiction 'diagnosis', and the average symptom count was 1.0 (SD = 1.3, range 0-7). Symptoms of food addiction were positively associated with smoking, alcohol use, cannabis use and sugar intake. We propose that future studies focus on possible genetic/(neuro)biological mechanisms involved in both food addiction and substance use and that longitudinal designs are needed to examine possible causal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabry W Mies
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Junilla K Larsen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jutka Halberstadt
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, The Netherlands
| | - Joëlle A Pasman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:259-267. [PMID: 28101831 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Rising rates of obesity have been recently associated to the novel concept of food addiction (FA). The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is the most widely used measure for examining FA (1) and analysis of its reliability and validity is expected to facilitate empirical research on the construct. Here, we tested the psychometric properties of a Portuguese version of the YFAS (P-YFAS), establishing its factor structure, reliability and construct validity. METHODS Data were obtained from 468 Portuguese individuals, 278 sampled from non-clinical populations, and 190 among obese candidates for weight-loss surgery. A battery of self-report measures of eating behavior was applied. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis verified a one-factor structure with acceptable fit, with item analysis suggesting the need to eliminate item 24 from the P-YFAS. Internal consistency (KR-20 = .82) and test-retest stability were adequate. Correlation analyses supported convergent and divergent validity of the P-YFAS, particularly in the clinical sample. Both FA symptom count and diagnosis, according to the P-YFAS, adequately discriminated between samples, with classification of FA met by 2.5 and 25.8% of the participants in the non-clinical and clinical samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings reinforce the use of P-YFAS in non-clinical and clinical populations. Future directions for extending YFAS validation are discussed.
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Brunault P, Courtois R, Gearhardt AN, Gaillard P, Journiac K, Cathelain S, Réveillère C, Ballon N. Validation of the French Version of the DSM-5 Yale Food Addiction Scale in a Nonclinical Sample. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2017; 62:199-210. [PMID: 28212499 PMCID: PMC5317020 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716673320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is the only questionnaire that assesses food addiction (FA) based on substance dependence criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Following recent updating of addiction criteria, a new DSM-5 version (YFAS 2.0) has been developed. Our study tested the psychometric properties of the French YFAS 2.0 in a nonclinical population. METHOD We assessed 330 nonclinical participants for FA (French YFAS 2.0), eating behaviour, and eating disorder (Binge Eating Scale, Emotional Overeating Questionnaire, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18, Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised, Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale). We tested the scale's factor structure (confirmatory factor analysis based on 11 diagnostic criteria), internal consistency, and construct and incremental validity. RESULTS Prevalence of FA was 8.2%. Our results supported a 1-factor structure similar to the US version. In both its diagnostic and symptom count versions, the YFAS 2.0 had good internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson alpha was 0.83) and was associated with body mass index (BMI), binge eating, uncontrolled and emotional eating, binge eating disorder, and cognitive restraint. FA predicted BMI above and beyond binge eating frequency. Females had a higher prevalence of FA than males but not more FA symptoms. CONCLUSIONS We validated a psychometrically sound French version of the YFAS 2.0 in a nonclinical population, in both its symptom count and diagnostic versions. Future studies should investigate psychometric properties of this questionnaire in clinical populations potentially at risk for FA (that is, patients with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, or other metabolic syndrome risk factors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brunault
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, Tours, France.,2 CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France.,3 Département de Psychologie, Université François Rabelais de Tours, EA 2114 Psychologie des Âges de la Vie, Tours, Franc
| | - Robert Courtois
- 2 CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France.,3 Département de Psychologie, Université François Rabelais de Tours, EA 2114 Psychologie des Âges de la Vie, Tours, Franc
| | | | - Philippe Gaillard
- 2 CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France.,5 UMR INSERM U930 ERL, Tours, France.,6 Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France.,7 Groupe Hospitalier Paul Guiraud, CSAPA Liberté, Bagneux, France
| | - Kevin Journiac
- 7 Groupe Hospitalier Paul Guiraud, CSAPA Liberté, Bagneux, France
| | - Sarah Cathelain
- 3 Département de Psychologie, Université François Rabelais de Tours, EA 2114 Psychologie des Âges de la Vie, Tours, Franc
| | - Christian Réveillère
- 3 Département de Psychologie, Université François Rabelais de Tours, EA 2114 Psychologie des Âges de la Vie, Tours, Franc
| | - Nicolas Ballon
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, Tours, France.,2 CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France.,6 Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France.,7 Groupe Hospitalier Paul Guiraud, CSAPA Liberté, Bagneux, France
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Ouellette AS, Rodrigue C, Lemieux S, Tchernof A, Biertho L, Bégin C. Yale Food Addiction Scale: Examining the Psychometric Properties of the French Version among Individuals with Severe Obesity Awaiting Bariatric Surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2017.814161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Swarna Nantha Y, Abd Patah NA, Ponnusamy Pillai M. Preliminary validation of the Malay Yale Food Addiction Scale: Factor structure and item analysis in an obese population. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2016; 16:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Lemeshow A, Gearhardt A, Genkinger J, Corbin WR. Assessing the psychometric properties of two food addiction scales. Eat Behav 2016; 23:110-114. [PMID: 27623221 PMCID: PMC5124537 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While food addiction is well accepted in popular culture and mainstream media, its scientific validity as an addictive behavior is still under investigation. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Yale Food Addiction Scale and Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale using data from two community-based convenience samples. METHODS We assessed the internal and test-retest reliability of the Yale Food Addiction Scale and Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale, and estimated the sensitivity and negative predictive value of the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale using the Yale Food Addiction Scale as the benchmark. We calculated Cronbach's alphas and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for internal reliability and Cohen's Kappa coefficients and 95% CIs for test-retest reliability. RESULTS Internal consistency (n=232) was marginal to good, ranging from α=0.63 to 0.84. The test-retest reliability (n=45) for food addiction diagnosis was substantial, with Kappa=0.73 (95% CI, 0.48-0.88) (Yale Food Addiction Scale) and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.66-1.00) (Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale). Sensitivity and negative predictive value for classifying food addiction status were excellent: compared to the Yale Food Addiction Scale, the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale's sensitivity was 92.3% (95% CI, 64%-99.8%), and the negative predictive value was 99.5% (95% CI, 97.5%-100%). CONCLUSIONS Our analyses suggest that the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale may be an appropriate substitute for the Yale Food Addiction Scale when a brief measure is needed, and support the continued use of both scales to investigate food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Lemeshow
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States of America;
| | - Ashley Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 2268 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, United States of America;
| | - Jeanine Genkinger
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 722 West 168th St, Rm 803, New York, NY 10032, United States of America;
| | - William R. Corbin
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 950 S McAllister, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104;
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Abstract
Homeostasis is the basis of modern medicine and allostasis, a further elaboration of homeostasis, has been defined as stability through change, which was later modified to predictive reference resetting. It has been suggested that pleasure is related to salience (behavioral relevance), and withdrawal has been linked to allostasis in addictive types. The question arises how the clinical and neural signatures of pleasure, salience, allostasis and withdrawal relate, both in a non-addicted and addicted state. Resting state EEGs were performed in 66 people, involving a food-addicted obese group, a non-food addicted obese group and a lean control group. Correlation analyses were performed on behavioral data, and correlation, comparative and conjunction analyses were performed to extract electrophysiological relationships between pleasure, salience, allostasis and withdrawal. Pleasure/liking seems to be the phenomenological expression that enough salient stimuli are obtained, and withdrawal can be seen as a motivational incentive because due to allostatic reference resetting, more stimuli are required. In addition, in contrast to non-addiction, a pathological, non-adaptive salience attached to food results in withdrawal mediated through persistent allostatic reference resetting.
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De Ridder D, Manning P, Leong SL, Ross S, Sutherland W, Horwath C, Vanneste S. The brain, obesity and addiction: an EEG neuroimaging study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34122. [PMID: 27658351 PMCID: PMC5034231 DOI: 10.1038/srep34122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is among the greatest challenges facing healthcare systems with 20% of the world’s population afflicted. Great controversy exists whether obesity can be regarded as an addictive disorder or not. Recently the Yale Food Addiction Scale questionnaire has been developed as a tool to identify individuals with traits of addiction towards food. Using clinical and source localized EEG data we dichotomize obesity. Brain activity in food-addicted and non-food-addicted obese people is compared to alcohol-addicted and non-addicted lean controls. We show that food addiction shares common neural brain activity with alcohol addiction. This ‘addiction neural brain activity’ consists of the dorsal and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, parahippocampal area and precuneus. Furthermore, common neural obesity neural brain activity exists as well. The ‘obesity neural brain activity’ consists of dorsal and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate extending into the precuneus/cuneus as well as the parahippocampal and inferior parietal area. However food-addicted differ from non-food-addicted obese people by opposite activity in the anterior cingulate gyrus. This food addiction and non-food-addiction obesity dichotomy demonstrates there is at least 2 different kinds of obesity with overlapping network activity, but different in anterior cingulate cortex activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk De Ridder
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Manning
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Sook Ling Leong
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Ross
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Sutherland
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Caroline Horwath
- Department of Human Nutrition, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Sven Vanneste
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, USA
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Ceccarini M, Manzoni GM, Castelnuovo G, Molinari E. An Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale in Obese Adult Inpatients Engaged in a 1-Month-Weight-Loss Treatment. J Med Food 2015; 18:1281-7. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ceccarini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Saint Joseph Hospital, Verbania, Italy
- University of Bergamo, Psychology Department, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Gian Mauro Manzoni
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Saint Joseph Hospital, Verbania, Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Saint Joseph Hospital, Verbania, Italy
- Psychology Department, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Molinari
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Saint Joseph Hospital, Verbania, Italy
- Psychology Department, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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The stability of 'food addiction' as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale in a non-clinical population over 18-months. Appetite 2015; 96:533-538. [PMID: 26482284 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is a widely used tool to assess the behavioural indicators of addictive-like eating. No studies, however, have used a longitudinal design to determine whether these addictive-like eating behaviours are a stable or transient phenomenon in a community-based population. This study aimed to evaluate whether food addiction Diagnosis and Symptom scores as assessed by the YFAS remain stable over 18-months in a non-clinical population. Young adults aged 18-35 years were recruited from the community to a web-based survey in 2013. The survey included demographics, anthropometrics and the YFAS. Participants who volunteered to be recontacted for future research were invited to complete the same survey 18-months later. The YFAS scoring outputs Diagnosis and Symptom scores were tested for agreement and reliability between the two time points. Of the 303 participants who completed the original survey and agreed to be recontacted, 69 participants (22.8% of those recontacted, 94% female, 67% normal weight at baseline) completed the 18-month follow-up survey. At baseline, thirteen participants met the YFAS predefined criteria for Diagnosis, while eleven participants met these criteria at the 18-month follow-up. YFAS Diagnosis was found to have moderate agreement [K = .50, 95% CI (.23, .77)] between the two time points while Symptom scores had good agreement [K = .70, 95% CI (.54, .83)]. Intraclass correlation coefficients were interpreted as moderate over the 18-month period for both the Diagnosis [ICC = .71, 95% CI (.45, .88)] and Symptom scores [ICC = .72, 95% CI (.58, .82)]. YFAS assessed food addiction Diagnosis and Symptom scores were found to be relatively stable over 18-months in a non-clinical population of predominantly female, young adults. Future research is required to determine the impact of behavioural weight loss interventions on YFAS assessed addictive-like eating.
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Cattivelli R, Pietrabissa G, Ceccarini M, Spatola CAM, Villa V, Caretti A, Gatti A, Manzoni GM, Castelnuovo G. ACTonFOOD: opportunities of ACT to address food addiction. Front Psychol 2015; 6:396. [PMID: 25914662 PMCID: PMC4391226 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cattivelli
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS Verbania, Italy
| | - Giada Pietrabissa
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS Verbania, Italy ; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Ceccarini
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS Verbania, Italy ; Department of Psychology, University of Bergamo Bergamo, Italy
| | - Chiara A M Spatola
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS Verbania, Italy ; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Villa
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS Verbania, Italy
| | - Annalisa Caretti
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS Verbania, Italy
| | | | - Gian Mauro Manzoni
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS Verbania, Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Psychology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS Verbania, Italy ; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan Milan, Italy
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