1
|
Oda A, Suzuki Y, Sato H, Koyama T, Nakatochi M, Momozawa Y, Tanaka R, Ono H, Tatsuta R, Ando T, Shin T, Wakai K, Matsuo K, Itoh H, Ohno K. Evaluation of the usefulness of plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol concentration normalized by 4α-hydroxycholesterol for accurate CYP3A phenotyping. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13768. [PMID: 38465776 PMCID: PMC10926057 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol (OHC) has drawn attention as an endogenous substrate indicating CYP3A activity. Plasma 4β-OHC is produced by hydroxylation by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 and by cholesterol autoxidation. Plasma 4α-OHC is produced by cholesterol autoxidation and not affected by CYP3A activity. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of plasma 4β-OHC concentration minus plasma 4α-OHC concentration (4β-OHC-4α-OHC) compared with plasma 4β-OHC concentration and 4β-OHC/total cholesterol (TC) ratio in cross-sectional evaluation of CYP3A activity. Four hundred sixteen general adults were divided into 191 CYP3A5*1 carriers and 225 non-carriers. Twenty-six patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with CYP3A5*1 allele were divided into 14 with CKD stage 3 and 12 with stage 4-5D. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the three indices were evaluated for predicting presence or absence of CYP3A5*1 allele in general adults, and for predicting CKD stage 3 or stage 4-5D in patients with CKD. There was no significant difference between AUC of 4β-OHC-4α-OHC and AUC of plasma 4β-OHC concentration in general adults and in patients with CKD. AUC of 4β-OHC-4α-OHC was significantly smaller than that of 4β-OHC/TC ratio in general adults (p = 0.025), but the two indices did not differ in patients with CKD. In conclusion, in the present cross-sectional evaluation of CYP3A activity in general adults and in patients with CKD with CYP3A5*1 allele, the usefulness of 4β-OHC-4α-OHC was not different from plasma 4β-OHC concentration or 4β-OHC/TC ratio. However, because of the limitations in study design and subject selection of this research, these findings require verification in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Oda
- Department of Medication Use Analysis and Clinical ResearchMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityKiyose, TokyoJapan
| | - Yosuke Suzuki
- Department of Medication Use Analysis and Clinical ResearchMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityKiyose, TokyoJapan
| | - Haruki Sato
- Department of Medication Use Analysis and Clinical ResearchMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityKiyose, TokyoJapan
| | - Teruhide Koyama
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and MedicineKyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health SciencesNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Clinical PharmacyOita University HospitalYufu‐shiOitaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Ono
- Department of Clinical PharmacyOita University HospitalYufu‐shiOitaJapan
| | - Ryosuke Tatsuta
- Department of Clinical PharmacyOita University HospitalYufu‐shiOitaJapan
| | - Tadasuke Ando
- Department of Urology, Faculty of MedicineOita UniversityYufu‐shiOitaJapan
| | - Toshitaka Shin
- Department of Urology, Faculty of MedicineOita UniversityYufu‐shiOitaJapan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive MedicineNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and PreventionAichi Cancer CenterNagoyaJapan
- Department of Cancer EpidemiologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Hiroki Itoh
- Department of Clinical PharmacyOita University HospitalYufu‐shiOitaJapan
| | - Keiko Ohno
- Department of Medication Use Analysis and Clinical ResearchMeiji Pharmaceutical UniversityKiyose, TokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghosh S, Ghzaiel I, Vejux A, Meaney S, Nag S, Lizard G, Tripathi G, Naez F, Paul S. Impact of Oxysterols in Age-Related Disorders and Strategies to Alleviate Adverse Effects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:163-191. [PMID: 38036880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols or cholesterol oxidation products are a class of molecules with the sterol moiety, derived from oxidative reaction of cholesterol through enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes. They are widely reported in animal-origin foods and prove significant involvement in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, lipid transport, cellular signaling, and other physiological processes. Reports of oxysterol-mediated cytotoxicity are in abundance and thus consequently implicated in several age-related and lifestyle disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, bone disorders, pancreatic disorders, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and some types of cancers. In this chapter, we attempt to review a selection of physiologically relevant oxysterols, with a focus on their formation, properties, and roles in health and disease, while also delving into the potential of natural and synthetic molecules along with bacterial enzymes for mitigating oxysterol-mediated cell damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhrima Ghosh
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory 'Nutrition, Functional Food and Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Anne Vejux
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Steve Meaney
- School of Biological, Health and Sports Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Garima Tripathi
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Falal Naez
- Department of Microbiology, Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Srijita Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Gurudas College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schaefer EL, Zopyrus N, Zielinski ZAM, Facey GA, Pratt DA. On the Products of Cholesterol Autoxidation in Phospholipid Bilayers and the Formation of Secosterols Derived Therefrom. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2089-2094. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Nadia Zopyrus
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Zosia A. M. Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Glenn A. Facey
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Derek A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schaefer EL, Zopyrus N, Zielinski ZAM, Facey GA, Pratt DA. On the Products of Cholesterol Autoxidation in Phospholipid Bilayers and the Formation of Secosterols Derived Therefrom. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Nadia Zopyrus
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Zosia A. M. Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Glenn A. Facey
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Derek A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 10 Marie Cure Pvt. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Penzak SR, Rojas-Fernandez C. 4β-Hydroxycholesterol as an Endogenous Biomarker for CYP3A Activity: Literature Review and Critical Evaluation. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 59:611-624. [PMID: 30748026 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A phenotyping probes have been used to characterize the drug interaction potential of new molecular entities; of these, midazolam has emerged as the gold standard. Recently, plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4β-OHC), the metabolite of CYP3A-mediated cholesterol metabolism, has been championed as an endogenous biomarker for CYP3A, particularly during chronic conditions where CYP3A activity is altered by disease and in long-term treatment studies where midazolam administration is not optimal. Multiple studies in humans have shown that 4β-OHC can qualitatively differentiate among weak, moderate, and potent CYP3A induction when an inducer, typically rifampin, is administered for up to 2 weeks. Conversely, longer durations of CYP3A inhibitor administration (≥1 month) appear to be necessary to differentiate among weak, moderate, and potent CYP3A inhibitors. A number of studies have reported statistically significant linear relationships between 4β-OHC plasma concentrations (and 4β-OHC:cholesterol ratios) and midazolam clearance. However, sufficiently powered studies assessing the ability of 4β-OHC or 4β-OHC:cholesterol ratios to measure CYP3A activity (ie, predictive performance) have not been conducted to date. Additional limitations associated with 4β-OHC phenotyping include inability to detect acute changes in CYP3A activity, uncertainty with regard to its intestinal formation, ambiguity surrounding the role of CYP3A5 in its metabolism, and lack of clarity regarding the role of transporters in its disposition. As such, the data do not support the use of 4β-OHC or 4β-OHC:cholesterol ratios as an endogenous biomarker for CYP3A activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Penzak
- Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zielinski ZAM, Pratt DA. H-Atom Abstraction vs Addition: Accounting for the Diverse Product Distribution in the Autoxidation of Cholesterol and Its Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3037-3051. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zosia A. M. Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Derek A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mao J, Martin I, McLeod J, Nolan G, van Horn R, Vourvahis M, Lin YS. Perspective: 4β-hydroxycholesterol as an emerging endogenous biomarker of hepatic CYP3A. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 49:18-34. [PMID: 27718639 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1239630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A key goal in the clinical development of a new molecular entity is to quickly identify whether it has the potential for drug-drug interactions. In particular, confirmation of in vitro data in the early stage of clinical development would facilitate the decision making and inform future clinical pharmacology study designs. Plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4β-HC) is considered as an emerging endogenous biomarker for cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), one of the major drug metabolizing enzymes. Although there are increasing reports of the use of 4β-HC in academic- and industry-sponsored clinical studies, a thorough review, summary and consideration of the advantages and challenges of using 4β-HC to evaluate changes in CYP3A activity has not been attempted. Herein, we review the biology of 4β-HC, its response to treatment with CYP3A inducers, inhibitors and mixed inducer/inhibitors in healthy volunteers and patients, the association of 4β-HC with other probes of CYP3A activity (e.g. midazolam, urinary cortisol ratios), and present predictive pharmacokinetic models. We provide recommendations for studying hepatic CYP3A activity in clinical pharmacology studies utilizing 4β-HC at different stages of drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Mao
- a Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Iain Martin
- b Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism , Merck , Boston , MA , USA
| | - James McLeod
- c Drug Development , Galleon Pharmaceuticals , Horsham , PA , USA
| | - Gail Nolan
- d Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , GlaxoSmithKline , Hertfordshire , UK
| | - Robert van Horn
- e Translational Medicine and Early Development , Sanofi , Bridgewater , NJ , USA
| | | | - Yvonne S Lin
- g Department of Pharmaceutics , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aubry AF, Dean B, Diczfalusy U, Goodenough A, Iffland A, McLeod J, Weng N, Yang Z. Recommendations on the Development of a Bioanalytical Assay for 4β-Hydroxycholesterol, an Emerging Endogenous Biomarker of CYP3A Activity. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1056-1066. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Zielinski ZAM, Pratt DA. Cholesterol Autoxidation Revisited: Debunking the Dogma Associated with the Most Vilified of Lipids. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6932-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zosia A. M. Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Derek A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
CYP3A activity based on plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol during the early postpartum period has an effect on the plasma disposition of amlodipine. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:419-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Engel T, Fobker M, Buchmann J, Kannenberg F, Rust S, Nofer JR, Schürmann A, Seedorf U. 3β,5α,6β-Cholestanetriol and 25-hydroxycholesterol accumulate in ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1)-deficiency. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:122-9. [PMID: 24833118 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of sterols that have cytotoxic effects and are potent regulators of diverse cellular functions. Efficient oxysterol removal by the sub-family G member 1 of the ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCG1) is essential for cell survival and control of cellular processes. However, the specific role of ABCG1 in the transport of various oxysterol species has been not systematically investigated to date. Here, we examined the involvement of ABCG1 in the oxysterol metabolism by studying oxysterol tissue levels in a mouse model of Abcg1-deficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS Analysis of lung tissue of Abcg1(-/-) mice on a standard diet revealed that 3β,5α,6β-cholestanetriol (CT) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (HC) accumulated at more than 100-fold higher levels in comparison to wild-type mice. 24S-HC and 27-HC levels were also elevated, but were minor constituents. A radiolabeled assay employing regulable ABCG1-expressing HeLa cell lines revealed that 25-HC export to albumin was dependent on functional ABCG1 expression and could be blocked by an excess of unlabeled 25-HC or 27-HC. In this cell line, 25-HC at low doses triggered mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species production, which are both indirect indicators of cellular energy expenditure. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that 25-HC and CT are physiologic substrates for ABCG1. Excessive accumulation of these oxysterols may explain the increased rate of cell death and the inflammatory phenotype observed in Abcg1-deficient animals and cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Engel
- Leibniz-Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research at The Westphalian Wilhelms-University, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Manfred Fobker
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jana Buchmann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Experimental Diabetology, 14558 Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Frank Kannenberg
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Rust
- Leibniz-Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research at The Westphalian Wilhelms-University, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jerzy-Roch Nofer
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Experimental Diabetology, 14558 Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Udo Seedorf
- Leibniz-Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research at The Westphalian Wilhelms-University, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Increased serum oxysterol concentrations in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:736-40. [PMID: 24525121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and dysregulated cholesterol metabolism are characteristic features of chronic hepatitis C virus infection (CHC). Therefore, we analyzed serum oxysterol profiles in CHC patients and examined the significance of oxysterols in CHC. The concentrations of 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 4β-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol as determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS were significantly elevated by +236%, +29% and +44%, respectively, in CHC patients compared with controls. Moreover, the elevated levels were significantly decreased by anti-viral therapy using PEGylated-interferon and ribavirin for 3 months. In contrast, 24S-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one concentrations were not affected by CHC or anti-viral treatment. These results suggest that some oxysterols that are elevated in CHC are produced by cholesterol autoxidation due to oxidative stress or inflammation in the liver. Oxysterols may represent novel targets for the inhibition of disease progression and the prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis in CHC patients.
Collapse
|
13
|
Korade Z, Xu L, Mirnics K, Porter NA. Lipid biomarkers of oxidative stress in a genetic mouse model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:113-22. [PMID: 22718275 PMCID: PMC3674764 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) accumulates in tissues and fluids of patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), which is caused by mutations in the gene encoding 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ(7)-reductase (DHCR7). We recently reported that 7-DHC is the most reactive lipid molecule toward free radical oxidation (lipid peroxidation) and 14 oxysterols have been identified as products of oxidation of 7-DHC in solution. As the high oxidizability of 7-DHC may lead to systemic oxidative stress in SLOS patients, we report here lipid biomarkers of oxidative stress in a Dhcr7-KO mouse model of SLOS, including oxysterols, isoprostanes (IsoPs), and neuroprostanes (NeuroPs) that are formed from the oxidation of 7-DHC, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively. In addition to a previously described oxysterol, 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (DHCEO), we provide evidence for the chemical structures of three new oxysterols in the brain and/or liver tissue of Dhcr7-KO mice, two of which were quantified. We find that levels of IsoPs and NeuroPs are also elevated in brain and/or liver tissues of Dhcr7-KO mice relative to matching WT mice. While IsoPs and NeuroPs have been established as a reliable measurement of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in vivo, we show that in this genetic SLOS mouse model, 7-DHC-derived oxysterols are present at much higher levels than IsoPs and NeuroPs and thus are better markers of lipid oxidation and related oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Department of Psychiatry and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, USA. Department of Chemistry, 7962 Stevenson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Husche C, Weingärtner O, Pettersson H, Vanmierlo T, Böhm M, Laufs U, Lütjohann D. Validation of an isotope dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for analysis of 7-oxygenated campesterol and sitosterol in human serum. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:425-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Yin H, Xu L, Porter NA. Free Radical Lipid Peroxidation: Mechanisms and Analysis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5944-72. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200084z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1195] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu L, Liu W, Sheflin LG, Fliesler SJ, Porter NA. Novel oxysterols observed in tissues and fluids of AY9944-treated rats: a model for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1810-20. [PMID: 21817059 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m018366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of Sprague-Dawley rats with AY9944, an inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ(7)-reductase (Dhcr7), leads to elevated levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) and reduced levels of cholesterol in all biological tissues, mimicking the key biochemical hallmark of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS). Fourteen 7-DHC-derived oxysterols previously have been identified as products of free radical oxidation in vitro; one of these oxysterols, 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (DHCEO), was recently identified in Dhcr7-deficient cells and in brain tissues of Dhcr7-null mouse. We report here the isolation and characterization of three novel 7-DHC-derived oxysterols (4α- and 4β-hydroxy-7-DHC and 24-hydroxy-7-DHC) in addition to DHCEO and 7-ketocholesterol (7-kChol) from the brain tissues of AY9944-treated rats. The identities of these five oxysterols were elucidated by HPLC-ultraviolet (UV), HPLC-MS, and 1D- and 2D-NMR. Quantification of 4α- and 4β-hydroxy-7-DHC, DHCEO, and 7-kChol in rat brain, liver, and serum were carried out by HPLC-MS using d(7)-DHCEO as an internal standard. With the exception of 7-kChol, these oxysterols were present only in tissues of AY9944-treated, but not control rats, and 7-kChol levels were markedly (>10-fold) higher in treated versus control rats. These findings are discussed in the context of the potential involvement of 7-DHC-derived oxysterols in the pathogenesis of SLOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Goodenough AK, Onorato JM, Ouyang Z, Chang S, Rodrigues AD, Kasichayanula S, Huang SP, Turley W, Burrell R, Bifano M, Jemal M, LaCreta F, Tymiak A, Wang-Iverson D. Quantification of 4-Beta-Hydroxycholesterol in Human Plasma Using Automated Sample Preparation and LC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1575-85. [DOI: 10.1021/tx2001898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Goodenough
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joelle M. Onorato
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Shu Chang
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - A. David Rodrigues
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Sreeneeranj Kasichayanula
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Shu-Pang Huang
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Wesley Turley
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Richard Burrell
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Marc Bifano
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Mohammed Jemal
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Frank LaCreta
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Adrienne Tymiak
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - David Wang-Iverson
- Departments of †Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, ‡Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, §Discovery Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, ∥Global Biometric Sciences, and ⊥Department of Chemical Synthesis, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pathways of cholesterol oxidation via non-enzymatic mechanisms. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:457-68. [PMID: 21703250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol has many functions, including those that affect biophysical properties of membranes, and is a precursor to hormone synthesis. These actions are governed by enzymatic pathways that modify the sterol nucleus or the isooctyl tail. The addition of oxygen to the cholesterol backbone produces its derivatives known as oxysterols. In addition to having an enzymatic origin, oxysterols can be formed in the absence of enzymatic catalysis in a pathway usually termed "autoxidation," which has been known for almost a century and observed under various experimental conditions. Autoxidation of cholesterol can occur through reactions initiated by free radical species, such as those arising from the superoxide/hydrogen peroxide/hydroxyl radical system and by non-radical highly reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, HOCl, and ozone. The susceptibility of cholesterol to non-enzymatic oxidation has raised considerable interest in the function of oxysterols as biological effectors and potential biomarkers for the non-invasive study of oxidative stress in vivo.
Collapse
|
19
|
Diczfalusy U, Nylén H, Elander P, Bertilsson L. 4β-Hydroxycholesterol, an endogenous marker of CYP3A4/5 activity in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71:183-9. [PMID: 21219398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have proposed that 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4β-OHC) may be used as an endogenous marker of CYP3A activity. The cholesterol metabolite 4β-OHC is formed by CYP3A4. Treatment of patients with strong inducers of CYP3A enzymes, e.g. anti-epileptic drugs, resulted in 10-fold increased concentrations of plasma 4β-OHC, while treatment with CYP3A inhibitors such as ritonavir or itraconazole resulted in decreased plasma concentrations. There was a relationship between the 4β-OHC concentration and the number of active CYP3A5*1 alleles showing that 4β-OHC was not only formed by CYP3A4, but also by CYP3A5. The concentration of 4β-OHC was higher in women than in men, confirming previous studies indicating a gender difference in CYP3A4/5-activity. The rate of elimination of 4β-OHC is slow (half-life 17 days) which results in stable plasma concentrations within individuals, but limits its use to study rapid changes in CYP3A activity. In short-term studies exogenous markers such as midazolam or quinine may be superior, but in long-term studies 4β-OHC is a sensitive marker of CYP3A activity, especially to assess induction but also inhibition. Under conditions where the cholesterol concentration is changing, the ratio of 4β-OHC:cholesterol may be used as an alternative to 4β-OHC itself. The use of an endogenous CYP3A marker has obvious advantages and may be of value both during drug development and for monitoring CYP3A activity in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Diczfalusy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nylén H, Sergel S, Forsberg L, Lindemalm S, Bertilsson L, Wide K, Diczfalusy U. Cytochrome P450 3A activity in mothers and their neonates as determined by plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 67:715-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-010-0984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
Detection of oxysterols in oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein by MALDI-TOF MS. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
22
|
Determination of oxysterols in oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein by semi-micro high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Anal Biochem 2009; 393:222-8. [PMID: 19563770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the determination of oxysterols was developed by semi-micro high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (semi-micro HPLC-ECD). Semi-micro HPLC-ECD was established using a C30 microbore column, acetonitrile containing 50 mmol/L LiClO(4) as a mobile phase, and an applied potential at +2.8V versus Ag/AgCl. The current peak height was linearly related to the amount of sterol injected from 12.5 to 250 pmol (r>0.999) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 2.9% (n=6). This method was applied to the determination of seven oxysterols in oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL). Oxysterols were determined with a recovery of more than 78.0% and an RSD of less than 2.9% (n=6) except for 7-ketocholesterol. 7-Ketocholesterol was determined as a sum of intact 7-ketocholesterol and its degradation product on saponification, cholesta-3,5-dien-7-one, with a recovery of 98.0% and an RSD of 2.5% (n=6). From these results, the current method enabled the simultaneous determination of seven oxysterols without any derivatization, providing a useful tool for the assessment of oxysterol contents in Ox-LDL.
Collapse
|
23
|
Paik MJ, Yu J, Hu MB, Kim SJ, Kim KR, Ahn YH, Choi S, Lee G. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses of cholesterol and its precursors in rat plasma as tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 396:62-5. [PMID: 18657530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol and its metabolic precursors occurring in metabolic pathways are important biochemical indicators in pathological conditions. METHODS A method for the simultaneous determination of cholesterol and its metabolic precursors, such as lanosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol, in rat plasma is demonstrated. It involves their extraction after saponification, followed by conversion to tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives for analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode (GC-SIM-MS). RESULTS The characteristic fragment ions of [M-57], m/z 443, 483, and 441 permitted the accurate and selective detection of cholesterol and its precursors in rat plasma. The whole procedure of TBDMS derivatization, with subsequent GC-SIM-MS analysis, was linear (r>or=0.9994), reproducible (% relative standard deviation=2.2 to 7.5), and accurate (% relative error=-5.6 to 7.7), with detection limits of 0.02 to 0.07 ng/ml. Recoveries were measured to be ranged from 89.5 to 95.4%. CONCLUSION The present method was useful for the quantification of cholesterol and its precursors in rat plasma samples of 1 microl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Jeong Paik
- Institute for Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Research, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
CYP3A induction and inhibition by different antiretroviral regimens reflected by changes in plasma 4β-hydroxycholesterol levels. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 64:775-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-008-0492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
25
|
4β-Hydroxycholesterol is a new endogenous CYP3A marker: relationship to CYP3A5 genotype, quinine 3-hydroxylation and sex in Koreans, Swedes and Tanzanians. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2008; 18:201-8. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3282f50ee9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
26
|
Meynier A, Lherminier J, Demaison-Meloche J, Ginies C, Grandgirard A, Demaison L. Effects of dietary oxysterols on coronary arteries in hyperlipidaemic hamsters. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/bjn2002555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary oxysterols on coronary atherosclerosis and vasospasm. Golden Syrian hamsters were fed three diets with different lipid contents for 3 months: (1) a normolipidaemic diet containing 25 g corn oil–fish oil (4:1, w/w)/kg (group Low L); (2) a hyperlipidaemic diet composed of the normolipidaemic diet supplemented with 150 g lard+30 g cholesterol/kg (group High L); (3) a third diet, similar to the hyperlipidaemic diet, in which 4 g cholesterol/kg was replaced by a mixture of oxysterols (group High L+OS). The oxysterol mixture contained (g/kg): 5,6α-epoxycholesterol 211, 5,6β-epoxycholesterol 179, 7α-hydroxycholesterol 67, 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOH) 185, 7-ketocholesterol (7 K) 235; and trace amounts of 7-hydroperoxycholesterols (approximately 30 g/kg). Atherosclerosis was evaluated by measuring myocardial Ca, oxysterols and acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) activity; furthermore, coronary reactivity to sodium nitroprusside (5×10-6 m) was measured and the morphology of coronary arteries was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Coronary spasm was determined by evaluating reactivity to serotonin (5×10-6 m). Feeding the high-lipid diet (group High L) increased the plasma level of 7βOH, 7 K and cholestanetriol. The presence of oxysterols in the diet (group High L+OS) further increased the concentrations of 7βOH and 7 K in the plasma. However, as evidenced by myocardial Ca, ACAT activity and coronary reactivity to sodium nitroprusside, severe atherosclerosis did not develop during the 3-month diet. 7 K was increased in myocardial lipids of groups High L and High L+OS. Electron microscopy did not show the development of atherosclerosis in group High L, whereas vascular wall thickening, endothelial damage and smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration occurred when oxysterols were present in the food. Serotonin (5×10-6 m) induced exacerbated coronary vasoconstriction in group High L that was completely reversed by dietary oxysterols. In conclusion, dietary oxysterols exhibit anti-spasmodic properties, but they cannot be used as agents against excess dietary lipid-induced coronary spasm because of their atherogenic properties.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhao K, Wang Y, Han L. 4,5-Epoxycholestane-3,6-diols: templates for generating the full set of eight cholestane-3,5,6-triol stereoisomers in multigram scales, but not for a cholestane-3,4,6-triol. Steroids 2007; 72:95-104. [PMID: 17174367 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholestane-3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol is an extensively studied biologically important oxysterol. The full set of eight cholestane-3,5,6-triol stereoisomers was synthesised in diastereomerically pure forms by the stereoselective cleavage of eight diastereomerically pure 4,5-epoxycholestane-3,6-diols with LiAlH4, in high yields on multigram scales and without chromatography for most of them. However, applying various reportedly successful combinations of a hydride donor and a Lewis acid to the same substrates under a variety of conditions failed to generate a single unsubstituted cholestane-3,4,6-triol. The products of the eight cholestane-3,5,6-triol stereoisomers will serve as a good probe in the study of biological functions of oxysterols in a biological process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kejun Zhao
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Leonarduzzi G, Chiarpotto E, Biasi F, Poli G. 4-Hydroxynonenal and cholesterol oxidation products in atherosclerosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005; 49:1044-9. [PMID: 16270277 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200500090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is by far the most investigated aldehydic end-product of oxidative breakdown of membrane n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been corroborated by its consistent detection in both oxidized LDL and fibrotic plaque in humans. HNE has been shown to activate both macrophage and smooth muscle cells, i.e. the two key cell types in chronic inflammatory processes characterized by excessive fibrogenesis. By signalling to the nucleus, the aldehyde may up-regulate in these cells both expression and synthesis of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1). Oxysterols, namely 27 carbon atoms oxidation products of cholesterol, are found in relatively high amount in LDL from hypercholesterolemic individuals and are consistently detectable in foam cells and necrotic core of human atherosclerotic lesion. As for HNE, the challenge of cells of the macrophage lineage with a mixture of oxysterols like that detectable in hypercholesterolemic individuals led to a marked overexpression of TGFbeta1 and MCP-1. Both HNE and oxysterols then appear to be candidates for a primary role in the progression of the atherosclerotic process.
Collapse
|
29
|
Naito Y, Shimozawa M, Kuroda M, Nakabe N, Manabe H, Katada K, Kokura S, Ichikawa H, Yoshida N, Noguchi N, Yoshikawa T. Tocotrienols reduce 25-hydroxycholesterol-induced monocyte-endothelial cell interaction by inhibiting the surface expression of adhesion molecules. Atherosclerosis 2005; 180:19-25. [PMID: 15823271 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The migration of circulating monocytes into the subendothelial space occurs through the expressing of some adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. In the present study, using human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), we investigated whether a model compound for oxysterols, 25-hydroxycholesterol, can enhance the monocyte adherence to HAECs exposed to 25-hydroxycholesterol via increasing expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). We also aimed to determine the in vitro effects of tocotrienols on the enhanced interaction between monocytes and endothelial cells. We found that 25-hydroxycholesterol enhances surface expression determined by ELISA, induces VCAM-1 mRNA expression by real time-PCR, and stimulates adhesiveness of HAECs to U937 monocytic cells in a dose-dependent fashion. The combination treatment with anti-VCAM-1 and anti-CD11b monoclonal antibodies significantly reduced the monocyte adherence to 25-hydroxycholesterol-stimulated HAECs. Compared to alpha-tocopherol, tocotrienols displayed a more profound inhibitory effect on adhesion molecule expression and monocytic cell adherence. We observed that delta-tocotrienol exerted a most profound inhibitory action on monocytic cell adherence when compared to alpha-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tocotrienols. Tocotrienols accumulated in HAECs to levels approximately 25-95-fold greater than that of alpha-tocopherol. In conclusion, these results indicate that a model compound 25-hydroxycholesterol can enhance the interaction between monocytes and HAECs, and that tocotrienols had a profound inhibitory effect on monocytic cell adherence to HAECs relative to alpha-tocopherol via inhibiting the VCAM-1 expression. These superior inhibitory effects of tocotrienols may be dependent on their intracellular accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rontani JF, Aubert C. Electron ionization mass spectral fragmentation of cholestane-3beta,4alpha,5alpha-triol and cholestane-3beta,5alpha,6alpha/beta-triol bis- and tris-trimethylsilyl derivatives. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:1921-7. [PMID: 15954177 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The electron ionization (EI) mass spectral fragmentation of the bis- and tris-trimethylsilyl derivatives of cholestane-3beta,4alpha,5alpha-triol, cholestane-3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol and cholestane-3beta,5alpha,6alpha-triol was investigated. The EI mass spectrum of the 3beta,4alpha-bis-trimethylsilyl derivative of cholestane-3beta,4alpha,5alpha-triol exhibits interesting fragment ions at m/z 142 and 332 resulting from the initial loss of TMSOH between the carbons 2 and 3 and subsequent retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) cleavage of the ring A. Trimethylsilyl transfer between the 4alpha- and the 5alpha-hydroxy groups acts significantly before RDA cleavage affording an ion at m/z 404. Complete silylation of cholestane-3beta,4alpha,5alpha-triol strongly stabilizes the molecule, affording an abundant molecular ion at m/z 636 and decreasing the abundance of the RDA cleavage. Loss of water (from the non-silylated 5alpha-hydroxy group) plays a very important role during the decomposition of the molecular ion of 3beta,6alpha/beta-bis-trimethylsilyl derivatives of cholestane-3beta,5alpha,6alpha/beta-triols. These derivatives appear to be very useful in assigning the configuration of the carbon 6. This assignment is based on the abundance of the fragment ions at m/z 321, 367 and 403, which are more prominent in the EI mass spectrum of the beta-isomer. In contrast, EI mass spectra of the tris-trimethylsilyl derivatives of cholestane-3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol and cholestane-3beta,5alpha,6alpha-triol differ only slightly and appear to be poorly informative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-F Rontani
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie de Géochimie et d'Ecologie Marines (UMR 6117), Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille (OSU), Campus de Luminy-case 901, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kölsch H, Linnebank M, Lütjohann D, Jessen F, Wüllner U, Harbrecht U, Thelen KM, Kreis M, Hentschel F, Schulz A, von Bergmann K, Maier W, Heun R. Polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase omega-1 and AD, vascular dementia, and stroke. Neurology 2004; 63:2255-60. [PMID: 15623683 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000147294.29309.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferase omega-1 (GSTO1) protects from oxidative stress, a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and stroke. Polymorphisms in GSTO1 might influence the function of the protein and thus the risk of AD, VaD, and stroke. METHODS The GSTO1 gene was screened for variations. The effect of the detected polymorphisms on the risk of AD, VaD, and stroke was evaluated. CSF levels of cholesterol and plasma homocysteine levels were compared according to the GSTO1 genotype. RESULTS Two missense polymorphisms in exon 4 of GSTO1 (Ala140Asp and Glu155DeltaGlu) were detected and tested for their association with AD, VaD, and stroke. The Asp/Asp and Ala/Asp genotypes increased the risk of stroke (p = 0.003, OR = 2.1), and the Asp/Asp genotype increased the risk of VaD (p = 0.02, OR = 2.2). GSTO1 polymorphisms did not influence the risk of AD, but the Asp allele influenced the age at onset (p = 0.05). In nondemented probands CSF levels of cholesterol were increased in carriers of the Asp/Asp genotype (p = 0.004); however, in patients with manifest dementia the authors found decreased CSF levels of cholesterol in carriers of the Asp/Asp genotype (p = 0.028). Serum homocysteine levels in stroke patients were higher in carriers of at least one Asp allele (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION The GSTO1 Asp allele may be a genetic risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases, and might influence the course of Alzheimer disease, even though effects vary in different studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kölsch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Araya Z, Hosseinpour F, Bodin K, Wikvall K. Metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by microsomal and mitochondrial vitamin D3 25-hydroxylases (CYP2D25 and CYP27A1): a novel reaction by CYP27A1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1632:40-7. [PMID: 12782149 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) was studied with a crude mitochondrial cytochrome P450 extract from pig kidney and with recombinant human CYP27A1 (mitochondrial vitamin D(3) 25-hydroxylase) and porcine CYP2D25 (microsomal vitamin D(3) 25-hydroxylase). The kidney mitochondrial cytochrome P450 catalyzed the formation of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and 25,27-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). An additional metabolite that was separated from the other hydroxylated products on HPLC was also formed. The formation of this 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) metabolite was dependent on NADPH and the mitochondrial electron transferring protein components. A monoclonal antibody directed against purified pig liver CYP27A1 immunoprecipitated the 1alpha- and 27-hydroxylase activities towards 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) as well as the formation of the unknown metabolite. These results together with substrate inhibition experiments indicate that CYP27A1 is responsible for the formation of the unknown 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) metabolite in kidney. Recombinant human CYP27A1 was found to convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) into 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), 25,27-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and a major metabolite with the same retention time on HPLC as that formed by kidney mitochondrial cytochrome P450. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the unknown enzymatic product revealed it to be a triol different from other known hydroxylated 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) metabolites such as 1alpha,25-, 23,25-, 24,25-, 25,26- or 25,27-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). The product had the mass spectrometic properties expected for 4beta,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Recombinant porcine CYP2D25 converted 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) into 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). It can be concluded that both CYP27A1 and CYP2D25 are able to carry out multiple hydroxylations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zufan Araya
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Uppsala, Box 578, Husargatan 3, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Staprans I, Pan XM, Rapp JH, Feingold KR. Oxidized cholesterol in the diet is a source of oxidized lipoproteins in human serum. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:705-15. [PMID: 12562864 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200266-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine in humans whether oxidized cholesterol in the diet is absorbed and contributes to the pool of oxidized lipids in circulating lipoproteins. When a meal containing 400 mg cholestan-5alpha,6alpha-epoxy-3beta-ol (alpha-epoxy cholesterol) was fed to six controls and three subjects with Type III hyperlipoproteinemia, alpha-epoxy cholesterol in serum was found in chylomicron/chylomicron remnants (CM/RM) and endogenous (VLDL, LDL, and HDL) lipoproteins. In controls, alpha-epoxy cholesterol in CM/RM was decreased by 10 h, whereas in endogenous lipoproteins it remained in the circulation for 72 h. In subjects with Type III hyperlipoproteinemia, alpha-epoxy cholesterol was mainly in CM/RM. In vitro incubation of the CM/RM fraction containing alpha-epoxy cholesterol with human LDL and HDL that did not contain alpha-epoxy cholesterol resulted in a rapid transfer of oxidized cholesterol from CM/RM to both LDL and HDL. In contrast, no transfer was observed when human serum was substituted with rat serum, suggesting that cholesteryl ester transfer protein is mediating the transfer. Thus, alpha-epoxy cholesterol in the diet is incorporated into the CM/RM fraction and then transferred to LDL and HDL, contributing to lipoprotein oxidation. Moreover, LDL containing alpha-epoxy cholesterol displayed increased susceptibility to further copper oxidation in vitro. It is possible that oxidized cholesterol in the diet accelerates atherosclerosis by increasing oxidized cholesterol levels in circulating LDL and chylomicron remnants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Staprans
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Salvayre R, Auge N, Benoist H, Negre-Salvayre A. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1585:213-21. [PMID: 12531556 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(02)00343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultured cells are able to oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL), which are present in atherosclerosis areas, exhibit a variety of biological properties potentially involved in atherogenesis. This review is focused on the toxicity of oxLDL, more precisely on the toxic compounds generated during LDL oxidation, the features and the mechanisms of cell death (apoptosis or necrosis) induced by oxLDL. After internalization, toxic oxidized lipids, namely lipid peroxides, oxysterols and aldehydes, induce modifications of cell proteins, elicit oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and alter various signaling pathways and gene expression. These events may participate in the toxic effect, and converge to trigger an intense, delayed and sustained calcium peak which elicits either apoptosis or necrosis processes. OxLDL-induced apoptosis involves both mitochondrial and death-receptor (Fas/FasL) apoptotic pathways, thereby activating the classical caspase cascade and subsequent biochemical and morphological apoptotic features. When apoptosis is blocked by overexpression of Bcl-2, oxLDL trigger necrosis through a calcium-dependent pathway. Apoptosis occurring in atherosclerotic areas is potentially involved in endothelial cell lining defects, necrotic core formation and plaque rupture or erosion which may trigger atherothrombotic events. However, the precise role of oxLDL in apoptosis/necrosis occurring in vivo in atherosclerotic plaques remains to be clarified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Salvayre
- INSERM U-466, Faculty of Medicine, University Paul Sabatier, CHU Rangueil, Avenue Jean Poulhès, 31054 Toulouse cedex 04, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Deckert V, Desrumaux C, Athias A, Duverneuil L, Palleau V, Gambert P, Masson D, Lagrost L. Prevention of LDL alpha-tocopherol consumption, cholesterol oxidation, and vascular endothelium dysfunction by polyphenolic compounds from red wine. Atherosclerosis 2002; 165:41-50. [PMID: 12208469 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Red wine polyphenolic compounds (RWPCs) have been demonstrated to possess antioxidant properties, and several studies have suggested that they might constitute a relevant dietary factor in the protection from coronary heart disease. The aim of the present study was to determine further the mechanism by which RWPCs can prevent the formation of vasoactive compounds in oxidized LDL. RWPCs were obtained from the Cabernet-Sauvignon grape variety. Human LDL was oxidized in the presence of CuSO(4) (ox-LDL). Vascular reactivity studies were conducted on rabbit aortic rings. RWPCs significantly reduced the formation of 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol and in a lower extent the emergence of lysophosphatidylcholine in ox-LDL. The ability of RWPCs to prevent cholesterol oxide formation was directly dependent on the LDL alpha-tocopherol content. Once the LDL alpha-tocopherol has been consumed, RWPCs were no longer effective, indicating that RWPCs act by sparing endogenous alpha-tocopherol. As a consequence of the preservation of the endogenous alpha-tocopherol content of LDL, RWPCs could prevent the inhibition of the acetylcholine-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit aorta which was linked to a direct effect on NO release. Independently of a treatment with ox-LDL, RWPC exerted a concentration-dependent and persistent inhibitory effect on the norepinephrine-induced contraction of rabbit aorta. In conclusion, RWPCs can preserve a normal vascular reactivity by acting at different stages of the cascade that leads to lipid oxidation, endothelium dysfunction and vasospasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Deckert
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines-INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, BP 87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Deckert V, Duverneuil L, Poupon S, Monier S, Le Guern N, Lizard G, Masson D, Lagrost L. The impairment of endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation by 7-ketocholesterol is associated with an early activation of protein kinase C. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:655-62. [PMID: 12381679 PMCID: PMC1573541 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Among components of oxidized low density lipoproteins, cholesterol derivatives oxidized in position 7 inhibit endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation by decreasing the release of the main endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide (NO). The aim of the present study was to bring new insights into the molecular mechanism by which 7-ketocholesterol can block the endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation. Superoxide dismutase did not prevent the inhibitory effect of 7-ketocholesterol on endothelium-dependent relaxation, and consistent observations were made whether superoxide dismutase was conjugated or not to polyethylene glycol. In addition, neither glutathione supplementation, nor oxypurinol, i.e. a xanthine oxidase inhibitor could reverse the effect of 7-ketocholesterol, indicating that NO was not inactivated by superoxide anion. A direct alteration of the activity of the calcium-dependent NO synthase could also be ruled out, since identical relaxing effects of the calcium ionophore A23187 were observed whether arterial rings were treated or not with 7-ketocholesterol. 4 Whereas the above observations come in support of an early, inhibitory action of 7-ketocholesterol, the specific blockade of one given subtype of membrane receptors could be discarded, and similar inhibitions were observed when either muscarinic or purinergic receptors were stimulated. Finally, the blockade of protein kinase C activity by chelerythrine arose as the sole relevant tool in preventing the effect of 7-ketocholesterol on the endothelium-dependent relaxation of rabbit aortic rings. In addition, complementary studies on cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells came in direct support of the ability of 7-ketocholesterol to activate PKC. In conclusion, 7-ketocholesterol that is present in human hypercholesterolaemic plasma, in atherosclerotic arteries, and in many processed foods can block the release of NO by vascular endothelial cells through its ability to activate PKC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Deckert
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines-INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, BP 87900, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rosklint T, Ohlsson BG, Wiklund O, Norén K, Hultén LM. Oxysterols induce interleukin-1beta production in human macrophages. Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32:35-42. [PMID: 11851725 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2002.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxysterols are biologically active molecules generated during the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein or formed enzymatically in vivo. In the atherosclerotic plaque newly recruited macrophages may be exposed to oxysterols present in the plaque. How these oxysterols affect the expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in macrophages is not known. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate how oxysterols regulate the expression and secretion of IL-1beta in human monocyte-derived macrophages. METHODS The IL-1beta messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the IL-1beta protein secretion was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS A significant, dose-dependent increase in the secretion of IL-1beta was given by 25-hydroxycholesterol without the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At a concentration of 2.5 microg mL(-1) this increase was similar to that obtained by endotoxin (LPS, 1 microg mL(-1)). A transient increase in IL-1beta mRNA expression was found in macrophages incubated with 25-hydroxycholesterol compared with untreated controls. In addition, 25-hydroxycholesterol dramatically increased the IL-1beta secretion induced by LPS. At a concentration of 5 microg mL(-1) of 25-hydroxycholesterol the LPS-induced IL-1beta secretion was increased by about 25-fold. A similar tendency, but not so consistent, was found for 27-hydroxycholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that oxysterols, and 25-hydroxycholesterol in particular, may modulate the inflammatory response in human macrophages. Consequently the presence of oxysterols in atherosclerotic tissue may dramatically influence the effect of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Rosklint
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bodin K, Bretillon L, Aden Y, Bertilsson L, Broomé U, Einarsson C, Diczfalusy U. Antiepileptic drugs increase plasma levels of 4beta-hydroxycholesterol in humans: evidence for involvement of cytochrome p450 3A4. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38685-9. [PMID: 11514559 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105127200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The major cholesterol oxidation products in the human circulation are 27-hydroxycholesterol, 24-hydroxycholesterol, and 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. These oxysterols are formed from cholesterol by specific cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP27, CYP46, and CYP7A, respectively. An additional oxysterol present in concentrations comparable with 7alpha- and 24-hydroxycholesterol is 4beta-hydroxycholesterol. We now report that patients treated with the antiepileptic drugs phenobarbital, carbamazepine, or phenytoin have highly elevated levels of plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol. When patients with uncomplicated cholesterol gallstone disease were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid, plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol increased by 45%. Ursodeoxycholic acid, as well as the antiepileptic drugs, are known to induce cytochrome P450 3A. Recombinant CYP3A4 was shown to convert cholesterol to 4beta-hydroxycholesterol, whereas no conversion was observed with CYP1A2, CYP2C9, or CYP2B6. The concentration of 4alpha-hydroxycholesterol in plasma was lower than the concentration of 4beta-hydroxycholesterol and not affected by treatment with the antiepileptic drugs or ursodeoxycholic acid. Together, these data suggest that 4beta-hydroxycholesterol in human circulation is formed by a cytochrome P450 enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Bodin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Osada K, Takahashi M, Hoshina S, Nakamura M, Nakamura S, Sugano M. Tea catechins inhibit cholesterol oxidation accompanying oxidation of low density lipoprotein in vitro. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2001; 128:153-64. [PMID: 11239828 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(00)00192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous oxidized cholesterols are potent atherogenic agents. Therefore, the antioxidative effects of green tea catechins (GTC) against cholesterol oxidation were examined in an in vitro lipoprotein oxidation system. The antioxidative potency of GTC against copper catalyzed LDL oxidation was in the decreasing order (-)-epigalocatechin gallate (EGCG)=(-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG)>(-)-epicatechin (EC)=(+)-catechin (C)>(-)-epigallocatechin (EGC). Reflecting these activities, both EGCG (74%) and ECG (70%) inhibited the formation of oxidized cholesterol, as well as the decrease of linoleic and arachidonic acids, in copper catalyzed LDL oxidation. The formation of oxidized cholesterol in 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH)-mediated oxidation of rat plasma was also inhibited when the rats were given diets containing 0.5% ECG or EGCG. In addition, EGCG and ECG highly inhibited oxygen consumption and formation of conjugated dienes in AAPH-mediated linoleic acid peroxidative reaction. These two species of catechin also markedly lowered the generation of hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion. Thus, GTC, especially ECG and EGCG, seem to inhibit cholesterol oxidation in LDL by combination of interference with PUFA oxidation, the reduction and scavenging of copper ion, hydroxyl radical generated from peroxidation of PUFA and superoxide anion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Osada
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol (oxysterols) present a remarkably diverse profile of biological activities, including effects on sphingolipid metabolism, platelet aggregation, apoptosis, and protein prenylation. The most notable oxysterol activities center around the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, which appears to be controlled in part by a complex series of interactions of oxysterol ligands with various receptors, such as the oxysterol binding protein, the cellular nucleic acid binding protein, the sterol regulatory element binding protein, the LXR nuclear orphan receptors, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Identification of the endogenous oxysterol ligands and elucidation of their enzymatic origins are topics of active investigation. Except for 24, 25-epoxysterols, most oxysterols arise from cholesterol by autoxidation or by specific microsomal or mitochondrial oxidations, usually involving cytochrome P-450 species. Oxysterols are variously metabolized to esters, bile acids, steroid hormones, cholesterol, or other sterols through pathways that may differ according to the type of cell and mode of experimentation (in vitro, in vivo, cell culture). Reliable measurements of oxysterol levels and activities are hampered by low physiological concentrations (approximately 0.01-0.1 microM plasma) relative to cholesterol (approximately 5,000 microM) and by the susceptibility of cholesterol to autoxidation, which produces artifactual oxysterols that may also have potent activities. Reports describing the occurrence and levels of oxysterols in plasma, low-density lipoproteins, various tissues, and food products include many unrealistic data resulting from inattention to autoxidation and to limitations of the analytical methodology. Because of the widespread lack of appreciation for the technical difficulties involved in oxysterol research, a rigorous evaluation of the chromatographic and spectroscopic methods used in the isolation, characterization, and quantitation of oxysterols has been included. This review comprises a detailed and critical assessment of current knowledge regarding the formation, occurrence, metabolism, regulatory properties, and other activities of oxysterols in mammalian systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Schroepfer
- Departments of Biochemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Oxysterols are present in human atherosclerotic plaque and are suggested to play an active role in plaque development. Moreover, the oxysterol:cholesterol ratio in plaque is much higher than in normal tissues or plasma. Oxysterols in plaque are derived both non-enzymically, either from the diet and/or from in vivo oxidation, or (e.g. 27-hydroxycholesterol) are formed enzymically during cholesterol catabolism. While undergoing many of the same reactions as cholesterol, such as being esterified by cells and in plasma, certain oxysterols in some animal and in vitro models exhibit far more potent effects than cholesterol per se. In vitro, oxysterols perturb several aspects of cellular cholesterol homeostasis (including cholesterol biosynthesis, esterification, and efflux), impair vascular reactivity and are cytotoxic and/or induce apoptosis. Injection of relatively large doses of oxysterols into animals causes acute angiotoxicity whereas oxysterol-feeding experiments have yielded contrary results as far as their atherogenicity is concerned. There is no direct evidence yet in humans that oxysterols contribute to atherogenesis. However, oxysterol levels are elevated in human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions that are considered potentially atherogenic and two recent studies have indicated that raised plasma levels of a specific oxysterol (7beta-hydroxycholesterol) may be associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. At the present time there are a number of significant and quite widespread problems with current literature which preclude more than a tentative suggestion that oxysterols have a causal role in atherogenesis. Further studies are necessary to definitively determine the role of oxysterols in atherosclerosis, and considering the wide-ranging tissue levels reported in the literature, special emphasis is needed on their accurate analysis, especially in view of the susceptibility of the parent cholesterol to artifactual oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Brown
- Cell Biology Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia. brown&
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lizard G, Gueldry S, Sordet O, Monier S, Athias A, Miguet C, Bessede G, Lemaire S, Solary E, Gambert P. Glutathione is implied in the control of 7-ketocholesterol-induced apoptosis, which is associated with radical oxygen species production. FASEB J 1998; 12:1651-63. [PMID: 9837855 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.12.15.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In a number of experimental systems, inhibition of apoptosis by antioxidants has led to the production of radical oxygen species (ROS) in certain apoptotic forms of cell death. Since antioxidant therapies can reduce vascular dysfunctions in hypercholesterolemic patients who frequently have increased plasma levels of oxysterols constituting potent inducers of apoptosis, we speculate that oxysterol-induced apoptosis could involve oxidative stress. Here, we tested the protective effects of the aminothiols glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which are two potent antioxidants, on apoptosis induced by 7-ketocholesterol in U937 cells, and we present evidence indicating that oxidative processes are involved in 7-ketocholesterol-induced cell death. Thus, GSH and NAC prevented phenomenona linked to apoptosis such as reduction of cell growth, increase cellular permeability to propidium iodide, and occurrence of nuclear condensation and/or fragmentation, and they delayed internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. In addition, cell treatment with GSH impaired cytochrome c release into the cytosol and degradation of caspase-8 occurring during cell death. During 7-ketocholesterol-induced apoptosis, we also observed a rapid decrease in cellular GSH content, oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and a production of ROS by flow cytometry with the use of the dye 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate; both phenomena were inhibited by GSH. Prevention of cell death by GSH and NAC does not seem to be a general rule since these antioxidants impaired etoposide (but not cycloheximide) -induced apoptosis. Taken together, our data demonstrate that GSH is implied in the control of 7-ketocholesterol-induced apoptosis associated with the production of ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Lizard
- INSERM U498 (Métabolisme des lipoprotéines humaines et interactions vasculaires), CHU/Hôpital du Bocage, 2 Bd Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 21034 Dijon Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Carroll JN, Pinkerton FD, Su X, Gerst N, Wilson WK, Schroepfer GJ. Sterol synthesis. Synthesis of 3 beta-hydroxy-25,26,26,26,27,27,27-heptafluorocholest-5-en-7-one and its effects on HMG-CoA reductase activity in Chinese hamster ovary cells, on ACAT activity in rat jejunal microsomes, and serum cholesterol levels in rats. Chem Phys Lipids 1998; 94:209-25. [PMID: 9779586 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3 beta-Hydroxycholest-5-en-7-one (I; 7-ketocholesterol) is an oxysterol of continuing interest in biology and medicine. In the present study, we have prepared a side-chain fluorinated analog, 3 beta-hydroxy-25,26,26,26,27,27,27-heptafluorocholest-5-en-7-one (VI), with the anticipation that the F7 substitution would block major metabolism of the 7-ketosterol, and thereby enhance its potential in vivo effects on serum cholesterol levels and other parameters. Chromium trioxide/dimethyl pyrazole oxidation of the acetate derivative of the previously described 25,26,26,26,27,27,27-heptafluorocholest-5-en-3 beta-ol (Swaminathan et al., 1993. J. Lipid Res. 34, 1805-1823) followed by mild alkaline hydrolysis gave VI. The effects of VI on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, on acyl coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity in rat jejunal microsomes, and on serum cholesterol levels and other parameters in male Sprague-Dawley rats were determined and compared with those obtained with I and with another alpha, beta-unsaturated ketosterol, i.e. 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one (II). I and VI showed essentially the same potency, considerably less than that of II, in lowering the levels of HMG-CoA reductase activity in CHO-K1 cells. Whereas addition of II to rat jejunal microsomes inhibited ACAT activity (IC50 approximately 3 microM), I and VI had no effect under the conditions studied (from 1 to 16 microM). Dietary administration of I, at levels of 0.1 and 0.15%, had no effect on food consumption, gain in body weight, or serum cholesterol levels. At 0.2%, I caused a modest decrease in body weight gain and a slight decrease in serum cholesterol levels (relative to ad libitum but not pair-fed control animals). The F7-7-ketosterol VI, at 0.26% in diet (the molar equivalent of 0.2% I), had no effect on food consumption, body weight, or serum cholesterol levels. Administration of I (0.1, 0.15 or 0.2% in diet) caused increases in the weight of small intestine. In contrast, no effect of VI (0.26% in diet) on small intestinal weight was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J N Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Deckert V, Brunet A, Lantoine F, Lizard G, Millanvoye-van Brussel E, Monier S, Lagrost L, David-Dufilho M, Gambert P, Devynck MA. Inhibition by cholesterol oxides of NO release from human vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:1054-60. [PMID: 9672065 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.18.7.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that, unlike cholesterol, cholesterol oxidized at position 7 can reduce the maximal endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated rabbit aortas (Circulation. 1997;95:723-731). The aim of the current study was to determine whether cholesterol oxides reduce the release of nitric oxide (NO) from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The amount of NO released by histamine-stimulated HUVECs was determined by differential pulse amperometry using a nickel porphyrin- and Nafion-coated carbon microfiber electrode. The effects of cholesterol (preserved from oxidation by butylated hydroxytoluene), 7-ketocholesterol, 7beta-hydroxycholesterol, 5alpha,6alpha-epoxycholesterol, 19-hydroxycholesterol (60 microg/mL), and alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine (10 microg/mL) were compared. Pretreatment of HUVECs with cholesterol, 5alpha,6alpha-epoxycholesterol, or 19-hydroxycholesterol did not alter histamine-activated NO production. In contrast, pretreatment with 7-ketocholesterol or 7beta-hydroxycholesterol significantly decreased NO release. The inhibitory effect of 7-ketocholesterol was time and dose dependent and was maintained in the presence of L-arginine. In the absence of serum, lysophosphatidylcholine also reduced NO production. In ionomycin-stimulated cells, pretreatment with 7-ketocholesterol did not inhibit NO release. These results demonstrate that cholesterol derivatives oxidized at the 7 position, the main products of low density lipoprotein oxidation, reduce histamine-activated NO release in HUVECs. Such an inhibitory effect of cholesterol oxides may account, at least in part, for the ability of oxidized low density lipoprotein to reduce the endothelium-dependent relaxation of arteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Deckert
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Lipoprotéines, INSERM U498, Faculté de Médecine, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hawi SR, Nithipatikom K, Wohlfeil ER, Adar F, Campbell WB. Raman microspectroscopy of intracellular cholesterol crystals in cultured bovine coronary artery endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
47
|
Crisby M, Nilsson J, Kostulas V, Björkhem I, Diczfalusy U. Localization of sterol 27-hydroxylase immuno-reactivity in human atherosclerotic plaques. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1344:278-85. [PMID: 9059518 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(96)00152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that extrahepatic cells can eliminate intracellular cholesterol by enzymatic conversion into 27-hydroxy-cholesterol and 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid. Using immunohistochemical methods, we studied the presence of the enzyme responsible for these conversions, sterol 27-hydroxylase, in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. All plaques examined were found to contain sterol 27-hydroxylase immuno-reactive cells. While some endothelial cells stained for sterol 27-hydroxylase, the majority of the immunoreactive cells co-localized with macrophages. Accumulation of sterol 27-hydroxylase-positive cells were often observed in macrophage-rich core regions of complicated lesions. High concentrations of 27-hydroxycholesterol were found in plaques, while the concentration in non-atherosclerotic human vessels was lower by two orders of magnitude. The rabbit, which is particularly sensitive to dietary cholesterol and easily develops fatty streaks, had low plasma levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol, 3 ng/ml compared to 150 ng/ml in humans. The concentration of 27-hydroxycholesterol in the atherosclerotic rabbit vessels was also lower compared to human atherosclerotic plaques. The results are consistent with our hypothesis that sterol 27-hydroxylase may be utilized by human macrophages as a defence towards a high cholesterol load. This mechanism may be less important in some other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Crisby
- King Gustaf Vth Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|