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Mikhailova DM, Skverchinskaya E, Sudnitsyna J, Butov KR, Koltsova EM, Mindukshev IV, Gambaryan S. Hematin- and Hemin-Induced Spherization and Hemolysis of Human Erythrocytes Are Independent of Extracellular Calcium Concentration. Cells 2024; 13:554. [PMID: 38534398 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathologies such as malaria, hemorrhagic stroke, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia are characterized by the release of hemoglobin degradation products from damaged RBCs. Hematin (liganded with OH-) and hemin (liganded with Cl-)-are the oxidized forms of heme with toxic properties due to their hydrophobicity and the presence of redox-active Fe3. In the present study, using the original LaSca-TM laser particle analyzer, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy, we showed that both hematin and hemin induce dose-dependent RBC spherization and hemolysis with ghost formation. Hematin and hemin at nanomolar concentrations increased [Ca2+]i in RBC; however, spherization and hemolysis occurred in the presence and absence of calcium, indicating that both processes are independent of [Ca2+]i. Both compounds triggered acute phosphatidylserine exposure on the membrane surface, reversible after 60 min of incubation. A comparison of hematin and hemin effects on RBCs revealed that hematin is a more reactive toxic metabolite than hemin towards human RBCs. The toxic effects of heme derivatives were reduced and even reversed in the presence of albumin, indicating the presence in RBCs of the own recovery system against the toxic effects of heme derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Mikhailova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Ave., 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elisaveta Skverchinskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Ave., 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia Sudnitsyna
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Ave., 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill R Butov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medical Biotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina M Koltsova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 30 Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya st., 109029 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor V Mindukshev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Ave., 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44 Thorez Ave., 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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2
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Giri RP, Mukhopadhyay MK. Humidity-Responsive Polymer Cushion-Supported Biomimetic Membrane: A Model System for X-ray Studies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15294-15302. [PMID: 36463523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An effort aimed at replacing the conventional water column by a relative humidity (RH) environment for structural investigation of a soft polymer cushion-supported model phospholipid membrane has been reported. An RH-responsive well-hydrated polymer cushion layer capable of approximately 2-fold swellability under RH 96% has been employed for phospholipid model membrane fabrication. To validate the proposed method, supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) of phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine were deposited and structurally characterized at molecular level by the X-ray scattering method. In addition, the molecular interaction of the porphyrin-based hemin molecule, having a drug-like structure, with the supported membrane has been studied for further validation. The swelling behavior of the polymer cushion has been studied at a range of RH values prior to the bilayer deposition. The RH environment, in comparison to the conventional water column, enhanced the dynamic range approximately by 100-fold and the structural resolution by 2-fold. Thus, the bilayer structural features can be assessed without being overwhelmed by the background signals from the traditional water column. This facilitates in extracting reliable layer parameters and exogenous molecule-induced minute changes from the model fit. The proposed method will have far-reaching implications in biosensor engineering, protein-lipid, and drug-lipid interaction studies, X-ray microscopy, imaging, and photon correlation spectroscopy studies from SLBs where acquiring sufficient scattered intensity is still a challenge. This study also predicts that lab-based rotating-anode X-ray instruments can potentially be an alternative to the hard-access synchrotron experiments on biomimetic membranes, keeping the dynamic range and structural resolution uncompromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P Giri
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata700064, West Bengal, India
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118Kiel, Germany
| | - Mrinmay K Mukhopadhyay
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata700064, West Bengal, India
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3
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Kinetics of lipid radical formation in lipoproteins from β-thalassemia: Implication of cholesteryl esters and α-tocopherol. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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4
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Georgiou-Siafis SK, Samiotaki MK, Demopoulos VJ, Panayotou G, Tsiftsoglou AS. Glutathione-Hemin/Hematin Adduct Formation to Disintegrate Cytotoxic Oxidant Hemin/Hematin in Human K562 Cells and Red Blood Cells' Hemolysates: Impact of Glutathione on the Hemolytic Disorders and Homeostasis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101959. [PMID: 36290682 PMCID: PMC9598195 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemin, an oxidized form of heme, acts as potent oxidant to regulate glutathione (GSH) content in pro-erythroid K562 nucleated cells, via activation of the KEAP1/NRF2 defensive signaling pathway. Moreover, GSH, as an essential metabolite, is involved in the regulation of cell-redox homeostasis and proposed to scavenge cytotoxic free heme, which is released from hemoglobin of damaged red blood cells (RBCs) during different hemolytic disorders. In the present study, we aimed to uncover the molecular mechanism by which GSH inhibits hemin-induced cytotoxicity (HIC) by affecting hemin’s structural integrity in K562 cells and in RBC hemolysates. GSH, along with other thiols (cysteine, thioglycolic acid, and mercaptoethanol) altered the spectrum of hemin, while each of them co-added with hemin in cultures of K562 cells prevented HIC and growth arrest and markedly reduced the intracellular level of hemin. In addition, GSH endogenous levels served as a barrier to HIC in K562 cells, as shown by the depletion in GSH. LC-MS/MS analysis of the in vitro reaction between hemin and GSH revealed at least five different isomers of GSH–hemin adducts, as well as hydroxy derivatives as reaction products, which are characterized by unique mass spectra (MS). The latter allowed the detection of adducts in human RBC hemolysates. Based on these findings, we proposed a molecular mechanism via which GSH prevents HIC and structurally disintegrates heme. An analogous reaction was observed in RBC hemolysates via direct inter-reaction between hematin (ferric and hydroxide heme) released from hemoglobin and GSH. Overall, GSH–hematin adducts could be considered as novel entities of the human metabolome of RBCs in hemolytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia K. Georgiou-Siafis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis J. Demopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Asterios S. Tsiftsoglou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
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5
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A previously unknown way of heme detoxification in the digestive tract of cats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8290. [PMID: 33859236 PMCID: PMC8050217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Free heme is a highly toxic molecule for a living organism and its detoxification is a very important process, especially for carnivorous animals. Here we report the discovery of a previously unknown process for neutralizing free heme in the digestive tract of domestic cats. The cornerstone of this process is the encapsulation of heme into carbonated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, followed by their excretion with faeces. This way of heme neutralization resembles the formation of insoluble heme-containing particles in the digestive tracts of other hematophagous species (for example, the formation of insoluble hemozoin crystals in malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites). Our findings suggest that the encapsulation of heme molecules into a hydroxyapatite matrix occurs during the transition from the acidic gastric juice to the small intestine with neutral conditions. The formation of these particles and their efficiency to include heme depends on the bone content in a cat's diet. In vitro experiments with heme-hydroxyapatite nanoparticles confirm the proposed scenario.
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6
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Hopp MT, Imhof D. Linking Labile Heme with Thrombosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:427. [PMID: 33499296 PMCID: PMC7865584 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. As such, it also occurs as one of the major complications in hemolytic diseases, like hemolytic uremic syndrome, hemorrhage and sickle cell disease. Under these conditions, red blood cell lysis finally leads to the release of large amounts of labile heme into the vascular compartment. This, in turn, can trigger oxidative stress and proinflammatory reactions. Moreover, the heme-induced activation of the blood coagulation system was suggested as a mechanism for the initiation of thrombotic events under hemolytic conditions. Studies of heme infusion and subsequent thrombotic reactions support this assumption. Furthermore, several direct effects of heme on different cellular and protein components of the blood coagulation system were reported. However, these effects are controversially discussed or not yet fully understood. This review summarizes the existing reports on heme and its interference in coagulation processes, emphasizing the relevance of considering heme in the context of the treatment of thrombosis in patients with hemolytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
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7
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Chen JY, Galwankar NS, Emch HN, Menon SS, Cortes C, Thurman JM, Merrill SA, Brodsky RA, Ferreira VP. Properdin Is a Key Player in Lysis of Red Blood Cells and Complement Activation on Endothelial Cells in Hemolytic Anemias Caused by Complement Dysregulation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1460. [PMID: 32793201 PMCID: PMC7387411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system alternative pathway (AP) can be activated excessively in inflammatory diseases, particularly when there is defective complement regulation. For instance, deficiency in complement regulators CD55 and CD59, leads to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), whereas Factor H mutations predispose to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), both causing severe thrombohemolysis. Despite eculizumab being the treatment for these diseases, benefits vary considerably among patients. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in complement regulation is essential for developing new treatments. Properdin, the positive AP regulator, is essential for complement amplification by stabilizing enzymatic convertases. In this study, the role of properdin in red blood cell (RBC) lysis and endothelial cell opsonization in these AP-mediated diseases was addressed by developing in vitro assays using PNH patient RBCs and human primary endothelial cells, where the effects of inhibiting properdin, using novel monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) that we generated and characterized, were compared to other complement inhibitors. In in vitro models of PNH, properdin inhibition prevented hemolysis of patient PNH type II and III RBCs more than inhibition of Factor B, C3, and C5 (>17-fold, or >81-fold, or >12-fold lower molar IC90 values, respectively). When tested in an in vitro aHUS hemolysis model, the anti-properdin MoAbs had 11-fold, and 86-fold lower molar IC90 values than inhibition of Factor B, or C3, respectively (P < 0.0001). When comparing target/inhibitor ratios in all hemolysis assays, inhibiting properdin was at least as efficient as the other complement inhibitors in most cases. In addition, using in vitro endothelial cell assays, the data indicate a critical novel role for properdin in promoting complement activation on human endothelial cells exposed to heme (a hemolysis by-product) and rH19-20 (to inhibit Factor H cell-surface protection), as occurs in aHUS. Inhibition of properdin or C3 in this system significantly reduced C3 fragment deposition by 75%. Altogether, the data indicate properdin is key in promoting RBC lysis and complement activation on human endothelial cells, contributing to the understanding of PNH and aHUS pathogenesis. Further studies to determine therapeutic values of inhibiting properdin in complement-mediated diseases, in particular those that are characterized by AP dysregulation, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Y Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Neeti S Galwankar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Heather N Emch
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Smrithi S Menon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Claudio Cortes
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Samuel A Merrill
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Robert A Brodsky
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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8
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Morales NP, Chunephisal P, Janprasit J, Ishida Y, Luechapudiporn R, Yamada KI. Kinetics and localisation of haemin-induced lipoprotein oxidation. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:968-978. [PMID: 31452415 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1660323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Haemin (iron (III)-protoporphyrin IX) is a degradation product of haemoglobin in circulating erythrocytes. Haemin may play a key oxidising agent for lipoprotein oxidation in patients with haemolytic anaemia. In this study, kinetic changes in chemical composition and target sites of haemin-induced LDL and HDL oxidation were investigated. Haemin initially induced the loss of α-tocopherol, followed by accumulation of lipid hydroperoxide (LP) and alteration of core lipid fluidity. The absence of LP in HDL was explained by the antioxidant activity of PON in addition to α-tocopherol. The target site of haemin was evaluated by ESR spin labelling with 5- and 16-doxyl steric acids. In the presence of t-BuOOH and haemin, ESR signal decay of the doxyl moiety demonstrated the initiation phase and the propagation phase of lipid peroxidation. The results of the lag time and the rate of signal decay indicated that haemin is located near the 16th carbon atom of the fatty acid chain in the phospholipid layer. The analyses of motion parameters, order parameter (S) of 5-DS and rotational correlation time (τ) of 16-DS, supported the observation that the lipid properties changed near the hydrophobic region rather than at the surface region of lipoproteins. Moreover, ESR spin labelling demonstrated that haemin molecules but not iron ions caused lipoprotein oxidation. In conclusion, haemin is a potent inducer of lipoprotein oxidation, and the target site for this oxidation is near the hydrophobic core of the lipoprotein leading to the loss of antioxidant activities and changes in lipid composition and physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jindaporn Janprasit
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Sciences, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Yuma Ishida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Rataya Luechapudiporn
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan
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9
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Liang JY, Han L, Liu SG, Ju YJ, Gao X, Li NB, Luo HQ. Green fluorescent carbon quantum dots as a label-free probe for rapid and sensitive detection of hematin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 212:167-172. [PMID: 30639601 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hematin is an oxidized form of heme, and the abnormal levels of hematin in the human body can lead to various inflammatory lesions. Hence, there is still a need to establish a rapid, sensitive and efficient method for hematin detection. Herein, the green fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are synthesized by using L-cysteine and hydrogen peroxide as precursors. The synthesized CQDs exhibit some fascinating characters including excellent water solubility, high fluorescence quantum yield, and good stability in a broad pH range of 7.0-11.0 and high ionic strength solution. Excitingly, the fluorescence of CQDs can be rapidly and selectively quenched by hematin via the inner filter effect. Moreover, the detection of hematin by the CQDs fluorescent probe shows a good linearity in the concentration range of 0.5-30 μM with a minimum detection limit of 0.1 μM. Finally, the proposed approach is successfully applied to detect hematin in human blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lei Han
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shi Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yan Jun Ju
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Nian Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Hong Qun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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10
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Chhem-Kieth S, Skou PB, Lametsch R, Hansen ET, Ruiz-Carrascal J. Investigation of nitrite alternatives for the color stabilization of heme-iron hydrolysates. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 55:4287-4296. [PMID: 30228427 PMCID: PMC6133850 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the potential of novel heme-ligand complexes, derived from heme-iron isolated from porcine hemoglobin by enzymatic hydrolysis, to use as pigments for meat products. Five alternatives to sodium nitrite were identified as possible heme ligands and stabilizing agents of the red conformation of heme. The effects of 4-methylimidazole, methyl nicotinate, pyrrolidine, piperidine, pyrazine and sodium nitrite (as comparative benchmark) on the color of heme-iron extract and pure hemin standard were studied in solution. The ligand affinity and heme-ligand stability was assessed over time in solution by UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy and CIELAB color space parameters. The CIE redness score a* was used as a single measurement to propose a predictive model based on the following parameters: heme source (heme-iron extract or hemin standard), heme-to-ligand molar ratio (1:20 to 1:300), and storage time (up to 32 days). The optimal concentration at which each ligand can be added to either heme source, as well as the stability of the red color of the formed heme-ligand complexes in-solution was determined. Heme-iron extract-derived samples showed increased redness and color stability as compared to their hemin counterparts. No ligand showed as much affinity for heme as sodium nitrite. As the most promising ligand candidates, methyl nicotinate and 4-methylimidazole started to show color changes at a 1:50 molar ratio, but higher amounts (1:100 and 1:300, respectively) were required to attain the maximum redness possible with the highest stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorivan Chhem-Kieth
- Danish Crown Ingredients, Flaesketorvet 41, 1711 Copenhagen V, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Bæk Skou
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rene Lametsch
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Jorge Ruiz-Carrascal
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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11
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Giri RP, Mukhopadhyay MK, Basak UK, Chakrabarti A, Sanyal MK, Runge B, Murphy BM. Continuous Uptake or Saturation—Investigation of Concentration and Surface-Packing-Specific Hemin Interaction with Lipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:7547-7554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. P. Giri
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - M. K. Mukhopadhyay
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - U. K. Basak
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - A. Chakrabarti
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - M. K. Sanyal
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - B. Runge
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - B. M. Murphy
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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12
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Li H, Zhang C, Shen H, Shen Z, Wu L, Mo F, Li M. Physiological stress-induced corticosterone increases heme uptake via KLF4-HCP1 signaling pathway in hippocampus neurons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5745. [PMID: 28720846 PMCID: PMC5515979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron overload has attracted much attention because of its adverse effect in increasing the risk of developing several neurodegenerative disorders. Under various pathologic conditions, a lot of heme are released. The aggregation of heme is more neurotoxic than that of iron released from the heme breakdown. Our previous studies demonstrated that psychological stress (PS) is a risk factor of cerebral iron metabolism disorders, thus causing iron accumulation in rat brains. In the present study, we found PS could increase heme uptake via heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1) in rat brains. We demonstrated that Glucocorticoid (GC), which is largely secreted under stress, could up-regulate HCP1 expression, thus promoting heme uptake in neurons. We also ascertained that HCP1 expression can be induced by GC through a transcription factor, Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). These results may gain new insights into the etiology of heme uptake and iron accumulation in PS rats, and find new therapeutic targets of iron accumulation in Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of Nursing, People's Libration Army of 266 Hospital, Chengde City, Hubei, 067000, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhilei Shen
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lusha Wu
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fengfeng Mo
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Min Li
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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13
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Huang Y, Zhang P, Yang Z, Wang P, Li H, Gao Z. Interaction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and heme: The relevance of its biological function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 619:54-61. [PMID: 28315300 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
GAPDH was speculated to function as a transient trap to reduce the potential toxicity of free heme by a specific and reversible binding with heme. Up to now, there has been lack of studies focused on this effect. In this paper, the efficiency of GAPDH-heme complex on catalyzing protein carbonylation and nitration, the cross-linking of heme to protein formation, and cytotoxicity of GAPDH-heme were studied. It was found that the binding of GAPDH could inhibit H2O2-mediated degradation of heme. Peroxidase activity of GAPDH-heme complex was higher than that of free heme, but significantly lower than that of HSA-heme. Catalytic activity of heme corresponded complex toward tyrosine oxidation/nitration was decreased in the order of HSA-heme, heme and GAPDH-heme. GAPDH also inhibited heme-H2O2-NO2- induced protein carbonylation. No covalent bond was formed between heme and GAPDH after treated with H2O2. GAPDH was more effective than HSA on protecting cells against heme-NO2--H2O2 induced cytotoxicity. These results indicate that binding of GAPDH inhibits the activity of heme in catalyzing tyrosine nitration and protects the coexistent protein against oxidative damage, and the mechanism is different from that of HSA. This study may help clarifying the protective role of GAPDH acting as a chaperone in heme transfer to downstream areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Peipei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Hailing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Zhonghong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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14
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Nagababu E. Ferriheme catalyzes nitric oxide reaction with glutathione to form S-nitrosoglutathione: A novel mechanism for formation of S-nitrosothiols. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:296-304. [PMID: 27693379 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosothiols (SNO) perform many important functions in biological systems, but the mechanism by which they are generated in vivo remains a contentious issue. Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with thiols to form SNO only in the presence of a molecule that will accept an electron from either NO or the thiol. In this study, we present evidence that ferriheme accepts an electron from NO or glutathione (GSH) to generate S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in vitro under anaerobic or hypoxic (2% O2) conditions. Ferriheme formed charge transfer-stable complexes with NO to form ferriheme-NO (heme-Fe(II)-NO+) and with GSH to form ferriheme-GS (heme-Fe(II)-GS•) under anaerobic conditions. The reaction between GSH and the heme-Fe(II)-NO+ complex or between NO and the heme-Fe(II)-GS• complex resulted in simultaneous reductive ferriheme nitrosylation (heme-Fe(II)NO) and the generation of GSNO. Thus, ferriheme is readily reduced to ferroheme in the presence of NO and GSH together, but not with either individually. The reaction between NO and the heme-Fe(II)-GS• complex to generate GSNO occurred more rapidly than NO was consumed by endothelial cells, but not red blood cells. In addition, pretreatment of endothelial cells with ferriheme or the ferriheme-GS complex generated SNO upon addition of NO under hypoxic conditions. The results of this study raise the possibility that in vivo, ferriheme can complex with GSH to form ferriheme-GS complex (heme-Fe(II)-GS•), which rapidly reacts with NO to generate GSNO under intracellular oxygen levels. The GSNO formation by this mechanism is more efficient than any other in vitro mechanism(s) reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enika Nagababu
- Integrated Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 1150, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Molecular Dynamics Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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15
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Ji L, Chen L, Wu P, Gervasio DF, Cai C. Highly Selective Fluorescence Determination of the Hematin Level in Human Erythrocytes with No Need for Separation from Bulk Hemoglobin. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3935-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Ji
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, National and Local Joint
Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, National and Local Joint
Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, National and Local Joint
Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
| | - Dominic F. Gervasio
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 East James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Chenxin Cai
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation
Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, National and Local Joint
Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, P. R. China
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16
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Gaudreault V, Wirbel J, Jardim A, Rohrbach P, Scorza T. Red Blood Cells Preconditioned with Hemin Are Less Permissive to Plasmodium Invasion In Vivo and In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140805. [PMID: 26465787 PMCID: PMC4605744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic disease that causes severe hemolytic anemia in Plasmodium-infected hosts, which results in the release and accumulation of oxidized heme (hemin). Although hemin impairs the establishment of Plasmodium immunity in vitro and in vivo, mice preconditioned with hemin develop lower parasitemia when challenged with Plasmodium chabaudi adami blood stage parasites. In order to understand the mechanism accounting for this resistance as well as the impact of hemin on eryptosis and plasma levels of scavenging hemopexin, red blood cells were labeled with biotin prior to hemin treatment and P. c. adami infection. This strategy allowed discriminating hemin-treated from de novo generated red blood cells and to follow the infection within these two populations of cells. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of biotinylated-red blood cells revealed increased P. c. adami red blood cells selectivity and a decreased permissibility of hemin-conditioned red blood cells for parasite invasion. These effects were also apparent in in vitro P. falciparum cultures using hemin-preconditioned human red blood cells. Interestingly, hemin did not alter the turnover of red blood cells nor their replenishment during in vivo infection. Our results assign a function for hemin as a protective agent against high parasitemia, and suggest that the hemolytic nature of blood stage human malaria may be beneficial for the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Gaudreault
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jakob Wirbel
- Institute of parasitology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Armando Jardim
- Institute of parasitology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petra Rohrbach
- Institute of parasitology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tatiana Scorza
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Teodor Sawicki
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (K.T.S., H.C.C., H.A.)
| | - Hsiang-Chun Chang
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (K.T.S., H.C.C., H.A.)
| | - Hossein Ardehali
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (K.T.S., H.C.C., H.A.)
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18
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Mohan S, Narumiya S, Doré S. Neuroprotective role of prostaglandin PGE2 EP2 receptor in hemin-mediated toxicity. Neurotoxicology 2015; 46:53-9. [PMID: 25451967 PMCID: PMC4681391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heme (Fe(2+) protoporphyrin IX) and hemin (Fe(3+)), the prosthetic group of hemoprotein, are cytotoxic due to their ability to contribute to the production of reactive oxygen species, increased intracellular calcium levels, and stimulate glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Previous work by our group showed that blockade of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP1 receptor reduced hemin-induced cytotoxicity in primary cortical neuronal cultures. However, the role of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP2 receptor in hemin neurotoxicity remains unclear. Activation of the EP2 receptor in neurons results in increased cyclic AMP (cAMP) and protein kinase A signaling; therefore, we hypothesized that the activation of the EP2 receptor decreases hemin neurotoxicity. Using postnatal primary cortical neurons cultured from wildtype-control (WT) and EP2(-/-) mice, we investigated the role of the EP2 receptor in hemin neurotoxicity by monitoring cell survival with the Calcein-AM live-cell and lactate dehydrogenase assays. MitoTracker staining was also performed to determine how mitochondria were affected by hemin. Hemin neurotoxicity in EP2(-/-) neurons was 37.2 ± 17.0% greater compared to WT neurons. Of interest, cotreatment with the EP2 receptor agonist, butaprost (1 and 10 μM), significantly attenuated hemin neurotoxicity by 55.7 ± 21.1% and 60.1 ± 14.8%, respectively. To further investigate signaling mechanisms related to EP2 receptor mediating cytoprotection, neurons were cotreated with hemin and activators/inhibitors of both the cAMP-protein kinase A/exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) pathways. Forskolin, a cAMP activator, and 8-pCPT-cAMP, an Epac activator, both attenuated hemin neurotoxicity by 78.8 ± 22.2% and 58.4 ± 9.8%, respectively, as measured using the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Together, the results reveal that activation of the EP2 receptor is protective against hemin neurotoxicity in vitro and these findings suggest that neuroprotection occurs through the cAMP-Epac pathway in neuronal cultures. Therefore, activation of the EP2 receptor could be used to minimize neuronal damage following exposure to supraphysiological levels of hemin.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives
- Alprostadil/pharmacology
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology
- Glutamic Acid/pharmacology
- Hemin/toxicity
- L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Thionucleotides/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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19
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Stiebler R, Majerowicz D, Knudsen J, Gondim KC, Wright DW, Egan TJ, Oliveira MF. Unsaturated glycerophospholipids mediate heme crystallization: biological implications for hemozoin formation in the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88976. [PMID: 24586467 PMCID: PMC3935856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemozoin (Hz) is a heme crystal produced by some blood-feeding organisms, as an efficient way to detoxify heme derived from hemoglobin digestion. In the triatomine insect Rhodnius prolixus, Hz is essentially produced by midgut extracellular phospholipid membranes known as perimicrovillar membranes (PMVM). Here, we investigated the role of commercial glycerophospholipids containing serine, choline and ethanolamine as headgroups and R. prolixus midgut lipids (RML) in heme crystallization. All commercial unsaturated forms of phospholipids, as well as RML, mediated fast and efficient β-hematin formation by means of two kinetically distinct mechanisms: an early and fast component, followed by a late and slow one. The fastest reactions observed were induced by unsaturated forms of phosphatidylethanolamine (uPE) and phosphatidylcholine (uPC), with half-lives of 0.04 and 0.7 minutes, respectively. β-hematin crystal morphologies were strikingly distinct among groups, with uPE producing homogeneous regular brick-shaped crystals. Interestingly, uPC-mediated reactions resulted in two morphologically distinct crystal populations: one less representative group of regular crystals, resembling those induced by uPE, and the other largely represented by crystals with numerous sharp edges and tapered ends. Heme crystallization reactions induced by RML were efficient, with a heme to β-hematin conversion rate higher than 70%, but clearly slower (t1/2 of 9.9-17.7 minutes) than those induced by uPC and uPE. Interestingly, crystals produced by RML were homogeneous in shape and quite similar to those mediated by uPE. Thus, β-hematin formation can be rapidly and efficiently induced by unsaturated glycerophospholipids, particularly uPE and uPC, and may play a role on biological heme crystallization in R. prolixus midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Stiebler
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Majerowicz
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jens Knudsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katia C. Gondim
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David W. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Marcus F. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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20
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Huang Y, Shuai Y, Li H, Gao Z. Tyrosine residues play an important role in heme detoxification by serum albumin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:970-6. [PMID: 24252277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum albumin binds avidly to heme to form heme-serum albumin complex, also called methemalbumin, and this binding is thought to protect against the potentially toxic effects of heme. However, the mechanism of detoxification has not been fully elucidated. METHODS SDS-PAGE and Western blot were used to determine the efficiency of methemalbumin on catalyzing protein carbonylation and nitration. HPLC was used to test the formation of heme to protein cross-linked methemalbumin. RESULTS The peroxidase activity of heme increased upon human serum albumin (HSA) binding. Methemalbumin showed higher efficiency in catalyzing tyrosine oxidation than free heme in the presence of H2O2. Methemalbumin catalyzed self-nitration and significantly promoted the nitration of tyrosine in coexistent protein, but decreased the carbonylation of coexistent protein compared with heme. The heme to protein cross-linked form of methemalbumin suggested that HSA trapped the free radical accompanied by the formation of ferryl heme. When tyrosine residues in HSA were modified by iodination, HSA lost of protection effect on protein carbonylation. The low concentration of glutathione could effectively inhibit tyrosine nitration, but had no effect on protein carbonylation. CONCLUSION HSA protects against the toxic effect of heme by transferring the free radical to tyrosine residues in HSA, therefore protecting surrounding proteins from irreversible oxidation, rather than by direct inhibiting the peroxidase activity. The increased tyrosine radicals can be reduced by endogenic antioxidants such as GSH. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This investigation indicated the important role of tyrosine residues in heme detoxification by HSA and suggested a possible novel mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Youxia Shuai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Mohan S, Glushakov AV, Decurnou A, Narumiya S, Doré S. Contribution of PGE2 EP1 receptor in hemin-induced neurotoxicity. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:31. [PMID: 24109429 PMCID: PMC3791386 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hemin-mediated neurotoxicity has been linked to the production of free radicals and glutamate excitotoxicity, the role of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP1 receptor remains unclear. Activation of the EP1 receptor in neurons results in increased intracellular calcium levels; therefore, we hypothesize that the blockade of the EP1 receptor reduces hemin neurotoxicity. Using postnatal primary cortical neurons cultured from wild-type (WT) and EP1−/− mice, we investigated the EP1 receptor role in hemin neurotoxicity measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cell survival assay. Hemin (75 μM) induced greater release of LDH in WT (34.7 ± 4.5%) than in EP1−/− (27.6 ± 3.3%) neurons. In the presence of the EP1 receptor antagonist SC-51089, the hemin-induced release of LDH decreased. To further investigate potential mechanisms of action, we measured changes in the intracellular calcium level [Ca2+]i following treatment with 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 (17-pt-PGE2) a selective EP1 agonist. In the WT neurons, 17-pt-PGE2 dose-dependently increased [Ca2+]i. However, in EP1−/− neurons, [Ca2+]i was significantly attenuated. We also revealed that hemin dose-dependently increased [Ca2+]i in WT neurons, with a significant decrease in EP1−/− neurons. Both 17-pt-PGE2 and hemin-induced [Ca2+]i were abolished by N-methyl-D-aspartic (NMDA) acid receptor and ryanodine receptor blockers. These results suggest that blockade of the EP1 receptor may be protective against hemin neurotoxicity in vitro. We speculate that the mechanism of hemin neuronal death involves [Ca2+]i mediated by NMDA acid receptor-mediated extracellular Ca2+ influx and EP1 receptor-mediated intracellular release from ryanodine receptor-operated Ca2+ stores. Therefore, blockade of the EP1 receptor could be used to minimize neuronal damage following exposure to supraphysiological levels of hemin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekher Mohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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22
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Wang J, Wang D, Li Y, Gao Y, Wang S, Zuo H, Xu X, Wang S, Peng R. Microarray analysis of altered gene expression and the role of ATF3 in HK-2 cells treated with hemin. Ren Fail 2013; 35:624-32. [PMID: 23560949 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.780619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify gene expression changes and the role of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in hemin toxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells, then elucidate molecular mechanisms of hemin toxicity on renal tubular epithelial cells. METHODS An oligo array comprising 35,035 genes was used to compare differential gene expression in hemin-treated and non-treated HK-2 cells (human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells), and the role of ATF3 in hemin toxicity was assessed using siRNA technique. RESULTS A total of 128 mRNAs were at least twofold up-regulated and 101 mRNAs were at least twofold down-regulated after hemin treatment. Expression levels of ATF3, heat shock protein 70, c-fos, and c-jun were remarkably increased. Hemin also suppressed nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitor α, β-2 adrenergic receptor, and interleukin-6 mRNA amounts more than twofold. We further demonstrated the protective role of ATF3 in hemin cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that hemin caused multiple changes of gene expression in HK-2 cells, and ATF3 protects against hemin cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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23
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Higdon AN, Benavides GA, Chacko BK, Ouyang X, Johnson MS, Landar A, Zhang J, Darley-Usmar VM. Hemin causes mitochondrial dysfunction in endothelial cells through promoting lipid peroxidation: the protective role of autophagy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1394-409. [PMID: 22245770 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00584.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hemolysis of red blood cells and muscle damage results in the release of the heme proteins myoglobin, hemoglobin, and free heme into the vasculature. The mechanisms of heme toxicity are not clear but may involve lipid peroxidation, which we hypothesized would result in mitochondrial damage in endothelial cells. To test this, we used bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) in culture and exposed them to hemin. Hemin led to mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of autophagy, mitophagy, and, at high concentrations, apoptosis. To detect whether hemin induced lipid peroxidation and damaged proteins, we used derivatives of arachidonic acid tagged with biotin or Bodipy (Bt-AA, BD-AA). We found that in cells treated with hemin, Bt-AA was oxidized and formed adducts with proteins, which were inhibited by α-tocopherol. Hemin-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction was also attenuated by α-tocopherol. Protein thiol modification and carbonyl formation occurred on exposure and was not inhibited by α-tocopherol. Supporting a protective role of autophagy, the inhibitor 3-methyladenine potentiated cell death. These data demonstrate that hemin mediates cytotoxicity through a mechanism which involves protein modification by oxidized lipids and other oxidants, decreased respiratory capacity, and a protective role for the autophagic process. Attenuation of lipid peroxidation may be able to preserve mitochondrial function in the endothelium and protect cells from heme-dependent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee N Higdon
- Department of Pathology, Center For Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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24
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The Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates a hypoxic response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2011; 188:325-38. [PMID: 21467572 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied hypoxic induction of transcription by studying the seripauperin (PAU) genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous studies showed that PAU induction requires the depletion of heme and is dependent upon the transcription factor Upc2. We have now identified additional factors required for PAU induction during hypoxia, including Hog1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) whose signaling pathway originates at the membrane. Our results have led to a model in which heme and ergosterol depletion alters membrane fluidity, thereby activating Hog1 for hypoxic induction. Hypoxic activation of Hog1 is distinct from its previously characterized response to osmotic stress, as the two conditions cause different transcriptional consequences. Furthermore, Hog1-dependent hypoxic activation is independent of the S. cerevisiae general stress response. In addition to Hog1, specific components of the SAGA coactivator complex, including Spt20 and Sgf73, are also required for PAU induction. Interestingly, the mammalian ortholog of Spt20, p38IP, has been previously shown to interact with the mammalian ortholog of Hog1, p38. Taken together, our results have uncovered a previously unknown hypoxic-response pathway that may be conserved throughout eukaryotes.
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25
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Lisovskaya IL, Shcherbachenko IM, Volkova RI, Ataullakhanov FI. Clotrimazole enhances lysis of human erythrocytes induced by t-BHP. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180:433-9. [PMID: 19394317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clotrimazole (CLT) is an antifungal and antimalarial agent also effective as a Gardos channel inhibitor. In addition, CLT possesses antitumor properties. Recent data provide evidence that CLT forms a complex with heme (hemin), which produces a more potent lytic effect than heme alone. This study addressed the effect of CLT on the lysis of normal human erythrocytes induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). For the first time, it was shown that 10 microM CLT significantly enhanced the lytic effect of t-BHP on erythrocytes in both Ca(2+)-containing and Ca(2+)-free media, suggesting that the effect is not related to Gardos channels. CLT did not affect the rate of free radical generation, the kinetics of GSH degradation, methemoglobin formation and TBARS generation; therefore, we concluded that CLT does not cause additional oxidative damage to erythrocytes treated with t-BHP. It is tempted to speculate that CLT enhances t-BHP-induced changes in erythrocyte volume and lysis largely by forming a complex with hemin released during hemoglobin oxidation in erythrocytes: the CLT-hemin complex destabilizes the cell membrane more potently than hemin alone. If so, the effect of CLT on cell membrane damage during free-radical oxidation may be used to increase the efficacy of antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene L Lisovskaya
- National Scientific Centre for Hematology of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia. irene
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26
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Tang YZ, Liu ZQ, Wu D. Lidocaine: An inhibitor in the free-radical-induced hemolysis of erythrocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009; 23:81-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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The protective effects of ginsenosides on human erythrocytes against hemin-induced hemolysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:886-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Antioxidative effect of melatonin on DNA and erythrocytes against free-radical-induced oxidation. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 151:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Sen G, Biswas D, Ray M, Biswas T. Albumin–quercetin combination offers a therapeutic advantage in the prevention of reduced survival of erythrocytes in visceral leishmaniasis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007; 39:245-54. [PMID: 17644434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is associated with the reduced survival of erythrocytes, the cause of which remains to be fully explored. Here, we described the mechanism underlying the shortened lifespan of erythrocytes in visceral leishmaniasis and proposed a combination therapy with quercetin and hamster serum albumin towards its rectification. Decreased redox potential in erythrocytes followed by oxidative denaturation of hemoglobin and pathologic association of iron with the cell membrane facilitated premature hemolysis during leishmanial infection. Recently, we have reported the therapeutic efficacy of quercetin in arresting the enhanced destruction of erythrocytes in visceral leishmaniasis. Since serum albumin, the principal carrier protein for quercetin gets depleted in visceral leishmaniasis, the situation may compromise the efficacy of quercetin in this disease. We now report the use of quercetin-hamster serum albumin combination to increase the bioavailability of quercetin. The combination targeted hemoglobin oxidation and produced an effective attenuation of heme degradation. This led to decreased iron decompartmentalization, thereby increasing the life span of erythrocytes during leishmanial infection. Thus, we speculate that suppression of iron decompartmentalization, with the combination of quercetin and serum albumin might be a new approach in the prevention of reduced survival of erythrocytes in visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Sen
- Indian Association for Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
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30
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Collom SL, Jamakhandi AP, Tackett AJ, Radominska-Pandya A, Miller GP. CYP2E1 active site residues in substrate recognition sequence 5 identified by photoaffinity labeling and homology modeling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 459:59-69. [PMID: 17222385 PMCID: PMC1994253 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite its biological importance, our knowledge of active site structure and relevance of critical amino acids in CYP2E1 catalytic processes remain limited. In this study, we identified CYP2E1 active site residues using photoaffinity labeling with 7-azido-4-methylcoumarin (AzMC) coupled with a CYP2E1 homology model. In the absence of light, AzMC was an effective competitor against substrate p-nitrophenol oxidation by CYP2E1. Photoactivation of AzMC led to a concentration-dependent loss in CYP2E1 activity and structural integrity resulting from the modification of both heme and protein. The photo-labeling reaction degraded heme and produced a possible heme adduct. Probe incorporation into the protein occurred at multiple sites within substrate recognition sequence 5 (SRS-5). Based on a CYP2E1 homology model, we hypothesize AzMC labels SRS-5 residues, Leu363, Val364, and Leu368, in the active site. In addition, we propose a series of phenylalanines, especially Phe106, mediate contacts with the coumarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Collom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Arvind P. Jamakhandi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Alan J. Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Anna Radominska-Pandya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Grover P. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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31
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Masuda T, Takahashi S. Chemiluminescent-based method for heme determination by reconstitution with horseradish peroxidase apo-enzyme. Anal Biochem 2006; 355:307-9. [PMID: 16701068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuru Masuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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32
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Wang F, Wang T, Lai J, Li M, Zou C. Vitamin E inhibits hemolysis induced by hemin as a membrane stabilizer. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:799-805. [PMID: 16405920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hemin is a potential cytolytic agent. To test the effect of vitamin E on hemin-mediated permeability in cell membranes, sheep erythrocytes were chosen as an appropriate model to study hemolysis induced by hemin. Hemin-induced hemolysis but did not elicit lipid peroxidation in sheep erythrocytes. Vitamin E was effective in inhibiting hemin-mediated hemolysis. Both chromanol ring and the isoprenoid side chain of tocopherols were essential for inhibition of hemin-induced hemolysis. There was a strong correlation between the inhibitory effects of tocopherols on hemin-induced erythrocyte hemolysis and their effects on fluorescence anisotropy of cell membranes. Our results suggested that, in contrast to its antioxidant activity, vitamin E inhibits hemolysis induced by hemin as a membrane stabilizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
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33
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Huy NT, Xuan Trang DT, Uyen DT, Sasai M, Harada S, Kamei K. An improved colorimetric method for quantitation of heme using tetramethylbenzidine as substrate. Anal Biochem 2006; 344:289-91. [PMID: 16091279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tien Huy
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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34
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Li SD, Su YD, Li M, Zou CG. Hemin-mediated hemolysis in erythrocytes: effects of ascorbic acid and glutathione. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2006; 38:63-9. [PMID: 16395529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2006.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we investigated the effect of ascorbic acid and glutathione on hemolysis induced by hemin in erythrocytes. Ascorbic acid not only enhanced hemolysis, but also induced formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in the presence of hemin. It has been shown that glutathione inhibits hemin-induced hemolysis by mediating hemin degradation. Erythrocytes depleted of glutathione became very sensitive to oxidative stress induced by hemin and ascorbic acid. H(2)O(2) was involved in hemin-mediated hemolysis in the presence of ascorbic acid. However, a combination of glutathione and ascorbic acid was more effective in inhibiting hemolysis induced by hemin than glutathione alone. Extracellular and intracellular ascorbic acid exhibited a similar effect on hemin-induced hemolysis or inhibition of hemin-induced hemolysis by glutathione. The current study indicates that ascorbic acid might function as an antioxidant or prooxidant in hemin-mediated hemolysis, depending on whether glutathione is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-De Li
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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35
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Chang EF, Claus CP, Vreman HJ, Wong RJ, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Heme regulation in traumatic brain injury: relevance to the adult and developing brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25:1401-17. [PMID: 15917748 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial bleeding is one of the most prominent aspects in the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Substantial amounts of blood products, such as heme, are released because of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages, intraparenchymal contusions, and hematomas. Despite this, surprisingly few studies have directly addressed the role of blood products, in particular heme, in the setting of TBI. Heme is degraded by heme oxygenase (HO) into three highly bioactive products: iron, bilirubin, and carbon monoxide. The HO isozymes, in particular HO-1 and HO-2, exhibit significantly different expression patterns and appear to have specific roles after injury. Developmentally, differences between the adult and immature brain have implications for endogenous protection from oxidative stress. The aim of this paper is to review recent advances in the understanding of heme regulation and metabolism after brain injury and its specific relevance to the developing brain. These findings suggest novel clinical therapeutic options for further translational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0520, USA
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36
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Huy NT, Uyen DT, Sasai M, Trang DTX, Shiono T, Harada S, Kamei K. A simple and rapid colorimetric method to measure hemozoin crystal growth in vitro. Anal Biochem 2005; 354:305-7. [PMID: 16729953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tien Huy
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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37
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Kumar S, Bandyopadhyay U. Free heme toxicity and its detoxification systems in human. Toxicol Lett 2005; 157:175-88. [PMID: 15917143 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe hemolysis or myolysis occurring during pathological states, such as sickle cell disease, ischemia reperfusion, and malaria results in high levels of free heme, causing undesirable toxicity leading to organ, tissue, and cellular injury. Free heme catalyzes the oxidation, covalent cross-linking and aggregate formation of protein and its degradation to small peptides. It also catalyzes the formation of cytotoxic lipid peroxide via lipid peroxidation and damages DNA through oxidative stress. Heme being a lipophilic molecule intercalates in the membrane and impairs lipid bilayers and organelles, such as mitochondria and nuclei, and destabilizes the cytoskeleton. Heme is a potent hemolytic agent and alters the conformation of cytoskeletal protein in red cells. Free heme causes endothelial cell injury, leading to vascular inflammatory disorders and stimulates the expression of intracellular adhesion molecules. Heme acts as a pro-inflammatory molecule and heme-induced inflammation is involved in the pathology of diverse conditions; such as renal failure, arteriosclerosis, and complications after artificial blood transfusion, peritoneal endometriosis, and heart transplant failure. Heme offers severe toxic effects to kidney, liver, central nervous system and cardiac tissue. Although heme oxygenase is primarily responsible to detoxify free heme but other extra heme oxygenase systems also play a significant role to detoxify heme. A brief account of free heme toxicity and its detoxification systems along with mechanistic details are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Division of Drug Target Discovery and Development, Central Drug Research Institute, Chatter Manzil Palace, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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38
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Tsemakhovich VA, Bamm VV, Shaklai M, Shaklai N. Vascular damage by unstable hemoglobins: The role of heme-depleted globin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 436:307-15. [PMID: 15797243 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The study compared the damage inflicted to endothelial cells (ECs) by intact hemoglobin (Hb) and isolated chains. To compare optional in vivo contact of acellular Hb with the endothelium, oxy-forms of Hb and its isolated alpha- and beta-chains existing in the thalassemias were added to primary confluent cultures of bovine aorta EC. Cell damage was followed by morphological changes or leakage of lactic dehydrogenase and pre-inserted 51Cr from the cells, followed for 27 h. Under these experimental conditions, Hb did not affect the cells but its chains inflicted damage, beta- more than alpha-chains. Based on the literature and our data, we hypothesized that hemin and/or globin should be responsible for the increased endothelial damage by beta-chains. While hemin hardly affected ECs, globin, unlike the plasma protein hemopexin, was harmful. Since hemin release leaves globin with a large hydrophobic surface, the globin-damage appears to result from adsorptive pinocytosis to endothelial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Tsemakhovich
- Department of Human Genetics, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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39
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Gissot M, Refour P, Briquet S, Boschet C, Coupé S, Mazier D, Vaquero C. Transcriptome of 3D7 and its gametocyte-less derivative F12 Plasmodium falciparum clones during erythrocytic development using a gene-specific microarray assigned to gene regulation, cell cycle and transcription factors. Gene 2004; 341:267-77. [PMID: 15474309 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the complex life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum, through mosquito and human, the erythrocytic cycle is responsible for malarial disease and transmission. The regulation of events that occur during parasite development, such as proliferation and differentiation, implies a fine control of transcriptional activities that in turn governs the expression profiles of sets of genes. Pathways that underline gametocyte commitment are yet poorly understood even though kinases and transcription factors have been assumed to play a crucial role in this event. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling the variation of gene expression profiles that might participate in early gametocytogenesis, the transcriptome of two clones, 3D7 and its gametocyte-less derivative F12, was compared at five time points of the erythrocytic asexual development. We have used a thematic DNA microarray containing 150 PCR fragments, representative of P. falciparum genes involved in signal transduction, cell cycle and transcriptional regulation. We identified several genes eliciting different expression profiles among which some implicated in gene regulation or encoding putative transcription factors. The differential expression of transcription factor and kinase transcripts observed in the two clones may enlighten genes that might have a role in impairment of the early gametocytogenesis of the F12 clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gissot
- INSERM U511, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Paris 6, 91 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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40
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Regan RF, Chen J, Benvenisti-Zarom L. Heme oxygenase-2 gene deletion attenuates oxidative stress in neurons exposed to extracellular hemin. BMC Neurosci 2004; 5:34. [PMID: 15377391 PMCID: PMC521072 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-5-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemin, the oxidized form of heme, accumulates in intracranial hematomas and is a potent oxidant. Growing evidence suggests that it contributes to delayed injury to surrounding tissue, and that this process is affected by the heme oxygenase enzymes. In a prior study, heme oxygenase-2 gene deletion increased the vulnerability of cultured cortical astrocytes to hemin. The present study tested the effect of HO-2 gene deletion on protein oxidation, reactive oxygen species formation, and cell viability after mixed cortical neuron/astrocyte cultures were incubated with neurotoxic concentrations of hemin. Results Continuous exposure of wild-type cultures to 1–10 μM hemin for 14 h produced concentration-dependent neuronal death, as detected by both LDH release and fluorescence intensity after propidium iodide staining, with an EC50 of 1–2 μM; astrocytes were not injured by these low hemin concentrations. Cell death was consistently reduced by at least 60% in knockout cultures. Exposure to hemin for 4 hours, a time point that preceded cell lysis, increased protein oxidation in wild-type cultures, as detected by staining of immunoblots for protein carbonyl groups. At 10 μM hemin, carbonylation was increased 2.3-fold compared with control sister cultures subjected to medium exchanges only; this effect was reduced by about two-thirds in knockout cultures. Cellular reactive oxygen species, detected by fluorescence intensity after dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) staining, was markedly increased by hemin in wild-type cultures and was localized to neuronal cell bodies and processes. In contrast, DHR fluorescence intensity in knockout cultures did not differ from that of sham-washed controls. Neuronal death in wild-type cultures was almost completely prevented by the lipid-soluble iron chelator phenanthroline; deferoxamine had a weaker but significant effect. Conclusions These results suggest that HO-2 gene deletion protects neurons in mixed neuron-astrocyte cultures from heme-mediated oxidative injury. Selective inhibition of neuronal HO-2 may have a beneficial effect after CNS hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Regan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, 239 Thompson Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, 239 Thompson Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Luna Benvenisti-Zarom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, 239 Thompson Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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41
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Chen J, Regan RF. Heme oxygenase-2 gene deletion increases astrocyte vulnerability to hemin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 318:88-94. [PMID: 15110757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In a prior study, we observed that heme oxygenase-2 gene deletion protected murine cortical neurons from heme-mediated injury. In the course of these studies, constitutive HO-2 expression was observed in astrocyte cultures. The present study tested the hypothesis that astrocytes lacking the HO-2 gene would be less vulnerable to heme. Contrary to this hypothesis, gene deletion resulted in a 50-75% increase in cell death after 6h exposure to 30 or 60microM hemin, as measured by LDH release. A similar effect was observed when cell viability was assessed with the MTT assay. HO-2 gene deletion did not alter cellular expression of HO-1. The increased sensitivity of knockout astrocytes to hemin was reversed by increasing HO-1 expression by adenoviral gene transfer. These results suggest that heme oxygenase protects astrocytes from heme-mediated oxidative injury and highlight the disparate effect of HO in neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 1020 Sansom Street, 239 Thompson Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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42
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Huy NT, Takano R, Hara S, Kamei K. Enhancement of Heme-Induced Membrane Damage by the Anti-malarial Clotrimazole: the Role of Colloid-Osmotic Forces. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:361-5. [PMID: 14993803 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two recent studies have demonstrated that clotrimazole, a well-known potential antifungal agent, inhibits the in vitro growth of chloroquine-resistant strains of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. In a previous study, we suggested that clotrimazole acts as an anti-malarial agent by inhibiting heme catabolism in the malaria parasite and by enhancing heme-induced membrane damage. In this paper, we examined the mechanism of action by measuring hemolysis as an indicator of membrane damage. Our results showed that clotrimazole does not promote the binding of heme to membranes, and that the enhancement of heme-induced hemolysis by clotrimazole is not caused by lipid peroxidation or by oxidation of thiol groups in membrane proteins. Instead, clotrimazole inhibits glutathione-dependent heme degradation, resulting in an enhancement of heme-induced hemolysis. We also found that clotrimazole increases the susceptibility of erythrocytes to hypotonic lysis in the presence of heme and that sucrose could inhibit hemolysis induced by heme-clotrimazole complexes. Thus, it appears that the enhancement of heme-induced hemolysis by clotrimazole in our experiments is due to a colloid osmotic hemolysis mechanism. The hydrophobicity and the large molecular size of the heme-clotrimazole complex might be key factors for induction of hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tien Huy
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
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43
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Maya-Monteiro CM, Alves LR, Pinhal N, Abdalla DSP, Oliveira PL. HeLp, a heme-transporting lipoprotein with an antioxidant role. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 34:81-88. [PMID: 14976984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plasma lipoproteins involved in lipid transport are target for free radical-evoked pathological conditions in several mammalian models. The main hemolymphatic protein of Boophilus microplus is a heme-binding lipoprotein (HeLp, for Heme LipoProtein) that carries dietary heme produced from degradation of vertebrate hemoglobin to tissues of the tick. Addition of heme to phospholipid liposomes resulted in intense lipid peroxidation, which was inhibited by addition of HeLp. HeLp prevented lysis of red blood cells by heme. HeLp also inhibited reactions of heme with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) or hydrogen peroxide. HeLp, quite differently from other lipoproteins, presents a protective intrinsic mechanism to counteract heme toxicity, while preserving the heme molecule to be reused by the tick. This is the first report of a lipoprotein acting as an antioxidant particle against heme-induced radical damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M Maya-Monteiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, ICB, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil.
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44
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Tang XD, Xu R, Reynolds MF, Garcia ML, Heinemann SH, Hoshi T. Haem can bind to and inhibit mammalian calcium-dependent Slo1 BK channels. Nature 2003; 425:531-5. [PMID: 14523450 DOI: 10.1038/nature02003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2003] [Accepted: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Haem is essential for living organisms, functioning as a crucial element in the redox-sensitive reaction centre in haemproteins. During the biogenesis of these proteins, the haem cofactor is typically incorporated enzymatically into the haem pockets of the apo-haemprotein as the functionally indispensable prosthetic group. A class of ion channel, the large-conductance calcium-dependent Slo1 BK channels, possesses a conserved haem-binding sequence motif. Here we present electrophysiological and structural evidence showing that haem directly regulates cloned human Slo1 channels and wild-type BK channels in rat brain. Both oxidized and reduced haem binds to the hSlo1 channel protein and profoundly inhibits transmembrane K+ currents by decreasing the frequency of channel opening. This direct regulation of the BK channel identifies a previously unknown role of haem as an acute signalling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Dong Tang
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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45
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Goldstein L, Teng ZP, Zeserson E, Patel M, Regan RF. Hemin induces an iron-dependent, oxidative injury to human neuron-like cells. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:113-21. [PMID: 12815715 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hemin is released from hemoglobin after CNS hemorrhage and is present at high micromolar concentrations in intracranial hematomas. This highly reactive compound is potentially cytotoxic via a variety of oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms. However, despite its clinical relevance, little is known of its effect on neuronal cells. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that hemin is toxic to human neurons at physiologically relevant concentrations and that its toxicity is iron dependent and oxidative. A homogeneous population of neuron-like cells was produced by sequential treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with retinoic acid and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, using the protocol of Encinas et al. Hemin exposure for 24 hr resulted in cell death that progressively increased between 3 and 30 microM (EC(50) approximately 10 microM); protoporphyrin IX, the iron-free congener of hemin, was not toxic. Cell death commenced at 14 hr and was preceded by a marked increase in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Most injury and ROS production were prevented by concomitant treatment with an equimolar concentration of the lipid-soluble iron chelator phenanthroline; the water-soluble chelator deferoxamine was also effective at concentrations of 0.1 mM or higher. Heme oxygenase-2 was constitutively expressed by these cells, and heme oxygenase-1 was induced by hemin. Heme oxygenase inhibition attenuated ROS generation and reduced injury by about one-third. Cell death was also prevented with the sulfhydryl reducing agents glutathione and mercaptoethanol. Nuclear morphology in the hours prior to cell lysis revealed a predominantly homogenous staining pattern; the percentage of fragmented nuclei was increased only at 4 hr and then accounted for only 1.45% +/- 0.25% of cells. The general caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk had no effect on cell viability. These results suggest that hemin is toxic to human neuron-like cells at concentrations that are less than 3% of those observed in intracranial hematomas. In this model, its toxicity is iron dependent, oxidative, and predominantly necrotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Goldstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Zou CG, Agar NS, Jones GL. Enhancement of glutathione-dependent haemin degradation by ascorbic acid. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:565-72. [PMID: 12167475 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the current work, we investigated the effect of ascorbic acid on GSH-mediated haemin degradation. GSH-mediated haemin degradation in the presence of ascorbic acid in phosphate-buffered saline and in erythrocyte ghosts was determined by recording absorbance at 365 and 399nm, respectively. Generation of intracellular H(2)O(2) was measured indirectly in terms of the inactivation of endogenous catalase in erythrocytes in the presence of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. Although ascorbic acid itself did not induce haemin degradation, it enhanced GSH-mediated haemin degradation. Experiments with catalase showed that H(2)O(2) was essential in this process. The oxidation of ascorbic acid in the presence of haemin was stimulated by GSH, suggesting that ascorbic acid can alter the mechanism of H(2)O(2) generation observed with GSH and haemin alone. These results suggest that enhancement of GSH-mediated haemin degradation by ascorbic acid may be due to an increase in the production of H(2)O(2) generated by GSH and haemin in the absence of ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gang Zou
- School of Biological Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Huy NT, Kamei K, Yamamoto T, Kondo Y, Kanaori K, Takano R, Tajima K, Hara S. Clotrimazole binds to heme and enhances heme-dependent hemolysis: proposed antimalarial mechanism of clotrimazole. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:4152-8. [PMID: 11707446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107285200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two recent studies have demonstrated that clotrimazole, a potent antifungal agent, inhibits the growth of chloroquine-resistant strains of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, in vitro. We explored the mechanism of antimalarial activity of clotrimazole in relation to hemoglobin catabolism in the malaria parasite. Because free heme produced from hemoglobin catabolism is highly toxic to the malaria parasite, the parasite protects itself by polymerizing heme into insoluble nontoxic hemozoin or by decomposing heme coupled to reduced glutathione. We have shown that clotrimazole has a high binding affinity for heme in aqueous 40% dimethyl sulfoxide solution (association equilibrium constant: K(a) = 6.54 x 10(8) m(-2)). Even in water, clotrimazole formed a stable and soluble complex with heme and suppressed its aggregation. The results of optical absorption spectroscopy and electron spin resonance spectroscopy revealed that the heme-clotrimazole complex assumes a ferric low spin state (S = 1/2), having two nitrogenous ligands derived from the imidazole moieties of two clotrimazole molecules. Furthermore, we found that the formation of heme-clotrimazole complexes protects heme from degradation by reduced glutathione, and the complex damages the cell membrane more than free heme. The results described herein indicate that the antimalarial activity of clotrimazole might be due to a disturbance of hemoglobin catabolism in the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tien Huy
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Tálosi G, Németh I, Pintér S. Inhibitory effects of methylxanthines on the pre-eclamptic-like symptoms in ewes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 99:25-32. [PMID: 11604182 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-2115(01)00351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether two methylxanthines, pentoxifylline (PTX) and allopurinol, would have beneficial effects on experimental pregnancy-induced pre-eclampsia- like disease in ewes. STUDY DESIGN 20 animals at the gestational age of 130-135 days were divided into four groups (control; fasting; fasting, pentoxifylline-treated; and fasting, allopurinol-treated). The illness was provoked with a 4-day fasting period. Electrolytes, glucose, conventional parameters, plasma haem content, indirect bilirubin concentration and free thiol levels were measured. RESULTS Unlike in the fasting group, conventional signs of the disease, such as hypertension, kidney and liver injury and platelet count decrease, were all mitigated in the fasting, drug-treated animals. In the treated animals plasma haem content increased by a less significant level, while indirect bilirubin concentration showed a more rapid rise. CONCLUSIONS Both methylxanthines partly inhibited the pre-eclamptic-like symptoms in ewes. We speculate that the better induction of haem oxygenase might play an important role in this inhibitory effect on this particular animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tálosi
- Department of Paediatrics, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Wagener FA, Abraham NG, van Kooyk Y, de Witte T, Figdor CG. Heme-induced cell adhesion in the pathogenesis of sickle-cell disease and inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2001; 22:52-4. [PMID: 11166838 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lynch SM, Campione AL, Moore MK. Plasma thiols inhibit hemin-dependent oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1485:11-22. [PMID: 10802245 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative modification of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) renders it atherogenic. Previous studies demonstrated that plasma thiols promote oxidation of LDL by free ferric iron (Fe3+). The current study investigated effects of plasma thiols on oxidation of LDL by hemin, a physiological Fe3+-protoporphyrin IX complex thought to be capable of initiating LDL oxidation in vivo. In contrast to free Fe3+ which is incapable of oxidizing LDL in the absence of an exogenous reductant, hemin readily promoted LDL oxidation. During incubation of LDL (0.2 mg of protein/ml) with hemin (10 microM) at 37 degrees C for 6 h, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), a marker of lipid oxidation, increased from 0.3 (+/-0.1) nmol/mg of LDL protein to a maximal concentration of 45.8 (+/-5.2) nmol/mg of LDL protein. Under the same experimental conditions, lipid-conjugated dienes, another marker of lipid oxidation, increased from non-detectable to near-maximal levels of 78-187 nmol/mg of LDL protein, and lipoprotein polyunsaturated fatty acyl-containing cholesteryl ester content decreased to 15-36% of that present in native (i.e. unoxidized) LDL. Continued incubation of LDL with hemin for up to 24 h resulted in no further significant alterations in lipoprotein levels of TBARS, lipid-conjugated dienes, and cholesteryl esters. In addition to these chemical modifications indicative of lipoprotein oxidation, agarose gel electrophoretic analysis indicated that exposure of LDL to hemin resulted in conversion of the lipoprotein to an atherogenic form as evidenced by its increased anodic electrophoretic mobility. Addition of physiological concentrations of plasma thiols (either cysteine, homocysteine or reduced glutathione; 1-100 microM, each) inhibited hemin-mediated oxidation of LDL. Thus, whereas the maximal TBARS concentration was achieved following 6 h of incubation of LDL with hemin alone, addition of thiol extended the time required to attain maximal TBARS concentration to > or = 12 h. Similar antioxidant effects of thiols on formation of lipid-conjugated dienes, loss of cholesteryl esters, and lipoprotein anodic electrophoretic mobility were also observed. However, all thiols were not equally effective at inhibiting hemin-dependent LDL oxidation. Thus, whereas reduced glutathione was most effective at inhibiting hemin-dependent LDL oxidation, an intermediate effect was observed for homocysteine, and cysteine was least effective. The inhibition of hemin-mediated LDL oxidation by plasma thiols reported here confirms a previous observation that, under certain conditions, thiols can function as antioxidants, but contrasts with the previously documented pro-oxidant effect of the same thiols on oxidation of LDL by free Fe3+. These contrasting effects of plasma thiols on hemin- and free Fe3+-mediated LDL oxidation indicate that, in vivo, the ability of thiols to function as either anti- or pro-oxidants during LDL oxidation may, at least in part, be determined by the type of oxidant stress to which the lipoprotein is exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
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