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Cvjetan N, Schuler LD, Ishikawa T, Walde P. Optimization and Enhancement of the Peroxidase-like Activity of Hemin in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Dodecylsulfate. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:42878-42899. [PMID: 38024761 PMCID: PMC10652838 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron porphyrins play several important roles in present-day living systems and probably already existed in very early life forms. Hemin (= ferric protoporphyrin IX = ferric heme b), for example, is the prosthetic group at the active site of heme peroxidases, catalyzing the oxidation of a number of different types of reducing substrates after hemin is first oxidized by hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing substrate of the enzyme. The active site of heme peroxidases consists of a hydrophobic pocket in which hemin is embedded noncovalently and kept in place through coordination of the iron atom to a proximal histidine side chain of the protein. It is this partially hydrophobic local environment of the enzyme which determines the efficiency with which the sequential reactions of the oxidizing and reducing substrates proceed at the active site. Free hemin, which has been separated from the protein moiety of heme peroxidases, is known to aggregate in an aqueous solution and exhibits low catalytic activity. Based on previous reports on the use of surfactant micelles to solubilize free hemin in a nonaggregated state, the peroxidase-like activity of hemin in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at concentrations below and above the critical concentration for SDS micelle formation (critical micellization concentration (cmc)) was systematically investigated. In most experiments, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was applied as a reducing substrate at pH = 7.2. The presence of SDS clearly had a positive effect on the reaction in terms of initial reaction rate and reaction yield, even at concentrations below the cmc. The highest activity correlated with the cmc value, as demonstrated for reactions at three different HEPES concentrations. The 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonate salt (HEPES) served as a pH buffer substance and also had an accelerating effect on the reaction. At the cmc, the addition of l-histidine (l-His) resulted in a further concentration-dependent increase in the peroxidase-like activity of hemin until a maximal effect was reached at an optimal l-His concentration, probably corresponding to an ideal mono-l-His ligation to hemin. Some of the results obtained can be understood on the basis of molecular dynamics simulations, which indicated the existence of intermolecular interactions between hemin and HEPES and between hemin and SDS. Preliminary experiments with SDS/dodecanol vesicles at pH = 7.2 showed that in the presence of the vesicles, hemin exhibited similar peroxidase-like activity as in the case of SDS micelles. This supports the hypothesis that micelle- or vesicle-associated ferric or ferrous iron porphyrins may have played a role as primitive catalysts in membranous prebiotic compartment systems before cellular life emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Cvjetan
- Department
of Materials, ETH-Zürich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute and Department of
Biology, ETH-Zürich, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Peter Walde
- Department
of Materials, ETH-Zürich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Protoporphyrin Extracted from Biomass Waste as Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors of T22 Carbon Steel in Acidic Environments. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbon steel is one of the most employed materials in many industrial sectors due to its unique physical and mechanical properties. However, within a certain period of time, carbon steel-based materials are susceptible to corrosion under operating conditions and corrosion inhibitors are important to extending the limit of use of carbon steel. In this study, the influence of protoporphyrin from animal blood hemin as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for T22 carbon steel in an acidic environment (0.5 M HCl) was conducted. The hemin isolated from animal blood extracts was modified to obtain the protoporphyrin. The dosage of protoporphyrin was varied between 40 and 200 ppm and the temperature influence were studied in the range of 298–318 K. The inhibition efficiency of protoporphyrin in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid reached up to 46.2% at a dose of 160 ppm at a temperature of 298 K. The inhibition efficiency (IE) value further decreases with increasing temperature, thereby showing the process exothermic in nature and the weakening of the inhibitor molecules to adsorb on the surface of the T22 carbon steel. The potentiodynamic polarization measurements indicate that protoporphyrin acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of protoporphyrin on the surface of T22 carbon steel obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The thermodynamic parameter of adsorption allows us to suggest the adsorption process was dominated by physical adsorption. Thus, these current results present a case study using protoporphyrin as a promising green inhibitor for carbon steel T22 in hydrochloric acid prepared from livestock waste.
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Oohora K, Tang N, Morita Y, Hayashi T. Cobalt tetradehydrocorrins coordinated by imidazolate-like histidine in the heme pocket of horseradish peroxidase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:695-703. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cha HJ, Jang DS, Jin KS, Choi KY. Structural analyses combined with small-angle X-ray scattering reveals that the retention of heme is critical for maintaining the structure of horseradish peroxidase under denaturing conditions. Amino Acids 2017; 49:715-723. [PMID: 28144743 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the structure of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) under denaturing conditions of 9 M urea or 6 M guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl). Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra indicated the existence of native-like secondary structure of holo-HRP in 9 M urea. In addition, slight changes in near-UV and Soret region CD spectra of holo-HRP in 9 M urea suggest that the tertiary structure of holo-HRP and the binding of heme remain partially intact in this condition. A transition in the thermal unfolding transition curve of holo-HRP in 9 M urea indicated the existence of a considerable amount of secondary structure. However, no secondary structure, tertiary structure, or interaction between heme and HRP were observed in holo-HRP in 6 M GdnHCl. Small-angle X-ray scattering indicated that although distal and proximal domains of holo-HRP in 9 M urea might be partially unfolded, the central region that contains the heme might maintain its tertiary structure. Our results suggest that retention of the heme is essential for maintenance of the structure of HRP under highly denaturing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Cha
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - Do Soo Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea.,Huons Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea.
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Fapyane D, Ferapontova EE. Enhanced electron transfer between gold nanoparticles and horseradish peroxidase reconstituted onto alkanethiol-modified hemin. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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6
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Atamna H, Brahmbhatt M, Atamna W, Shanower GA, Dhahbi JM. ApoHRP-based assay to measure intracellular regulatory heme. Metallomics 2015; 7:309-21. [PMID: 25525887 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00246f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the heme-binding proteins possess a "heme-pocket" that stably binds to heme. Usually known as housekeeping heme-proteins, they participate in a variety of metabolic reactions (e.g., catalase). Heme also binds with lower affinity to the "Heme-Regulatory Motifs" (HRM) in specific regulatory proteins. This type of heme binding is known as exchangeable or regulatory heme (RH). Heme binding to HRM proteins regulates their function (e.g., Bach1). Although there are well-established methods for assaying total cellular heme (e.g., heme-proteins plus RH), currently there is no method available for measuring RH independent of the total heme (TH). The current study describes and validates a new method to measure intracellular RH. This method is based on the reconstitution of apo-horseradish peroxidase (apoHRP) with heme to form holoHRP. The resulting holoHRP activity is then measured with a colorimetric substrate. The results show that apoHRP specifically binds RH but not with heme from housekeeping heme-proteins. The RH assay detects intracellular RH. Furthermore, using conditions that create positive (hemin) or negative (N-methyl protoporphyrin IX) controls for heme in normal human fibroblasts (IMR90), the RH assay shows that RH is dynamic and independent of TH. We also demonstrated that short-term exposure to subcytotoxic concentrations of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), or amyloid-β (Aβ) significantly alters intracellular RH with little effect on TH. In conclusion the RH assay is an effective assay to investigate intracellular RH concentration and demonstrates that RH represents ∼6% of total heme in IMR90 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Atamna
- Department of Basic Sciences, TCMC, Scranton, PA, USA
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Sosna M, Fapyane D, Ferapontova EE. Reconstitution of peroxidase onto hemin-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers on gold. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hayashi T, Sato H, Matsuo T, Matsuda T, Hitomi Y, Hisaeda Y. Enhancement of enzymatic activity for myoglobins by modification of heme-propionate side chains. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424604000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The modification of myoglobin is an attractive process not only for understanding its molecular mechanism but also for engineering the protein function. The strategy of myoglobin functionalization can be divided into at least two approaches: site-directed mutagenesis and reconstitution with a non-natural prosthetic group. The former method enables us to mainly modulate the physiological function, while the latter has the advantage of introducing a new function on the protein. Particularly, replacement of the native hemin with an artificially created hemin having hydrophobic moieties at the terminal of the heme-propionate side chains serves as an appropriate substrate-binding site near the heme pocket, and consequently enhances the peroxidase and peroxygenase activities for the reconstituted myoglobin. In addition, the incorporation of the synthetic hemin bearing modified heme-propionates into an appropriate apomyoglobin mutant drastically enhances the peroxidase activity. In contrast, to convert myoglobin into a cytochrome P450 enzyme, a flavin moiety as an electron transfer mediator was introduced at the terminal of the heme-propionate side chain. The flavomyoglobin catalyzes the deformylation of 2-phenylpropanal in the presence of NADH under aerobic conditions through the peroxoanion formation from the oxygenated species. In addition, modification of the heme-propionate side chains has an significant influence on regulating the reactivity of the horseradish peroxidase. Furthermore, the heme-propionate side chain can form a metal binding site with a carboxylate residue in the heme pocket. These studies indicate that modification of the heme-propionate side chains can be a new and effective way to engineer functions for the hemoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hayashi
- PRESTO Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hideaki Sato
- PRESTO Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- PRESTO Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsuda
- PRESTO Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hitomi
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hisaeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Tobimatsu Y, Davidson CL, Grabber JH, Ralph J. Fluorescence-Tagged Monolignols: Synthesis, and Application to Studying In Vitro Lignification. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1752-61. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200136x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tobimatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Enzyme Institute, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Christy L. Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Enzyme Institute, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - John H. Grabber
- United States Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1925 Linden Drive West, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Enzyme Institute, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Czarnecki O, Peter E, Grimm B. Methods for analysis of photosynthetic pigments and steady-state levels of intermediates of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 775:357-385. [PMID: 21863454 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-237-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles and carotenoids are required for many indispensable functions in photosynthesis. Tetrapyrroles are essential metabolites for photosynthesis, redox reaction, and detoxification of reactive oxygen species and xenobiotics, while carotenoids function as accessory pigments, in photoprotection and in attraction to animals. Their branched metabolic pathways of synthesis and degradation are tightly controlled to provide adequate amounts of each metabolite (carotenoids/tetrapyrroles) and to prevent accumulation of photoreactive intermediates (tetrapyrroles). Many Arabidopsis mutants and transgenic plants have been reported to show variations in steady-state levels of tetrapyrrole intermediates and contents of different carotenoid species. It is a challenging task to determine the minute amounts of these metabolites to assess the metabolic flow and the activities of both pigment-synthesising and degrading pathways, to unravel limiting enzymatic steps of these biosynthetic pathways, and to characterise mutants with accumulating intermediates. In this chapter, we present a series of methods to qualify and quantify anabolic and catabolic intermediates of Arabidopsis tetrapyrrole metabolism, and describe a common method for quantification of different plant carotenoid species. Additionally, we introduce two methods for quantification of non-covalently bound haem. The approach of analysing steady-state levels of tetrapyrrole intermediates in plants, when applied in combination with analyses of transcripts, proteins, and enzyme activities, enables the biochemical and genetic elucidation of the tetrapyrrole pathway in wild-type plants, varieties, and mutants. Steady-state levels of tetrapyrrole intermediates are only up to 1/1,000 of the amounts of the accumulating end-products, chlorophyll, and haem. Although present in very low amounts, the accumulation and availability of tetrapyrrole intermediates have major consequences on the physiology and activity of chloroplasts due to their additional photoreactive and possible signalling functions. Although adjusted for Arabidopsis tetrapyrrole metabolites, the presented methods can also be applied for analysis of cyanobacterial and other plant tetrapyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Czarnecki
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Virel A, Saa L, Köster SD, Pavlov V. Ultrasensitive optical detection of hydrogen peroxide by triggered activation of horseradish peroxidase. Analyst 2010; 135:2291-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00095g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Fruk L, Kuo CH, Torres E, Niemeyer CM. Apoenzyme reconstitution as a chemical tool for structural enzymology and biotechnology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1550-74. [PMID: 19165853 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many enzymes contain a nondiffusible organic cofactor, often termed a prosthetic group, which is located in the active site and essential for the catalytic activity of the enzyme. These cofactors can often be extracted from the protein to yield the respective apoenzyme, which can subsequently be reconstituted with an artificial analogue of the native cofactor. Nowadays a large variety of synthetic cofactors can be used for the reconstitution of apoenzymes and, thus, generate novel semisynthetic enzymes. This approach has been refined over the past decades to become a versatile tool of structural enzymology to elucidate structure-function relationships of enzymes. Moreover, the reconstitution of apoenzymes can also be used to generate enzymes possessing enhanced or even entirely new functionality. This Review gives an overview on historical developments and the current state-of-the-art on apoenzyme reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Fruk
- Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Fruk L, Kuo CH, Torres E, Niemeyer C. Rekonstitution von Apoenzymen als chemisches Werkzeug für die strukturelle Enzymologie und Biotechnologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Sasaki S, Nonaka D, Wariishi H, Tsutsumi Y, Kondo R. Role of Tyr residues on the protein surface of cationic cell-wall-peroxidase (CWPO-C) from poplar: potential oxidation sites for oxidative polymerization of lignin. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:348-55. [PMID: 17910963 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
It was previously reported that an unique peroxidase isoenzyme, cationic cell-wall-bound peroxidase (CWPO-C), from poplar callus oxidizes sinapyl alcohol, ferrocytochrome c and synthetic lignin polymers, unlike other plant peroxidases. Here, the catalytic mechanism of CWPO-C was investigated using chemical modification and homology modeling. The simulated CWPO-C structure predicts that the entrance to the heme pocket of CWPO-C is the same size as those of other plant peroxidases, suggesting that ferrocytochrome c and synthetic lignin polymers cannot interact with the heme of CWPO-C. Since Trp and Tyr residues are redox-active, such residues located on the protein surface were predicted to be active sites for CWPO-C. Modification of CWPO-C Trp residues did not suppress its oxidation activities toward guaiacol and syringaldazine. On the other hand, modification of CWPO-C Tyr residues using tetranitromethane strongly suppressed its oxidation activities toward syringaldazine and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol by 90%, respectively, and also suppressed its guaiacol oxidation activity to a lesser extent. Ferrocytochrome c was not oxidized by Tyr-modified CWPO-C. These results indicate that the Tyr residues in CWPO-C mediate its oxidation of syringyl compounds and high-molecular-weight substrates. Homology modeling indicates that Tyr-177 and Tyr-74 are located near the heme and exposed on the protein surface of CWPO-C. These results suggest that Tyr residues on the protein surface are considered to be important for the oxidation activities of CWPO-C with a wide range of substrates, and potentially unique oxidation sites for the plant peroxidase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sasaki
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Das A, Hecht MH. Peroxidase activity of de novo heme proteins immobilized on electrodes. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:1820-6. [PMID: 17765314 PMCID: PMC2080791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
De novo proteins from designed combinatorial libraries were bound to heme terminated gold electrodes. The novel heme proteins were shown to possess peroxidase activity, and this activity was compared to that of horseradish peroxidase and bovine serum albumin when immobilized in a similar fashion. The various designed proteins from the libraries displayed distinctly different levels of peroxidase activity, thereby demonstrating that the sequence and structure of a designed protein can exert a substantial effect on the peroxidase activity of immobilized heme.
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Hong J, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Ghourchian H, Rad AM, Rezaei-Zarchi S. Direct electron transfer of horseradish peroxidase on Nafion-cysteine modified gold electrode. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Boerakker MJ, Botterhuis NE, Bomans PHH, Frederik PM, Meijer EM, Nolte RJM, Sommerdijk NAJM. Aggregation Behavior of Giant Amphiphiles Prepared by Cofactor Reconstitution. Chemistry 2006; 12:6071-80. [PMID: 16688714 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report on biohybrid surfactants, termed "giant amphiphiles", in which a protein or an enzyme acts as the polar head group and a synthetic polymer as the apolar tail. It is demonstrated that the modification of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and myoglobin (Mb) with an apolar polymer chain through the cofactor reconstitution method yields giant amphiphiles that form spherical aggregates (vesicles) in aqueous solution. Both HRP and Mb retain their original functionality when modified with a single polystyrene chain, but reconstitution has an effect on their activities. In the case of HRP the enzymatic activity decreases and for Mb the stability of the dioxygen myoglobin (oxy-Mb) complex is reduced, which is probably the result of a disturbed binding of the heme in the apo-protein or a reduced access of the substrate to the active site of the enzyme or protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Boerakker
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Masuda T, Takahashi S. Chemiluminescent-based method for heme determination by reconstitution with horseradish peroxidase apo-enzyme. Anal Biochem 2006; 355:307-9. [PMID: 16701068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuru Masuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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Osborne RL, Sumithran S, Coggins MK, Chen YP, Lincoln DE, Dawson JH. Spectroscopic characterization of the ferric states of Amphitrite ornata dehaloperoxidase and Notomastus lobatus chloroperoxidase: His-ligated peroxidases with globin-like proximal and distal properties. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:1100-8. [PMID: 16603247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Amphitrite ornata dehaloperoxidase (DHP) and Notomastus lobatus chloroperoxidase (NCPO) catalyze the peroxide-dependent dehalogenation of halophenols and halogenation of phenols, respectively. Both enzymes have histidine (His) as their proximal heme iron ligand. Crystallographic examination of DHP revealed that it has a globin fold [M.W. LaCount, E. Zhang, Y.-P. Chen, K. Han, M.M. Whitton, D.E. Lincoln, S.A. Woodin, L. Lebioda, J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 18712-18716] and kinetics studies established that ferric DHP is the active state [R.L. Osborne, L.O. Taylor, K. Han, B. Ely, J.H. Dawson, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 324 (2004) 1194-1198]. NCPO likely has these same properties. Previous work with His-ligated heme proteins has revealed characteristic spectral distinctions between dioxygen binding globins and peroxide-activating peroxidases. Since DHP, and likely NCPO, is a peroxide-activating globin, we have sought to determine in the present investigation whether the ferric resting states of these two novel heme-containing enzymes are myoglobin-like or peroxidase-like. To do so, we have examined their exogenous ligand-free ferric states as well as their azide, imidazole and NO bound ferric adducts (and ferrous-NO complexes) with UV-Visible absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy. We have also compared each derivative to the analogous states of horse heart myoglobin (Mb) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The spectra observed for parallel forms of DHP and NCPO are virtually identical to each other as well as to the spectra of the same Mb states, while being less similar to the spectra of corresponding HRP derivatives. From these data, we conclude that exogenous ligand-free ferric DHP and NCPO are six-coordinate with water and neutral His as ligands. This coordination structure is distinctly different from the ferric resting state of His-ligated peroxidases and indicates that DHP and NCPO do not activate bound peroxide through a mechanism dependent on a push effect imparted by a partially ionized proximal His as proposed for typical heme peroxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Osborne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Osborne RL, Taylor LO, Han KP, Ely B, Dawson JH. Amphitrite ornata dehaloperoxidase: enhanced activity for the catalytically active globin using MCPBA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:1194-8. [PMID: 15504340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehaloperoxidase (DHP) from Amphitrite ornata is the only heme-containing, hydrogen peroxide-dependent globin capable of oxidatively dehalogenating halophenols to yield the corresponding quinones. To ascertain that this enzymatic activity is intrinsic to DHP, we have cloned and expressed the enzyme in Escherichia coli. We also find that an alternate oxygen atom donor, meta-chloroperbenzoic acid, gives appreciably higher activity than hydrogen peroxide. Under optimal turnover conditions (large peroxide/peracid excess), after an initial burst of activity, DHP appears to become trapped in a non-catalytic state (possibly Compound II) and is unable to fully convert all halophenol to product. However, full substrate conversion can be achieved under more physiological conditions involving a much smaller excess of oxygen atom donor. Parallel studies have been carried out using horseradish peroxidase and myoglobin to calibrate the activity of DHP versus typical peroxidase and globin proteins, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Osborne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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22
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Rotsaert FAJ, Hallberg BM, de Vries S, Moenne-Loccoz P, Divne C, Renganathan V, Gold MH. Biophysical and structural analysis of a novel heme B iron ligation in the flavocytochrome cellobiose dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:33224-31. [PMID: 12796496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302653200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal extracellular flavocytochrome cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) participates in lignocellulose degradation. The enzyme has a cytochrome domain connected to a flavin-binding domain by a peptide linker. The cytochrome domain contains a 6-coordinate low spin b-type heme with unusual iron ligands and coordination geometry. Wild type CDH is only the second example of a b-type heme with Met-His ligation, and it is the first example of a Met-His ligation of heme b where the ligands are arranged in a nearly perpendicular orientation. To investigate the ligation further, Met65 was replaced with a histidine to create a bis-histidyl ligated iron typical of b-type cytochromes. The variant is expressed as a stable 90-kDa protein that retains the flavin domain catalytic reactivity. However, the ability of the mutant to reduce external one-electron acceptors such as cytochrome c is impaired. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate a decrease in the redox midpoint potential of the heme by 210 mV. In contrast to the wild type enzyme, the ferric state of the protoheme displays a mixed low spin/high spin state at room temperature and low spin character at 90 K, as determined by resonance Raman spectroscopy. The wild type cytochrome does not bind CO, but the ferrous state of the variant forms a CO complex, although the association rate is very low. The crystal structure of the M65H cytochrome domain has been determined at 1.9 A resolution. The variant structure confirms a bis-histidyl ligation but reveals unusual features. As for the wild type enzyme, the ligands have a nearly perpendicular arrangement. Furthermore, the iron is bound by imidazole N delta 1 and N epsilon 2 nitrogen atoms, rather than the typical N epsilon 2/N epsilon 2 coordination encountered in bis-histidyl ligated heme proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a bis-histidyl N delta 1/N epsilon 2-coordinated protoporphyrin IX iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik A J Rotsaert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OGI School of Science and Engineering at Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006-8921, USA
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23
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Kaposi AD, Vanderkooi JM, Wright WW, Fidy J, Stavrov SS. Influence of static and dynamic disorder on the visible and infrared absorption spectra of carbonmonoxy horseradish peroxidase. Biophys J 2001; 81:3472-82. [PMID: 11721008 PMCID: PMC1301802 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(01)75978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectroscopy of horseradish peroxidase with and without the substrate analog, benzohydroxamic acid, was monitored in a glycerol/water solvent as a function of temperature. It was determined from the water infrared (IR) absorption that the solvent has a glass transition at 170-180 K. In the absence of substrate, both the heme optical Q(0,0) absorption band and the IR absorption band of CO bound to heme broaden markedly upon heating from 10-300 K. The Q(0,0) band broadens smoothly in the whole temperature interval, whereas the IR bandwidth is constant in the glassy matrix and increases from 7 to 16 cm(-1) upon heating above the glass transition. Binding of substrate strongly diminishes temperature broadening of both the bands. The results are consistent with the view that the substrate strongly reduces the amplitude of motions of amino acids forming the heme pocket. The main contribution to the Q(0,0) bandwidth arises from the heme vibrations that are not affected by the phase transition. The CO band thermal broadening stems from the anharmonic coupling with motions of the heme environment, which, in the glassy state, are frozen in. Unusually strong temperature broadening of the CO band is interpreted to be caused by thermal population of a very flexible excited conformational substrate. Analysis of literature data on the thermal broadening of the A(0) band of Mb(CO) (Ansari et al., 1987. Biophys. Chem. 26:337-355) shows that such a state presents itself also in myoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Kaposi
- Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest H-1088, Hungary
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24
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Baldwin DA, Marques HM, Pratt JM. Mechanism of activation of H2
O2
by peroxidases: kinetic studies on a model system. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Lasagna M, Gratton E, Jameson DM, Brunet JE. Apohorseradish peroxidase unfolding and refolding: intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence studies. Biophys J 1999; 76:443-50. [PMID: 9876156 PMCID: PMC1302533 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolding and refolding of apohorseradish peroxidase, as a function of guanidinium chloride concentration, were monitored by the intrinsic fluorescence intensity, polarization, and lifetime of the single tryptophan residue. The unfolding was reversible and characterized by at least three distinct stages-the intensity and lifetime data, for example, were both characterized by an initial increase followed by a decrease and then a plateau region. The lifetime data, in the absence and presence of guanidinium chloride, were heterogeneous and fit best to a model consisting of a major Gaussian distribution component and a minor, short discrete component. The observed increase in intensity in the initial stage of the unfolding process is attributed to the conversion of this short component into the longer, distributed component as the guanidinium chloride concentration increases. Our results clarify and amplify previous studies on the unfolding of apohorseradish peroxidase by guanidinium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lasagna
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Casilla 4059, Valparaiso, Chile
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26
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Adak S, Banerjee RK. Haem propionates control oxidative and reductive activities of horseradish peroxidase by maintaining the correct orientation of the haem. Biochem J 1998; 334 ( Pt 1):51-6. [PMID: 9693101 PMCID: PMC1219660 DOI: 10.1042/bj3340051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of haem propionates in oxidative and reductive reactions catalysed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was studied after successful reconstitution of ferric protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester (PPDME) into the apoperoxidase. The reconstituted enzyme oxidizes neither guaiacol (aromatic electron donor) nor iodide or thiocyanate (inorganic donor). Although the reconstituted enzyme binds guaiacol with a similar Kd (13 mM) to that of the native enzyme (10 mM), the Kd for SCN- binding (5 mM) is decreased 20-fold compared with that of the native enzyme (100 mM). This indicates that haem propionates hinder the entry or binding of inorganic anion to the active site of the native HRP. However, the reconstituted enzyme is catalytically inactive as it does not form spectroscopically detectable compound II with H2O2. CD measurements indicate a significant loss of haem CD spectrum of the reconstituted enzyme at 409 nm, suggesting a loss of asymmetry of the haem-protein interaction. Thus the inability of the reconstituted enzyme to form catalytic intermediates results from the change in orientation of the haem due to loss of interactions via the haem propionates. HRP also catalyses reductive reactions such as reduction of iodine (I+) in the presence of EDTA and H2O2. The reconstituted enzyme cannot catalyse I+ reduction because of the loss of I+ binding to the haem propionate. Since I+ reduction requires formation of the catalytically active enzyme-I+-EDTA ternary complex, the loss of reductive activity is primarily due to the loss of active enzyme formation. Haem propionates thus play a vital role in the oxidative and reductive reactions of HRP by favouring the formation of catalytic intermediates with H2O2 by maintaining the correct orientation of the haem with respect to the surrounding residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Adak
- Department of Physiology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Calcutta-700032, India
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27
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Han YH, Shin KS, Youn HD, Hah YC, Kang SO. Mode of action and active site of an extracellular peroxidase from Pleurotus ostreatus. Biochem J 1996; 314 ( Pt 2):421-6. [PMID: 8670051 PMCID: PMC1217066 DOI: 10.1042/bj3140421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The properties of the haem environment of an extracellular peroxidase from Pleurotus ostreatus were studied by electronic absorption spectroscopy. A high-spin ferric form was predominant in the native enzyme and a high-spin ferrous form in the reduced enzyme. Cyanide was readily bound to the haem iron in the native form, thereby changing the enzyme to a low-spin cyano adduct. The electronic absorption spectra of the enzyme were similar to those of lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Compound III of the enzyme was formed after the addition of an excess of H2O2 to the native enzyme, and thereafter spontaneously reverted to the native form. The enzyme oxidized 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1,3-dihydroxyp ropane in the presence of H2O2 to produce 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1-oxo-3-hydroxypr opane , 2,6-dimethoxyhydroquinone, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-3-hydroxypropanal, 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone and guaiacol. A similar oxidation pattern was demonstrated with a one-electron oxidant, ammonium cerium(IV)nitrate. Free radicals were detected as intermediates of the enzyme-mediated oxidation of 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-1,3-dihydroxyp ropane and acetosyringone. These results can be explained by the mechanisms involving an initial one-electron oxidation of the lignin substructure. This radical may undergo C alpha-C beta cleavage, C alpha-oxidation and alkyl-phenyl cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Han
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
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28
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Pahari D, Patel AB, Behere DV. Spectroscopic studies on calcium depleted horseradish peroxidase: Observation of tryptophan sensitized bound terbium(III) flourescence. J Inorg Biochem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(95)00024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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29
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Brunet JE, Vargas V, Gratton E, Jameson DM. Hydrodynamics of horseradish peroxidase revealed by global analysis of multiple fluorescence probes. Biophys J 1994; 66:446-53. [PMID: 8161698 PMCID: PMC1275712 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous fluorescence studies of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with protoporphyrin IX suggested that the protein behaved hydrodynamically as a prolate ellipsoid of axial ratio 3 to 1. The present study, designed to further investigate the hydrodynamics of this protein, exploits a series of probes, noncovalently bound to the heme binding site of apo-horseradish peroxidase, having different orientations of the excitation and emission transition dipoles with respect to the protein's rotational axes. The probes utilized included protoporphyrin IX and the naphthalene probes 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate, 2-p-toluidinyl-6-naphthalene sulfonate, and 4,4'-bis(1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate). Time-resolved data were obtained using multifrequency phase fluorometry. The global analysis approach to the determination of molecular shape using multiple probes was evaluated by utilizing all data sets while maintaining a constant molecular shape for the protein. The results indicated that, in such analyses, probes exhibiting a single exponential decay and limited local motion have the major weight in the evaluation of the axial ratio. Probes that show complex decay patterns and local motions, such as the naphthalene derivatives, give rise to significant uncertainties in such global treatments. By explicitly accounting for the effect of such local motion, however, the shape of the protein can be reliably recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Brunet
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Chile
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30
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Modi S, Behere DV, Mitra S. 1H- and 15N-NMR study of the binding of thiocyanate to chemically modified horseradish peroxidase and involvement of salt bridge. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1204:14-8. [PMID: 8305470 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The chemical modification of native horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been carried out by esterification of the heme propionic group. 15N- and 1H-NMR studies on binding of thiocyanate ion to chemically modified HRP have been utilized to demonstrate the existence of salt bridge between the heme propionic acid and distal amino acid group. The catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate by the native HRP, and the chemically modified HRP has also been studied at different pH, and the significance of the salt bridge discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Modi
- Chemical Physics Group, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Bombay, India
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31
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Fernandez M, Frydman RB, Hurst J, Buldain G. Structure/activity relationships in porphobilinogen oxygenase and horseradish peroxidase. An analysis using synthetic hemins. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 218:251-9. [PMID: 8243471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The apo-enzymes of porphobilinogen oxygenase and horseradish peroxidase were reconstituted with hemin IX, deuterohemin IX, 2,4-diacetyldeuterohemin IX, 2-vinyl-4-deuterohemin IX and hemin I. The apoproteins did not reconstitute with the dimethyl or diethyl esters of hemin IX. The native enzymes and the synthetic hemoproteins showed similar oxygenase activities toward porphobilinogen in the presence of dithionite and oxygen. They also showed peroxidase activity in the presence of H2O2, which was affected by the side-chain substitution pattern of the hemes. Oxygenase activities, however, were not affected by the heme structure. Iron chelators completely inhibited the oxygenase, but not the peroxidase activities. The EPR spectra of the native and synthetic porphobilinogen oxygenase showed that dithionite reduction produced a rapid disappearance of the high-spin heme-iron signal at g = 6.0. It reappeared 1 min later but the enzyme retained its catalytic activity. The changes in the EPR spectra could be correlated with the biphasic kinetics of the oxygenase reaction which was very fast during the first minute and then decreased to a half-value rate. The oxygenase reaction was inhibited by addition of superoxide dismutase during the fast rate phase, but not during the slower phase. These results could be explained by the formation of a superoxide anion during the first minute of the oxygenase reaction, after which a protein-stabilized radical (g = 2.0) is generated (very likely a tyrosyl radical). The latter then oxidizes the substrate porphobilinogen and facilitates its reaction with O2 to give oxopyrrolenines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernandez
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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32
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Brunet JE, Pulgar M. Dynamics of protoporphyrin IX in the heme pocket of horseradish peroxidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1203:171-4. [PMID: 8218388 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(93)90053-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The local motion of protoporphyrin IX in the heme pocket of horseradish peroxidase has been studied using fluorescence methods. The temperature dependence of the anisotropy and lifetime of a protoporphyrin IX-apo-horseradish peroxidase complex, dissolved in a solution of 80% glycerol and 20% buffer (0.1 M phosphate, pH 7.4), was determined. Anisotropy data were analyzed in terms of the thermal coefficient of the frictional resistance to fluorophore movement. The resultant 'Y' plot was characterized by three distinct slopes. The slope corresponding to the lowest temperature regime agreed with the value obtained for fluorophores not complexed with protein. The slope corresponding to an intermediate temperature was lower indicating a larger resistance to porphyrin rotation. At higher temperatures this resistance to rotation diminished as evidenced by the increased slope. These results are contrasted with those obtained with the protoporphyrin IX-apomyoglobin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Brunet
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile
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33
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Vargas V, Brunet JE, Jameson DM. Oxygen diffusion near the heme binding site of horseradish peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 178:104-9. [PMID: 2069551 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91785-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The quenching by molecular oxygen of the fluorescence of several probes complexed to apohorseradish peroxidase has been studied by intensity and time-resolved fluorescence methods. The probes utilized include 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonic acid, 4,4'-bis (1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonic acid), and 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonic acid. These results are contrasted to those obtained using apohorseradish peroxidase complexed with protoporphyrin IX. The resistance of these complexes to denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride was determined. The results demonstrate a dramatic increase in oxygen accessibility to the naphthalene probes compared to protoporphyrin IX, which can be correlated to the increased stability of the protein-protoporphyrin IX complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vargas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
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34
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Smith ML, Paul J, Ohlsson PI, Hjortsberg K, Paul KG. Heme-protein fission under nondenaturing conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:882-6. [PMID: 1846966 PMCID: PMC50918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.3.882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow heme transfer from horseradish peroxidases C2 and A2, cytochrome c peroxidase, chloroperoxidase, and leghemoglobins to a heme acceptor protein, apomyoglobin, has been studied under mild conditions. The reaction is best described as heme release into water followed by quick engulfment by apomyoglobin. The energetics of the activated process are large and interpreted as connected to both polypeptide motions during release and the ordering of water around the heme during solvation. The free energy required to break the iron(III)-ligand 5 (L5) bond is a minor but crucial portion of the activation free energy. Donor-acceptor protein interactions are not involved in the transfer. Fast heme release from inactive protein has also been observed. Apoprotein recombination with porphyrins and hemes suggest that this lack of activity is a result of Fe-L5 bond breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Smith
- Biopool International Inc., Umeå, Sweden
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35
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Allen MP, Choo SH, Li TM, Parrish RF. Inactivation of aminated horseradish peroxidase by interaction with S-Sepharose. Anal Biochem 1991; 192:453-7. [PMID: 2035845 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90564-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase which had been aminated by periodate oxidation and reductive amination was purified by cation-exchange chromatography on S-Sepharose. Instead of the expected single peak of aminated enzyme, two distinct peaks of protein were eluted from the column. Evaluation of the protein in each of the two distributions showed that peak number 1 had spectral properties and specific activity similar to those of native enzyme. Distribution number 2 had a threefold reduction in the extinction in the Soret region at 404 nm and was completely devoid of enzymatic activity. This inactivation was caused by a specific interaction between the aminated peroxidase and the S-Sepharose matrix, resulting in a displacement of the heme prosthetic group out of its native orientation. The inactivation of the aminated peroxidase was found to be dependent on time, pH, and the support matrix itself. These results indicate that the S-Sepharose and Mono-S resins are not interchangeable, despite the chemical similarities of the two resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Allen
- Syva Company, Palo Alto, California 94303
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36
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Expression of a synthetic gene for horseradish peroxidase C in Escherichia coli and folding and activation of the recombinant enzyme with Ca2+ and heme. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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37
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Kobayashi K, Hayashi K, Swallow AJ. Reactions of the NAD radical with higher oxidation states of horseradish peroxidase. Biochemistry 1990; 29:2080-4. [PMID: 2328239 DOI: 10.1021/bi00460a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of the NAD radical (NAD.) with ferric horseradish peroxidase and with compounds I and II were investigated by pulse radiolysis. NAD. reacted with the ferric enzyme and with compound I to form the ferrous enzyme and compound II with second-order rate constants of 8 X 10(8) and 1.5 X 10(8) M-1 s-1, respectively, at pH 7.0. In contrast, no reaction of NAD. with native compound II at pH 10.0 nor with diacetyldeutero-compound II at pH 5.0-8.0 could be detected. Other reducing species generated by pulse radiolysis, such as hydrated electron (eaq-), superoxide anion (O2-), and benzoate anion radical, could not reduce compound II of the enzyme to the ferric state, although the methylviologen radical reduced it. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of catalysis of the one-electron oxidation of substrates by peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kobayashi
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Japan
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38
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Ostropolska Ł. Complexes of iron and cobalt tetrasulphonated phthalocyanines with horseradish peroxidase protein. Polyhedron 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)81288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Ortlepp SA, Pollard-Knight D, Chiswell DJ. Expression and characterisation of a protein specified by a synthetic horseradish peroxidase gene inEscherichia coli. J Biotechnol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(89)90019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Jullian C, Brunet JE, Thomas V, Jameson DM. Time-resolved fluorescence studies on protoporphyrin IX-apohorseradish peroxidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 997:206-10. [PMID: 2765557 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(89)90188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The hemin moiety of horseradish peroxidase (donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) was removed and the apoprotein reconstituted with the fluorescent protoporphyrin IX. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence properties of the HRP(desFe) adduct were examined; the multifrequency phase and modulation method was utilized for lifetime and dynamic polarization studies. The emission spectrum of HRP(desFe) had maxima at 633 and 696 nm. The lifetime of this emission was characterized by a single exponential decay of 16.87 ns at 22 degrees C. Debye rotational relaxation times for HRP(desFe) were determined using both static (Perrin plot) and dynamic (differential phase and modulation fluorometry) methods; these two approaches gave values of 96 and 86 ns, respectively. A spherical protein of HRP's molecular weight and partial specific volume would be expected to have a Debye rotational relaxation time, at 22 degrees C, in the range of 50 to 60 ns, depending upon the extent of hydration. Hence our results indicate that HRP(desFe) is asymmetric; the global rotational relaxation times observed are consistent with those of a prolate ellipsoid with an axial ratio of 3:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jullian
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile
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41
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Adams PA, Adams C. Ferriprotoporphyrin IX mediated oxygen activation/insertion reactions: the anerobic reduction of the aniline-Fe3+-microperoxidase-8 complex by NADH. J Inorg Biochem 1988; 34:177-87. [PMID: 3236002 DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(88)85028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A spectrophotometric study of the reduction of the Fe3+ microperoxidase-8-aniline (Fe3+-MP-8-An) complex has been carried out. Addition of NADH to a solution of Fe3+-MP-8-An under strictly anerobic conditions results in the formation of a species with lambda max = 414 nm (Fe3+-MP-8-An lambda max 407 nm). The kinetics of formation of this species show an induction period (tau) which follows saturation kinetics with respect to [aniline] with Km(app) = 2.2 x 10(-3) mol dm-3, i.e., close to that obtained in the preceding paper from O2 consumption kinetics mediated by MP-8. Addition of an anerobic solution of the NADH reduced MP-8-An complex, to a saturated O2 solution at pH 12 in the presence of 0.5 mM NADH and aniline 10 mM results in the virtual elimination of the induction phase, which has previously characterized O2 consumption kinetics in ferriprotoporphyrin IX oxygen activation systems. The Arrhenius activation energy for the reduction of the Fe3+-MP-8-An complex is close to that observed for the first reductive step in the cyt P-450 O2 activation cycle. Anerobic reduction of Fe3+-MP-8 by sodium dithionite in 20% MeOH/Aq at pH 8 followed by anerobic titration of the Fe2+-MP-8 (lambda max 420.5 nm) with aniline at pH 12 gives rise to a species lambda max 415 with KD for the process = 4.4 x 10(-3) mol dm-3 (+/- 1.2 x 10(-3) mol dm-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Adams
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Medical School, Republic of South Africa
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42
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Resonance Raman spectroscopic evidence for heme iron-hydroxide ligation in peroxidase alkaline forms. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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43
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Mino Y, Wariishi H, Blackburn NJ, Loehr TM, Gold MH. Spectral characterization of manganese peroxidase, an extracellular heme enzyme from the lignin-degrading basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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44
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Baldwin DA, Marques HM, Pratt JM. Hemes and hemoproteins. 5: Kinetics of the peroxidatic activity of microperoxidase-8: model for the peroxidase enzymes. J Inorg Biochem 1987; 30:203-17. [PMID: 2821191 DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(87)80064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The peroxidatic activity of the heme octapeptide from cytochrome c, microperoxidase-8 (MP-8), was assayed at 25 degrees C under conditions where formation of Compound I is rate limiting. In the pH range 6-9, the reaction rate increased linearly with a slope close to unity. The active form of the substrate is the hydroperoxide anion, HO2-, and an extrapolated second-order rate constant was obtained for the reaction of aquoMP-8 with HO2- of 3.7 X 10(8) M-1 sec-1, which is close to the second-order rate constants reported for reaction of the peroxidase enzymes with H2O2. Comparison with published data shows that the Fe3+ ion of MP-8 reacts as expected with simple anions, electrons, and HO2-, while the analogous reactions of the enzymes all show a requirement for one H+. We conclude that the peroxidase enzymes activate H2O2 under physiological conditions through a pH-independent, H+-coupled binding of the required H2O2-. The peroxidase activity of MP-8 can be increased more than tenfold by the presence of the guanidinium ion, which is ascribed to formation of the ion-pair GuaH+HO2-; this suggests a role for the invariant distal Arg in the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Baldwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Pratt JM. Metalloenzymes as molecular switches: the role of conformation changes in controlling activity. J Inorg Biochem 1986; 28:145-53. [PMID: 3027253 DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(86)80078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatically important conformation changes have been classified according to the nature of the trigger (capital S, I, A for substrate, reaction intermediate, allosteric modifier) and the rate of change (subscript f or s, if fast or slow relative to the enzymatic reaction). It is suggested that, in Cu superoxide dismutase, the known protonation of the product (to give H2O2) under nonequilibrium conditions involves an essentially irreversible If change.
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46
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Coletta M, Ascoli F, Brunori M, Traylor TG. pH dependence of carbon monoxide binding to ferrous horseradish peroxidase. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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47
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Bornheim LM, Parish DW, Smith KM, Litman DA, Correia MA. The influence of side chain modifications of the heme moiety on prosthetic acceptance and function of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 and tryptophan pyrrolase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 246:63-74. [PMID: 3963832 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The relative potential of various structural isomers (III, XIII) and various 2,4-side chain modified analogs of heme (iron-protoporphyrin IX) to incorporate into rat liver hemoproteins, cytochrome P-450(s), and tryptophan pyrrolase was examined. Such assessments for hepatic cytochrome P-450 relied on generation of reconstitutible apocytochrome(s) P-450 by suicidal alkylation of the existing prosthetic heme moiety by allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) in vivo. Subsequent replacement of the prosthetic heme was brought about by incubating the apocytochrome(s) P-450-enriched preparations with a particular heme isomer or analog. Structure-function relationships of the reconstituted isozymes were assessed in microsomal preparations by monitoring cytochrome P-450 content (structure) and its mixed function oxidase activity (function). In parallel, the relative ability of these heme isomers and analogs to functionally constitute hepatic tryptophan pyrrolase was also assessed by monitoring the relative increase in holoenzyme activity when preparations deliberately enriched in constitutible apoenzyme were incubated with each of these compounds. The findings reveal that 2,4-side chain modifications on the heme IX skeleton markedly influence the function of the constituted hemoproteins possibly by affecting their structural assembly through steric, electronic, and/or hydrophobic interactions with the corresponding apoproteins. Furthermore, these studies not only reveal that the structural specifications of the active prosthetic site of rat liver cytochrome P-450(s) differ from those of tryptophan pyrrolase, but also that the structural specifications of these mammalian hemoproteins for their prosthetic heme differ considerably from those reported for their bacterial counterparts.
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48
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Hashimoto S, Tatsuno Y, Kitagawa T. Resonance Raman evidence for oxygen exchange between the FeIV = O heme and bulk water during enzymic catalysis of horseradish peroxidase and its relation with the heme-linked ionization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:2417-21. [PMID: 3458206 PMCID: PMC323308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.8.2417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopic studies of compound II of horseradish peroxidase show that the oxygen atom in the FeIV = O group of the heme is rapidly exchanged in H2O at pH 7.0 but not in an alkaline solution (pH 11.0). This conclusion is based on studies of shift in the FeIV = O stretching mode of compound II in H2(18)O; further studies show that the FeIV = O heme is hydrogen-bonded to an amino acid residue of the protein in neutral solutions but not in the alkaline solution. Deprotonation of this residue takes place with the midpoint pH at 8.8 and accordingly corresponds to the so-called heme-linked ionization. It is concluded that this hydrogen-bonded proton plays an important part in the oxygen exchange mechanism. From this it seems clear that this hydrogen-bonded proton has an essential role in the acid/base catalysis of this enzyme and that alkaline deactivation of this enzyme can be attributed to the lack of a hydrogen-bonded proton at high pH.
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49
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Spectral characterization of diarylpropane oxygenase, a novel peroxide-dependent, lignin-degrading heme enzyme. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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50
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Desbois A, Mazza G, Stetzkowski F, Lutz M. Resonance raman spectroscopy of protoheme-protein interactions in oxygen-carrying hemoproteins and in peroxidases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(84)90140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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