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Mahato S, Sun DW, Zhu Z. Ca 2+ATPase enzyme activities and lipid and protein oxidations of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) stored at 4 °C for 30 min under electromagnetic fields. Food Chem 2023; 399:133914. [PMID: 36029673 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This work studied the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) with frequencies between 100 and 400 Hz and a fixed strength of 12 mT on cold storage of grass carp at 4 °C for 30 min, and Ca2+ATPase enzyme activities, and lipid and protein oxidations in samples were measured to assess changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and oxidative stability. Results showed higher Ca2+ATPase activities in samples treated with EMF frequencies. Significant (p < 0.05) decreases occurred in protein oxidation for samples treated between 100 and 300 Hz, but an increase was observed for treatment with 400 Hz. However, the lipid oxidation increased for samples treated up to 200 Hz and decreased with further increase in frequency to 300 and 400 Hz. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that exposure to different frequencies of EMF could reduce the association of water molecules with protein for both bound and immobilized water. Overall, treatments of EMF between 100 and 400 Hz could improve grass carp quality during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Mahato
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Zheng X, Zhao J, Wang S, Hu L. Research Progress of Antioxidant Nanomaterials for Acute Pancreatitis. Molecules 2022; 27:7238. [PMID: 36364064 PMCID: PMC9658789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a complex inflammatory disease caused by multiple etiologies, the pathogenesis of which has not been fully elucidated. Oxidative stress is important for the regulation of inflammation-related signaling pathways, the recruitment of inflammatory cells, the release of inflammatory factors, and other processes, and plays a key role in the occurrence and development of AP. In recent years, antioxidant therapy that suppresses oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species has become a research highlight of AP. However, traditional antioxidant drugs have problems such as poor drug stability and low delivery efficiency, which limit their clinical translation and applications. Nanomaterials bring a brand-new opportunity for the antioxidant treatment of AP. This review focuses on the multiple advantages of nanomaterials, including small size, good stability, high permeability, and long retention effect, which can be used not only as effective carriers of traditional antioxidant drugs but also directly as antioxidants. In this review, after first discussing the association between oxidative stress and AP, we focused on summarizing the literature related to antioxidant nanomaterials for the treatment of AP and highlighting the effects of these nanomaterials on the indicators related to oxidative stress in pathological states, aiming to provide references for follow-up research and promote clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zheng
- Ningxia Medical University, Postgraduate Training Base in Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Pudong New Area, No. 219 Miao Pu Road, Shanghai 200135, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiulong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shige Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lianghao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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3
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Ryan F, Khoshnam SE, Khodagholi F, Ashabi G, Ahmadiani A. How cytosolic compartments play safeguard functions against neuroinflammation and cell death in cerebral ischemia. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1445-1467. [PMID: 34173922 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of mortality and disability globally. Neuronal damage following ischemic stroke is rapid and irreversible, and eventually results in neuronal death. In addition to activation of cell death signaling, neuroinflammation is also considered as another pathogenesis that can occur within hours after cerebral ischemia. Under physiological conditions, subcellular organelles play a substantial role in neuronal functionality and viability. However, their functions can be remarkably perturbed under neurological disorders, particularly cerebral ischemia. Therefore, their biochemical and structural response has a determining role in the sequel of neuronal cells and the progression of disease. However, their effects on cell death and neuroinflammation, as major underlying mechanisms of ischemic stroke, are still not understood. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the contribution of each organelle on these pathological processes after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fari Ryan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Centre, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 1417613151, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides can protect against aconitine-induced injury in H9c2 cells by maintaining calcium homeostasis and activating the AKT pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:e690-e702. [PMID: 34369901 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate the effects of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides on aconitine induced cardiomyocyte injury and their regulatory mechanisms. The effects of ginsenosides on aconitine-induced cardiomyocyte damage were initially evaluated using H9c2 cells, and the molecular mechanisms were elucidated via molecular docking and western blotting. The changes in enzyme content, reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium (Ca2+) concentration and apoptosis were determined. Furthermore, an aconitine-induced cardiac injury rat model was established, the cardiac injury and serum physiological and biochemical indexes were measured, and the effects of ginsenoside were observed. The results showed that ginsenoside Rb1 significantly increased aconitine-induced cell viability, and its binding conformation with AKT protein was the most significant. In vitro and in vivo, Rb1 protects cardiomyocytes from aconitine-induced injury by regulating oxidative stress levels and maintaining Ca2+ concentration homeostasis. Moreover, Rb1 activated the PI3K/AKT pathway, down-regulated Cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, and up-regulated Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, Rb1 protected H9c2 cells from aconitine-induced injury by maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis and activating the PI3K/AKT pathway to induce a cascade response of downstream proteins, thereby protecting cardiomyocytes from damage. These results suggested that ginsenoside Rb1 may be a potential cardiac protective drug.
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5
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Hostrup M, Cairns SP, Bangsbo J. Muscle Ionic Shifts During Exercise: Implications for Fatigue and Exercise Performance. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1895-1959. [PMID: 34190344 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise causes major shifts in multiple ions (e.g., K+ , Na+ , H+ , lactate- , Ca2+ , and Cl- ) during muscle activity that contributes to development of muscle fatigue. Sarcolemmal processes can be impaired by the trans-sarcolemmal rundown of ion gradients for K+ , Na+ , and Ca2+ during fatiguing exercise, while changes in gradients for Cl- and Cl- conductance may exert either protective or detrimental effects on fatigue. Myocellular H+ accumulation may also contribute to fatigue development by lowering glycolytic rate and has been shown to act synergistically with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to compromise cross-bridge function. In addition, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release function is severely affected by fatiguing exercise. Skeletal muscle has a multitude of ion transport systems that counter exercise-related ionic shifts of which the Na+ /K+ -ATPase is of major importance. Metabolic perturbations occurring during exercise can exacerbate trans-sarcolemmal ionic shifts, in particular for K+ and Cl- , respectively via metabolic regulation of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP ) and the chloride channel isoform 1 (ClC-1). Ion transport systems are highly adaptable to exercise training resulting in an enhanced ability to counter ionic disturbances to delay fatigue and improve exercise performance. In this article, we discuss (i) the ionic shifts occurring during exercise, (ii) the role of ion transport systems in skeletal muscle for ionic regulation, (iii) how ionic disturbances affect sarcolemmal processes and muscle fatigue, (iv) how metabolic perturbations exacerbate ionic shifts during exercise, and (v) how pharmacological manipulation and exercise training regulate ion transport systems to influence exercise performance in humans. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1895-1959, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simeon Peter Cairns
- SPRINZ, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Oxidative Stress as A Mechanism for Functional Alterations in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060931. [PMID: 34201261 PMCID: PMC8228897 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although heart failure due to a wide variety of pathological stimuli including myocardial infarction, pressure overload and volume overload is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, the exact reasons for the transition of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure are not well defined. Since circulating levels of several vasoactive hormones including catecholamines, angiotensin II, and endothelins are elevated under pathological conditions, it has been suggested that these vasoactive hormones may be involved in the development of both cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. At initial stages of pathological stimuli, these hormones induce an increase in ventricular wall tension by acting through their respective receptor-mediated signal transduction systems and result in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Some oxyradicals formed at initial stages are also involved in the redox-dependent activation of the hypertrophic process but these are rapidly removed by increased content of antioxidants in hypertrophied heart. In fact, cardiac hypertrophy is considered to be an adaptive process as it exhibits either normal or augmented cardiac function for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. However, exposure of a hypertrophied heart to elevated levels of circulating hormones due to pathological stimuli over a prolonged period results in cardiac dysfunction and development of heart failure involving a complex set of mechanisms. It has been demonstrated that different cardiovascular abnormalities such as functional hypoxia, metabolic derangements, uncoupling of mitochondrial electron transport, and inflammation produce oxidative stress in the hypertrophied failing hearts. In addition, oxidation of catecholamines by monoamine oxidase as well as NADPH oxidase activation by angiotensin II and endothelin promote the generation of oxidative stress during the prolonged period by these pathological stimuli. It is noteworthy that oxidative stress is known to activate metallomatrix proteases and degrade the extracellular matrix proteins for the induction of cardiac remodeling and heart dysfunction. Furthermore, oxidative stress has been shown to induce subcellular remodeling and Ca2+-handling abnormalities as well as loss of cardiomyocytes due to the development of apoptosis, necrosis, and fibrosis. These observations support the view that a low amount of oxyradical formation for a brief period may activate redox-sensitive mechanisms, which are associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy. On the other hand, high levels of oxyradicals over a prolonged period may induce oxidative stress and cause Ca2+-handling defects as well as protease activation and thus play a critical role in the development of adverse cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction as well as progression of heart failure.
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7
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Altshuler PJ, Schiazza AR, Luo L, Helmers MR, Chhay B, Han JJ, Hu R, Herbst DA, Tsourkas A, Cheng Z, Atluri P. Superoxide Dismutase-Loaded Nanoparticles Attenuate Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Protect Against Chronic Adverse Ventricular Remodeling. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4. [PMID: 34179348 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Early revascularization is critical to reduce morbidity after myocardial infarction, although reperfusion incites additional oxidative injury. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) but has low endogenous expression and rapid myocardial washout when administered exogenously. This study utilizes a novel nanoparticle carrier to improve exogeneous SOD retention while preserving enzyme function. Its role is assessed in preserving cardiac function after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here, nanoparticle-encapsulated SOD (NP-SOD) exhibits similar enzyme activity as free SOD, measured by ferricytochrome-c assay. In an in vitro I/R model, free and NP-SOD reduce active ROS, preserve mitochondrial integrity and improve cell viability compared to controls. In a rat in vivo I/R injury model, NP-encapsulation of fluorescent-tagged SOD improves intramyocardial retention after direct injection. Intramyocardial NP-SOD administration in vivo improves left ventricular contractility at 3-hours post-reperfusion by echocardiography and 4-weeks by echocardiography and invasive pressure-volume catheter analysis. These findings suggest that NP-SOD mitigates ROS damage in cardiac I/R injury in vitro and maximizes retention in vivo. NP-SOD further attenuates acute injury and protects against myocyte loss and chronic adverse ventricular remodeling, demonstrating potential for translating NP-SOD as a therapy to mitigate myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Altshuler
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexis R Schiazza
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lijun Luo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33 Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark R Helmers
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bonirath Chhay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33 Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason J Han
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robin Hu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D Alan Herbst
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33 Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhiliang Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33 Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pavan Atluri
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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8
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Saadeh K, Fazmin IT. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Increases Arrhythmic Triggers and Substrates; Potential Anti-arrhythmic Pharmacological Targets. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:646932. [PMID: 33659284 PMCID: PMC7917191 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.646932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of cardiac arrhythmias increases significantly with age. In order to effectively stratify arrhythmic risk in the aging population it is crucial to elucidate the relevant underlying molecular mechanisms. The changes underlying age-related electrophysiological disruption appear to be closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, the present review examines the mechanisms by which age-related mitochondrial dysfunction promotes arrhythmic triggers and substrate. Namely, via alterations in plasmalemmal ionic currents (both sodium and potassium), gap junctions, cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and cardiac fibrosis. Stratification of patients' mitochondrial function status permits application of appropriate anti-arrhythmic therapies. Here, we discuss novel potential anti-arrhythmic pharmacological interventions that specifically target upstream mitochondrial function and hence ameliorates the need for therapies targeting downstream changes which have constituted traditional antiarrhythmic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Saadeh
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Talal Fazmin
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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9
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Kirsh AJ, Juracic ES, Petrick HL, Monaco CMF, Barbeau PA, Tupling AR, Holloway GP. Dietary nitrate does not alter cardiac function, calcium handling proteins, or SERCA activity in the left ventricle of healthy rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1049-1053. [PMID: 32379978 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate has been shown to increase cytosolic calcium concentrations within the heart, which would necessitate greater calcium sequestration for relaxation. In the present study we demonstrate that while nitrate supplementation reduced blood pressure, calcium-handling protein content, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase 2a (SERCA) enzymatic properties, and left ventricular function were not altered. In addition, nitrite did not alter in vitro SERCA activity. Combined, these data suggest that in healthy rats, dietary nitrate does not increase left ventricle SERCA-related calcium-handling properties. Novelty Dietary nitrate decreases blood pressure but does not alter left ventricular calcium-handling protein content or SERCA activity in healthy rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleah J Kirsh
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Emma S Juracic
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Heather L Petrick
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia M F Monaco
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre-Andre Barbeau
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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10
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Wang X, Mick G, McCormick K. Pyridine nucleotide regulation of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14151. [PMID: 31222964 PMCID: PMC6586769 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyridine nucleotides serve an array of intracellular metabolic functions such as, to name a few, shuttling electrons in enzymatic reactions, safeguarding the redox state against reactive oxygen species, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme detoxification pathways and, relevant to this study, the regulation of ion fluxes. In particular, the maintenance of a steep calcium gradient between the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), without which apoptosis ensues, is achieved by an elaborate combination of energy–requiring ER membrane pumps and efflux channels. In liver microsomes, net calcium uptake was inhibited by physiological concentrations of NADP. In the presence of 1 mmol/L NADP, calcium uptake was attenuated by nearly 80%, additionally, this inhibitory effect was blunted by concomitant addition of NADPH. No other nicotinamide containing compounds ‐save a slight inhibition by NAADP‐hindered calcium uptake; thus, only oxidized pyridine nucleotides, or related compounds with a phosphate moiety, had an imposing effect. Moreover, the NADP inhibition was evident even after selectively blocking ER calcium efflux channels. Given the fundamental role of endoplasmic calcium homeostasis, it is plausible that changes in cytosolic NADP concentration, for example, during anabolic processes, could regulate net ER calcium uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gail Mick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kenneth McCormick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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11
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Agrawal A, Suryakumar G, Rathor R. Role of defective Ca 2+ signaling in skeletal muscle weakness: Pharmacological implications. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:645-659. [PMID: 29982883 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The misbehaving attitude of Ca2+ signaling pathways could be the probable reason in many muscular disorders such as myopathies, systemic disorders like hypoxia, sepsis, cachexia, sarcopenia, heart failure, and dystrophy. The present review throws light upon the calcium flux regulating signaling channels like ryanodine receptor complex (RyR1), SERCA (Sarco-endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase), DHPR (Dihydropyridine Receptor) or Cav1.1 and Na+/Ca2+ exchange pump in detail and how remodelling of these channels contribute towards disturbed calcium homeostasis. Understanding these pathways will further provide an insight for establishing new therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy under stress conditions, targeting calcium ion channels and associated regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Agrawal
- DRDO, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Geetha Suryakumar
- DRDO, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Richa Rathor
- DRDO, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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12
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Nemes R, Koltai E, Taylor AW, Suzuki K, Gyori F, Radak Z. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Regulate Key Metabolic, Anabolic, and Catabolic Pathways in Skeletal Muscle. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7070085. [PMID: 29976853 PMCID: PMC6071245 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7070085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are important cellular regulators of key physiological processes in skeletal muscle. In this review, we explain how RONS regulate muscle contraction and signaling, and why they are important for membrane remodeling, protein turnover, gene expression, and epigenetic adaptation. We discuss how RONS regulate carbohydrate uptake and metabolism of skeletal muscle, and how they indirectly regulate fat metabolism through silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 3 (SIRT3). RONS are causative/associative signaling molecules, which cause sarcopenia or muscle hypertrophy. Regular exercise influences redox biology, metabolism, and anabolic/catabolic pathways in skeletal muscle in an intensity dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Nemes
- Faculty of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo 194-0298, Japan.
| | - Erika Koltai
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Alkotas u. 44, H-1123 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Albert W Taylor
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 1H1, Canada.
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Ferenc Gyori
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Alkotas u. 44, H-1123 Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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13
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Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Lin L, Zhou J. Apigenin suppresses the apoptosis of H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes subjected to myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion injury via upregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1560-1570. [PMID: 29901074 PMCID: PMC6072196 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apigenin, a flavonoid with multiple physiological and pharmacological activities, is associated with the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed to examine the roles and mechanisms of apigenin in the apoptosis of H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes, which were subjected to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cellular apoptosis were evaluated using cell counting kit-8 assays and flow cytometry. The content/activity of oxidative stress markers was determined using commercial kits. Western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to measure protein and mRNA expression, respectively. The results demonstrated that apigenin had limited cytotoxicity on the viability of H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes. Apigenin reduced the oxidative stress, ROS production and cellular apoptotic capacity of MI/R-induced H9C2 cells. Apigenin additionally increased the MMP level of MI/R-induced H9C2 cells. Furthermore, apigenin modulated apoptosis-associated protein expression and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K)/RAC-α serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt) signaling in MI/R-induced H9C2 cells. Treatment with LY294002 reversed the anti-apoptotic effect of apigenin. In conclusion, apigenin suppressed the apoptosis of H9C2 cells that were subjected to MI/R injury by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. It was suggested that apigenin may be effective as an MI/R therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Zhou
- Department of Electrocardiogram Diagnosis, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Cardiovasology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Luning Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Jianmei Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
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14
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Hanschke N, Kankofer M, Ruda L, Höltershinken M, Meyer U, Frank J, Dänicke S, Rehage J. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplements on oxidative and antioxidative status of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8090-8102. [PMID: 27497903 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cows develop frequently negative energy balance around parturition and in early lactation, resulting in excessive mobilization of body fat and subsequently in increased risk of ketosis and other diseases. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements are used in dairy cows mainly for their depressing effect on milk fat content, but are also proposed to have antioxidative properties. As negative energy balance is associated with oxidative stress, which is also assumed to contribute to disease development, the present study was conducted to examine effects of CLA on oxidative and antioxidative status of lactating dairy cows. German Holstein cows (primiparous n=13, multiparous n=32) were divided into 3 dietary treatment groups receiving 100g/d of control fat supplement, containing 87% stearic acid (CON; n=14), 50g/d of control fat supplement and 50g/d of CLA supplement (CLA 50; n=15), or 100g/d of CLA supplement (CLA 100; n=16). The CLA supplement was lipid-encapsulated and contained 12% of trans-10,cis-12 CLA and cis-9,trans-11 CLA each. Supplementation took place between d1 and 182 postpartum; d 182 until 252 postpartum served as a depletion period. Blood was sampled at d -21, 1, 21, 70, 105, 140, 182, 224, and 252 relative to calving. The antioxidative status was determined using the ferric-reducing ability of plasma, α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol-to-cholesterol mass ratio, and retinol. For determination of oxidative status concentrations of hydroperoxides, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), N'-formylkynurenine, and bityrosine were measured. Mixed models of fixed and random effects with repeated measures were used to evaluate period 1 (d -21 to 140) and 2 (d182-252) separately. Cows showed increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation during the periparturient period in terms of increased serum concentrations of hydroperoxides and TBARS, which decreased throughout lactation. During period 1, the supplemented cows had lower TBARS concentrations, which was not detectable in period 2. The other determined parameters were not affected by CLA supplementation. The obtained results show that dietary CLA supplementation in the chosen dosage, formulation, and application period had a marginal antioxidative effect in terms of lipid peroxidation in lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hanschke
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - M Kankofer
- University of Life Sciences, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - L Ruda
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Höltershinken
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - U Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Frank
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30173, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Li X, Li W, Gao Z, Li H. Association of cardiac injury with iron-increased oxidative and nitrative modifications of the SERCA2a isoform of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase in diabetic rats. Biochimie 2016; 127:144-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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O'Brien KM. New Lessons from an Old Fish: What Antarctic Icefishes May Reveal about the Functions of Oxygen-Binding Proteins. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:531-41. [PMID: 27252192 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of expression of the oxygen-binding protein hemoglobin (Hb) in the family Channichthyidae (suborder Notothenioidei) of Antarctic fishes is considered a disaptation that has persisted because of the unusual conditions prevailing in the Southern Ocean during the evolution of the family. The loss of expression of the intracellular oxygen-binding protein myoglobin (Mb) in heart ventricles is more of a conundrum because it occurred at four points during the radiation of the family, suggesting weakened selective pressure maintaining expression of the protein. Yet, studies have shown that when present, Mb enhances function. Here, I discuss potential reasons for weakened selective pressure maintaining Mb expression in light of the multiple functions proposed for Mb. Additionally, I discuss results from recent studies exploring the possibility that the loss of Hb and Mb may be advantageous because it reduces the production of reactive oxygen species, levels of oxidized proteins, and the energetic costs associated with replacing oxidatively damaged proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M O'Brien
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Biology and Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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17
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Winslow RL, Walker MA, Greenstein JL. Modeling calcium regulation of contraction, energetics, signaling, and transcription in the cardiac myocyte. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 8:37-67. [PMID: 26562359 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) plays many important regulatory roles in cardiac muscle cells. In the initial phase of the action potential, influx of Ca(2+) through sarcolemmal voltage-gated L-type Ca(2+) channels (LCCs) acts as a feed-forward signal that triggers a large release of Ca(2+) from the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). This Ca(2+) drives heart muscle contraction and pumping of blood in a process known as excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). Triggered and released Ca(2+) also feed back to inactivate LCCs, attenuating the triggered Ca(2+) signal once release has been achieved. The process of ECC consumes large amounts of ATP. It is now clear that in a process known as excitation-energetics coupling, Ca(2+) signals exert beat-to-beat regulation of mitochondrial ATP production that closely couples energy production with demand. This occurs through transport of Ca(2+) into mitochondria, where it regulates enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In excitation-signaling coupling, Ca(2+) activates a number of signaling pathways in a feed-forward manner. Through effects on their target proteins, these interconnected pathways regulate Ca(2+) signals in complex ways to control electrical excitability and contractility of heart muscle. In a process known as excitation-transcription coupling, Ca(2+) acting primarily through signal transduction pathways also regulates the process of gene transcription. Because of these diverse and complex roles, experimentally based mechanistic computational models are proving to be very useful for understanding Ca(2+) signaling in the cardiac myocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimond L Winslow
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark A Walker
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph L Greenstein
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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Johnston AS, Lehnart SE, Burgoyne JR. Ca(2+) signaling in the myocardium by (redox) regulation of PKA/CaMKII. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:166. [PMID: 26321952 PMCID: PMC4530260 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic cardiac function is maintained by a complex network of interdependent signaling pathways which become compromised during disease progression. Excitation-contraction-coupling, the translation of an electrical signal to a contractile response is critically dependent on a tightly controlled sequence of events culminating in a rise in intracellular Ca(2+) and subsequent contraction of the myocardium. Dysregulation of this Ca(2+) handling system as well as increases in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are two major contributing factors to myocardial disease progression. ROS, generated by cellular oxidases and by-products of cellular metabolism, are highly reactive oxygen derivatives that function as key secondary messengers within the heart and contribute to normal homeostatic function. However, excessive production of ROS, as in disease, can directly interact with kinases critical for Ca(2+) regulation. This post-translational oxidative modification therefore links changes in the redox status of the myocardium to phospho-regulated pathways essential for its function. This review aims to describe the oxidative regulation of the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), and the subsequent impact this has on Ca(2+) handling within the myocardium. Elucidating the impact of alterations in intracellular ROS production on Ca(2+) dynamics through oxidative modification of key ROS sensing kinases, may provide novel therapeutic targets for preventing myocardial disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Johnston
- Heart Research Center Goettingen, Clinic of Cardiology and Pulmonology, University Medical Center Goettingen Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stephan E Lehnart
- Heart Research Center Goettingen, Clinic of Cardiology and Pulmonology, University Medical Center Goettingen Goettingen, Germany ; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) site Göttingen Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph R Burgoyne
- Cardiovascular Division, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London, UK
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19
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Yang KC, Kyle JW, Makielski JC, Dudley SC. Mechanisms of sudden cardiac death: oxidants and metabolism. Circ Res 2015; 116:1937-55. [PMID: 26044249 PMCID: PMC4458707 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmia is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Deranged cardiac metabolism and abnormal redox state during cardiac diseases foment arrhythmogenic substrates through direct or indirect modulation of cardiac ion channel/transporter function. This review presents current evidence on the mechanisms linking metabolic derangement and excessive oxidative stress to ion channel/transporter dysfunction that predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias and SCD. Because conventional antiarrhythmic agents aiming at ion channels have proven challenging to use, targeting arrhythmogenic metabolic changes and redox imbalance may provide novel therapeutics to treat or prevent life-threatening arrhythmias and SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chien Yang
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-C.Y.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.-C.Y.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (J.W.K., J.C.M.); and Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, the Providence VA Medical Center, and Brown University, RI (S.C.D.)
| | - John W Kyle
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-C.Y.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.-C.Y.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (J.W.K., J.C.M.); and Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, the Providence VA Medical Center, and Brown University, RI (S.C.D.)
| | - Jonathan C Makielski
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-C.Y.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.-C.Y.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (J.W.K., J.C.M.); and Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, the Providence VA Medical Center, and Brown University, RI (S.C.D.).
| | - Samuel C Dudley
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-C.Y.) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (K.-C.Y.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (J.W.K., J.C.M.); and Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, the Providence VA Medical Center, and Brown University, RI (S.C.D.).
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20
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Adebayo OL, Sandhir R, Adenuga GA. Protective roles of selenium and zinc against postnatal protein‐undernutrition‐induced alterations in Ca
2+
‐homeostasis leading to cognitive deficits in Wistar rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 43:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun L. Adebayo
- Department of Chemical SciencesCollege of Natural SciencesRedeemer's UniversityP.M.B. 230EdeOsun StateNigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science BuildingPanjab UniversityChandigarh160014India
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical SciencesOlabisi Onabanjo UniversityP.M.B. 2005, Remo CampusIkenneOgun StateNigeria
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science BuildingPanjab UniversityChandigarh160014India
| | - Gbenga A. Adenuga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical SciencesOlabisi Onabanjo UniversityP.M.B. 2005, Remo CampusIkenneOgun StateNigeria
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21
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Biesiadecki BJ, Davis JP, Ziolo MT, Janssen PML. Tri-modal regulation of cardiac muscle relaxation; intracellular calcium decline, thin filament deactivation, and cross-bridge cycling kinetics. Biophys Rev 2014; 6:273-289. [PMID: 28510030 PMCID: PMC4255972 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-014-0143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac muscle relaxation is an essential step in the cardiac cycle. Even when the contraction of the heart is normal and forceful, a relaxation phase that is too slow will limit proper filling of the ventricles. Relaxation is too often thought of as a mere passive process that follows contraction. However, many decades of advancements in our understanding of cardiac muscle relaxation have shown it is a highly complex and well-regulated process. In this review, we will discuss three distinct events that can limit the rate of cardiac muscle relaxation: the rate of intracellular calcium decline, the rate of thin-filament de-activation, and the rate of cross-bridge cycling. Each of these processes are directly impacted by a plethora of molecular events. In addition, these three processes interact with each other, further complicating our understanding of relaxation. Each of these processes is continuously modulated by the need to couple bodily oxygen demand to cardiac output by the major cardiac physiological regulators. Length-dependent activation, frequency-dependent activation, and beta-adrenergic regulation all directly and indirectly modulate calcium decline, thin-filament deactivation, and cross-bridge kinetics. We hope to convey our conclusion that cardiac muscle relaxation is a process of intricate checks and balances, and should not be thought of as a single rate-limiting step that is regulated at a single protein level. Cardiac muscle relaxation is a system level property that requires fundamental integration of three governing systems: intracellular calcium decline, thin filament deactivation, and cross-bridge cycling kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Biesiadecki
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and Dorothy M. Davis Heart Lung Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1218, USA
| | - Jonathan P Davis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and Dorothy M. Davis Heart Lung Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1218, USA
| | - Mark T Ziolo
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and Dorothy M. Davis Heart Lung Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1218, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and Dorothy M. Davis Heart Lung Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1218, USA.
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22
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Ziolo MT, Houser SR. Abnormal Ca(2+) cycling in failing ventricular myocytes: role of NOS1-mediated nitroso-redox balance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2044-59. [PMID: 24801117 PMCID: PMC4208612 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Heart failure (HF) results from poor heart function and is the leading cause of death in Western society. Abnormalities of Ca(2+) handling at the level of the ventricular myocyte are largely responsible for much of the poor heart function. RECENT ADVANCES Although studies have unraveled numerous mechanisms for the abnormal Ca(2+) handling, investigations over the past decade have indicated that much of the contractile dysfunction and adverse remodeling that occurs in HF involves oxidative stress. CRITICAL ISSUES Regrettably, antioxidant therapy has been an immense disappointment in clinical trials. Thus, redox signaling is being reassessed to elucidate why antioxidants failed to treat HF. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A recently identified aspect of redox signaling (specifically the superoxide anion radical) is its interaction with nitric oxide, known as the nitroso-redox balance. There is a large nitroso-redox imbalance with HF, and we suggest that correcting this imbalance may be able to restore myocyte contraction and improve heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Ziolo
- 1 Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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23
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Yang KC, Bonini MG, Dudley SC. Mitochondria and arrhythmias. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:351-361. [PMID: 24713422 PMCID: PMC4096785 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential to providing ATP, thereby satisfying the energy demand of the incessant electrical activity and contractile action of cardiac muscle. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction can adversely affect cardiac electrical functioning by impairing the intracellular ion homeostasis and membrane excitability through reduced ATP production and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, resulting in increased propensity to cardiac arrhythmias. In this review, the molecular mechanisms linking mitochondrial dysfunction to cardiac arrhythmias are discussed with an emphasis on the impact of increased mitochondrial ROS on the cardiac ion channels and transporters that are critical to maintaining normal electromechanical functioning of the cardiomyocytes. The potential of using mitochondria-targeted antioxidants as a novel antiarrhythmia therapy is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chien Yang
- Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence VA Medical Center, and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Marcelo G Bonini
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Pathology, and University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Samuel C Dudley
- Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence VA Medical Center, and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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24
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Tadic V, Prell T, Lautenschlaeger J, Grosskreutz J. The ER mitochondria calcium cycle and ER stress response as therapeutic targets in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:147. [PMID: 24910594 PMCID: PMC4039088 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Although the etiology remains unclear, disturbances in calcium homoeostasis and protein folding are essential features of neurodegeneration in this disorder. Here, we review recent research findings on the interaction between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, and its effect on calcium signaling and oxidative stress. We further provide insights into studies, providing evidence that structures of the ER mitochondria calcium cycle serve as a promising targets for therapeutic approaches for treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Tadic
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University HospitalJena, Germany
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25
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Reyskens KMSE, Essop MF. HIV protease inhibitors and onset of cardiovascular diseases: a central role for oxidative stress and dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:256-68. [PMID: 24275553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The successful roll-out of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has extended life expectancy and enhanced the overall well-being of HIV-positive individuals. There are, however, increased concerns regarding HAART-mediated metabolic derangements and its potential risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the long-term. Here certain classes of antiretroviral drugs such as the HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) are strongly implicated in this process. This article largely focuses on the direct PI-linked development of cardio-metabolic complications, and reviews the inter-linked roles of oxidative stress and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) as key mediators driving this process. It is proposed that PIs trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that leads to serious downstream consequences such as cell death, impaired mitochondrial function, and UPS dysregulation. Moreover, we advocate that HIV PIs may also directly lower myocardial UPS function. The attenuation of cardiac UPS can initiate transcriptional changes that contribute to perturbed lipid metabolism, thereby fueling a pro-atherogenic milieu. It may also directly alter ionic channels and interfere with electrical signaling in the myocardium. Therefore HIV PI-induced ROS together with a dysfunctional UPS elicit detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system that will eventually result in the onset of heart diseases. Thus while HIV PIs substantially improve life expectancy and quality of life in HIV-positive patients, its longer-term side-effects on the cardiovascular system should lead to a) greater clinical awareness regarding its benefit-harm paradigm, and b) the development and evaluation of novel co-treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M S E Reyskens
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - M Faadiel Essop
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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26
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Sag CM, Wagner S, Maier LS. Role of oxidants on calcium and sodium movement in healthy and diseased cardiac myocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:338-49. [PMID: 23732518 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review article we give an overview of current knowledge with respect to redox-sensitive alterations in Na(+) and Ca(2+) handling in the heart. In particular, we focus on redox-activated protein kinases including cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), as well as on redox-regulated downstream targets such as Na(+) and Ca(2+) transporters and channels. We highlight the pathological and physiological relevance of reactive oxygen species and some of its sources (such as NADPH oxidases, NOXes) for excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). A short outlook with respect to the clinical relevance of redox-dependent Na(+) and Ca(2+) imbalance will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can M Sag
- Cardiovascular Division, The James Black Centre, King's College London, UK
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27
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England K, Cotter TG. Direct oxidative modifications of signalling proteins in mammalian cells and their effects on apoptosis. Redox Rep 2013; 10:237-45. [PMID: 16354412 DOI: 10.1179/135100005x70224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of ROS is an inevitable consequence of metabolism. However, high levels of ROS within a cell can be lethal and so the cell has a number of defences against oxidative cell stress. Occasionally the cell's antioxidant mechanisms fail and oxidative stress occurs. High levels of ROS within a cell have a number of direct and indirect consequences on cell signalling pathways and may result in apoptosis or necrosis. Although some of the indirect effects of ROS are well known, limitations in technology mean that the direct effects of the cell's redox environment upon proteins are less understood. Recent work by a number of groups has demonstrated that ROS can directly modify signalling proteins through different modifications, for example by nitrosylation, carbonylation, di-sulphide bond formation and glutathionylation. These modifications modulate a protein's activity and several recent papers have demonstrated their importance in cell signalling events, especially those involved in cell death/survival. Redox modification of proteins allows for further regulation of cell signalling pathways in response to the cellular environment. Understanding them may be critical for us to modulate cell pathways for our own means, such as in cytotoxic drug treatments of cancer cells. Protein modifications mediated by oxidative stress can modulate apoptosis, either through specific protein modifications resulting in regulation of signalling pathways, or through a general increase in oxidised proteins resulting in reduced cellular function. This review discusses direct oxidative protein modifications and their effects on apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K England
- Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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28
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Avezov E, Cross BCS, Kaminski Schierle GS, Winters M, Harding HP, Melo EP, Kaminski CF, Ron D. Lifetime imaging of a fluorescent protein sensor reveals surprising stability of ER thiol redox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:337-49. [PMID: 23589496 PMCID: PMC3628511 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201211155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interfering with disulfide bond formation impedes protein folding and promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Due to limitations in measurement techniques, the relationships of altered thiol redox and ER stress have been difficult to assess. We report that fluorescent lifetime measurements circumvented the crippling dimness of an ER-tuned fluorescent redox-responsive probe (roGFPiE), faithfully tracking the activity of the major ER-localized protein disulfide isomerase, PDI. In vivo lifetime imaging by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) recorded subtle changes in ER redox poise induced by exposure of mammalian cells to a reducing environment but revealed an unanticipated stability of redox to fluctuations in unfolded protein load. By contrast, TCSPC of roGFPiE uncovered a hitherto unsuspected reductive shift in the mammalian ER upon loss of luminal calcium, whether induced by pharmacological inhibition of calcium reuptake into the ER or by physiological activation of release channels. These findings recommend fluorescent lifetime imaging as a sensitive method to track ER redox homeostasis in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Avezov
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
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29
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In heart failure (HF), contractile dysfunction and arrhythmias result from disturbed intracellular Ca handling. Activated stress kinases like cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), which are known to influence many Ca-regulatory proteins, are mechanistically involved. RECENT ADVANCES Beside classical activation pathways, it is becoming increasingly evident that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can directly oxidize these kinases, leading to alternative activation. Since HF is associated with increased ROS generation, ROS-activated serine/threonine kinases may play a crucial role in the disturbance of cellular Ca homeostasis. Many of the previously described ROS effects on ion channels and transporters are possibly mediated by these stress kinases. For instance, ROS have been shown to oxidize and activate CaMKII, thereby increasing Na influx through voltage-gated Na channels, which can lead to intracellular Na accumulation and action potential prolongation. Consequently, Ca entry via activated NCX is favored, which together with ROS-induced dysfunction of the sarcoplasmic reticulum can lead to dramatic intracellular Ca accumulation, diminished contractility, and arrhythmias. CRITICAL ISSUES While low amounts of ROS may regulate kinase activity, excessive uncontrolled ROS production may lead to direct redox modification of Ca handling proteins. Therefore, depending on the source and amount of ROS generated, ROS could have very different effects on Ca-handling proteins. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The discrimination between fine-tuned ROS signaling and unspecific ROS damage may be crucial for the understanding of heart failure development and important for the investigation of targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wagner
- Abt. Kardiologie und Pneumologie/Herzzentrum, Deutsches Zentrum für Herzkreislaufforschung, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been associated with various human diseases, and considerable attention has been paid to investigate their physiological effects. Various ROS are synthesized in the mitochondria and accumulate in the cytoplasm if the cellular antioxidant defense mechanism fails. The critical balance of this ROS synthesis and antioxidant defense systems is termed the redox system of the cell. Various cardiovascular diseases have also been affected by redox to different degrees. ROS have been indicated as both detrimental and protective, via different cellular pathways, for cardiac myocyte functions, electrophysiology, and pharmacology. Mostly, the ROS functions depend on the type and amount of ROS synthesized. While the literature clearly indicates ROS effects on cardiac contractility, their effects on cardiac excitability are relatively under appreciated. Cardiac excitability depends on the functions of various cardiac sarcolemal or mitochondrial ion channels carrying various depolarizing or repolarizing currents that also maintain cellular ionic homeostasis. ROS alter the functions of these ion channels to various degrees to determine excitability by affecting the cellular resting potential and the morphology of the cardiac action potential. Thus, redox balance regulates cardiac excitability, and under pathological regulation, may alter action potential propagation to cause arrhythmia. Understanding how redox affects cellular excitability may lead to potential prophylaxis or treatment for various arrhythmias. This review will focus on the studies of redox and cardiac excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin T Aggarwal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Mishra P, Samanta L. Oxidative stress and heart failure in altered thyroid States. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:741861. [PMID: 22649319 PMCID: PMC3354657 DOI: 10.1100/2012/741861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased or reduced action of thyroid hormone on certain molecular pathways in the heart and vasculature causes relevant cardiovascular derangements. It is well established that hyperthyroidism induces a hyperdynamic cardiovascular state, which is associated with a faster heart rate, enhanced left ventricular systolic and diastolic function whereas hypothyroidism is characterized by the opposite changes. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism represent opposite clinical conditions, albeit not mirror images. Recent experimental and clinical studies have suggested the involvement of ROS tissue damage under altered thyroid status. Altered-thyroid state-linked changes in heart modify their susceptibility to oxidants and the extent of the oxidative damage they suffer following oxidative challenge. Chronic increase in the cellular levels of ROS can lead to a catastrophic cycle of DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, further ROS generation and cellular injury. Thus, these cellular events might play an important role in the development and progression of myocardial remodeling and heart failure in altered thyroid states (hypo- and hyper-thyroidism). The present review aims at elucidating the various signaling pathways mediated via ROS and their modulation under altered thyroid state and the possibility of antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Odisha, Bhubaneswar 751004, India
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Perjés Á, Kubin A, Kónyi A, Szabados S, Cziráki A, Skoumal R, Ruskoaho H, Szokodi I. Physiological regulation of cardiac contractility by endogenous reactive oxygen species. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:26-40. [PMID: 22463609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been linked to the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure. However, emerging evidence suggests the involvement of ROS in the regulation of various physiological cellular processes in the myocardium. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the role of ROS in the acute regulation of cardiac contractility. We discuss ROS-dependent modulation of the inotropic responses to G protein-coupled receptor agonists (e.g. β-adrenergic receptor agonists and endothelin-1), the potential cellular sources of ROS (e.g. NAD(P)H oxidases and mitochondria) and the proposed end-targets and signalling pathways by which ROS affect contractility. Accumulating new data supports the fundamental role of endogenously generated ROS to regulate cardiac function under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A.M. Kubin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Institute of Biomedicine; Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu; Finland
| | - A. Kónyi
- Heart Institute; Medical School; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
| | - S. Szabados
- Heart Institute; Medical School; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
| | - A. Cziráki
- Heart Institute; Medical School; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
| | - R. Skoumal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Institute of Biomedicine; Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu; Finland
| | - H. Ruskoaho
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Institute of Biomedicine; Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu; Finland
| | - I. Szokodi
- Heart Institute; Medical School; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
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Hernández A, Cheng A, Westerblad H. Antioxidants and Skeletal Muscle Performance: "Common Knowledge" vs. Experimental Evidence. Front Physiol 2012; 3:46. [PMID: 22416234 PMCID: PMC3298958 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are assumed to provide numerous benefits, including better health, a reduced rate of aging, and improved exercise performance. Specifically, antioxidants are commonly "prescribed" by the media, supplement industry, and "fitness experts" for individuals prior to training and performance, with assumed benefits of improved fatigue resistance and recovery. This has provoked expansion of the supplement industry which responded by creation of a plethora of products aimed at facilitating the needs of the active individual. However, what does the experimental evidence say about the efficacy of antioxidants on skeletal muscle function? Are antioxidants actually as beneficial as the general populous believes? Or, could they in fact lead to deleterious effects on skeletal muscle function and performance? This Mini Review addresses these questions with an unbiased look at what we know about antioxidant effects on skeletal muscle, and what we still need to know before conclusions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Hernández
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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Perjés Á, Kubin A, Kónyi A, Szabados S, Cziráki A, Skoumal R, Ruskoaho H, Szokodi I. Physiological regulation of cardiac contractility by endogenous reactive oxygen species. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A.M. Kubin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Institute of Biomedicine; Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu; Finland
| | - A. Kónyi
- Heart Institute; Medical School; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
| | - S. Szabados
- Heart Institute; Medical School; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
| | - A. Cziráki
- Heart Institute; Medical School; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
| | - R. Skoumal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Institute of Biomedicine; Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu; Finland
| | - H. Ruskoaho
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Institute of Biomedicine; Biocenter Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu; Finland
| | - I. Szokodi
- Heart Institute; Medical School; University of Pécs; Pécs; Hungary
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35
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Powers SK, Nelson WB, Hudson MB. Exercise-induced oxidative stress in humans: cause and consequences. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:942-50. [PMID: 21167935 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The observation that muscular exercise is associated with oxidative stress in humans was first reported over 30 years ago. Since this initial report, numerous studies have confirmed that prolonged or high-intensity exercise results in oxidative damage to macromolecules in both blood and skeletal muscle. Although the primary tissue(s) responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during exercise remains a topic of debate, compelling evidence indicates that muscular activity promotes oxidant production in contracting skeletal muscle fibers. Mitochondria, NADPH oxidase, PLA₂-dependent processes, and xanthine oxidase have all been postulated to contribute to contraction-induced ROS production in muscle but the primary site of contraction-induced ROS production in muscle fibers remains unclear. Nonetheless, contraction-induced ROS generation has been shown to play an important physiological function in the regulation of both muscle force production and contraction-induced adaptive responses of muscle fibers to exercise training. Although knowledge in the field of exercise and oxidative stress has grown markedly during the past 30 years, this area continues to expand and there is much more to be learned about the role of ROS as signaling molecules in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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36
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Abstract
It is well established that contracting muscles produce both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Although the sources of oxidant production during exercise continue to be debated, growing evidence suggests that mitochondria are not the dominant source. Regardless of the sources of oxidants in contracting muscles, intense and prolonged exercise can result in oxidative damage to both proteins and lipids in the contracting myocytes. Further, oxidants regulate numerous cell signaling pathways and modulate the expression of many genes. This oxidant-mediated change in gene expression involves changes at transcriptional, mRNA stability, and signal transduction levels. Furthermore, numerous products associated with oxidant-modulated genes have been identified and include antioxidant enzymes, stress proteins, and mitochondrial electron transport proteins. Interestingly, low and physiological levels of reactive oxygen species are required for normal force production in skeletal muscle, but high levels of reactive oxygen species result in contractile dysfunction and fatigue. Ongoing research continues to explore the redox-sensitive targets in muscle that are responsible for both redox regulation of muscle adaptation and oxidant-mediated muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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37
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Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Abd El Tawab AM. Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on endotoxin-induced cardiac stress in rats: a possible mechanism of protection. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 25:84-94. [PMID: 21472898 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides; LPS) are known to cause multiple organ failure, including myocardial dysfunction. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) protection against LPS-induced cardiac stress. Rats were allocated into three groups; group 1 served as a normal control group, group 2 (LPS) received a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg), group 3 (LPS + CAPE) was injected intraperitoneally with CAPE (10 mg/kg/day; solubilized in saline containing 20% tween 20) throughout a period of 10 days prior to LPS injection. Rats were maintained 4 h before sacrifice. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester pretreatment normalized LPS-enhanced activities of serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in cardiac tissue. A significant reduction of the elevated levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as well as serum and cardiac nitrite/nitrate (NOx) ) was achieved after CAPE pretreatment. CAPE also restored malondialdelyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and cytosolic calcium (Ca2+ ) levels in the heart. A marked induction of cardiac heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein level was detected in CAPE-pretreated group. Whereas, LPS-induced reduction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr) levels was insignificantly changed. Conclusively, the early treatment with CAPE maintained antioxidant defences, reduced oxidative injury, cytokine damage, and inflammation but did not markedly improve energy status in cardiac tissue. The beneficial effect of CAPE might be mediated, at least in part, by the superinduction of HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek K Motawi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo1 1562, Egypt
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38
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MINAMI Y, YAMANO S, KAWAI M, HIRAGA A, MIYATA H. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase Activity and Glycogen Content in Various Fiber Types after Intensive Exercise in Thoroughbred Horses. J Equine Sci 2009; 20:33-40. [PMID: 24833967 PMCID: PMC4013961 DOI: 10.1294/jes.20.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To find a new parameter indicating muscle fitness in Thoroughbred horses, we examined
time-dependent recovery of glycogen content and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Ca2+-ATPase activity of skeletal muscle after intensive treadmill running.
Two repeated 50-sec running sessions (13 m/sec) were performed on a flat treadmill
(approximately 90%VO2max). Muscle samples of the middle gluteal muscle were
taken before exercise (pre) and 1 min, 20 min, 60 min, and 24 hr after exercise. Muscle
fiber type composition was determined in the pre muscle samples by immunohistochemical
staining with monoclonal antibody to myosin heavy chain. SR Ca2+-ATPase
activity of the muscle and glycogen content of each muscle fiber type were determined with
biochemical analysis and quantitative histochemical staining, respectively. As compared to
the pre value, the glycogen content of each muscle fiber type was reduced by 15–27% at 1
min, 20 min, and 60 min after the exercise and recovered to the pre value at 24 hr after
exercise test. These results indicate that 24 hr is enough time to recover glycogen
content after short-term intensive exercise. The mean value of the SR
Ca2+-ATPase activity showed a slight decrease (not significant) immediately
after exercise, and complete recovery at 60 min after exercise. There were no significant
relationship between the changes in glycogen content of each muscle fiber type and SR
Ca2+-ATPase. Although further studies are needed, SR Ca2+-ATPase
is not a useful parameter to detect muscle fitness, at least in Thoroughbred horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio MINAMI
- Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University
| | | | - Minako KAWAI
- Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University
| | | | - Hirofumi MIYATA
- Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University
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39
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Abstract
Acute bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise can induce a state of oxidative stress, as indicated by an increase in oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues and body fluids. The extent of oxidation is dependent on the exercise mode, intensity, and duration, and is specifically related to the degree of oxidant production. Findings of increased oxidative stress have been reported for both healthy and diseased subjects following single bouts of exercise. While acute exercise has the ability to induce an oxidative stress, this same exercise stimulus appears necessary to allow for an upregulation in endogenous antioxidant defenses. This chapter presents a summary of exercise-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bloomer
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA.
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40
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Powers SK, Jackson MJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:1243-76. [PMID: 18923182 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1456] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The first suggestion that physical exercise results in free radical-mediated damage to tissues appeared in 1978, and the past three decades have resulted in a large growth of knowledge regarding exercise and oxidative stress. Although the sources of oxidant production during exercise continue to be debated, it is now well established that both resting and contracting skeletal muscles produce reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Importantly, intense and prolonged exercise can result in oxidative damage to both proteins and lipids in the contracting myocytes. Furthermore, oxidants can modulate a number of cell signaling pathways and regulate the expression of multiple genes in eukaryotic cells. This oxidant-mediated change in gene expression involves changes at transcriptional, mRNA stability, and signal transduction levels. Furthermore, numerous products associated with oxidant-modulated genes have been identified and include antioxidant enzymes, stress proteins, DNA repair proteins, and mitochondrial electron transport proteins. Interestingly, low and physiological levels of reactive oxygen species are required for normal force production in skeletal muscle, but high levels of reactive oxygen species promote contractile dysfunction resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. Ongoing research continues to probe the mechanisms by which oxidants influence skeletal muscle contractile properties and to explore interventions capable of protecting muscle from oxidant-mediated dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Caro AA, Evans KL, Cederbaum AI. CYP2E1 overexpression inhibits microsomal Ca2+-ATPase activity in HepG2 cells. Toxicology 2008; 255:171-6. [PMID: 19028543 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is a microsomal enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species during its catalytic cycle. We previously found an important role for calcium in CYP2E1-potentiated injury in HepG2 cells. The possibility that CYP2E1 may oxidatively damage and inactivate the microsomal Ca2+-ATPase in intact liver cells was evaluated, in order to explain why calcium is elevated during CYP2E1 toxicity. Microsomes were isolated by differential centrifugation from two liver cell line: E47 cells (HepG2 cells transfected with the pCI neo expression vector containing the human CYP2E1 cDNA, which overexpress active microsomal CYP2E1), and control C34 cells (HepG2 cells transfected with the pCI neo expression vector alone, which do not express significantly any cytochrome P450). The Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity was determined by measuring the accumulation of inorganic phosphate from ATP hydrolysis. CYP2E1 overexpression produced a 45% decrease in Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity (8.6 nmol Pi/min/mg protein in C34 microsomes versus 4.7 nmol Pi/min/mg protein in microsomes). Saturation curves with Ca2+ or ATP showed that CYP2E1 overexpression produced a decrease in Vmax but did not affect the Km for either Ca2+ or ATP. The decrease in activity was not associated with a decrease in SERCA protein levels. The ATP-dependent microsomal calcium uptake was evaluated by fluorimetry using fluo-3 as the fluorogenic probe. Calcium uptake rate in E47 microsomes was 28% lower than in C34 microsomes. Treatment of E47 cells with 2mM N-acetylcysteine prevented the decrease in microsomal Ca2+-ATPase found in E47 cells. These results suggest that CYP2E1 overexpression produces a decrease in microsomal Ca2+-ATPase activity in HepG2 cells mediated by reactive oxygen species. This may contribute to elevated cytosolic calcium and to CYP2E1-potentiated injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres A Caro
- Hendrix College, Chemistry Department, 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, AR 72032, USA.
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42
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Feng J, Zhang M, Zheng S, Xie P, Ma A. Effects of High Temperature on Multiple Parameters of Broilers In Vitro and In Vivo. Poult Sci 2008; 87:2133-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Radovanovic S, Krotin M, Simic DV, Mimic-Oka J, Savic-Radojevic A, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Matic M, Ninkovic N, Ivanovic B, Simic T. Markers of oxidative damage in chronic heart failure: role in disease progression. Redox Rep 2008; 13:109-16. [PMID: 18544228 DOI: 10.1179/135100008x259204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to study the relationship between markers of oxidative lipid or protein damage and ventricular remodeling and the validity of 8-epi-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-epi-PGF(2alpha)) as an indicator of disease severity in patients with ischemic chronic heart failure (CHF). PATIENTS AND METHODS We enrolled four groups of 12 patients with varying CHF according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification and 25 controls. Urinary 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) and plasma malondialdehyde and protein thiol (P-SH) groups were correlated with echocardiographic indices of remodeling. The reliability of isoprostanes was analyzed by a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. RESULTS NYHA class III and IV patients exhibited elevated 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) levels, increased malondialdehyde concentrations and decreased P-SH groups when compared to controls and NYHA I and II patients. 8-Epi-PGF(2alpha) and P-SH groups correlated significantly with indices of remodeling. The ROC curve drawn for 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) allowed us to differentiate NYHA class III and IV patients from NYHA class I and II patients with a sensitivity of 95.8% and specificity of 95.8% (cut off 0.84 ng/mg creatinine; area under curve 0.99; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Markers of oxidative damage are unlikely to play a significant role in early stages of CHF. However, they might become important in the course of CHF when their concentrations reach critical levels. Urinary 8-epi-PGF(2alpha) is a reliable indicator of symptomatic CHF.
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Voss P, Engels M, Strosova M, Grune T, Horakova L. Protective effect of antioxidants against sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) oxidation by Fenton reaction, however without prevention of Ca-pump activity. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1726-33. [PMID: 18692562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA) of rabbit skeletal muscle was oxidized by Fe2+/H2O2/ascorbic acid (AA), a system which generates HO(.) radicals according to the Fenton reaction: (Fe2(+)+H2O2-->HO(.)+OH(-)+Fe(3+)) under conditions similar to the pathological state of inflammation. Under these conditions, when hydroxyl-radicals and/or ferryl-radicals are generated, a 50% decrease of the SERCA activity was observed, a significant decrease of SH groups and an increase of protein carbonyl groups and lipid peroxidation were identified. Two new bands, time dependent in density, appeared in the SERCA protein electrophoresis after incubation with the Fenton system (at approximately 50 and 75kDa), probably due to structural changes as supported also by trypsin digestion. Immunoblotting of DNPH derivatized protein bound carbonyls detected a time dependent increase after incubation of SERCA with the Fenton system. Trolox and the pyridoindole stobadine (50microM) protected SR against oxidation induced via the Fenton system by preventing SH group oxidation and lipid peroxidation. Pycnogenol((R)) and EGb761 (40microg/ml) protected SERCA in addition against protein bound carbonyl formation. In spite of the antioxidant effects, trolox and stobadine were not able to prevent a decrease in the SERCA Ca(2+)-ATPase activity. Pycnogenol and EGb761 even enhanced the decrease of the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity induced by the Fenton system, probably by secondary oxidative reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Voss
- Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH at the Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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45
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Vangheluwe P, Raeymaekers L, Dode L, Wuytack F. Modulating sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2 (SERCA2) activity: cell biological implications. Cell Calcium 2008; 38:291-302. [PMID: 16105684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2005.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Of the three mammalian members belonging to the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) family, SERCA2 is evolutionary the oldest and shows the most wide tissue-expression pattern. Two major SERCA2 splice variants are well-characterized: the muscle-specific isoform SERCA2a and the housekeeping isoform SERCA2b. Recently, several interacting proteins and post-translational modifications of SERCA2 were identified which may modulate the activity of the Ca2+ pump. This review aims to give an overview of the vast literature concerning the cell biological implications of the SERCA2 isoform diversity and the factors regulating SERCA2. Proteins reported to interact with SERCA2 from the cytosolic domain involve the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, the insulin receptor substrates IRS1/2, the EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein S100A1 and acylphosphatase. We will focus on the very particular position of SERCA2 as an enzyme functioning in a thin, highly fluid, leaky and cholesterol-poor membrane. Possible differential interactions of SERCA2b and SERCA2a with calreticulin, calnexin and ERp57, which could occur within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum will be discussed. Reported post-translational modifications possibly affecting pump activity involve N-glycosylation, glutathionylation and Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II-dependent phosphorylation. Finally, the pronounced vulnerability to oxidative damage of SERCA2 appears to be pivotal in the etiology of various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Physiology, O.&N. Gasthuisberg, K.U. Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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46
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Bellinger AM, Mongillo M, Marks AR. Stressed out: the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor as a target of stress. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:445-53. [PMID: 18246195 DOI: 10.1172/jci34006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, understanding the mechanisms underlying muscle fatigue and weakness has been the focus of much investigation. However, the dominant theory in the field, that lactic acidosis causes muscle fatigue, is unlikely to tell the whole story. Recently, dysregulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release has been associated with impaired muscle function induced by a wide range of stressors, from dystrophy to heart failure to muscle fatigue. Here, we address current understandings of the altered regulation of SR Ca(2+) release during chronic stress, focusing on the role of the SR Ca(2+) release channel known as the type 1 ryanodine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Bellinger
- Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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47
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Abstract
Repeated, intense use of muscles leads to a decline in performance known as muscle fatigue. Many muscle properties change during fatigue including the action potential, extracellular and intracellular ions, and many intracellular metabolites. A range of mechanisms have been identified that contribute to the decline of performance. The traditional explanation, accumulation of intracellular lactate and hydrogen ions causing impaired function of the contractile proteins, is probably of limited importance in mammals. Alternative explanations that will be considered are the effects of ionic changes on the action potential, failure of SR Ca2+release by various mechanisms, and the effects of reactive oxygen species. Many different activities lead to fatigue, and an important challenge is to identify the various mechanisms that contribute under different circumstances. Most of the mechanistic studies of fatigue are on isolated animal tissues, and another major challenge is to use the knowledge generated in these studies to identify the mechanisms of fatigue in intact animals and particularly in human diseases.
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Dhalla NS, Saini HK, Tappia PS, Sethi R, Mengi SA, Gupta SK. Potential role and mechanisms of subcellular remodeling in cardiac dysfunction due to ischemic heart disease. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2007; 8:238-50. [PMID: 17413299 DOI: 10.2459/01.jcm.0000263489.13479.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have revealed varying degrees of changes in sarcoplasmic reticular and myofibrillar activities, protein content, gene expression and intracellular Ca-handling during cardiac dysfunction due to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R); however, relatively little is known about the sarcolemmal and mitochondrial alterations, as well as their mechanisms in the I/R hearts. Because I/R is associated with oxidative stress and intracellular Ca-overload, it has been indicated that changes in subcellular activities, protein content and gene expression due to I/R are related to both oxidative stress and Ca-overload. Intracellular Ca-overload appears to induce changes in subcellular activities, protein contents and gene expression (subcellular remodeling) by activation of proteases and phospholipases, as well as by affecting the genetic apparatus, whereas oxidative stress is considered to cause oxidation of functional groups of different subcellular proteins in addition to modifying the genetic machinery. Ischemic preconditioning, which is known to depress the development of both intracellular Ca-overload and oxidative stress due to I/R, was observed to attenuate the I/R-induced subcellular remodeling and improve cardiac performance. It is suggested that a combination therapy with antioxidants and interventions, which reduce the development of intracellular Ca-overload, may improve cardiac function by preventing or attenuating the occurrence of subcellular remodeling due to ischemic heart disease. It is proposed that defects in the activities of subcellular organelles may serve as underlying mechanisms for I/R-induced cardiac dysfunction under acute conditions, whereas subcellular remodeling due to alterations in gene expression may explain the impaired cardiac performance under chronic conditions of I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Kamboj A, Sandhir R. Perturbed Synaptosomal Calcium Homeostasis and Behavioral Deficits Following Carbofuran Exposure: Neuroprotection by N-Acetylcysteine. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:507-16. [PMID: 17268844 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on carbofuran-induced alterations in calcium homeostasis and neurobehavioral functions were investigated in rats. Rats were exposed to carbofuran at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight, orally for a period of 28 days. A significant decrease in Ca2+ATPase activity was observed following carbofuran exposure with a concomitant increase in K+ -induced (45)Ca2+ uptake through voltage operated calcium channels. This was accompanied with a marked accumulation of intracellular free calcium in synaptosomes. The increase in intracellular calcium levels were associated with an increased lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione content in carbofuran exposed animals. NAC administration (200 mg/kg body weight, orally) to the carbofuran exposed animals had a beneficial effect on carbofuran-induced alterations in calcium homeostasis and resulted in repletion in glutathione levels and resulted in lowering the extent of lipid peroxidation. Marked impairment in the motor functions were seen following carbofuran exposure, which were evident by the significant decrease in the locomotor activity and reduction in the retention time of the rats on rotating rods. Cognitive deficits were also seen as indicated by the significant decrease in active and passive avoidance response. NAC treatment, on the other hand, protected the animals against carbofuran-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The results support the hypothesis that carbofuran exerts its toxic effects by disrupting calcium homeostasis, which may have serious consequences on neuronal functioning, and clearly show the potential beneficial effects of N-acetylcysteine on carbofuran induced alterations in synaptosomal calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kamboj
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Building, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Görlach A, Klappa P, Kietzmann T. The endoplasmic reticulum: folding, calcium homeostasis, signaling, and redox control. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:1391-418. [PMID: 16986999 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a major role in regulating synthesis, folding, and orderly transport of proteins. It is also essentially involved in various cellular signaling processes, primarily by its function as a dynamic Ca(2+) store. Compared to the cytosol, oxidizing conditions are found in the ER that allow oxidation of cysteine residues in nascent polypeptide chains to form intramolecular disulfide bonds. However, compounds and enzymes such as PDI that catalyze disulfide bonds become reduced and have to be reoxidized for further catalytic cycles. A number of enzymes, among them products of the ERO1 gene, appear to provide oxidizing equivalents, and oxygen appears to be the final oxidant in aerobic living organisms. Thus, protein oxidation in the ER is connected with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Changes in the redox state and the presence of ROS also affect the Ca(2+) homeostasis by modulating the functionality of ER-based channels and buffering chaperones. In addition, a close relationship exists between oxidative stress and ER stress, which both may activate signaling events leading to a rebalance of folding capacity and folding demand or to cell death. Thus, redox homeostasis appears to be a prerequisite for proper functioning of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Görlach
- Experimental Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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