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Bubeck AM, Urbain P, Horn C, Jung AS, Ferrari L, Ruple HK, Podlesny D, Zorn S, Laupsa-Borge J, Jensen C, Lindseth I, Lied GA, Dierkes J, Mellgren G, Bertz H, Matysik S, Krautbauer S, Liebisch G, Schoett HF, Dankel SN, Fricke WF. High-fat diet impact on intestinal cholesterol conversion by the microbiota and serum cholesterol levels. iScience 2023; 26:107697. [PMID: 37694136 PMCID: PMC10485154 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-to-coprostanol conversion by the intestinal microbiota has been suggested to reduce intestinal and serum cholesterol availability, but the relationship between intestinal cholesterol conversion and the gut microbiota, dietary habits, and serum lipids has not been characterized in detail. We measured conserved proportions of cholesterol high and low-converter types in individuals with and without obesity from two distinct, independent low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) dietary intervention studies. Across both cohorts, cholesterol conversion increased in previous low-converters after LCHF diet and was positively correlated with the fecal relative abundance of Eubacterium coprostanoligenes. Lean cholesterol high-converters had increased serum triacylglycerides and decreased HDL-C levels before LCHF diet and responded to the intervention with increased LDL-C, independently of fat, cholesterol, and saturated fatty acid intake. Our findings identify the cholesterol high-converter type as a microbiome marker, which in metabolically healthy lean individuals is associated with increased LDL-C in response to LCHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena M. Bubeck
- Department of Microbiome Research and Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Urbain
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cathrine Horn
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna S. Jung
- Department of Microbiome Research and Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lisa Ferrari
- Department of Microbiome Research and Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hannah K. Ruple
- Department of Microbiome Research and Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Podlesny
- Department of Microbiome Research and Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefanie Zorn
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johnny Laupsa-Borge
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline Jensen
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Gülen Arslan Lied
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jutta Dierkes
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hartmut Bertz
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silke Matysik
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Frieder Schoett
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon N. Dankel
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - W. Florian Fricke
- Department of Microbiome Research and Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Juste C, Gérard P. Cholesterol-to-Coprostanol Conversion by the Gut Microbiota: What We Know, Suspect, and Ignore. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1881. [PMID: 34576776 PMCID: PMC8468837 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, up to 1 g of cholesterol, composed of the unabsorbed dietary cholesterol, the biliary cholesterol secretion, and cholesterol of cells sloughed from the intestinal epithelium, enters the colon. All cholesterol arriving in the large intestine can be metabolized by the colonic bacteria. Cholesterol is mainly converted into coprostanol, a non-absorbable sterol that is excreted in the feces. Interestingly, cholesterol-to-coprostanol conversion in human populations is variable, with a majority of high converters and a minority of low or inefficient converters. Two major pathways have been proposed, one involving the direct stereospecific reduction of the Δ5 double bond direct while the indirect pathway involves the intermediate formation of 4-cholelesten-3-one and coprostanone. Despite the fact that intestinal cholesterol conversion was discovered more than a century ago, only a few cholesterol-to-coprostanol-converting bacterial strains have been isolated and characterized. Moreover, the responsible genes were mainly unknown until recently. Interestingly, cholesterol-to-coprostanol conversion is highly regulated by the diet. Finally, this gut bacterial metabolism has been linked to health and disease, and recent evidence suggests it could contribute to lower blood cholesterol and cardiovascular risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Gérard
- AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
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Villette R, Kc P, Beliard S, Salas Tapia MF, Rainteau D, Guerin M, Lesnik P. Unraveling Host-Gut Microbiota Dialogue and Its Impact on Cholesterol Levels. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:278. [PMID: 32308619 PMCID: PMC7145900 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption in cholesterol metabolism, particularly hypercholesterolemia, is a significant cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Large interindividual variations in plasma cholesterol levels are traditionally related to genetic factors, and the remaining portion of their variance is accredited to environmental factors. In recent years, the essential role played by intestinal microbiota in human health and diseases has emerged. The gut microbiota is currently viewed as a fundamental regulator of host metabolism and of innate and adaptive immunity. Its bacterial composition but also the synthesis of multiple molecules resulting from bacterial metabolism vary according to diet, antibiotics, drugs used, and exposure to pollutants and infectious agents. Microbiota modifications induced by recent changes in the human environment thus seem to be a major factor in the current epidemic of metabolic/inflammatory diseases (diabetes mellitus, liver diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and dyslipidemia). Epidemiological and preclinical studies report associations between bacterial communities and cholesterolemia. However, such an association remains poorly investigated and characterized. The objectives of this review are to present the current knowledge on and potential mechanisms underlying the host-microbiota dialogue for a better understanding of the contribution of microbial communities to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Villette
- INSERM, UMRS U1166, "Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis" and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Pukar Kc
- INSERM, UMRS U1166, "Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis" and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Beliard
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM U1263, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France.,APHM, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | | | - Dominique Rainteau
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département de Métabolomique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Maryse Guerin
- INSERM, UMRS U1166, "Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis" and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lesnik
- INSERM, UMRS U1166, "Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis" and Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Nakov R, Velikova T. Chemical Metabolism of Xenobiotics by Gut Microbiota. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:260-269. [PMID: 32124693 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200303113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the gut microbiota's newly explored roles in human biology is the ability to modify the chemical structures of foreign compounds (xenobiotics). A growing body of evidence has now provided sufficient acumen on the role of the gut microbiota on xenobiotic metabolism, which could have an intense impact on the therapy for various diseases in the future. Gut microbial xenobiotic metabolites have altered bioavailability, bioactivity and toxicity and can intervene with the actions of human xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes to affect the destiny of other ingested molecules. These modifications are diverse and could lead to physiologically important consequences. In the current manuscript we aim to review the data currently available on how the gut microbiota directly modifies drugs, dietary compounds, chemicals, pollutants, pesticides and herbal supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radislav Nakov
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Tsaritsa Yoanna University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Nichols RG, Peters JM, Patterson AD. Interplay Between the Host, the Human Microbiome, and Drug Metabolism. Hum Genomics 2019; 13:27. [PMID: 31186074 PMCID: PMC6558703 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-019-0211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome is composed of four major areas including intestinal, skin, vaginal, and oral microbiomes, with each area containing unique species and unique functionalities. The human microbiome may be modulated with prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to potentially aid in the treatment of diseases like irritable bowel syndrome, bacterial vaginosis, atopic dermatitis, gingivitis, obesity, or cancer. There is also potential for many of the inhabitants of the human microbiome to directly modulate host gene expression and modulate host detoxifying enzyme activity like cytochrome P450s (CYPs), dehydrogenases, and carboxylesterases. Therefore, the microbiome may be important to consider during drug discovery, risk assessment, and dosing regimens for various diseases given that the human microbiome has been shown to impact host detoxification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Nichols
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Abdool Karim SS, Baxter C, Passmore JS, McKinnon LR, Williams BL. The genital tract and rectal microbiomes: their role in HIV susceptibility and prevention in women. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 22:e25300. [PMID: 31144462 PMCID: PMC6541743 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young women in sub-Saharan Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV, accounting for 25% of all new infections in 2017. Several behavioural and biological factors are known to impact a young woman's vulnerability for acquiring HIV. One key, but lesser understood, biological factor impacting vulnerability is the vaginal microbiome. This review describes the vaginal microbiome and examines its alterations, its influence on HIV acquisition as well as the efficacy of HIV prevention technologies, the role of the rectal microbiome in HIV acquisition, advances in technologies to study the microbiome and some future research directions. DISCUSSION Although the composition of each woman's vaginal microbiome is unique, a microbiome dominated by Lactobacillus species is generally associated with a "healthy" vagina. Disturbances in the vaginal microbiota, characterized by a shift from a low-diversity, Lactobacillus-dominant state to a high-diversity non-Lactobacillus-dominant state, have been shown to be associated with a range of adverse reproductive health outcomes, including increasing the risk of genital inflammation and HIV acquisition. Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia have been shown to contribute to both HIV risk and genital inflammation. In addition to impacting HIV risk, the composition of the vaginal microbiome affects the vaginal concentrations of some antiretroviral drugs, particularly those administered intravaginally, and thereby their efficacy as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention. Although the role of rectal microbiota in HIV acquisition in women is less well understood, the composition of this compartment's microbiome, particularly the presence of species of bacteria from the Prevotellaceae family likely contribute to HIV acquisition. Advances in technologies have facilitated the study of the genital microbiome's structure and function. While next-generation sequencing advanced knowledge of the diversity and complexity of the vaginal microbiome, the emerging field of metaproteomics, which provides important information on vaginal bacterial community structure, diversity and function, is further shedding light on functionality of the vaginal microbiome and its relationship with bacterial vaginosis (BV), as well as antiretroviral PrEP efficacy. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the composition, structure and function of the microbiome is needed to identify opportunities to alter the vaginal microbiome and prevent BV and reduce the risk of HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of EpidemiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Jo‐Ann S Passmore
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- National Health Laboratory ServiceCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM)University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Brent L Williams
- Department of EpidemiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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Little MS, Ervin SM, Walton WG, Tripathy A, Xu Y, Liu J, Redinbo MR. Active site flexibility revealed in crystal structures of Parabacteroides merdae β-glucuronidase from the human gut microbiome. Protein Sci 2018; 27:2010-2022. [PMID: 30230652 PMCID: PMC6237702 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract are involved in maintaining mammalian-microbial symbiosis and can play key roles in drug efficacy and toxicity. Parabacteroides merdae GUS was identified as an abundant mini-Loop 2 (mL2) type GUS enzyme in the Human Microbiome Project gut metagenomic database. Here, we report the crystal structure of P. merdae GUS and highlight the differences between this enzyme and extant structures of gut microbial GUS proteins. We find that P. merdae GUS exhibits a distinct tetrameric quaternary structure and that the mL2 motif traces a unique path within the active site, which also includes two arginines distinctive to this GUS. We observe two states of the P. merdae GUS active site; a loop repositions itself by more than 50 Å to place a functionally-relevant residue into the enzyme's catalytic site. Finally, we find that P. merdae GUS is able to bind to homo and heteropolymers of the polysaccharide alginic acid. Together, these data broaden our understanding of the structural and functional diversity in the GUS family of enzymes present in the human gut microbiome and point to specialization as an important feature of microbial GUS orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Little
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
| | - Samantha M. Ervin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
| | - William G. Walton
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
| | - Ashutosh Tripathy
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
| | - Matthew R. Redinbo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
- The Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3290
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Abstract
The human gut microbiota makes key contributions to the metabolism of ingested compounds (xenobiotics), transforming hundreds of dietary components, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals into metabolites with altered activities, toxicities, and lifetimes within the body. The chemistry of gut microbial xenobiotic metabolism is often distinct from that of host enzymes. Despite their important consequences for human biology, the gut microbes, genes, and enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are poorly understood. Linking these microbial transformations to enzymes and elucidating their biological effects is undoubtedly challenging. However, recent studies demonstrate that integrating traditional and emerging technologies can enable progress toward this goal. Ultimately, a molecular understanding of gut microbial xenobiotic metabolism will guide personalized medicine and nutrition, inform toxicology risk assessment, and improve drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Koppel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vayu Maini Rekdal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. .,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Bacterial Community Profile of the Gut Microbiota Differs between Hypercholesterolemic Subjects and Controls. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8127814. [PMID: 28698878 PMCID: PMC5494098 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8127814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of gut microbiota in the development of metabolic illnesses has been abundantly demonstrated. Recent studies suggest that gut microbiota alterations may also be related to the development of hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, we aimed to assess differences in the gut bacterial community profiles between hypercholesterolemic subjects and controls. Thirty cases diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia and 27 normocholesterolemic controls were included. A fasting whole blood sample was obtained to determine the lipid profile. In parallel, stool samples were collected and total DNA was isolated to assess the bacterial community profiles by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In addition, the Richness, Shannon-Weaver, and Simpson indexes were used to evaluate the richness and diversity of bacterial communities. As expected, serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in the cases compared with controls. Moreover, DGGE analysis showed a lower richness and diversity of bacterial communities in hypercholesterolemic subjects. In conclusion, our results showed differences in the profiles of bacterial communities between hypercholesterolemic subjects and controls, suggesting a possible role of the gut microbiota in the development of hypercholesterolemia.
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Ghaisas S, Maher J, Kanthasamy A. Gut microbiome in health and disease: Linking the microbiome-gut-brain axis and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of systemic and neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 158:52-62. [PMID: 26627987 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome comprises the collective genome of the trillions of microorganisms residing in our gastrointestinal ecosystem. The interaction between the host and its gut microbiome is a complex relationship whose manipulation could prove critical to preventing or treating not only various gut disorders, like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and ulcerative colitis (UC), but also central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about the gut microbiome, how it is connected to the development of disease and to identify the bacterial and biochemical targets that should be the focus of future research. Understanding the mechanisms behind the activity and proliferation of the gut microbiome will provide us new insights that may pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Ghaisas
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Joshua Maher
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anumantha Kanthasamy
- Parkinson's Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Ross MC, Muzny DM, McCormick JB, Gibbs RA, Fisher-Hoch SP, Petrosino JF. 16S gut community of the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort. MICROBIOME 2015; 3:7. [PMID: 25763184 PMCID: PMC4355967 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are major public health concerns worldwide, and their prevalence has only increased in recent years. Mexican Americans are disproportionately afflicted by obesity and T2D, and rates are even higher in the United States-Mexico border region. To determine the factors associated with the increased risk of T2D, obesity, and other diseases in this population, the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort was established in 2004. RESULTS In this study, we characterized the 16S gut community of a subset of 63 subjects from this unique cohort. We found that these communities, when compared to Human Microbiome Project subjects, exhibit community shifts often observed in obese and T2D individuals in published studies. We also examined microbial network relationships between operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC) and three additional datasets. We identified a group of seven genera that form a tightly interconnected network present in all four tested datasets, dominated by butyrate producers, which are often increased in obese individuals while being depleted in T2D patients. CONCLUSIONS Through a combination of increased disease prevalence and relatively high gut microbial homogeneity in the subset of CCHC members we examined, we believe that the CCHC may represent an ideal community to dissect mechanisms underlying the role of the gut microbiome in human health and disease. The lack of CCHC subject gut community segregation based on all tested metadata suggests that the community structure we observe in the CCHC likely occurs early in life, and endures. This persistent 'disease'-related gut microbial community in CCHC subjects may enhance existing genetic or lifestyle predispositions to the prevalent diseases of the CCHC, leading to increased attack rates of obesity, T2D, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Ross
- />Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- />Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- />Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Richard A Gibbs
- />Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Joseph F Petrosino
- />Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- />Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- />Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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He X, Marco ML, Slupsky CM. Emerging aspects of food and nutrition on gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9559-9574. [PMID: 24028159 DOI: 10.1021/jf4029046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract contains a highly complex ecosystem that harbors various microorganisms, which together create a unique environment within each individual. There is growing awareness that dietary habits are one of the essential factors contributing to the microbial diversity and community configuration that ultimately affects human health. From an evolutionary perspective, human dietary history can be viewed as a central factor in the selection of the gut microbial community and stabilization of the mutualistic host-microbial interaction, that together drive host phenotype. Herein, current knowledge concerning the influence of major dietary macrostructure and individual food ingredients is presented. This knowledge will provide perspectives for personalized gut microbiota management and, ultimately, movement toward an era of personalized nutrition and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition and ‡Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Jones ML, Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Martoni CJ, Prakash S. Cholesterol lowering with bile salt hydrolase-active probiotic bacteria, mechanism of action, clinical evidence, and future direction for heart health applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:631-42. [PMID: 23350815 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.758706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of global mortality and morbidity. Current CVD treatment methods include dietary intervention, statins, fibrates, niacin, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, and bile acid sequestrants. These formulations have limitations and, thus, additional treatment modalities are needed. Probiotic bacteria, especially bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-active probiotic bacteria, have demonstrated cholesterol-lowering efficacy in randomized controlled trials. AREAS COVERED This review describes the current treatments for CVD and the need for additional therapeutics. Gut microbiota etiology of CVD, cholesterol metabolism, and the role of probiotic formulations as therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of CVD are described. Specifically, we review studies using BSH-active bacteria as cholesterol-lowering agents with emphasis on their cholesterol-lowering mechanisms of action. Potential limitations and future directions are also highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Numerous clinical studies have concluded that BSH-active probiotic bacteria, or products containing them, are efficient in lowering total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, the mechanisms of action of BSH-active probiotic bacteria need to be further supported. There is also the need for a meta-analysis to provide better information regarding the therapeutic use of BSH-active probiotic bacteria. The future of BSH-active probiotic bacteria most likely lies as a combination therapy with already existing treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Jones
- Micropharma Ltd, 141 avenue du President Kennedy, UQAM Biological Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Suite 5569 Montreal, Quebec, H2X 3Y7, Canada
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Diet-induced alterations of host cholesterol metabolism are likely to affect the gut microbiota composition in hamsters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:516-24. [PMID: 23124234 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03046-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota affects the metabolism of the mammalian host and has consequences for health. However, the complexity of gut microbial communities and host metabolic pathways make functional connections difficult to unravel, especially in terms of causation. In this study, we have characterized the fecal microbiota of hamsters whose cholesterol metabolism was extensively modulated by the dietary addition of plant sterol esters (PSE). PSE intake induced dramatic shifts in the fecal microbiota, reducing several bacterial taxa within the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae. The abundance of these taxa displayed remarkably high correlations with host cholesterol metabolites. Most importantly, the associations between several bacterial taxa with fecal and biliary cholesterol excretion showed an almost perfect fit to a sigmoidal nonlinear model of bacterial inhibition, suggesting that host cholesterol excretion can shape microbiota structure through the antibacterial action of cholesterol. In vitro experiments suggested a modest antibacterial effect of cholesterol, and especially of cholesteryl-linoleate, but not plant sterols when included in model bile micelles. The findings obtained in this study are relevant to our understanding of gut microbiota-host lipid metabolism interactions, as they provide the first evidence for a role of cholesterol excreted with the bile as a relevant host factor that modulates the gut microbiota. The findings further suggest that the connections between Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae and host lipid metabolism, which have been observed in several studies, could be caused by a metabolic phenotype of the host (cholesterol excretion) affecting the gut microbiota.
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Daimiel L, Vargas T, Ramírez de Molina A. Nutritional genomics for the characterization of the effect of bioactive molecules in lipid metabolism and related pathways. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2266-89. [PMID: 22887150 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Thus, investigators have focused their efforts on gaining insight into understanding the mechanisms involved in the development and evolution of these diseases. In the past decade, and with the contribution of the -omics technologies, strong evidence has supported an essential role of gene-nutrient interactions in these processes, pointing at natural bioactive molecules as promising complementary agents that are useful in preventing or mitigating these diseases. In addition, alterations in lipid metabolism have recently gained strong interest since they have been described as a common event required for the progression of both diseases. In the present review, we give an overview of lipid metabolism, mainly focusing on lipoprotein metabolism and the mechanisms controlling lipid homeostasis. In addition, we review the modulation of lipid metabolism by bioactive molecules, highlighting their potential use as therapeutic agents in preventing, and treating chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Finally, we report the usefulness of the -omics technologies in nutritional research, focusing on recent findings, within nutritional genomics, in the interaction of bioactive components from foods with several genes that are involved in the development and progression of these diseases.
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Benno P, Bark J, Collinder E, Hellström PM, Midtvedt T, Norin E. Major alterations in metabolic activity of intestinal microflora in Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:251-2. [PMID: 21916816 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2011.615859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Prakash S, Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Saha S, Cantor A. The gut microbiota and human health with an emphasis on the use of microencapsulated bacterial cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:981214. [PMID: 21772792 PMCID: PMC3134400 DOI: 10.1155/2011/981214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining health. Alterations of the gut bacterial population have been associated with a number of diseases. Past and recent studies suggest that one can positively modify the contents of the gut microbiota by introducing prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and other therapeutics. This paper focuses on probiotic modulation of the gut microbiota by their delivery to the lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT). There are numerous obstacles to overcome before microorganisms can be utilized as therapeutics. One important limitation is the delivery of viable cells to the lower GIT without a significant loss of cell viability and metabolic features through the harsh conditions of the upper GIT. Microencapsulation has been shown to overcome this, with various types of microcapsules available for resolving this limitation. This paper discusses the gut microbiota and its role in disease, with a focus on microencapsulated probiotics and their potentials and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4.
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Diet-induced metabolic improvements in a hamster model of hypercholesterolemia are strongly linked to alterations of the gut microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4175-84. [PMID: 19411417 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00380-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal microbiota exerts a strong influence on host lipid and cholesterol metabolism. In this study, we have characterized the interplay among diet, gut microbial ecology, and cholesterol metabolism in a hamster model of hypercholesterolemia. Previous work in this model had shown that grain sorghum lipid extract (GSL) included in the diet significantly improved the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/non-HDL cholesterol equilibrium (T. P. Carr, C. L. Weller, V. L. Schlegel, S. L. Cuppett, D. M. Guderian, Jr., and K. R. Johnson, J. Nutr. 135:2236-2240, 2005). Molecular analysis of the hamsters' fecal bacterial populations by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA tags, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and Bifidobacterium-specific quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the improvements in cholesterol homeostasis induced through feeding the hamsters GSL were strongly associated with alterations of the gut microbiota. Bifidobacteria, which significantly increased in abundance in hamsters fed GSL, showed a strong positive association with HDL plasma cholesterol levels (r = 0.75; P = 0.001). The proportion of members of the family Coriobacteriaceae decreased when the hamsters were fed GSL and showed a high positive association with non-HDL plasma cholesterol levels (r = 0.84; P = 0.0002). These correlations were more significant than those between daily GSL intake and animal metabolic markers, implying that the dietary effects on host cholesterol metabolism are conferred, at least in part, through an effect on the gut microbiota. This study provides evidence that modulation of the gut microbiota-host metabolic interrelationship by dietary intervention has the potential to improve mammalian cholesterol homeostasis, which has relevance for cardiovascular health.
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Gustafsson BE, Gustafsson J, Carlstedt-Duke B. Prolonged induction of germfree bile acid pattern in conventional rats by antibiotics. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 201:155-60. [PMID: 848350 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1977.tb15673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Male conventional rats have been treated for five days with benzylpenicillin, neomycin, kanamycin, erythromycin, bacitracintneomycin, succihylsulfathiazole or metronidazole. Total fecal bile acids were analyzed in samples collected during periods of three days during the pretreatment period and during the eight weeks following drug treatment. Metronidazole or succinylsulfathiazole had no or minor effects on the conventional bile acid pattern and the "bile acid index" (ratio beta-muricholic acid/deoxycholic acid) remained low. Benzylpenicillin, neomycin or kanamycin induced a germfree bile acid pattern, i.e. increased the relative amounts of alpha-and beta-muricholic acid in feces and eliminated deoxycholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid from feces. The high bile acid index was normalized within three weeks after termination of drug treatment but the excretion of alpha- and beta-muricholic acid was not normalized until a normal flora had been established by giving an enema with intestinal contents from intact, oncentional rats. Treatment with eythromycin or bacitracintineomycin also produced a germfree bile acid pattern. In these cases, the bile acid index was not back to normal until after five to eight weeks and the excretion of the muricholic acids was not normalized until an enema with intestinal bacteria had been given. It is suggested that these long-lasting effects of antibiotics on the metabolism of bile acids in the intestinal tract should be considered after short-term antibiotic therapy in humans.
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Smith K, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ. Use of axenic animals in studying the adaptation of mammals to their commensal intestinal microbiota. Semin Immunol 2006; 19:59-69. [PMID: 17118672 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates are essentially born germ-free but normally acquire a complex intestinal microbiota soon after birth. Most of these organisms are non-pathogenic to immunocompetent hosts; in fact, many are beneficial, supplying vitamins for host nutrition and filling the available microbiological niche to limit access and consequent pathology when pathogens are encountered. Thus, mammalian health depends on mutualism between host and flora. This is evident in inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, where aberrant responses to microbiota can result in host pathology. Studies with axenic (germ-free) or deliberately colonised animals have revealed that commensal organisms are required for the development of a fully functional immune system and affect many physiological processes within the host. Here, we describe the technical requirements for raising and maintaining axenic and gnotobiotic animals, and highlight the extreme diversity of changes within and beyond the immune system that occur when a germ-free animal is colonized with commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Smith
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Mårtensson O, Biörklund M, Lambo AM, Dueñas-Chasco M, Irastorza A, Holst O, Norin E, Welling G, Öste R, Önning G. Fermented, ropy, oat-based products reduce cholesterol levels and stimulate the bifidobacteria flora in humans. Nutr Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Mårtensson O, Chasco MD, Irastorza A, Holst O, Rudling M, Norin E, Midtvedt T, Öste R. Effects of fermented, ropy, non-dairy, oat-based products on serum lipids and the faecal excretion of cholesterol and short chain fatty acids in germfree and conventional rats. Nutr Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(02)00474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Midtvedt ENT. Interactions of Bacteria with the Host Alteration of Microflora-Associated Characteristics of the Host; Non-Immune Functions. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/089106000750060440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Norin, Tore Midtvedt
- From the Dept of Cell & Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Medical Microbial Ecology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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HAMILTON JG. The effect of oral neomycin on the conversion of cholic acid to deoxycholic in man. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 101:7-13. [PMID: 13952333 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(63)90527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Hekmat S, McMahon DJ. Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in ice cream for use as a probiotic food. J Dairy Sci 1992; 75:1415-22. [PMID: 1500547 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(92)77895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic ice cream was made by fermenting a standard ice cream mix with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum cultures and then freezing the mix in a batch freezer. Survival of the L. acidophilus and B. bifidum, as well as beta-galactosidase activity, was monitored during 17 wk of frozen storage at -29 degrees C. After freezing of the fermented mix, bacterial counts were 1.5 x 10(8) cfu/ml for L. acidophilus and 2.5 x 10(8) cfu/ml for B. bifidum. Seventeen weeks after freezing, these counts had decreased to 4 x 10(6) and 1 x 10(7) cfu/ml, respectively. During the same period, beta-galactosidase activity decreased from 1800 to 1300 units/ml. Probiotic ice cream was prepared at pH 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 to determine consumer preferences and was compared with standard Utah State University "Aggie" ice cream. All samples were strawberry-flavored and were evaluated by 88 judges. The preferred pH of probiotic ice cream, based on overall acceptance, was pH 5.5. We demonstrated that probiotic ice cream is a suitable vehicle for delivering beneficial microorganisms such as L. acidophilus and B. bifidum to consumers. The bacteria can be grown to high numbers in ice cream mix and remain viable during frozen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hekmat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Utah State University, Logan 84322-8700
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Midtvedt T, Lingaas E, Carlstedt-Duke B, Höverstad T, Midtvedt AC, Saxerholt H, Steinbakk M, Norin KE. Intestinal microbial conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol in man. Influence of antibiotics. APMIS 1990; 98:839-44. [PMID: 2223037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1990.tb05004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbial conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol has been measured in groups of healthy subjects before, during and after they received the antibiotics ampicillin, bacitracin, clindamycin, co-trimoxazole, doxycycline, erythromycin, metronidazole, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin or vancomycin orally for 6 days. Before they received antibiotics, the subjects demonstrated two distinct patterns of cholesterol conversion. One pattern was characterised by extensive conversion of cholesterol, the other by little or no conversion. Intake of bacitracin, clindamycin, erythromycin, metronidazole and vancomycin significantly reduced the conversion to coprostanol. In the groups receiving ampicillin or doxycycline, marked reductions were found in most of the subjects. No alterations were found in the groups receiving co-trimoxazole, nalidixic acid or ofloxacin. In 6 subjects no conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol was found up to 5 weeks after the end of the antibiotic intake. We conclude that orally given antibiotics may cause alterations in the intestinal conversion of cholesterol, reflecting changes in the anaerobic, Gram-positive component of the gut flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Midtvedt
- Department of Medical Microbial Ecology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Sources of error in the isotopic cholesterol balance method in African green monkeys consuming a cholesterol-free diet. J Lipid Res 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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30
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Haenel H, Schulze J. Contributions of gnotobiology to nutrition science. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1979; 24:197-204. [PMID: 381129 DOI: 10.1007/bf02926448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Gustafsson BE, Norin KE. Development of germfree animal characteristics in conventional rats in antibiotics. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B, MICROBIOLOGY 1977; 85B:1-8. [PMID: 320818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1977.tb01667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conventional (CONV) rats were fed by stomach tube for five days with either benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, tetracykline, oxitetracykline, neomycin, bacitracin + neomycin, kanamycin or colistin. On the 2nd-3rd day all the animals developed one or several of the following symptoms or characteristics typical for germfree (GF) rats: no coprostanol formation, no stercobilin production, a GF pattern after gel electrophoresis of fecal supernatant and proteolytic activity in the feces. Under the same conditions succinylsulfathiazole or metronidazole had much less pronounced effects than the antibiotics. When clofibrate, acetylsalicylic acid or ferrous sulphate were administered the effects were none or negligible. The GF characteristics persisted for several weeks after the end of the administration of the drugs. In some instances this was the case up to 7 weeks, when the animals were contaminated by anal route with a suspension of the cecum contents from intact CONV animals. On the 2nd day after this treatment the GF characteristics had disappeared.
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32
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Midtvedt T, Frederichsen P. Influence of antibiotics on microbial intestinal transformation of cholesterol to coprostanol in man. Scand J Gastroenterol 1977; 12:669-72. [PMID: 337464 DOI: 10.3109/00365527709181701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fecal excretion of coprostanol was followed in groups of healthy volunteers receiving various antibiotics per os. No effect upon excretion was found in the groups receiving phenoximethylpenicillin or doxicycline, whereas a prolonged reduction was found in the groups receiving clindamycin, ampicillin, oxitetracycline or a fixed combination of bacitracin and neomycin.
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33
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Mott GE, Roberts CJ, Eichberg JW, McGill HC, Kalter SS. Neutral steroid losses and cholesterol absorption in gnotobiotic Baboons. Exp Mol Pathol 1976; 24:333-45. [PMID: 819294 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(76)90069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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34
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Cholesterol feeding affects microsomal metabolism of steroids. Nutr Rev 1976; 34:88-9. [PMID: 768833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1976.tb05711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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35
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Tortuero F, Brenes A, Riopérez J. The influence of intestinal (ceca) flora on serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels in laying hens. Poult Sci 1975; 54:1935-8. [PMID: 819912 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0541935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal and cecectomized laying hens were used to study the influence of intestinal (ceca) flora and the implantation of Lactobacillus acidophylus on the levels of serum and egg yolk cholesterol. The ceca had been surgically removed when the experimental birds were 16 months of age. Serum cholesterol levels of cecectomized laying hens were higher than that of normal birds; the Lactobacillus acidophylus implantation resulted in a significant decrease in serum cholesterol levels in both normal and cecectomized birds. The normal intestinal (ceca) flora and Lactobacillus acidophylus implantation did not influence fat digestibility. Egg yolk cholesterol levels were higher for cecectomized birds. A constant relationship between serum and egg yolk cholesterol was not observed.
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36
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Gustafsson BE, Einarsson K, Gustafsson J. Influence of cholesterol feeding on liver microsomal metabolism of steroids and bile acids in conventional and germ-free rats. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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37
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Eyssen HJ, Parmentier GG, Compernolle FC, De Pauw G, Piessens-Denef M. Biohydrogenation of sterols by Eubacterium ATCC 21,408--Nova species. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 36:411-21. [PMID: 4730962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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38
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Mott GE, Moore RW, Redmond HE, Reiser R. Lowering of serum cholesterol by intestinal bacteria in cholesterol-fed piglets. Lipids 1973; 8:428-31. [PMID: 4198893 DOI: 10.1007/bf02531720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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39
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The gnotobiotic animal as a tool in the study of host microbial relationships. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1971; 35:390-429. [PMID: 4945725 PMCID: PMC378408 DOI: 10.1128/br.35.4.390-429.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Eyssen H, Sacquet E, Evrard E, Van den Bosch J. Effect of neomycin on cholesterol levels and bile acid excretion in germfree and conventional rats. Life Sci 1968; 7:1155-62. [PMID: 5712727 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(68)90284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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43
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Lee YC, Layne EC. Effect of dextran on fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(68)90011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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45
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Hamilton JG, Muldrey JE, Mccracken BH, Goldsmith GA, Miller ON. The effect of neomycin on cholesterol metabolism. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1964. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02676265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Hamilton
- ; Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - J. E. Muldrey
- ; Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - B. H. Mccracken
- ; Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Grace A. Goldsmith
- ; Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - O. N. Miller
- ; Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans Louisiana
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GORDON BA, KUKSIS A, BEVERIDGE JM. THE EFFECT OF DIETARY FAT ON BILE ACID METABOLISM IN MAN. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964; 42:897-905. [PMID: 14196178 DOI: 10.1139/o64-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of dietary fat on the biliary bile acid metabolism was studied in a 22-year-old male volunteer by using cholic acid-24-C14. The subject was maintained for 3 successive 15-day periods on homogenized formula diets which provided 45% of calories from butterfat or corn oil, or which were fat-free. The cholic acid turnover was assessed during the final 9 days of each period by analyzing bile samples obtained from the duodenum. On butterfat the daily cholic acid production was 0.13 g, while on corn oil and the fat-free diet it was 0.28 and 0.25 g, respectively. On changing from a free choice to a formula type diet, the glycine/taurine conjugation ratio decreased abruptly from about 2 to nearly 1, and remained at this level as long as the homogenized diet was fed. There was an increase in the proportion of cholic and a corresponding decrease in the deoxycholic acid in the bile with both high fat diets. The reverse changes in these bile acid proportions were associated with the fat-free diet. The fluctuations in the relative concentrations of the other bile acids were less pronounced.
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47
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Hess R. Evaluation of drugs active against experimental atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1964; 2:295-445. [PMID: 5335011 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9938-2.50013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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48
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Drugs, Hormones, and other Factors Influencing Steroid and Sterol Metabolism. Med Chem 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-544952-6.50009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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49
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Carroll KK. ACETATE INCORPORATION INTO CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACIDS BY LIVERS OF FETAL, SUCKLING, AND WEANED RATS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964. [DOI: 10.1139/o64-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver homogenates from fetal rats gave good incorporation of labelled acetate into cholesterol and fatty acids, but liver slices or homogenates from suckling rats gave very little incorporation. The amount of acetate incorporated increased greatly as soon as the suckling rats began to eat a commercial diet. Mevalonic acid was incorporated into cholesterol equally well by liver slices from suckling and weaned rats. Acetate given orally or intraperitoneally to intact rats was incorporated into liver cholesterol and fatty acids to a lesser extent in suckling rats than in rats weaned to a commercial diet. Plasma cholesterols were elevated in suckling rats and dropped to normal adult levels at weaning. Liver cholesterols tended to be slightly higher in suckling rats.
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