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Phillipson OT. Management of the aging risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:847-57. [PMID: 24246717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aging risk factor for Parkinson's disease is described in terms of specific disease markers including mitochondrial and gene dysfunctions relevant to energy metabolism. This review details evidence for the ability of nutritional agents to manage these aging risk factors. The combination of alpha lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, and melatonin supports energy metabolism via carbohydrate and fatty acid utilization, assists electron transport and adenosine triphosphate synthesis, counters oxidative and nitrosative stress, and raises defenses against protein misfolding, inflammatory stimuli, iron, and other endogenous or xenobiotic toxins. These effects are supported by gene expression via the antioxidant response element (ARE; Keap/Nrf2 pathway), and by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha), a transcription coactivator, which regulates gene expression for energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis, and maintains the structural integrity of mitochondria. The effectiveness and synergies of the combination against disease risks are discussed in relation to gene action, dopamine cell loss, and the accumulation and spread of pathology via misfolded alpha-synuclein. In addition there are potential synergies to support a neurorestorative role via glial derived neurotrophic factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Phillipson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK.
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Oxidative stress in skeletal muscle impairs mitochondrial function in alloxan induced diabetic rats: Role of alpha lipoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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AKPINAR DENIZ, YARGIÇOĞLU PIRAYE, DERIN NARIN, ALICIGÜZEL YAKUP, ŞAHIN MEHMET, AĞAR AYSEL. THE EFFECT OF LIPOIC ACID ON LIPID PEROXIDATION AND VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS (VEPS) IN RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS. Int J Neurosci 2009; 117:1691-706. [DOI: 10.1080/00207450601050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tamilselvan J, Jayaraman G, Sivarajan K, Panneerselvam C. Age-dependent upregulation of p53 and cytochrome c release and susceptibility to apoptosis in skeletal muscle fiber of aged rats: role of carnitine and lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1656-69. [PMID: 18037131 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 08/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the regulation of myofiber loss during aging, possibly by apoptotic pathways. However, the mitochondrial-mediated pathway of apoptosis by cytochrome c in skeletal muscle remains ambiguous. To understand this, we have studied the upstream and downstream events of cytochrome c release, and assessed the efficacy of carnitine and lipoic acid cosupplementation. The results show that elevated levels of cytosolic cytochrome c activate apoptosis in aged rats, and was confirmed further by in vitro caspase-3 assay. Interestingly, the exogenous addition of cytochrome c results in a much higher increase of caspase-3 activity in aged treated rats than age-matched control rats, strongly suggesting that cytochrome c is a limiting factor for caspase-3 activation in the cytosol. Carnitine and lipoic acid supplement decreased apoptosis in aged rats by maintaining mitochondrial membrane integrity and thereby preventing further loss of cytochrome c in vivo. Furthermore, the upregulation of p53 observed in aged rats is attributed to the loss of outer mitochondrial membrane integrity and subsequent release of cytochrome c through BH3-only proteins. In conclusion, the p53-dependent activation of the mitochondrial-cytochrome c pathway of apoptosis in the present study suggests the existence of cross talk between mitochondria and nucleus. However, the exact molecular mechanism remains to be explored. Oral supplements of carnitine and lipoic acid play an antiapoptotic role in aged rat skeletal muscle by protecting mitochondrial membrane integrity.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/metabolism
- Aging/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Carnitine/pharmacology
- Caspase 3/genetics
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Caspase 9/genetics
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Cytochromes c/pharmacology
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Dietary Supplements
- Free Radicals/metabolism
- Genes, p53
- Male
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Thioctic Acid/pharmacology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayavelu Tamilselvan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. AL Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, India
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Kumaran S, Panneerselvam KS, Shila S, Sivarajan K, Panneerselvam C. Age-associated deficit of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle: Role of carnitine and lipoic acid. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 280:83-9. [PMID: 16311908 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-8234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage has implicated a major contributor for ageing process. In the present study, we measured mitochondrial membrane swelling, mitochondrial respiration (state 3 and 4) by using oxygen electrode in skeletal muscle of young (3-4 months old) and aged rats (above 24 months old) with supplementation of L: -carnitine and DL: -alpha-lipoic acid. Our results shows that the mitochondrial membrane swelling and state 4 respiration were increased more in skeletal muscle mitochondria of aged rats than in young control rats, whereas the state 3 respiration, respiratory control ratio (RCR) and ADP:O ratio decreased more in aged rats than in young rats. After supplementation of carnitine and lipoic acid to aged rats for 30 days, the state 3 respiration and RCR were increased, whereas the state 4 and mitochondrial membrane swelling were decreased to near normal rats. From our results, we conclude that combined supplementation of carnitine and lipoic acids to aged rats increases the skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration, thereby increasing the level of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumaran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. AL Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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6
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Vasdev S, Gill V, Parai S, Gadag V. Dietary lipoic acid supplementation attenuates hypertension in Dahl salt sensitive rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 275:135-41. [PMID: 16335793 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-1095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that excess dietary salt (NaCl) is a major factor contributing to the development of hypertension. Salt sensitive humans and rats develop hypertension even on a normal salt diet. Salt sensitivity is associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in both humans and animal models, including Dahl salt sensitive (DSS) rats. In insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism leads to elevated endogenous aldehydes. These aldehydes bind sulfhydryl groups of membrane proteins, altering calcium channels, increasing cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) and blood pressure. Treatment with lipoic acid, an endogenous sulfur-containing fatty acid, normalizes insulin resistance and lowers tissue aldehyde conjugates, cytosolic [Ca2+]i, and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a normal salt diet on tissue aldehyde conjugates, cytosolic [Ca2+]i and blood pressure in DSS rats and to determine whether lipoic acid supplementation prevents the increase in blood pressure and biochemical changes. Starting at 7 weeks of age, DSS rats were divided into three groups of six animals each and treated for 6 weeks with diets as follows: DSS-low salt, 0.4% NaCl; DSS-normal salt, 0.7% NaCl, and; DSS-normal salt + lipoic acid, 0.7% NaCl + lipoic acid 500 mg/kg feed. At completion, animals in the normal salt group had elevated systolic blood pressure, cytosolic [Ca2+]i and tissue aldehyde conjugates as compared to the low salt group. They also showed smooth muscle cell hyperplasia in small arteries and arterioles of the kidney. Dietary lipoic acid supplementation attenuated the increase in systolic blood pressure and associated biochemical and histopathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Vasdev
- Department of Medicine, Room H-4310, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
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Vasdev S, Gill V, Longerich L, Parai S, Gadag V. Salt-induced hypertension in WKY rats: prevention by alpha-lipoic acid supplementation. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 254:319-26. [PMID: 14674712 DOI: 10.1023/a:1027354005498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that points to excess dietary salt as a major factor contributing to the development of hypertension. Salt sensitivity is associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in both animal models and humans. In insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism leads to elevated endogenous aldehydes which bind to vascular calcium channels, increasing cytosolic [Ca2+]i and blood pressure. In an insulin resistant animal model of hypertension, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), dietary supplementation with lipoic acid lowers tissue aldehydes and plasma insulin levels and normalizes blood pressure. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of a high salt diet on tissue aldehydes, cytosolic [Ca2+]i and blood pressure in WKY rats and to investigate whether dietary supplementation with lipoic acid can prevent a salt induced increase in blood pressure. Starting at 7 weeks of age, WKY rats were divided into three groups of six animals each and treated for 10 weeks with diets as follows: WKY-normal salt (0.7% NaCl); WKY-high salt (8% NaCl); WKY-high salt + lipoic acid (8% NaCl diet + lipoic acid 500 mg/Kg feed). At completion, animals in the high salt group had elevated systolic blood pressure, platelet [Ca2+]i, and tissue aldehyde conjugates compared with the normal salt group and showed smooth muscle cell hyperplasia in the small arteries and arterioles of the kidneys. Dietary alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in high salt-treated WKY rats normalized systolic blood pressure and cytosolic [Ca2+]i and aldehydes in liver and aorta. Kidney aldehydes and renal vascular changes were attenuated, but not normalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Vasdev
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland, Canada.
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Kim MS, Park JY, Namkoong C, Jang PG, Ryu JW, Song HS, Yun JY, Namgoong IS, Ha J, Park IS, Lee IK, Viollet B, Youn JH, Lee HK, Lee KU. Anti-obesity effects of α-lipoic acid mediated by suppression of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med 2004; 10:727-33. [PMID: 15195087 DOI: 10.1038/nm1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) functions as a fuel sensor in the cell and is activated when cellular energy is depleted. Here we report that alpha-lipoic acid (alpha-LA), a cofactor of mitochondrial enzymes, decreases hypothalamic AMPK activity and causes profound weight loss in rodents by reducing food intake and enhancing energy expenditure. Activation of hypothalamic AMPK reverses the effects of alpha-LA on food intake and energy expenditure. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of glucose decreases hypothalamic AMPK activity, whereas inhibition of intracellular glucose utilization through the administration of 2-deoxyglucose increases hypothalamic AMPK activity and food intake. The 2-deoxyglucose-induced hyperphagia is reversed by inhibiting hypothalamic AMPK. Our findings indicate that hypothalamic AMPK is important in the central regulation of food intake and energy expenditure and that alpha-LA exerts anti-obesity effects by suppressing hypothalamic AMPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 138-736 Poongnap-dong, Songpa-ku, Seoul 138-736, Korea
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9
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Arivazhagan P, Panneerselvam C. Alpha-Lipoic Acid Increases Na+K+ATPase Activity and Reduces Lipofuscin Accumulation in Discrete Brain Regions of Aged Rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1019:350-4. [PMID: 15247042 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1297.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A convincing link between oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases has been found with the knowledge that it actually damages neuronal cells in culture. We analyzed the effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on lipofuscin and Na(+)K(+) ATPase in discrete brain regions of young and aged rats. In aged rats, the level of lipofuscin was increased, and the activity of Na(+)K(+)ATPase was decreased. Intraperitoneal administration of lipoic acid to aged rats led to a duration-dependent reduction and elevation in lipofuscin and enzyme activity, respectively, in the cortex, cerebellum, striatum, hippocampus, and hypothalamus of the brain. These results suggest that lipoic acid, a natural metabolic antioxidant, should be useful as a therapeutic tool in preventing neuronal dysfunction in aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arivazhagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, 600 113, India
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Arivazhagan P, Panneerselvam SR, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL- -Lipoic Acid on the Status of Lipid Peroxidation and Lipids in Aged Rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003; 58:B788-91. [PMID: 14528033 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.9.b788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of dextro and levo (DL)-alpha-lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation and lipids has been evaluated in plasma, liver, and kidney of young and aged rats. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipids were considerably higher in aged rats compared with younger controls. DL-alpha-lipoic acid (100 mg/kg body wt/day) was administered intraperitoneally for 7 and 14 days. Supplementation of lipoic acid in aged rats prevents the elevated levels of TBARS and lipids. From our observations, we conclude that lipoic acid is very effective in normalizing age-related alterations in lipids, and it can be implemented in the aged to minimize age-associated disorders where free radicals are the major cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniyappan Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,University of Madras, Chennai, India
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11
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Rogers SA. Lipoic Acid as a Potential First Agent for Protection from Mycotoxins and Treatment of Mycotoxicosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 58:528-32. [PMID: 15259433 DOI: 10.3200/aeoh.58.8.528-532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins--toxic substances produced by fungi or molds--are ubiquitous in the environment and are capable of damaging multiple biochemical mechanisms, resulting in a variety of human symptoms referred to collectively as "mycotoxicosis." In fact, mycotoxins mimic multiple xenobiotics, not only with respect to their ultimate damage, but also in their routes of detoxification. This suggests potential therapeutic options for the challenging treatment of mycotoxicosis. In this brief review, the author examines the use of lipoic acid as an example of an inexpensive and available nutrient that has been shown to protect against, or reverse, the adverse health effects of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Rogers
- Northeast Center for Environmental Medicine, Sarasota, Florida, USA
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12
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Dünschede F, Zwicker K, Ackermann H, Zimmer G. ADP- and oligomycin-sensitive redox behavior of F0 b thiol in ATPsynthase depends on neighbored primary structure: investigations using 14-C-labeled alpha lipoic acid. Biofactors 2003; 19:19-32. [PMID: 14757974 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520190104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purified ATPsynthase of bovine heart mitochondria has been analyzed for its mobility and reactivity of oligomycin-sensitive sulfhydryl regions in presence of the substrate ADP and oligomycin. Labeling of thiol groups at the hydrophobic F_0 region of the ATPsynthase was increased in the enzyme initially treated with SDS, N-ethylmaleimide and dithiothreitol (modified enzyme). After dialysis or gel permeation the ATPsynthase was treated with [14C] alpha lipoic acid at a molar ratio of 35-85/1 (lipoic acid/ATPsynthase) corresponding to 4-8.6 nmol/mg protein. Under these conditions, ATPase activity of the native enzyme was significantly decreased. After preincubation with ADP, PAGE of the native, [14C] labeled enzyme revealed an increase of radioactivity at a region of 25 kDa deduced to Cys 197 of subunit b. In the modified enzyme the increase in radioactivity was found at 10 kDa. In this context, the sequence Lys-Cys-Ile around Cys 197 of subunit b suggests excessive reactivity of this thiol, as well as ready reversibility by -SH-S-S- interchange. Therefore, previously observed reaction by thiol reagents and antioxidants from outside the mitochondrion can be interpreted with Cys 197 of F0 b. It accounts for sulfhydryl unmasked by binding of ADP at F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Dünschede
- Allgemein- und Abdominalchirurgie, Universitätsklinik Mainz, Germany
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Arivazhagan P, Thilakavathy T, Ramanathan K, Kumaran S, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on the status of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in various brain regions of aged rats. J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13:619-624. [PMID: 12550074 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals have been implicated in the development of many acute and chronic diseases and in conditions involving brain or neurological tissue. The primary genetic material is subjected to damage by endogenous and exogenous agents, which may lead to instability and transcriptional infidelity. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid, a metabolic antioxidant on lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content in various brain regions of aged rats when compared to brain regions of young rats. DL-alpha-lipoic acid was administered intraperitoneally (100mg/kg body weight/day) to experimental rats. Nucleic acid and protein content were low whereas thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyl content (markers of free radical damage) were high in cortex, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus followed by cerebellum of aged rat brain. Lipoate administration for 14 days in aged rats increased the levels of nucleic acid and protein and reduced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. These results demonstrate that lipoic acid is a potent antioxidant for neuronal cells against age associated oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniappan Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. AL Mudaliar PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, 600 113, Chennai, India
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Arivazhagan P, Shila S, Kumaran S, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on the status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in various brain regions of aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2002; 37:803-11. [PMID: 12175480 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(02)00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated in various brain regions of young and aged rats. Lipoate contents of discrete brain regions were also measured. In aged rats, the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were low whereas thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were found to be high. Catalase activity in various brain regions was little altered in aged rats. Lipoic acid an antioxidant was administered intraperitoneally (100mg/kg body weight per day) for 7 and 14 days. Lipoate administered aged rats showed a duration dependent reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation and elevation in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. There was a rise in the level of lipoate in aged rats after supplementation of lipoate in all the brain regions examined. From our results we conclude that lipoate supplementation had a beneficial effect in both preventing and reversing abnormalities in ageing brain. This beneficial effect was associated with normalization of lipid peroxidation and partial restoration in the activities of various enzymatic antioxidants suggesting that lipoate supplementation could improve brain antioxidant functions in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr AL Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, India
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Arivazhagan P, Ramanathan K, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on mitochondrial enzymes in aged rats. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 138:189-98. [PMID: 11672700 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction appears to contribute to some of the loss of function accompanying ageing. Mitochondria from aged tissue use oxygen inefficiently impairing ATP synthesis and results in increased oxidant production. A high flux of oxidants not only damages mitochondria, but other important cell biomolecules as well. In the present investigation, the levels of lipid peroxidation, oxidized glutathione, non-enzymatic antioxidants and the activities of mitochondrial enzymes were measured in liver and kidney mitochondria of young and aged rats before and after lipoic acid supplementation. In both liver and kidney increase in the levels of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and oxidized glutathione and decrease in the levels of antioxidants and the activities of mitochondrial enzymes were observed in aged rats. DL-alpha-lipoic acid supplemented aged rats showed a decrease in the levels of lipid peroxidation and oxidized glutathione and increase in the levels of reduced glutathione, vitamins C and E and the activities of mitochondrial enzymes like isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NADH-dehydrogenase and cytochrome-c-oxidase. Thus, lipoic acid reverses the age-associated decline in endogenous low molecular weight antioxidants and mitochondrial enzymes and, therefore, may lower the increased risk of oxidative damage that occurs during ageing. From our results it can be concluded that lipoic acid supplementation enhances the activities of mitochondrial enzymes and antioxidant status and thereby protects mitochondria from ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr A.L. Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, 600-113, Chennai, India
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Arivazhagan P, Ramanathan K, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on the status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in mitochondria of aged rats. J Nutr Biochem 2001; 12:2-6. [PMID: 11179855 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(00)00138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The life span of a species is thought to be determined by the rate of mitochondrial damage which in turn is inflicted by free radicals in the mitochondria during the course of normal metabolism. The level of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were measured in liver and kidney mitochondria of young and aged rats before and after DL-alpha-lipoic acid supplementation. In both liver and kidney, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation increased with age and a decrease in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were observed. DL-alpha-lipoic acid treated aged rats showed a decrease in the level of lipid peroxides and an increase in the antioxidant status. Our results conclude that supplementation of lipoic acid restores the depleted mitochondrial antioxidant status and suggest that it could be an effective therapeutic agent in treatment of age-associated disorders where free radicals are the major causative factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, - 600 113, Chennai, India
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Abstract
We have attempted to evaluate the effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on nucleic acid and protein contents in young and aged rats. An age-associated decrease in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein contents were observed in aged rats. DL-alpha-lipoic acid was administered intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg body weight/day) to young and aged rats from 7 and 14 days. Lipoate administration demonstrated a substantial increase in nucleic acid and protein contents in aged rats. Hence it can be justified that lipoate is functionally efficient in helping the cell to recover from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr AL Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, India
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18
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Abstract
The effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were evaluated in various brain regions of young and aged rats. In aged rats, the levels of ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol and glutathione were low whereas the lipid peroxidation rate, as revealed by malonaldehyde content, was found to be high. Lipoic acid, an antioxidant, was administered intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg body weight/day) for 7 and 14 days. Lipoate-administered aged rats brought about reduction in lipid peroxidation and elevation in the levels of antioxidants. The modulatory effect of lipoate in decreasing age-associated alterations observed in our study proves its role as a potent antioxidant in the brain of aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr AL Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, India
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Abstract
Hypoxia and reoxygenation were studied in rat hearts and ischemia and reperfusion in rat hindlimbs. Free radicals are known to be generated through these events and to propagate complications. In order to reduce hypoxic/ischemic and especially reoxygenation/reperfusion injury the (re)perfusion conditions were ameliorated including the treatment with antioxidants (lipoate or dihydrolipoate). In isolated working rat hearts cardiac and mitochondrial parameters are impaired during hypoxia and partially recover in reoxygenation. Dihydrolipoate, if added into the perfusion buffer at 0.3 microM concentration, keeps the pH higher (7. 15) during hypoxia as compared to controls (6.98). The compound accelerates the recovery of the aortic flow and stabilizes it during reoxygenation. With dihydrolipoate, ATPase activity is reduced, ATP synthesis is increased and phosphocreatine contents are higher than in controls. Creatine kinase activity is maintained during reoxygenation in the dihydrolipoate series. Isolated rat hindlimbs were stored for 4 h in a moist chamber at 18 degrees C. Controls were perfused for 30 min with a modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 60 mmHg followed by 30 min Krebs-Henseleit perfusion at 100 mmHg. The dihydrolipoate group contained 8.3 microM in the modified reperfusate (controlled reperfusion). With dihydrolipoate, recovery of the contractile function was 49% (vs. 34% in controls) and muscle flexibility was maintained whereas it decreased by 15% in the controls. Release of creatine kinase was significantly lower with dihydrolipoate treatment. Dihydrolipoate effectively reduces reoxygenation injury in isolated working rat hearts. Controlled reperfusion, including lipoate, prevents reperfusion syndrome after extended ischemia in exarticulated rat hindlimbs and in an in vivo pig hindlimbs model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Freisleben
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Pascasarjana-Fakultas Kedokteran, Salemba Raya No. 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
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Vasdev S, Ford CA, Parai S, Longerich L, Gadag V. Dietary alpha-lipoic acid supplementation lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2000; 18:567-73. [PMID: 10826559 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200018050-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), excess endogenous aldehydes bind sulfhydryl groups of membrane proteins, altering membrane Ca2+ channels and increasing cytosolic free calcium and blood pressure. The thiol compound, N-acetyl cysteine, normalizes elevated blood pressure in SHRs by binding excess endogenous aldehydes and normalizing membrane Ca2+ channels and cytosolic free calcium. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a dietary supplementation of an endogenous fatty acid, alpha-lipoic acid, another thiol compound that is known to increase tissue cysteine and glutathione, can lower blood pressure and normalize associated biochemical and histopathological changes in SHRs. METHODS AND RESULTS Starting at 12 weeks of age, animals were divided into three groups of six animals each. Animals in the Wistar- Kyoto (WKY) rat control group and the SHR control group were given a normal diet, and the SHR-lipoic acid group was given a diet supplemented with lipoic acid (500 mg/kg feed) for the next 9 weeks. After 9 weeks, systolic blood pressure, platelet [Ca2+]i, plasma insulin and liver, kidney and aortic aldehyde conjugates were significantly higher in SHR controls as compared with WKY rat controls and the SHR lipoic acid group. SHR controls also showed smooth muscle cell hyperplasia in the small arteries and arterioles of the kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Dietary alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in SHRs lowered the systolic blood pressure, cytosolic [Ca2+]i, blood glucose and insulin levels, and tissue aldehyde conjugates, and attenuated adverse renal vascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vasdev
- Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.
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21
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Arivazhagan P, Juliet P, Panneerselvam C. Effect of dl-alpha-lipoic acid on the status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in aged rats. Pharmacol Res 2000; 41:299-303. [PMID: 10675281 DOI: 10.1006/phrs.1999.0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dl-alpha-lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants status has been studied in the blood of young and aged rats. dl-alpha-lipoic acid, an antioxidant, was administered intraperitoneally for 7 and 14 days. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels decreased with age but this decrease was attenuated by dl-alpha-lipoic acid. Lipid peroxide levels increased with age, and were decreased by lipoic acid administration. These results suggest that biochemical lesions which are considered to be part of the normal ageing process are neutralized by dl-alpha-lipoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600 113, India
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Arivazhagan P, Thilakavathy T, Panneerselvam C. Antioxidant lipoate and tissue antioxidants in aged rats. J Nutr Biochem 2000; 11:122-7. [PMID: 10742655 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(99)00079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism produces free radicals that must be removed from the cellular environment for the cell to survive. The levels of nonenzymic antioxidants involved in the elimination of free radicals were investigated in an attempt to correlate any changes in the levels of enzymic antioxidants during aging with changes in free radical mediated cellular damage. Antioxidants were measured in liver and kidney of young and aged rats with respect to DL-alpha-lipoic acid supplemented rats. In both organs lipid peroxidation damage (a marker of free radical mediated damage) increased with age, and a significant decrease in antioxidant systems was observed. Moreover, DL-alpha-lipoic acid treated aged rats showed a decrease in the level of lipid peroxides and an increase in the antioxidant status. The results of this study provide evidence that DL-alpha-lipoic acid treatment can improve antioxidants during aging and minimize the age-associated disorders in which free radicals are the major cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arivazhagan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L. Mudaliar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
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Hagen TM, Ingersoll RT, Lykkesfeldt J, Liu J, Wehr CM, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Ames AB. (R)-alpha-lipoic acid-supplemented old rats have improved mitochondrial function, decreased oxidative damage, and increased metabolic rate. FASEB J 1999; 13:411-8. [PMID: 9973329 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.2.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A diet supplemented with (R)-lipoic acid, a mitochondrial coenzyme, was fed to old rats to determine its efficacy in reversing the decline in metabolism seen with age. Young (3 to 5 months) and old (24 to 26 months) rats were fed an AIN-93M diet with or without (R)-lipoic acid (0.5% w/w) for 2 wk, killed, and their liver parenchymal cells were isolated. Hepatocytes from untreated old rats vs. young controls had significantly lower oxygen consumption (P<0. 03) and mitochondrial membrane potential. (R)-Lipoic acid supplementation reversed the age-related decline in O2 consumption and increased (P<0.03) mitochondrial membrane potential. Ambulatory activity, a measure of general metabolic activity, was almost threefold lower in untreated old rats vs. controls, but this decline was reversed (P<0.005) in old rats fed (R)-lipoic acid. The increase of oxidants with age, as measured by the fluorescence produced on oxidizing 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin, was significantly lowered in (R)-lipoic acid supplemented old rats (P<0.01). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, were increased fivefold with age in cells from unsupplemented rats. Feeding rats the (R)-lipoic acid diet reduced MDA levels markedly (P<0.01). Both glutathione and ascorbic acid levels declined in hepatocytes with age, but their loss was completely reversed with (R)-lipoic acid supplementation. Thus, (R)-lipoic acid supplementation improves indices of metabolic activity as well as lowers oxidative stress and damage evident in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Hagen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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24
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Muthukumar A, Selvam R. Role of glutathione on renal mitochondrial status in hyperoxaluria. Mol Cell Biochem 1998; 185:77-84. [PMID: 9746214 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006817319876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Role of glutathione on kidney mitochondrial integrity and function during stone forming process in hyperoxaluric state was investigated in male albino rats of Wistar strain. Hyperoxaluria was induced by feeding ethylene glycol (EG) in drinking water. Glutathione was depleted by administering buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a specific inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis. Glutathione monoester (GME) was administered for supplementing glutathione. BSO treatment alone or along with EG, depleted mitochondrial GSH by 40% and 51% respectively. Concomitantly, there was remarkable elevation in lipid peroxidation and oxidation of protein thiols. Mitochondrial oxalate binding was enhanced by 74% and 129% in BSO and BSO + EG treatment. Comparatively, EG treatment produced only a 33% increase in mitochondrial oxalate binding. Significant alteration in calcium homeostasis was seen following BSO and BSO + EG treatment. This may be due to altered mitochondrial integrity and function as evidenced from decreased activities of mitochondrial inner membrane marker enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome-c-oxidase and respiratory control ratio and enhanced NADH oxidation by mitochondria in these two groups. NADH oxidation (r = -0.74) and oxalate deposition in the kidney (r = -0.70) correlated negatively with mitochondrial glutathione depletion. GME supplementation restored normal level of GSH and maintained mitochondrial integrity and function, as a result of which oxalate deposition was prevented despite hyperoxaluria. These results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from GSH depletion could be a contributing factor in the development of calcium oxalate stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muthukumar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi
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25
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Packer L. alpha-Lipoic acid: a metabolic antioxidant which regulates NF-kappa B signal transduction and protects against oxidative injury. Drug Metab Rev 1998; 30:245-75. [PMID: 9606603 DOI: 10.3109/03602539808996311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the metabolic role of alpha-lipoic acid has been known for over 40 years, it is only recently that its effects when supplied exogenously have become known. Exogenous alpha-lipoic acid is reduced intracellularly by at least two and possibly three enzymes, and through the actions of its reduced form, it influences a number of cell process. These include direct radical scavenging, recycling of other antioxidants, accelerating GSH synthesis, and modulating transcription factor activity, especially that of NF-kappa B (Fig. 12). These mechanisms may account for the sometimes dramatic effects of alpha-lipoic acid in oxidative stress conditions (e.g., brain ischemia-reperfusion), and point the way toward its therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Packer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3200, USA
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26
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are thought to be involved in a number of types of acute and chronic pathologic conditions in the brain and neural tissue. The metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoate (thioctic acid, 1, 2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid; 1, 2-dithiolane-3 valeric acid; and 6, 8-dithiooctanoic acid) is a low molecular weight substance that is absorbed from the diet and crosses the blood-brain barrier. alpha-Lipoate is taken up and reduced in cells and tissues to dihydrolipoate, which is also exported to the extracellular medium; hence, protection is afforded to both intracellular and extracellular environments. Both alpha-lipoate and especially dihydrolipoate have been shown to be potent antioxidants, to regenerate through redox cycling other antioxidants like vitamin C and vitamin E, and to raise intracellular glutathione levels. Thus, it would seem an ideal substance in the treatment of oxidative brain and neural disorders involving free radical processes. Examination of current research reveals protective effects of these compounds in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, excitotoxic amino acid brain injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, diabetes and diabetic neuropathy, inborn errors of metabolism, and other causes of acute or chronic damage to brain or neural tissue. Very few neuropharmacological intervention strategies are currently available for the treatment of stroke and numerous other brain disorders involving free radical injury. We propose that the various metabolic antioxidant properties of alpha-lipoate relate to its possible therapeutic roles in a variety of brain and neuronal tissue pathologies: thiols are central to antioxidant defense in brain and other tissues. The most important thiol antioxidant, glutathione, cannot be directly administered, whereas alpha-lipoic acid can. In vitro, animal, and preliminary human studies indicate that alpha-lipoate may be effective in numerous neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Packer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3200, USA
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27
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Jolley KA, Rapaport E, Hough DW, Danson MJ, Woods WG, Dyall-Smith ML. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii: homologous overexpression of the cloned gene. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:3044-8. [PMID: 8655478 PMCID: PMC178050 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.11.3044-3048.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from the halophilic archaeon, Haloferax volcanii, has been subcloned and overexpressed in the parent organism by using the halophilic archaeal rRNA promoter. The recombinant protein has been purified to homogeneity and characterized with respect to its kinetic, molecular, and salt-dependent properties. A dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-minus mutant of H. volcanii has been created by homologous recombination with the subcloned gene after insertion of the mevinolin resistance determinant into the protein-coding region. To explore the physiological function of the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, the growth properties of the mutant halophile have been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jolley
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, United Kingdom
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28
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Xu DP, Wells WW. α-Lipoic acid dependent regeneration of ascorbic acid from dehydroascorbic acid in rat liver mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02150681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Schönheit K, Gille L, Nohl H. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid on ischemia/reperfusion injury of the heart and heart mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1271:335-42. [PMID: 7605800 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(95)00052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible interference of alpha-lipoic acid (LA) or its reduced form (dithiol dihydrolipoic acid = DHLA) in the cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury both at the level of the intact organ and at the subcellular level of mitochondria. In order to follow the effect of LA on the ischemia/reperfusion injury of the heart the isolated perfused organ was subjected to total global ischemia and reperfusion in the presence and absence of different concentrations of LA. Treatment with 0.5 microM LA improved the recovery of hemodynamic parameters; electrophysiological parameters were not influenced. However, application of 10 microM LA to rat hearts further impaired the recovery of hemodynamic functions and prolonged the duration of severe rhythm disturbances in comparison to reperfusion of control hearts. Treatment of isolated mitochondria with any concentration of DHLA could not prevent the impairment of respiratory-linked energy conservation caused by the exposure of mitochondria to 'reperfusion' conditions. However, DHLA was effective in decreasing the formation and the existence of mitochondrial superoxide radicals (O2.-). Apart from its direct O(2.-)-scavenging activities DHLA was also found to control mitochondrial O2.- formation indirectly by regulating redox-cycling ubiquinone. It is suggested that impairment of this mitochondrial O2.- generator mitigates postischemic oxidative stress which in turn reduces damage to hemodynamic heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schönheit
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary University of Vienna, Austria
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30
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Pissarek M, Jänichen F, Blasig IE, Haseloff R, Keller T, Tapp E, Krause EG. Cardioprotective potency of the radical scavenger S-2-(3 aminopropylamino) ethylphosphorothioic acid in the post-ischaemic rat heart. Mol Cell Biochem 1995; 145:121-9. [PMID: 7675032 DOI: 10.1007/bf00935484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
S-2-(3 aminopropylamino) ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) shown to surpass radical scavenging thiols in their radioprotective efficacy in cancer-type diseases has been tested for its protective potential in the reperfused heart. We investigated the radical scavenger properties of the compound in a radical generating system in vitro as well as in isolated rat hearts subjected to 30 min ischaemia and 30 min reperfusion with the electron-paramagnetic resonance spin trap technique. The action on high-energy phosphates is observed by means of phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy while its influence on left ventricular systolic segmental length change (SSLC) during 60 min reperfusion following 60 min regional ischaemia was assessed with a fibreoptic system in anaesthetized open-chest rats. WR-2721 (0.1 mM) reduced the vascular concentration of radical adduct in isolated hearts by up to 78% (275 +/- 84% of pre-ischaemic baseline values vs 1260 +/- 413%, p < 0.05) between 5 and 12.5 min reperfusion. This was accompanied by a reduction of the left ventricular end diastolic pressure to pre-ischaemic values at 30 min of reperfusion (9 +/- 6 mmHg vs 42 +/- 8 mmHg in the absence of WR-2721, p < 0.02). An accelerated recovery of creatine phosphate levels (78 +/- 5% of pre-ischaemia values vs 41 +/- 5% within 60 min reperfusion: p < 0.05) was observed under similar conditions with NMR-spectroscopy, although the post-ischaemic tissue content of adenosine triphosphate was not affected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pissarek
- Research Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Zimmer G, Mainka L, Ulrich H. ATP synthesis and ATPase activities in heart mitoplasts under influence of R- and S-enantiomers of lipoic acid. Methods Enzymol 1995; 251:332-40. [PMID: 7651214 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)51136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Zimmer
- Gustav-Embden-Zentrum der Biologischen Chemie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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32
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Greenamyre JT, Garcia-Osuna M, Greene JG. The endogenous cofactors, thioctic acid and dihydrolipoic acid, are neuroprotective against NMDA and malonic acid lesions of striatum. Neurosci Lett 1994; 171:17-20. [PMID: 8084483 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid) and dihydrolipoic acid are endogenous, interconvertible cofactors of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. These compounds help to maintain glutathione and alpha-tocopherol in their reduced states, and they possess intrinsic free radical scavenging properties. We examined whether systemic treatment with thioctic acid or dihydrolipoic acid is protective against direct- and indirect-acting excitotoxins. Adult rats were treated for 10 days with intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, thioctic acid or dihydrolipoic acid, and on day 7 of treatment animals received unilateral stereotaxic injections of NMDA or malonic acid into the striatum. Histological assessment 3 days after the stereotaxic injections revealed a marked reduction in lesion volume in animals treated with thioctic acid or dihydrolipoic acid. We conclude that thioctic acid and dihydrolipoic acid are neuroprotective against direct and indirect excitotoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Greenamyre
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642
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33
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Griffiths DE. Dibutyltin-3-hydroxyflavone titrates a dissociable component (cofactor) of mitochondrial ATP synthase: An energy-transfer component linked to the ubiquinone pool. Appl Organomet Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.590080210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Serrano A. Purification, characterization and function of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain P.C.C. 7119. Biochem J 1992; 288 ( Pt 3):823-30. [PMID: 1471997 PMCID: PMC1131961 DOI: 10.1042/bj2880823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (dihydrolipoamide: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.8.1.4) (DLD) has been found in the soluble fraction of cells of both unicellular (Synechococcus sp. strain P.C.C. 6301) and filamentous (Calothrix sp. strain P.C.C. 7601 and Anabaena sp. strain P.C.C. 7119) cyanobacteria. DLD from Anabaena sp. was purified 3000-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity. The purified enzyme exhibited a specific activity of 190 units/mg and was characterized as a dimeric FAD-containing protein with a native molecular mass of 104 kDa, a Stokes' radius of 4.28 nm and a very acidic pI value of about 3.7. As is the case with the same enzyme from other sources, cyanobacterial DLD showed specificity for NADH and lipoamide, or lipoic acid, as substrates. Nevertheless, the strong acidic character of the Anabaena DLD is a distinctive feature with respect to the same enzyme from other organisms. The presence of essential thiol groups was suggested by the inactivation produced by thiol-group-reactive reagents and heavy-metal ions, with lipoamide, but not NAD+, behaving as a protective agent. The function and physiological significance of Anabaena DLD are discussed in relation to the fact that 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes have not been detected so far in filamentous cyanobacteria. Glycine decarboxylase activity, which might be involved in photorespiratory metabolism, has been found, however, in cell extracts of Anabaena sp. strain P.C.C. 7119 as the present study demonstrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serrano
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC y Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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35
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Serbinova E, Khwaja S, Reznick AZ, Packer L. Thioctic acid protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the isolated perfused Langendorff heart. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1992; 17:49-58. [PMID: 1446847 DOI: 10.3109/10715769209061088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant properties of thioctic and dihydrolipoic acid have been demonstrated in membranes and low density lipoproteins (LDL) in vitro. In vivo studies with dietary supplementation of thioctic acid to rats showed that it can also protect tissues against oxidative damage. Presumably, this action is due to a thioctic acid dihydrolipoic acid (TA/DHLA) coupled antioxidant mechanism, which enhances the activity of other antioxidants (i.e. ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol) by regenerating them from their radical form. In the present study, thioctic acid proved to protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury to Langendorff perfused hearts. Hearts isolated from rats fed thioctic acid and subjected to ischemia exhibited better mechanical recovery (left ventricular developed pressure) after reperfusion and lower lactate dehydrogenase leakage. Thioctic acid supplementation also decreased the appearance of fluorescent lipid peroxidation products after ischemia/reperfusion, lowered the rate of 2,2'-azobis-(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN) induced lipid peroxidation in heart homogenates, and prevented the loss of alpha-tocopherol. The total sulfhydryl group content in thioctic acid fed animals was higher and the decrease due to ischemia-reperfusion was not as marked in this group as observed in the control. These results show that dietary supplementation with thioctic acid in vivo provides protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the Langendorff heart model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Serbinova
- 251 LSA Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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