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K PN, Pattnaik BK, Das S. Comparative evaluation between Taguchi method and response surface method for optimization of electrocoagulation process in the context of treatment of dairy industry wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:663. [PMID: 38922358 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The presence of a large amount of organic and inorganic pollutants in dairy effluent is a substantial environmental issue. This study investigated electrocoagulation (EC) as a potential treatment method for dairy wastewater under different operating conditions, such as applied voltage (5-25 V), electrolysis time (30-90 min), and inter-electrode distance (1-2 cm) by using aluminum electrodes. This study focuses on achieving the maximum removal of BOD, COD, and nitrate in dairy effluents with the aforementioned operating conditions. The process was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) and Taguchi method. RSM method optimized the electrocoagulation operating conditions such as the voltage at 23.75 V, time of 90 min, and inter-electrode distance at 1.07 cm. This optimization achieved the maximum removal percentage of BOD, COD, and nitrate at 79.06%, 84.35%, and 79.64%, respectively, in dairy effluent. Taguchi method optimized the electrocoagulation parameters such as the voltage at 25 V, time duration of 90 min, and inter-electrode distance of 1.00 cm, showcasing improved removal percentages of BOD, COD, and nitrate as 90.54%, 89.28%, and 82.74% respectively. The current study attempts to understand the optimization efficiencies between Taguchi method and response surface method for diary wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praful N K
- Department of Civil Engineering, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Pune, India
| | - Binaya Kumar Pattnaik
- Institute of Environment Education and Research, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Pune, 411043, India.
| | - Sandipan Das
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Institute of Geoinformatics, Pune, India
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Leovac Maćerak A, Duduković N, Kiss F, Slijepčević N, Pešić V, Bečelić-Tomin M, Kerkez Đ. Electrocoagulation in treatment of municipal wastewater- life cycle impact assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141701. [PMID: 38508463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is investigation of electrocoagulation (EC) as a treatment of municipal wastewater, integrating life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) for assessing its environmental performance of investigated treatment. The study evaluated the effectiveness of EC in removing physico-chemical and microbial parameters using aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) electrodes in monopolar and bipolar modes. Bipolar arrangement of Al(-)/Al/Al/Al(+) electrodes achieved the highest removals: 70% COD, 72% BOD5 followed by complete elimination of total phosphorous, turbidity and microbial parameters. This treatment was subject to investigation of the influence of reaction time (t = 10-60 min) on removals at higher current density (CD = 3.33 mA/cm2). In order to reduce energy consumption, the same reaction time range was used with a reduced CD = 2.33 mA/cm2. Following removal efficiencies obtained: 47-72% COD (higher CD) and 53-78% (lower CD); 69-75% BOD5 (higher CD) and 55-74% CD (lower CD); 12-21% NH4- (higher CD) and 7-22% NH4- (lower CD). Total P, NO3- and NO2- compounds showed the same removals regardless the CD. Decrease in current density did not influence removals of total suspended matter, turbidity, salinity as well as microbial parameters. The bipolar arrangement of Al(-)/Al/Al/Al(+) electrodes, assuming a lower CD = 2.33 mA/cm2 and t = 30 min, was assessed with the Recipe 2016Midpoint (H) and USEtox v.2 LCIA methods to explore the environmental justification of using EC for wastewater treatment. The LCIA results revealed that the EC process significantly reduces water eutrophication and toxicity for freshwater and marine ecosystems, but has higher impacts in global warming, fossil fuel consumption, human toxicity, acidification, and terrestrial ecotoxicity due to high energy consumption. This can be mainly explained by the assumption in the study that the EC precipitate is dispersed to agricultural soil without any pre-treatment and material recovery, along with relatively high energy consumption during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Leovac Maćerak
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Duduković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Ferenc Kiss
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Slijepčević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna Pešić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milena Bečelić-Tomin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Đurđa Kerkez
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Hassan N, Lezy J, Parmentier D, Van Hulle SWH. Electrocoagulation flotation as a municipal wastewater (pre-)treatment technology: Effect of weather conditions and current density. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118906. [PMID: 37660424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation (EC) is a promising compact alternative technology, despite its viability in municipal wastewater treatment (MWWT) is currently challenged by its energy-intensive and batch-mode operation. This study introduces an innovative continuous electrocoagulation flotation (ECF) design for MWWT. ECF shows promising pollutant removal efficiencies, with identical results using both iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) anodes. At a current density (CD) of 120 A/m2, it achieved significant removals: 90% tCOD, 98% TP, 94% TSS, 60% BOD5, and 40% TN. Designed ECF is proposed as a pre-treatment step due to limited TN removal. The study investigated optimal ECF performance under varying weather conditions using CD ranges of 40, 80, and 120 A/m2. Both Fe and Al ECF outperformed in treating rainy weather (RW) and dry weather (DW) municipal wastewater (MWW). However, Al anode's super-faradaic behavior resulted in higher residual concentrations in effluent, (i.e., an average of 6.53-33.7 mg/L), and operational costs compared to Fe ECF. Optimized Fe ECF setting needs to be changed depending in the weather variation. Fe ECF achieved high removal rates for tCOD (94%) and TP (95%) in RW MWW at a low CD of 40 A/m2. Comparative to this, the optimum CD for treated DW MWW was between 40 and 80 A/m2, removing tCOD (71-73%) and TP (85-95%). Specifically, at these conditions, the operational expenses were respectively 0.47 ± 0.03 €/m3 (RW MWW), and 0.37 ± 0.02 €/m3 to 0.81 ± 0.04 €/m3 (DW MWW). Moreover, ECF enables resource recovery and a circular economy through anaerobic sludge digestion, with Fe ECF generating more biogas than Al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Hassan
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B/5, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium; Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh.
| | - Jente Lezy
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B/5, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium; Hello water, Kastanjeboomstraat 13, 8550, Zwevegem, Belgium
| | - Dries Parmentier
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B/5, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium; Noah Water Solutions bvba, Burchtweg 7, B-9890, Gavere, Belgium
| | - Stijn Wim Henk Van Hulle
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B/5, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
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Mengstie YA, Desta WM, Alemayehu E. Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in Urban Water Supply Systems: The Case of Hawassa City, Ethiopia. Int J Anal Chem 2023; 2023:8880601. [PMID: 37608957 PMCID: PMC10442187 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8880601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In many developing countries, such as Ethiopia, water quality and the risk of water-related diseases are serious public health issues. The present study goal was to assess the drinking water quality from source to household tap water. To characterize and analyze drinking water quality parameters, 21 water samples were collected, of which 11 water samples were collected from sources (spring, borehole, and river), 4 from service reservoirs, and 6 from tap water. The mean values of the parameters were as follows: total dissolved solids (TDS) (142.79 mg/L), temperature (22.08°C), turbidity (9.49 NTU), electrical conductivity (EC) (250.14°μS/cm), pH (7.45 mg/L), fluoride (1.15 mg/L), nitrate (NO3-) (2.91 mg/L), total hardness (TH) (57.45 mg/L), calcium (41.7 6 mg/l), magnesium (10.74 mg/L), phosphate (0.44 mg/L), sulfate (3.99 mg/L), residual chlorine (1.53 mg/L), alkalinity (196.39 mg/L), and microbiological (total coliform and coliform/CFU) which were the main physiochemical parameters analyzed for the study. The findings revealed that the majority of the water quality parameters tested were within the WHO and National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS). However, some of the parameters such as temperature, turbidity, fluoride, and residual chlorine did not meet the standards. The mean temperatures at the source, reservoir, and tap water were 22.01°C 22.5°C,and 21.83°C, respectively. Turbidity levels in source samples ranged from 10 to 45 NTU, with a mean of 24.5 NTU, exceeding the WHO's recommendation of less than 5 NTU. The Boko Alamura well had a high fluoride content (3.9 mg/l), which was above the WHO and NDWQS permissible limits. There was no free residual chlorine in the tap water sample. The results show that the Hawassa drinking water supply did not contain total or fecal coliform in any of the samples tested. The overall WQI for the water source, reservoir, and tap water was also determined to be 89, 71, and 69.7 points, respectively. Therefore, based on the WQI result, Hawassa drinking water quality is good for the source, reservoir, and tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirged Antehun Mengstie
- Institute of Technology Faculty of Biosystem and Water Resource Engineering, Department of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Institute of Water and Energy Science (Including Climate Change), Pan African University, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Wendesen Mekonin Desta
- Jimma Institute of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Alemayehu
- Jimma Institute of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Water Management, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box-1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Combined Natural Mineral@ZnCoO System for Photocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green Under Visible Radiation. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-023-00598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Desta WM, Lemma DB, Tessema TA. Removal of Iron and Manganese from Groundwater by Using Aeration and Natural Sand Filtration Techniques. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nidheesh PV, Khan FM, Kadier A, Akansha J, Bote ME, Mousazadeh M. Removal of nutrients and other emerging inorganic contaminants from water and wastewater by electrocoagulation process. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135756. [PMID: 35917977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The continual discharge of emerging inorganic pollutants into natural aquatic systems and their negative effects on the environment have motivated the researchers to explore and develop clean and efficient water treatment strategies. Electrocoagulation (EC) is a rapid and promising pollutant removal approach that does not require any chemical additives or complicated process management. Therefore, inorganic pollutant treatment via the EC process is considered one of the most feasible processes. The potential developments of EC process may make the process a wise choice for water treatment in the future. Thus, the present study mainly focuses on the use of EC technology to remove nutrients and other emerging inorganic pollutants from water medium. The operating factors that influence EC process efficiency are explained. The major advancement of the EC technique as well as field-implemented units are also discussed. Overall, this study mainly focuses on emerging issues, present advancements, and techno-economic considerations in EC process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Nidheesh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440020, India.
| | - Farhan M Khan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440020, India
| | - Abudukeremu Kadier
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - J Akansha
- School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - Million Ebba Bote
- Department of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, PoBox - 378, Ethiopia
| | - Milad Mousazadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Water Treatment Using Natural Coagulant and Electrocoagulation Process: A Comparison Study. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:4640927. [PMID: 36211813 PMCID: PMC9536971 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4640927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water treatment is the primary consideration before utilizing water for different purposes. Surface water is highly vulnerable to pollution, either due to natural or anthropogenic processes. The main targets of this study were to investigate surface water treatment using Moringa Oleifera (MO), the electrocoagulation process (EC), and the Moringa Oleifera assisted electrocoagulation process (MOAEC). The Moringa Oleifera, EC process, and Moringa Oleifera-assisted EC process are effective mechanisms for the removal of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), phosphate, TSS (Total Suspended Solids), and color from surface water. Different operating parameters such as pH (5–11), the dosage of coagulant (0.2–0.5 g), contact time or reaction time (20–50 minutes), current (0.2–0.5 A), and settling time (5–20 minutes) were considered. The maximum removal efficiency using Moringa Oleifera and the EC process was COD (85.48%), BOD (78.50%), TDS (84.5%), phosphate (95.70%), TSS (93.90%), color (94.50%), and COD (90.50%), BOD (87%), TDS (97.50%), phosphate (89.10%), TSS (95.80%), and color (96.15%), respectively. Similarly, with the application of MOAEC, 91.47%, 89.35%, 97.0%, 90.20%, 9.10%, and 95.70% of COD, BOD, TDS, phosphate, TSS, and color were removed, respectively. The EC process and MOAEC were more effective in the removal of COD, BOD, TDS, TSS, and color than using MO. More phosphate was removed using MO than the EC process and MOAEC. Additionally, the effects of different operating parameters were studied on the removal efficiency.
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Bracher GH, Carissimi E, Wolff DB, Glusczak AG, Graepin C. Performance of an electrocoagulation-flotation system in the treatment of domestic wastewater for urban reuse. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49439-49456. [PMID: 35583758 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Domestic wastewater is an important alternative source of water in the face of a growing discrepancy between water availability and demand. The use of techniques that enable the urban reuse of treated sewage is essential to make cities more sustainable and resilient to water scarcity. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of an electrocoagulation-flotation system in the treatment of domestic wastewater for urban reuse. The study was performed using raw domestic wastewater samples. The electrocoagulation-flotation system was a cylindrical reactor with aluminum electrodes. The treatment conditions involved agitation at 262.5 rpm, electrical current of 1.65 A, electrolysis time of 25 min, an initial pH of 6, and inter-electrode distance of 1 cm. Overall, the electrocoagulation-flotation system was highly efficient for removal of apparent color (97.9%), chemical oxygen demand (82.9%), turbidity (95.8%), and orthophosphate phosphorous (> 98.2%). The electrocoagulation-flotation system had a consumption of electrical energy ranging from 9.5 to 13.3 kWh m-3, electrode mass from 294.7 to 557.0 g m-3, and hydrochloric acid from 4.3 to 6.6 L m-3. Sludge production in the system ranged from 1,125.7 to 1,835.7 g m-3. Treated wastewater had a satisfactory quality for several urban reuse activities. The electrocoagulation-flotation system showed potential to be used for domestic wastewater treatment for urban reuse purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Holz Bracher
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil.
| | - Elvis Carissimi
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil
| | - Delmira Beatriz Wolff
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil
| | - Andressa Gabriela Glusczak
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Graepin
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Camobi, RS, 97105‑900, Brazil
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