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Dou D, He M, Liu J, Xiao S, Gao F, An W, Qi L. Occurrence, distribution characteristics and exposure assessment of perchlorate in the environment in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134805. [PMID: 38843632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Recognizing the extent of perchlorate pollution in the environment is critical to preventing and mitigating potential perchlorate harm to human health. The presence and distribution of perchlorate in Chinese environmental matrixes (water, atmosphere, and soil) were systematically investigated and comprehensively analyzed, and cumulative perchlorate exposure at the regional level was assessed using a combined aggregate exposure pathway method. The results showed that perchlorate is ubiquitous in the environment of China with significant regional differences. The total perchlorate exposure levels in each region of China ranked as South China > Southwest China > East China > North China > Northeast China > Northwest China. Although the average exposure dose of 0.588 (95 %CI: 0.142 -1.914) μg/kg bw/day being lower than the reference dose of 0.70 μg/kg bw/day, it was observed that the intake of perchlorate in some regions exceed this reference dose. Oral ingestion was the primary route of perchlorate exposure (89.97-96.57 % of the total intake), followed by dermal contact (3.21-9.16 %) and respiratory inhalation. Food and drinking water were the main sources of total perchlorate intake, contributing 52.54 % and 31.12 % respectively, with the latter contributing significantly more in southern China than in northern China. In addition, perchlorate exposure from dust sources was also noteworthy, as its contribution was as high as 23.18 % in some regions. These findings will improve understanding of the perchlorate risk and serve as a critical reference for policymakers in crafting improved environmental management and risk mitigation strategies in China and other nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diancheng Dou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Ming He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China.
| | - Fu Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Wei An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Li Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
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2
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Chen Y, Zhang H, Ge Y, Zhu Z, Ji J, Luo D, Lu S. Perchlorate in foodstuffs from South China and its implication for human dietary exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2024:114876. [PMID: 39033870 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Perchlorate, an aqueous-soluble compound resistant to degradation, is mainly used in the synthesis of pyrotechnics, herbicides, and other products. It serves as a pivotal component in the production of fireworks, rocket fuel, and explosives. Perchlorate was recognized as a pollutant owing to the potential toxic risk to thyroid function, which could pose a potential threat to the nervous system of infants and pregnant women. Some study had found that perchlorate existed in food, water and air. This study aimed to investigate the levels of perchlorate in six types of foods (n=570) from South China, and evaluate potential exposure risks for residents. Vegetables were found to have the highest median levels of foods, attributed to elevated water content in leafy vegetables and facile solubility of perchlorate in water. The relatively low levels of perchlorate in food compared to other studies could attribute to the fact that the period of food we purchased in this study was during the wet season while the contaminants, such as perchlorate, were diluted. The maximum hazard quotient (HQ) values for all residents consuming different foods and water were all higher than 1 This suggested that there is a potential health risk of perchlorate to residents in South China. Those may be attributed to the high levels of perchlorate in some individual samples of meat and eggs. However, the 95th percentile of HQ values in all residents was less than 1, indicating that there is no potential health risk of perchlorate to most residents in South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Chen
- China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100088, China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yiming Ge
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Donghui Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China.
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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3
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Lee J, Park JW, Kim HI, Park CB, Cho SH. Thyroid-gonadal hormonal interplay in zebrafish exposed to sodium perchlorate: Implications for reproductive health. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140662. [PMID: 37949182 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate, a widespread environmental contaminant originating from various industrial applications, agricultural practices, and natural sources, poses potential risks to ecosystems and human health. While previous studies have highlighted its influence on the thyroid endocrine system and its impact on gonadal maturation, reproduction, and sex hormone synthesis, the specific interplay between thyroid and steroid hormones, in this context, remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the adverse effects and underlying mechanisms triggered by exposure to sodium perchlorate (SP) on reproductive endocrine activity in zebrafish. For 21 d, the fish were exposed to test SP concentrations (0, 3, 30, 300 mg/L), which were determined based on the exposure concentrations that induced various toxic effects in the fish, considering naturally occurring concentrations. Exposure to SP, except at 3 mg/L in males, significantly decreased the production of thyroid hormone (TH) in both female and male zebrafish. Moreover, gonadal steroid levels were markedly reduced in both sexes. The expression of hepatic vitellogenin (VTG) mRNA in female zebrafish was significantly decreased, whereas aromatase activity in male zebrafish was significantly elevated in the SP exposure groups. The reduced levels of THs and gonadal steroid hormones were strongly correlated. Abnormal responses to SP exposure led to reduced reproductive success in the 300 mg/L SP exposure group. These findings indicate that prolonged and continuous exposure to a specific concentration of SP may lead to long-term reproductive problems in zebrafish, primarily through hormonal imbalances and suppression of hepatic VTG mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangjae Lee
- Chemical Analysis Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Woo Park
- Environmental Exposure & Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Hugh I Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Beom Park
- Environmental Exposure & Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hee Cho
- Chemical Analysis Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Duh-Leong C, Maffini MV, Kassotis CD, Vandenberg LN, Trasande L. The regulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals to minimize their impact on health. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:600-614. [PMID: 37553404 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances generated by human industrial activities that are detrimental to human health through their effects on the endocrine system. The global societal and economic burden posed by EDCs is substantial. Poorly defined or unenforced policies can increase human exposure to EDCs, thereby contributing to human disease, disability and economic damage. Researchers have shown that policies and interventions implemented at both individual and government levels have the potential to reduce exposure to EDCs. This Review describes a set of evidence-based policy actions to manage, minimize or even eliminate the widespread use of these chemicals and better protect human health and society. A number of specific challenges exist: defining, identifying and prioritizing EDCs; considering the non-linear or non-monotonic properties of EDCs; accounting for EDC exposure effects that are latent and do not appear until later in life; and updating testing paradigms to reflect 'real-world' mixtures of chemicals and cumulative exposure. A sound strategy also requires partnering with health-care providers to integrate strategies to prevent EDC exposure in clinical care. Critical next steps include addressing EDCs within global policy frameworks by integrating EDC exposure prevention into emerging climate policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Duh-Leong
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- New York University Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Muncke J, Andersson AM, Backhaus T, Belcher SM, Boucher JM, Carney Almroth B, Collins TJ, Geueke B, Groh KJ, Heindel JJ, von Hippel FA, Legler J, Maffini MV, Martin OV, Peterson Myers J, Nadal A, Nerin C, Soto AM, Trasande L, Vandenberg LN, Wagner M, Zimmermann L, Thomas Zoeller R, Scheringer M. A vision for safer food contact materials: Public health concerns as drivers for improved testing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108161. [PMID: 37758599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) and food contact articles are ubiquitous in today's globalized food system. Chemicals migrate from FCMs into foodstuffs, so called food contact chemicals (FCCs), but current regulatory requirements do not sufficiently protect public health from hazardous FCCs because only individual substances used to make FCMs are tested and mostly only for genotoxicity while endocrine disruption and other hazard properties are disregarded. Indeed, FCMs are a known source of a wide range of hazardous chemicals, and they likely contribute to highly prevalent non-communicable diseases. FCMs can also include non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), which often are unknown and therefore not subject to risk assessment. To address these important shortcomings, we outline how the safety of FCMs may be improved by (1) testing the overall migrate, including (unknown) NIAS, of finished food contact articles, and (2) expanding toxicological testing beyond genotoxicity to multiple endpoints associated with non-communicable diseases relevant to human health. To identify mechanistic endpoints for testing, we group chronic health outcomes associated with chemical exposure into Six Clusters of Disease (SCOD) and we propose that finished food contact articles should be tested for their impacts on these SCOD. Research should focus on developing robust, relevant, and sensitive in-vitro assays based on mechanistic information linked to the SCOD, e.g., through Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) or Key Characteristics of Toxicants. Implementing this vision will improve prevention of chronic diseases that are associated with hazardous chemical exposures, including from FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Dept. of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet and Centre for Research and Research Training in Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Scott M Belcher
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frank A von Hippel
- Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Juliette Legler
- Dept. of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Olwenn V Martin
- Plastic Waste Innovation Hub, Department of Arts and Science, University College London, UK
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Dept. of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Angel Nadal
- IDiBE and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Soto
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Centre Cavaillès, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- College of Global Public Health and Grossman School of Medicine and Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Wagner
- Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Zhu K, Wan Y, Zhu B, Wang H, Liu Q, Xie X, Jiang Q, Feng Y, Xiao P, Xiang Z, Song R. Association of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate with dyslexic risk. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138349. [PMID: 36898444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate are sodium iodide symporter (NIS) inhibitors that disturb iodide uptake into the thyroid and have been implicated in child development. However, no data are available on the association between exposure to/related with them and dyslexia. Here, we examined the association of exposure to/related with the three NIS inhibitors with the risk of dyslexia in a case-control study. The three chemicals were detected in urine samples of 355 children with dyslexia and 390 children without dyslexia from three cities in China. The adjusted odds ratios for dyslexia were examined using logistic regression models. The detection frequencies of all the targeted compounds were 100%. After adjusting for multiple covariates, urinary thiocyanate was significantly associated with the risk of dyslexia (P-trend = 0.02). Compared with the lowest quartile, children within the highest quartile had a 2.66-fold risk of dyslexia (95% confidence interval: 1.32, 5.36]. Stratified analyses showed that the association between urinary thiocyanate level and the risk of dyslexia was more pronounced among boys, children with fixed reading time, and those without maternal depression or anxiety during pregnancy. Urinary perchlorate and nitrate levels were not associated with the risk of dyslexia. This study suggests the possible neurotoxicity of thiocyanate or its parent compounds in dyslexia. Further investigation is warranted to confirm our findings and clarify the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiheng Zhu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Laboratory Center for Public Health Service, Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, China.
| | - Bing Zhu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Haoxue Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xinyan Xie
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Pei Xiao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhen Xiang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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7
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Zhang L, Jiang J, Jia W, Wan X, Li Y, Jiao J, Zhang Y. Physiologically-based toxicokinetic model for the prediction of perchlorate distribution and its application. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120856. [PMID: 36513174 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is a stable and readily transportable thyroid hormone disruptor, and prevalent exposure to perchlorate through food and drinking water has raised public concern about its health effects. The physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model as a dose prediction method is effective to predict the toxicant exposure dose of an organism and helps quantitatively assess the dose-dependent relationship with toxic effects. The current study aimed to establish a multi-compartment PBTK model based on updated time-course datasets of single oral exposure to perchlorate in rats. With adjustment of the kinetic parameters, the model fitted well the toxicokinetic characteristics of perchlorate in urine, blood, and thyroid from our experiments and the literature, and the coefficient of determination (R2) between the fitting values and the experimental data in regression analysis was greater than 0.91, indicating the robustness of the current model. The results of sensitivity analysis and daily repeated exposure simulations together confirmed its effective renal clearance. According to the distribution characteristic of perchlorate, a correlation study of internal and external exposure was conducted using urinary perchlorate as a bioassay indicator. The developed multi-compartment model for perchlorate updates important toxicokinetic data and kinetic parameters, providing analytical and modeling tools for deriving total exposure levels in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lange Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiahao Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuzhi Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaoran Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Russel JG, Bhaskaran K. A low-cost in-situ bioremediation process for perchlorate contaminated aqueous phase. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130035. [PMID: 36166905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is a known endocrine-disrupting micropollutant. The efficiency of a low-cost in-situ bio-remediation process for perchlorate-contaminated aqueous phase was evaluated in a bench-scale unit in this study. The two-stage process unit comprises an anaerobic leach bed unit (5.3 L) for generating leachate and an anaerobic filter bed unit (10 L) inoculated with an isolated perchlorate reducing Serratia marcescens (GenBank Accession No. JQ807993). Organic leachate produced from anaerobic digestion of vegetable waste served as a sole substrate for the perchlorate reduction, and needle-felt natural fibre was used as a filter bed medium. The filter bed unit removed 98.5% of perchlorate at 10 mg/L initial concentration (volumetric loading, 39 mg/L/day) at an optimal soluble COD concentration of 40 mg/L in the leachate and a hydraulic retention time of 6.15 h. Controlled leachate delivery results in an effluent COD < 20 mg/L, reducing the risk of residual organic contamination in the treated water. Considering the many advantages, this approach would be more feasible for treating perchlorate-contaminated aquifers, streams, and surface canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Godwin Russel
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR-NIIST 19, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Krishnakumar Bhaskaran
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR-NIIST 19, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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9
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Xu J, Zhu Z, Zhong B, Gong W, Du S, Zhang D, Chen Y, Li X, Zheng Q, Ma J, Sun L, Lu S. Health risk assessment of perchlorate and chlorate in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156889. [PMID: 35753452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate and chlorate are both strong oxidants and thyroid toxicants that are widely distributed in soil, water and human foods. The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a common aquatic organism that is popular in Chinese culinary dishes. Dietary intake is the main route of human exposure to perchlorate and chlorate, though the health risks of crayfish consumption are unknown. Thus, this study investigated the quantities of perchlorate and chlorate in red swap crayfish from sampling sites in five provinces located near the Yangtze River in China, along with the associated health risks of consuming this species. Perchlorate was detected in 55.6-100 % of crayfish samples in each sampling location, and chlorate was found in 100 % of samples cross all sites. Concentrations of perchlorate in crayfish from upstream provinces (Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi) were higher than those from downstream provinces (Anhui and Jiangsu). Perchlorate and chlorate concentrations were positively correlated in crayfish, suggesting that chlorate may be a degradation byproduct of perchlorate. The quantities of both pollutants in hepatopancreas tissue were higher than in muscle tissues (p < 0.05), such that we do not recommend ingesting crayfish hepatopancreas. Hazard quotient (HQ) values for chlorate in crayfish were <1 across all provinces, suggesting no potential health risk of chlorate exposure through crayfish consumption. However, perchlorate concentrations in crayfish from the Jiangxi province had an associated HQ value >1, suggesting potential risks for human health. These results will be useful in informing mitigation measures aimed at reducing perchlorate exposure associated with crayfish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baisen Zhong
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weiran Gong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Sijin Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yining Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Quanzhi Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Litao Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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10
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Integration of probabilistic exposure assessment and risk characterization for perchlorate in infant formula and supplementary food. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 168:113347. [PMID: 35932970 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infants are the primary susceptible population to perchlorate exposure-related adverse health effects, while information on their dietary intake of perchlorate via infant food remains limited. This study determined perchlorate in six categories of baby food commodities commonly consumed by 0-36 months infants. A probabilistic approach with Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate perchlorate's daily intake (EDI) considering uncertainty and variability. Results showed that the average perchlorate concentration in infant food ranged from 3.42 to 22.26 μg/kg. The mean (SD) EDIs of perchlorate were 0.42(0.20), 0.62(0.20), and 0.46(0.14) μg/kg-bw/day for 0-6, 7-12, and 13-36-months infants, respectively. Infant formula was the major contributor (34%-74%) to EDIs of perchlorate in all age groups. Probabilistic risk characterization showed the cumulative probability of EDIs exceeding the RfD (0.70 μg/kg-bw/day) were 6.5%, 37.9%, and 4.5% for 0-6, 7-12, and 13-36-months infants, respectively. The cumulative risk of perchlorate exposure from different infant food intake should be noted.
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11
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Melough MM, Maffini MV, Otten JJ, Sathyanarayana S. Diet quality and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals among US adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113049. [PMID: 35240113 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may increase risk for chronic disease. Diet is a significant source of EDC exposure, yet healthy diets recommended for chronic disease prevention have not been thoroughly examined for associations with EDC exposure. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016, we examined associations of dietary patterns with exposure to non-persistent EDCs potentially consumed through diet. EDCs were measured in spot urine samples. Diet was assessed using 24-h recalls. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations of three healthy diet scores [Healthy Eating Index (HEI), relative Mediterranean Diet (rMED), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension] and fast-food consumption with EDCs. In fully adjusted models, no diet was associated with exposure to the bisphenols, phthalates, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons examined. A 1-point increase in rMED (of 18 possible points) was associated with 2.7% (95% CI: 1.7%, 3.8%) greater urinary nitrate. A 10-point increase in HEI (of 100 possible points) was associated with 5.3% (95% CI: 2.8%, 7.9%) greater nitrate and 6.8% (95% CI: 4.5%, 9.2%) greater perchlorate. Because perchlorate and nitrate can disrupt thyroid hormone production, we conducted an exploratory analysis to examine whether these chemicals mediate an association between diet and thyroid hormones. A 10-point increase in HEI was associated with 0.6% reduced serum total thyroxine (95% CI: 1.7%, 0.5%) among all adults, with 57.5% of the effect explained by perchlorate. Nitrate mediated an association of rMED with modestly reduced total triiodothyronine among females. Most EDCs examined had no association with the diets evaluated, indicating that recommended healthy diets were not protective against EDC exposures. As observed with two thyroid antagonists, some recommended diets may increase EDC exposures and related adverse health outcomes. Additional work should identify effective food production and processing practices to reduce dietary exposures to potentially harmful EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Melough
- Department of Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | | | - Jennifer J Otten
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Center for Public Health Nutrition, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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12
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Chang WH, Chen PH, Herianto S, Chen HL, Lee CC. Aggregating exposures and toxicity equivalence approach into an integrated probabilistic dietary risk assessment for perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate: Results from the National food monitoring study and National Food Consumption Database. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:112989. [PMID: 35231455 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate, namely thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs), are found ubiquitously in the environment, leading to broad human exposure and primary uptake through the food web and drinking water. TDCs are all competitive inhibitors of thyroid iodide uptake activity, but limited studies have assessed the cumulative risk of dietary exposure to multiple TDCs. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the individual exposure risk from 310 food samples in 11 categories, and also assessed the cumulative health risks from TDCs for the Taiwanese population using a perchlorate equivalent concentration (PEC) approach. Consequently, this study not only demonstrated the non-carcinogenic health risks from individual exposure but also highlighted that the cumulative exposure to these TDCs may adversely affect human thyroid functioning. Vegetables, livestock, fruits, and dairy products are the most susceptible to PEC exposure. We highlighted nitrate as the main contributor to PEC exposure. Finally, controlling the overall TDC concentrations from vegetables, livestock, fruits, and dairy products is emphasized in this study. This is the first study to conduct a cumulative risk assessment of dietary exposure to TDCs using the PEC approach for the Taiwanese population through probabilistic and sensitivity analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Samuel Herianto
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan; Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry (Chemical Biology Division), College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
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13
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Chen M, Wang M, Zhou B, Zhou M, Wang Q, Liu X, Liu Y, Wu Y, Zhao X, Gong Z. Trends in the Exposure, Distribution, and Health Risk Assessment of Perchlorate among Crayfish in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152238. [PMID: 35954009 PMCID: PMC9368539 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Perchlorate is a well-known thyroid-disrupting chemical as well as an extremely stable inorganic pollutant widely distributed in the environment. Therefore, perchlorate posts potential risks to the environment as well as human health. Crayfish is a dominant aquatic food with increasing consumption levels in recent years. It is crucial to evaluate the accumulation of perchlorate with well-water-soluble properties in crayfish and to assess its health risks. In our present study, we obtained crayfish samples from cultivated ponds and markets based on the regions of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River. The perchlorate concentration was measured in all 206 samples using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS). Monte Carlo simulation was used to perform health risk assessments. The results indicated that perchlorate levels ranged from 7.74–43.71 μg/kg for cultivated crayfish and 4.90–16.73 μg/kg for crayfish sold in markets. The perchlorate accumulation mainly occurred in exoskeleton parts. All the HQ values were remarkable, at less than one—indicating that perchlorate exposure through the ingestion of crayfish does not pose an appreciable risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (M.C.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Manman Wang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (M.C.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bingjie Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (M.C.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Mengxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (M.C.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (M.C.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (M.C.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (M.C.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yongning Wu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (M.C.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaole Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (M.C.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhiyong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (M.C.); (M.W.); (B.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-27-83924790
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14
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Li M, Xiao M, Xiao Q, Chen Y, Guo Y, Sun J, Li R, Li C, Zhu Z, Qiu H, Liu X, Lu S. Perchlorate and chlorate in breast milk, infant formulas, baby supplementary food and the implications for infant exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106939. [PMID: 34673317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate and chlorate are ubiquitous pollutants in various types of foodstuffs, drinking water and environmental compartments. They have raised great concerns due to potential adverse effects on human thyroid functions. Dietary intake is considered as the predominant pathway for human exposure to perchlorate and chlorate. Nevertheless, data on human exposure to the chemicals above remain limited, particularly for the most vulnerable populations such as infants. In the present study, 62 breast milks, 53 infant formulas, 88 baby supplementary food and 50 tap water samples were collected in South China and the levels of perchlorate and chlorate were measured in these samples. Perchlorate and chlorate were frequently detected in more than 90% of measured samples. In these different types of samples, the median concentrations of perchlorate were 0.65 μg/L, 0.61 μg/kg, 0.56 μg/kg and 1.18 μg/L, respectively, while the median concentrations of chlorate were 1.73 μg/L, 2.48 μg/kg, 2.67 μg/kg and non-detected, respectively. Health risk assessment using hazard quotient suggested that perchlorate and chlorate exposure in the sampled baby food are not expected to increase the risk of an adverse health effect. To our knowledge, this is the first study simultaneously investigating perchlorate and chlorate exposure in Chinese infants via food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minhua Xiao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinru Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yining Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yichen Guo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongmei Qiu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xihong Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
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15
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Vandenberg LN, Pelch KE. Systematic Review Methodologies and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Improving Evaluations of the Plastic Monomer Bisphenol A. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:748-764. [PMID: 34610783 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666211005163614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are found in plastics, personal care products, household items, and other consumer goods. Risk assessments are intended to characterize a chemical's hazards, identify the doses at which adverse outcomes are observed, quantify exposure levels, and then compare these doses to determine the likelihood of risk in a given population. There are many problems with risk assessments for EDCs, allowing people to be exposed to levels that are later associated with serious health outcomes in epidemiology studies. OBJECTIVE In this review, we examine issues that affect the evaluation of EDCs in risk assessments (e.g., use of insensitive rodent strains and absence of disease-oriented outcomes in hazard assessments; inadequate exposure assessments). We then review one well-studied chemical, Bisphenol A (BPA; CAS #80-05-7) an EDC found in plastics, food packaging, and other consumer products. More than one hundred epidemiology studies suggest associations between BPA exposures and adverse health outcomes in environmentally exposed human populations. FINDINGS We present support for the use of systematic review methodologies in the evaluation of BPA and other EDCs. Systematic reviews would allow studies to be evaluated for their reliability and risk of bias. They would also allow all data to be used in risk assessments, which is a requirement for some regulatory agencies. CONCLUSION Systematic review methodologies can be used to improve evaluations of BPA and other EDCs. Their use could help to restore faith in risk assessments and ensure that all data are utilized in decision-making. Regulatory agencies are urged to conduct transparent, well-documented and proper systematic reviews for BPA and other EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, United States
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16
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Liu Q, Mao W, Jiang D, Yang X, Yang D. The contamination and estimation of dietary intake for perchlorate and chlorate in infant formulas in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:2045-2054. [PMID: 34506721 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1973112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The contents of perchlorate and chlorate were determined in a total of 278 samples of infant formulas marketed in China. The associated health risk via infant and young child formulas consumption for 0-36 month old children in China was also assessed. The contents of perchlorate and chlorate were measured by a validated method with LC-MS and the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.5 μg kg-1 and 3.0 μg kg-1 for perchlorate and chlorate, respectively. Perchlorate and chlorate were detected in about 85.8% (median 6.92 μg kg-1, maximum 74.20 μg kg-1) and 99.3% (median 52.80 μg kg-1, maximum 2780 μg/kg) of the samples. The exposures of infant and young children to perchlorate from formulas were lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI, 0.7 μg/kg bw/day), which was established by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2015 also proposed a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 3 μg/kg bw/day for chlorate based on the mean and average concentrations. Only for infants 0-6 month at the 95th percentile did exposures exceed the TDI of 3 μg/day for chlorate. Therefore, the safety of infant and young child formulas is excellent. To our knowledge, this is the first report to assess the exposure of infant and young child formulas in China to perchlorate and chlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Weifeng Mao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Dingguo Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Dajin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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17
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Salazar P, Villaseca P, Cisternas P, Inestrosa NC. Neurodevelopmental impact of the offspring by thyroid hormone system-disrupting environmental chemicals during pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111345. [PMID: 34087190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Everyday use chemicals have been demonstrated to be endocrine disruptors. Since normal thyroid function during pregnancy is transcendental for the neurodevelopment of the offspring, knowledge of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) is of main importance. The aim of our study is to recognize and describe EDC actions in pregnant women and focus on neurodevelopmental processes that can lead to neurotransmitter imbalance and cognitive impairment, and the possible clinical outcomes in the newborn and child. We searched PubMed databases for animal studies and clinical trials evaluating chemicals recognized as thyroid disruptors -perchlorate, phthalates, bisphenol A-, as well as chemicals with potential thyroid disruption activity -parabens, pesticides and persistent organic pollutants, on thyroid hormones (THs) levels and their bioavailability during pregnancy, and the outcome in newborns, infants and children. We also exhibit evidence from worldwide cohort studies to this regard. The publications reviewed show: 1) known endocrine disruptors have an association with hormonal thyroid levels, where an effect of increase or decrease in TH concentrations has been reported depending on the chemical exposed 2) associations between TH, EDCs and neurocognitive disorders have been addressed, such as ADHD, though no conclusive impact on potential related disorders as autism has been established, 3) perchlorate has demonstrated effects on thyroid levels on iodine uptake. In conclusion, detrimental risks and long-term consequences after in-utero exposure to EDCs are being reported in several cohort studies and further research must be conducted to establish a well-known cause-effect association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Salazar
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Villaseca
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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18
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Rump A, Eder S, Hermann C, Lamkowski A, Kinoshita M, Yamamoto T, Abend M, Shinomiya N, Port M. A comparison of thyroidal protection by iodine and perchlorate against radioiodine exposure in Caucasians and Japanese. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2335-2350. [PMID: 34003340 PMCID: PMC8241675 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Radioactive iodine released in nuclear accidents may accumulate in the thyroid and by irradiation enhances the risk of cancer. Radioiodine uptake into the gland can be inhibited by large doses of stable iodine or perchlorate. Nutritional iodine daily intake may impact thyroid physiology, so that radiological doses absorbed by the thyroid as well as thyroid blocking efficacy may differ in Japanese with a very rich iodine diet compared to Caucasians. Based on established biokinetic-dosimetric models for the thyroid, we derived the parameters for Caucasians and Japanese to quantitatively compare the effects of radioiodine exposure and the protective efficacy of thyroid blocking by stable iodine at the officially recommended dosages (100 mg in Germany, 76 mg in Japan) or perchlorate. The maximum transport capacity for iodine uptake into the thyroid is lower in Japanese compared to Caucasians. For the same radioiodine exposure pattern, the radiological equivalent thyroid dose is substantially lower in Japanese in the absence of thyroid blocking treatments. In the case of acute radioiodine exposure, stable iodine is less potent in Japanese (ED50 = 41.6 mg) than in Caucasians (ED50 = 2.7 mg) and confers less thyroid protection at the recommended dosages because of a delayed responsiveness to iodine saturation of the gland (Wolff-Chaikoff effect). Perchlorate (ED50 = 10 mg in Caucasians) at a dose of 1000 mg has roughly the same thyroid blocking effect as 100 mg iodine in Caucasians, whereas it confers a much better protection than 76 mg iodine in Japanese. For prolonged exposures, a single dose of iodine offer substantially lower protection than after acute radioiodine exposure in both groups. Repetitive daily iodine administrations improve efficacy without reaching levels after acute radioiodine exposure and achieve only slightly better protection in Japanese than in Caucasians. However, in the case of continuous radioiodine exposure, daily doses of 1000 mg perchlorate achieve a high protective efficacy in Caucasians as well as Japanese (> 0.98). In Caucasians, iodine (100 mg) and perchlorate (1000 mg) at the recommended dosages seem alternatives in case of acute radioiodine exposure, whereas perchlorate has a higher protective efficacy in the case of longer lasting radioiodine exposures. In Japanese, considering protective efficacy, preference should be given to perchlorate in acute as well as prolonged radioiodine exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rump
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherberg Str. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - S Eder
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherberg Str. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - C Hermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherberg Str. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - A Lamkowski
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherberg Str. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - M Kinoshita
- Japan Self Defense Forces National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - T Yamamoto
- Japan Ground Self Defense Force NBC Countermeasure Medical Unit, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherberg Str. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - N Shinomiya
- Japan Self Defense Forces National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - M Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherberg Str. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
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19
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Dosch DE, Andrade K, Klapötke TM, Krumm B. An Optimized & Scaled‐Up Synthetic Procedure for Trinitroethyl Formate TNEF. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik E. Dosch
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13(D) 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Karen Andrade
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13(D) 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13(D) 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Burkhard Krumm
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13(D) 81377 Munich Germany
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Acevedo-Barrios R, Olivero-Verbel J. Perchlorate Contamination: Sources, Effects, and Technologies for Remediation. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 256:103-120. [PMID: 34611758 DOI: 10.1007/398_2021_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is a persistent pollutant, generated via natural and anthropogenic processes, that possesses a high potential for endocrine disruption in humans and biota. It inhibits iodine fixation, a major reason for eliminating this pollutant from ecosystems. Remediation of perchlorate can be achieved with various physicochemical treatments, especially at low concentrations. However, microbiological approaches using microorganisms, such as those from the genera Dechloromonas, Serratia, Propionivibrio, Wolinella, and Azospirillum, are promising when perchlorate pollution is extensive. Perchlorate-reducing bacteria, isolated from harsh environments, for example saline soils, mine sediments, thermal waters, wastewater treatment plants, underground gas storage facilities, and remote areas, including the Antarctica, can provide removal yields from 20 to 100%. Perchlorate reduction, carried out by a series of enzymes, such as perchlorate reductase and superoxide chlorite, depends on pH, temperature, salt concentration, metabolic inhibitors, nutritional conditions, time of contact, and cellular concentration. Microbial degradation is cost-effective, simple to implement, and environmentally friendly, rendering it a viable method for alleviating perchlorate pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Acevedo-Barrios
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Estudios Químicos y Biológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
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21
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Bantol KEA, Brumberg HL, Shah SI, Javier JR. Perspectives from the Society for Pediatric Research: contaminants of water and children's health: Can we do better? Pediatr Res 2020; 88:535-543. [PMID: 32470969 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Children are uniquely susceptible to the health consequences of water contamination. In this review, we summarize the existing, robust literature supporting the importance of examining specific water contaminants (i.e., lead, pesticides, nitrates, arsenic, perchlorate) and the routes of contamination in the United States and globally. We also discuss the health effects of exposure to contaminated water and significant disparities related to access to clean water. Lastly, we offer strategies for prevention and intervention-including those focused on the individual patient level-and review the current US policy framework pertaining to regulation of these toxicants. IMPACT: A key message in this article is that exposure to water contaminants have serious and long-lasting consequences on children's health. This review summarizes current existing literature and adds policy recommendations supporting clean water for children. Information from this review has two potential impacts: Guide health professionals in screening and/or treating children's health problems resulting from water contaminant exposure. Guide policy makers in using evidence-based approaches to improve water quality and clean water access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Evy A Bantol
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heather L Brumberg
- New York Medical College, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shetal I Shah
- New York Medical College, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joyce R Javier
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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22
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Schantz SL, Eskenazi B, Buckley JP, Braun JM, Sprowles JN, Bennett DH, Cordero J, Frazier JA, Lewis J, Hertz-Picciotto I, Lyall K, Nozadi SS, Sagiv S, Stroustrup A, Volk HE, Watkins DJ. A framework for assessing the impact of chemical exposures on neurodevelopment in ECHO: Opportunities and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109709. [PMID: 32526495 PMCID: PMC7483364 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program is a research initiative funded by the National Institutes of Health that capitalizes on existing cohort studies to investigate the impact of early life environmental factors on child health and development from infancy through adolescence. In the initial stage of the program, extant data from 70 existing cohort studies are being uploaded to a database that will be publicly available to researchers. This new database will represent an unprecedented opportunity for researchers to combine data across existing cohorts to address associations between prenatal chemical exposures and child neurodevelopment. Data elements collected by ECHO cohorts were determined via a series of surveys administered by the ECHO Data Analysis Center. The most common chemical classes quantified in multiple cohorts include organophosphate pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, environmental phenols (including bisphenol A), phthalates, and metals. For each of these chemicals, at least four ECHO cohorts also collected behavioral data during infancy/early childhood using the Child Behavior Checklist. For these chemicals and this neurodevelopmental assessment (as an example), existing data from multiple ECHO cohorts could be pooled to address research questions requiring larger sample sizes than previously available. In addition to summarizing the data that will be available, the article also describes some of the challenges inherent in combining existing data across cohorts, as well as the gaps that could be filled by the additional data collection in the ECHO Program going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Schantz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Jessie P Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Jenna N Sprowles
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Deborah H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Jose Cordero
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Jean A Frazier
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Johnnye Lewis
- Community Environmental Health Program and Center for Native Environmental Health Equity Research, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | | | - Kristen Lyall
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Sara S Nozadi
- Community Environmental Health Program and Center for Native Environmental Health Equity Research, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Sharon Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - AnneMarie Stroustrup
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Heather E Volk
- Departments of Mental Health and Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Deborah J Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Eder S, Hermann C, Lamkowski A, Kinoshita M, Yamamoto T, Abend M, Shinomiya N, Port M, Rump A. A comparison of thyroidal protection by stable iodine or perchlorate in the case of acute or prolonged radioiodine exposure. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3231-3247. [PMID: 32656655 PMCID: PMC7415763 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the case of a nuclear power plant accident, repetitive/prolonged radioiodine release may occur. Radioiodine accumulates in the thyroid and by irradiation enhances the risk of cancer. Large doses of non-radioactive iodine may protect the thyroid by inhibiting radioiodine uptake into the gland (iodine blockade). Protection is based on a competition at the active carrier site in the cellular membrane and the Wolff-Chaikoff effect, the latter being, however, only transient (24-48 h). Perchlorate may alternatively provide protection by a carrier competition mechanism only. Perchlorate has, however, a stronger affinity to the carrier than iodide. Based on an established biokinetic-dosimetric model developed to study iodine blockade, and after its extension to describe perchlorate pharmacokinetics and the inhibition of iodine transport through the carrier, we computed the protective efficacies that can be achieved by stable iodine or perchlorate in the case of an acute or prolonged radioiodine exposure. In the case of acute radioiodine exposure, perchlorate is less potent than stable iodine considering its ED50. A dose of 100 mg stable iodine has roughly the same protective efficacy as 1000 mg perchlorate. For prolonged exposures, single doses of protective agents, whether stable iodine or perchlorate, offer substantially lower protection than after acute radioiodine exposure, and thus repetitive administrations seem necessary. In case of prolonged exposure, the higher affinity of perchlorate for the carrier in combination with the fading Wolff-Chaikoff effect of iodine confers perchlorate a higher protective efficacy compared to stable iodine. Taking into account the frequency and seriousness of adverse effects, iodine and perchlorate at equieffective dosages seem to be alternatives in case of short-term acute radioiodine exposure, whereas preference should be given to perchlorate in view of its higher protective efficacy in the case of longer lasting radioiodine exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Eder
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherberg Str. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelius Hermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherberg Str. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Lamkowski
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherberg Str. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Japan Self Defense Forces National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamoto
- Japan Ground Self Defense Forces Military Medicine Research Unit and Ministry of Defense Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherberg Str. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Japan Self Defense Forces National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherberg Str. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexis Rump
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Neuherberg Str. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
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24
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Demeneix B, Vandenberg LN, Ivell R, Zoeller RT. Thresholds and Endocrine Disruptors: An Endocrine Society Policy Perspective. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa085. [PMID: 33834149 PMCID: PMC8010901 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of a threshold of adversity in toxicology is neither provable nor disprovable. As such, it is not a scientific question but a theoretical one. Yet, the belief in thresholds has led to traditional ways of interpreting data derived from regulatory guideline studies of the toxicity of chemicals. This includes, for example, the use of standard “uncertainty factors” when a “No Adverse Effect Level” (or similar “benchmark dose”) is either observed, or not observed. In the context of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), this approach is demonstrably inappropriate. First, the efficacy of a hormone on different endpoints can vary by several orders of magnitude. This feature of hormone action also applies to EDCs that can interfere with that hormone. For this reason, we argue that the choice of endpoint for use in regulation is critical, but note that guideline studies were not designed with this in mind. Second, the biological events controlled by hormones in development not only change as development proceeds but are different from events controlled by hormones in the adult. Again, guideline endpoints were also not designed with this in mind, especially since the events controlled by hormones can be both temporally and spatially specific. The Endocrine Society has laid out this logic over several years and in several publications. Rather than being extreme views, they represent what is known about hormones and the chemicals that can interfere with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Demeneix
- UMR 7221, Muséum National d´Histoire Naturelle, Département Régulation Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Ivell
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Morrill Science Center, Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst Massachusetts.,School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro Sweden
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Rolfo A, Nuzzo AM, De Amicis R, Moretti L, Bertoli S, Leone A. Fetal-Maternal Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors: Correlation with Diet Intake and Pregnancy Outcomes. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1744. [PMID: 32545151 PMCID: PMC7353272 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances able to mimic or to interfere with the endocrine system, thus altering key biological processes such as organ development, reproduction, immunity, metabolism and behavior. High concentrations of EDCs are found in several everyday products including plastic bottles and food containers and they could be easily absorbed by dietary intake. In recent years, considerable interest has been raised regarding the biological effects of EDCs, particularly Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, on human pregnancy and fetal development. Several evidence obtained on in vitro and animal models as well as by epidemiologic and population studies strongly indicated that endocrine disruptors could negatively impact fetal and placental health by interfering with the embryonic developing epigenome, thus establishing disease paths into adulthood. Moreover, EDCs could cause and/or contribute to the onset of severe gestational conditions as Preeclampsia (PE), Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) and gestational diabetes in pregnancy, as well as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular complications in reproductive age. Therefore, despite contrasting data being present in the literature, endocrine disruptors must be considered as a therapeutic target. Future actions aimed at reducing or eliminating EDC exposure during the perinatal period are mandatory to guarantee pregnancy success and preserve fetal and adult health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rolfo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.M.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Anna Maria Nuzzo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.M.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.D.A.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Laura Moretti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, 10126 Turin, Italy; (A.M.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Simona Bertoli
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.D.A.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Lab of Nutrition and Obesity Research, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leone
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.D.A.); (S.B.); (A.L.)
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26
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Lisco G, De Tullio A, Giagulli VA, De Pergola G, Triggiani V. Interference on Iodine Uptake and Human Thyroid Function by Perchlorate-Contaminated Water and Food. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061669. [PMID: 32512711 PMCID: PMC7352877 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Perchlorate-induced natrium-iodide symporter (NIS) interference is a well-recognized thyroid disrupting mechanism. It is unclear, however, whether a chronic low-dose exposure to perchlorate delivered by food and drinks may cause thyroid dysfunction in the long term. Thus, the aim of this review was to overview and summarize literature results in order to clarify this issue. Methods: Authors searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, institutional websites and Google until April 2020 for relevant information about the fundamental mechanism of the thyroid NIS interference induced by orally consumed perchlorate compounds and its clinical consequences. Results: Food and drinking water should be considered relevant sources of perchlorate. Despite some controversies, cross-sectional studies demonstrated that perchlorate exposure affects thyroid hormone synthesis in infants, adolescents and adults, particularly in the case of underlying thyroid diseases and iodine insufficiency. An exaggerated exposure to perchlorate during pregnancy leads to a worse neurocognitive and behavioral development outcome in infants, regardless of maternal thyroid hormone levels. Discussion and conclusion: The effects of a chronic low-dose perchlorate exposure on thyroid homeostasis remain still unclear, leading to concerns especially for highly sensitive patients. Specific studies are needed to clarify this issue, aiming to better define strategies of detection and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lisco
- ASL Brindisi, Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Clinical Nutrition, Hospital “A. Perrino”, Strada per Mesagne 7, 72100 Brindisi, Puglia, Italy;
| | - Anna De Tullio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine—Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Puglia, Italy; (A.D.T.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine—Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Puglia, Italy; (A.D.T.); (V.A.G.)
- Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Conversano Hospital, Via Edmondo de Amicis 36, 70014 Conversano, Bari, Puglia, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Puglia, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine—Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Puglia, Italy; (A.D.T.); (V.A.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Farounbi AI, Ngqwala NP. Occurrence of selected endocrine disrupting compounds in the eastern cape province of South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:17268-17279. [PMID: 32152855 PMCID: PMC7192885 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds are attracting attention worldwide because of their effects on living things in the environment. Ten endocrine disrupting compounds: 4-nonylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, estrone, 17β-estradiol, bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol, triclosan, atrazine, imidazole and 1,2,4-triazole were investigated in four rivers and wastewater treatment plants in this study. Rivers were sampled at upstream, midstream and downstream reaches, while the influent and effluent samples of wastewater were collected from treatment plants near the receiving rivers. Sample waters were freeze-dried followed by extraction of the organic content and purification by solid-phase extraction. Concentrations of the compounds in the samples were determined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The instrument was operated in the positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. The results showed that these compounds are present in the samples with nonylphenol > dichlorophenol > bisphenol A > triclosan > octylphenol > imidazole > atrazine > triazole > estrone > estradiol. Nonylphenol has its highest concentration of 6.72 μg/L in King Williams Town wastewater influent and 2.55 μg/L in midstream Bloukrans River. Dichlorophenol has its highest concentration in Alice wastewater influent with 2.20 μg/L, while it was 0.737 μg/L in midstream Bloukrans River. Uitenhage wastewater effluent has bisphenol A concentration of 1.684 μg/L while it was 0.477 μg/L in the downstream samples of the Bloukrans River. Generally, the upstream samples of the rivers had lesser concentrations of the compounds. The wastewater treatment plants were not able to achieve total removal of the compounds in the wastewater while runoffs and wastes dump from the cities contributed to the concentrations of the compounds in the rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo I. Farounbi
- Environmental Health and Biotechnology Research Group, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
| | - Nosiphiwe P. Ngqwala
- Environmental Health and Biotechnology Research Group, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
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Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria from Hypersaline Soils of the Colombian Caribbean. Int J Microbiol 2019; 2019:6981865. [PMID: 30906324 PMCID: PMC6398020 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6981865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4 -) has several industrial applications and is frequently detected in environmental matrices at relevant concentrations to human health. Currently, perchlorate-degrading bacteria are promising strategies for bioremediation in polluted sites. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize halophilic bacteria with the potential for perchlorate reduction. Ten bacterial strains were isolated from soils of Galerazamba-Bolivar, Manaure-Guajira, and Salamanca Island-Magdalena, Colombia. Isolates grew at concentrations up to 30% sodium chloride. The isolates tolerated pH variations ranging from 6.5 to 12.0 and perchlorate concentrations up to 10000 mg/L. Perchlorate was degraded by these bacteria on percentages between 25 and 10. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strains were phylogenetically related to Vibrio, Bacillus, Salinovibrio, Staphylococcus, and Nesiotobacter genera. In conclusion, halophilic-isolated bacteria from hypersaline soils of the Colombian Caribbean are promising resources for the bioremediation of perchlorate contamination.
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Ravera S, Carrasco N, Gelernter J, Polimanti R. Phenomic Impact of Genetically-Determined Euthyroid Function and Molecular Differences between Thyroid Disorders. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E296. [PMID: 30248900 PMCID: PMC6210201 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thyroid plays a key role in development and homeostasis, but it has been difficult to establish causality with diseases and phenotypic traits because of several potential confounders. METHODS To determine the causal effect of euthyroid function, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study of euthyroid thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels with respect to 2419 traits assessed in 337,199 individuals from UK Biobank. Additionally, we investigated the molecular differences between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism using genome-wide data. RESULTS After multiple testing correction, sixteen traits appear to be affected by genetically-determined euthyroid TSH, including multiple thyroid-related traits, e.g., hypothyroidism (p = 2.39 × 10-17), height (p = 2.76 × 10-10), body fat distribution (impedance of whole body, p = 4.43 × 10-8), pulse rate (p = 2.84 × 10-8), female infertility (p = 4.91 × 10-6), and hearing aid use (p = 7.10 × 10-5). Moreover, we found a consistent genetic correlation between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism (rg = 0.45, p = 5.45 × 10-6) with several immune pathways shared between these diseases. Two molecular pathways survived multiple testing correction for specificity to hyperthyroidism, JAK/STAT signaling (p = 1.02 × 10-6) and Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity (p = 4.39 × 10-6). CONCLUSION Our data shed new light on the inter-individual variability of euthyroid function and the molecular mechanisms of the two thyroid disorders investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Nancy Carrasco
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Increasing scientific evidence suggests potential adverse effects on children's health from synthetic chemicals used as food additives, both those deliberately added to food during processing (direct) and those used in materials that may contaminate food as part of packaging or manufacturing (indirect). Concern regarding food additives has increased in the past 2 decades in part because of studies that increasingly document endocrine disruption and other adverse health effects. In some cases, exposure to these chemicals is disproportionate among minority and low-income populations. This report focuses on those food additives with the strongest scientific evidence for concern. Further research is needed to study effects of exposure over various points in the life course, and toxicity testing must be advanced to be able to better identify health concerns prior to widespread population exposure. The accompanying policy statement describes approaches policy makers and pediatricians can take to prevent the disease and disability that are increasingly being identified in relation to chemicals used as food additives, among other uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trasande
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine, and Health Policy, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Rachel M. Shaffer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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31
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Abstract
Our purposes with this policy statement and its accompanying technical report are to review and highlight emerging child health concerns related to the use of colorings, flavorings, and chemicals deliberately added to food during processing (direct food additives) as well as substances in food contact materials, including adhesives, dyes, coatings, paper, paperboard, plastic, and other polymers, which may contaminate food as part of packaging or manufacturing equipment (indirect food additives); to make reasonable recommendations that the pediatrician might be able to adopt into the guidance provided during pediatric visits; and to propose urgently needed reforms to the current regulatory process at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for food additives. Concern regarding food additives has increased in the past 2 decades, in part because of studies in which authors document endocrine disruption and other adverse health effects. In some cases, exposure to these chemicals is disproportionate among minority and low-income populations. Regulation and oversight of many food additives is inadequate because of several key problems in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Current requirements for a "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) designation are insufficient to ensure the safety of food additives and do not contain sufficient protections against conflict of interest. Additionally, the FDA does not have adequate authority to acquire data on chemicals on the market or reassess their safety for human health. These are critical weaknesses in the current regulatory system for food additives. Data about health effects of food additives on infants and children are limited or missing; however, in general, infants and children are more vulnerable to chemical exposures. Substantial improvements to the food additives regulatory system are urgently needed, including greatly strengthening or replacing the "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) determination process, updating the scientific foundation of the FDA's safety assessment program, retesting all previously approved chemicals, and labeling direct additives with limited or no toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trasande
- Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine, and Health Policy, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Rachel M. Shaffer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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32
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Acevedo-Barrios R, Sabater-Marco C, Olivero-Verbel J. Ecotoxicological assessment of perchlorate using in vitro and in vivo assays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13697-13708. [PMID: 29504076 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an inorganic ion widespread in the environment, generated as a natural and anthropogenic pollutant, with known endocrine disruption properties in the thyroid gland. Nonetheless, there are few reports of its ecotoxicological impact on wildlife. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects of KClO4 exposure on different cell lines, HEK, N2a, and 3T3, as well as in ecological models such as Vibrio fischeri, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Daphnia magna, and Eisenia fetida. Perchlorate exhibited similar toxicity against tested cell lines, with LC50 values of 19, 15, and 19 mM for HEK, N2a, and 3T3, respectively; whereas in V. fischeri, the toxicity, examined as bioluminescence reduction, was considerably lower (EC50 = 715 mM). The survival of the freshwater algae P. subcapitata was significatively impaired by perchlorate (LC50 = 72 mM), and its effect on the lethality in the crustacean D. magna was prominent (LC50 = 5 mM). For the earthworm E. fetida, the LC50 was 56 mM in soil. In this organism, perchlorate induced avoidance behavior, weight loss, and decreased egg production and hatchling, as well as morphological and histopathological effects, such as malformations, dwarfism, and necrosis. In conclusion, perchlorate toxicity varies according to the species, although E. fetida is a sensitive model to generate information regarding the toxicological impact of KClO4 on biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Acevedo-Barrios
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia
- Biological and Chemical Studies Group, School of Basic Sciences, Technological University of Bolivar, Cartagena, 130010, Colombia
| | | | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia.
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Abd-Elghany M, Klapötke TM, Elbeih A. Environmentally safe (chlorine-free): new green propellant formulation based on 2,2,2-trinitroethyl-formate and HTPB. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11771-11777. [PMID: 35542765 PMCID: PMC9079109 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01515e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new green (chlorine-free) high energy dense oxidizer (HEDO) 2,2,2-trinitroethyl-formate (TNEF) and its propellant formulation based on the hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as a binder was prepared and studied. The new oxidizer TNEF was successfully prepared and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and FTIR spectrometer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to check the crystal morphology of the oxidizer. A high specific impulse (Is = 250.1 s) was obtained from the characteristics calculation of the new oxidizer instead of (Is = 156.9 s) for the commonly used ammonium perchlorate (AP) by using EXPLO5_V6.03 software. The burning behavior and the burning rate were determined by using a high speed camera. TNEF and the propellant formulations were studied by using nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the kinetic parameters of the studied samples were determined by using isoconversional (model-free) methods “Kissinger, Ozawa and Flynn–Wall (OFW) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS)”. The results proved that the new oxidizer and its formulation based on HTPB have chlorine-free decomposition products and have higher performance characteristics than the traditional propellants. Burning behavior of a traditional (AP/HTPB) and new (TNEF/HTPB) propellants.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd-Elghany
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München 81377 München Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München 81377 München Germany
| | - Ahmed Elbeih
- Military Technical College Kobry Elkobbah Cairo Egypt
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Maffini MV, Neltner TG, Vogel S. We are what we eat: Regulatory gaps in the United States that put our health at risk. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2003578. [PMID: 29261673 PMCID: PMC5737876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The American diet has changed dramatically since 1958, when Congress gave the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to ensure the safety of chemicals in food. Since then, thousands of chemicals have entered the food system. Yet their long-term, chronic effects have been woefully understudied, their health risks inadequately assessed. The FDA has been sluggish in considering scientific knowledge about the impact of exposures-particularly at low levels and during susceptible developmental stages. The agency's failure to adequately account for the risks of perchlorate-a well-characterized endocrine-disrupting chemical-to vulnerable populations is representative of systemic problems plaguing the regulation of chemicals in food. Today, we are faced with a regulatory system that, weakened by decades of limited resources, has fallen short of fully enforcing its mandates. The FDA's inability to effectively manage the safety of hundreds of chemicals is putting our children's health at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Vogel
- Environmental Defense Fund, Washington DC, United States of America
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Groh KJ, Muncke J. In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Food Contact Materials: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:1123-1150. [PMID: 33371616 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, toxicological testing of food contact materials (FCMs) is focused on single substances and their genotoxicity. However, people are exposed to mixtures of chemicals migrating from food contact articles (FCAs) into food, and toxic effects other than genotoxic damage may also be relevant. Since FCMs can be made of more than 8 thousand substances, assessing them one-by-one is very resource-consuming. Moreover, finished FCAs usually contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). NIAS toxicity can only be tested if a substance's chemical identity is known and if it is available as a pure chemical. Often, this is not the case. Nonetheless, regulations require safety assessments for all substances migrating from FCAs, including NIAS, hence new approaches to meet this legal obligation are needed. Testing the overall migrate or extract from an FCM/FCA is an option. Ideally, such an assessment would be performed by means of in vitro bioassays, as they are rapid and cost-effective. Here, we review the studies using in vitro bioassays to test toxicity of FCMs/FCAs. Three main categories of in vitro assays that have been applied include assays for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption potential. In addition, we reviewed studies with small multicellular animal-based bioassays. Our overview shows that in vitro testing of FCMs is in principle feasible. We discuss future research needs and FCM-specific challenges. Sample preparation procedures need to be optimized and standardized. Further, the array of in vitro tests should be expanded to include those of highest relevance for the most prevalent human diseases of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia J Groh
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Staffelstrasse 8, CH-8045, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Staffelstrasse 8, CH-8045, Zürich, Switzerland
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McMullen J, Ghassabian A, Kohn B, Trasande L. Identifying Subpopulations Vulnerable to the Thyroid-Blocking Effects of Perchlorate and Thiocyanate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2637-2645. [PMID: 28430972 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Common environmental contaminants can disrupt normal thyroid function, which plays essential but varying roles at different ages. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate, three sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) inhibitors, and thyroid function in different age-sex-stratified populations. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTION This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2009 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey evaluating the exposure to perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate in 3151 participants aged 12 to 80. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Blood serum free thyroxine (FT4) as both a continuous and categorical variable. We also assessed blood serum thyroid stimulating hormone. RESULTS Controlling for serum cotinine, body mass index, total daily energy consumption, race/ethnicity, and poverty-to-income ratio, for each log unit increase in perchlorate, FT4 decreased by 0.03 ng/dL in both the general population (P = 0.004) and in all women (P = 0.005), and by 0.06 ng/dL in adolescent girls (P = 0.029), corresponding to 4% and 8% decreases relative to median FT4, respectively. For each log unit increase thiocyanate, FT4 decreased by 0.07 ng/dL in adolescent boys (P = 0.003), corresponding to a 9% decrease relative to median FT4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that adolescent boys and girls represent vulnerable subpopulations to the thyroid-blocking effects of NIS symporter inhibitors. These results suggest a valuable screening and intervention opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenica McMullen
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Brenda Kohn
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York 10003
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