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Wank I, Niedermair T, Kronenberg D, Stange R, Brochhausen C, Hess A, Grässel S. Influence of the Peripheral Nervous System on Murine Osteoporotic Fracture Healing and Fracture-Induced Hyperalgesia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010510. [PMID: 36613952 PMCID: PMC9820334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporotic fractures are often linked to persisting chronic pain and poor healing outcomes. Substance P (SP), α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) and sympathetic neurotransmitters are involved in bone remodeling after trauma and nociceptive processes, e.g., fracture-induced hyperalgesia. We aimed to link sensory and sympathetic signaling to fracture healing and fracture-induced hyperalgesia under osteoporotic conditions. Externally stabilized femoral fractures were set 28 days after OVX in wild type (WT), α-CGRP- deficient (α-CGRP -/-), SP-deficient (Tac1-/-) and sympathectomized (SYX) mice. Functional MRI (fMRI) was performed two days before and five and 21 days post fracture, followed by µCT and biomechanical tests. Sympathectomy affected structural bone properties in the fracture callus whereas loss of sensory neurotransmitters affected trabecular structures in contralateral, non-fractured bones. Biomechanical properties were mostly similar in all groups. Both nociceptive and resting-state (RS) fMRI revealed significant baseline differences in functional connectivity (FC) between WT and neurotransmitter-deficient mice. The fracture-induced hyperalgesia modulated central nociception and had robust impact on RS FC in all groups. The changes demonstrated in RS FC in fMRI might potentially be used as a bone traumata-induced biomarker regarding fracture healing under pathophysiological musculoskeletal conditions. The findings are of clinical importance and relevance as they advance our understanding of pain during osteoporotic fracture healing and provide a potential imaging biomarker for fracture-related hyperalgesia and its temporal development. Overall, this may help to reduce the development of chronic pain after fracture thereby improving the treatment of osteoporotic fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Wank
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja Niedermair
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kronenberg
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Richard Stange
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Hess
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Grässel
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Experimental Orthopedics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-943-5065
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Sifat AE, Nozohouri S, Archie SR, Chowdhury EA, Abbruscato TJ. Brain Energy Metabolism in Ischemic Stroke: Effects of Smoking and Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158512. [PMID: 35955647 PMCID: PMC9369264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of energy metabolism in the brain is crucial for maintaining brain activity in physiological and different pathophysiological conditions. Ischemic stroke has a complex pathophysiology which includes perturbations in the brain energy metabolism processes which can contribute to worsening of brain injury and stroke outcome. Smoking and diabetes are common risk factors and comorbid conditions for ischemic stroke which have also been associated with disruptions in brain energy metabolism. Simultaneous presence of these conditions may further alter energy metabolism in the brain leading to a poor clinical prognosis after an ischemic stroke event. In this review, we discuss the possible effects of smoking and/or diabetes on brain glucose utilization and mitochondrial energy metabolism which, when present concurrently, may exacerbate energy metabolism in the ischemic brain. More research is needed to investigate brain glucose utilization and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in ischemic stroke in the presence of smoking and/or diabetes, which would provide further insights on the pathophysiology of these comorbid conditions and facilitate the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Sun Y, He L, Wang W, Xie Z, Zhang X, Wang P, Wang L, Yan C, Liu Z, Zhao J, Cui Z, Wang Y, Tang L, Zhang Z. Activation of Atg7-dependent autophagy by a novel inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction from Penthorum chinense Pursh. attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced ferroptosis in zebrafish and dopaminergic neurons. Food Funct 2022; 13:7885-7900. [PMID: 35776077 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00357k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The death of dopaminergic neurons is a dominant factor during the occurrence and development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies demonstrated that ferroptosis is implicated in the death of dopaminergic neurons. Besides, polyphenols have been proven to be effective in preventing the death of dopaminergic neurons. This work aims to explore the neuroprotective effect and mechanism of thonningianin A (Th A), a polyphenolic compound in natural plant foods, against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced ferroptosis in dopaminergic cells. The results of molecular docking and other binding assays collectively demonstrated that Th A can strongly target the Kelch domain of Keap1. Th A treatment significantly facilitated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation and subsequently increased the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein level through inhibiting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) of Keap1 and Nrf2. Compared with the nomifensine (Nomi) treatment, Th A had a more potent protective effect on 6-OHDA-induced ferroptosis during PD pathology in zebrafish, which was associated with assuaging the reduction of the total swimming distance, glutathione (GSH) depletion, iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Furthermore, Th A also exhibited a strong protective effect against 6-OHDA-induced ferroptosis in vitro in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Th A degraded Keap1 protein through activating Atg7-dependent autophagy. Additionally, Th A treatment facilitated the degradation of Keap1 protein by promoting the interaction between p62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1, hereafter referred to as p62) and Keap1. Taken together, our findings indicated that Th A protects dopaminergic cells against 6-OHDA-induced ferroptosis through activating the Nrf2-based cytoprotective system, thus enabling a potential application of Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors in the restraint of ferroptosis and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Sun
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P.R. China.
| | - Libo He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wang Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang 330052, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhishen Xie
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P.R. China.
| | - Pan Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P.R. China.
| | - Lan Wang
- College of Chemical and Food Engineering, Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450044, China
| | - Chenchen Yan
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P.R. China.
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P.R. China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P.R. China.
| | - Zhenghao Cui
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P.R. China.
| | - Yida Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P.R. China.
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Fathi M, Vakili K, Yaghoobpoor S, Qadirifard MS, Kosari M, Naghsh N, Asgari taei A, Klegeris A, Dehghani M, Bahrami A, Taheri H, Mohamadkhani A, Hajibeygi R, Rezaei Tavirani M, Sayehmiri F. Pre-clinical Studies Identifying Molecular Pathways of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:855776. [PMID: 35912090 PMCID: PMC9327618 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.855776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by neuroinflammation, formation of Lewy bodies, and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. In this review, we summarize evidence obtained by animal studies demonstrating neuroinflammation as one of the central pathogenetic mechanisms of PD. We also focus on the protein factors that initiate the development of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Our targeted literature search identified 40 pre-clinical in vivo and in vitro studies written in English. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway is demonstrated as a common mechanism engaged by neurotoxins such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), as well as the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The α-synuclein protein, which plays a prominent role in PD neuropathology, may also contribute to neuroinflammation by activating mast cells. Meanwhile, 6-OHDA models of PD identify microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) as one of the contributors to neuroinflammatory processes in this model. Immune responses are used by the central nervous system to fight and remove pathogens; however, hyperactivated and prolonged immune responses can lead to a harmful neuroinflammatory state, which is one of the key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Qadirifard
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nursing, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Kosari
- The First Clinical College, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Navid Naghsh
- Department of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Asgari taei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Mina Dehghani
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ashkan Bahrami
- Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Taheri
- Dental School, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ashraf Mohamadkhani
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramtin Hajibeygi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Fatemeh Sayehmiri
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Lazarova M, Tancheva L, Chayrov R, Tzvetanova E, Alexandrova A, Popatanasov A, Uzunova D, Stefanova M, Stankova I, Kalfin R. Tyrosinyl-amantadine: A New Amantadine Derivative With an Ameliorative Effect in a 6-OHDA Experimental Model of Parkinson's Disease in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:900-909. [PMID: 35091981 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective capacity of newly synthesized amantadine derivative tyrosinyl-amantadine (Tyr-Am) with expected antiparkinsonian properties was evaluated in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of Parkinson's disease. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: sham-operated (SO), striatal 6-OHDA-lesioned control group, 6-OHDA-lesioned rats pretreated for 6 days with Tyr-Am (16 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally, i.p.), and 6-OHDA-lesioned rats pretreated for 6 days with amantadine (40 mg/kg i.p.), used as a referent. On the first, second and third week post-lesion, the animals were subjected to some behavioral tests (apomorphine-induced rotation, rotarod, and passive avoidance test). The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and key oxidative stress parameters including lipid peroxidation levels (LPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in brain homogenates. The results showed that the neuroprotective effect of Tyr-Am was comparable to that of amantadine, improving neuromuscular coordination and learning and memory performance even at a 2.5-fold lower dose. Tyr-Am demonstrated significant antioxidant properties via decreased LPO levels but had no effect on AChE activity. We can conclude that the newly synthesized amantadine derivative Tyr-Am demonstrated significant antiparkinsonian activity in a 6-OHDA experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lazarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, Block 23, Sofia,, 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Lyubka Tancheva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, Block 23, Sofia,, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Radoslav Chayrov
- Department of Chemistry, South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Ivan Mihailov St. 66, Blagoevgrad,, 2700, Bulgaria
| | - Elina Tzvetanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, Block 23, Sofia,, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Alexandrova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, Block 23, Sofia,, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Andrey Popatanasov
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, Block 23, Sofia,, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Diamara Uzunova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, Block 23, Sofia,, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Miroslava Stefanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, Block 23, Sofia,, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Stankova
- Department of Chemistry, South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Ivan Mihailov St. 66, Blagoevgrad,, 2700, Bulgaria
| | - Reni Kalfin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St, Block 23, Sofia,, 1113, Bulgaria.,Faculty of Public Health, Healthcare and Sport, South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Ivan Mihailov St. 66, Blagoevgrad,, 2700, Bulgaria
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Ismailani US, Buchler A, Farber G, Pekošak A, Farber E, MacMullin N, Suuronen EJ, Vasdev N, Beanlands RSB, de Kemp RA, Rotstein BH. Cardiac Sympathetic Positron Emission Tomography Imaging with Meta-[ 18F]Fluorobenzylguanidine is Sensitive to Uptake-1 in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4350-4360. [PMID: 34714061 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases including ischemia, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Molecular imaging probes such as meta-[123I]iodobenzylguanidine have demonstrated the utility of assessing neuronal integrity by targeting norepinephrine transporter (NET, uptake-1). However, current radiotracers can report only on innervation due to suboptimal kinetics and lack sensitivity to NET in rodents, precluding mechanistic studies in these species. The objective of this work was to characterize myocardial sympathetic neuronal uptake mechanisms and kinetics of the positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer meta-[18F]fluorobenzylguanidine ([18F]mFBG) in rats. Automated synthesis using spirocyclic iodonium(III) ylide radiofluorination produces [18F]mFBG in 24 ± 1% isolated radiochemical yield and 30-95 GBq/μmol molar activity. PET imaging in healthy rats delineated the left ventricle, with monoexponential washout kinetics (kmono = 0.027 ± 0.0026 min-1, Amono = 3.08 ± 0.33 SUV). Ex vivo biodistribution studies revealed tracer retention in the myocardium, while pharmacological treatment with selective NET inhibitor desipramine, nonselective neuronal and extraneuronal uptake-2 inhibitor phenoxybenzamine, and neuronal ablation with neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine reduced myocardial retention by 33, 76, and 36%, respectively. Clearance of [18F]mFBG from the myocardium was unaffected by treatment with uptake-1 and uptake-2 inhibitors following peak myocardial activity. These results suggest that myocardial distribution of [18F]mFBG in rats is dependent on both NET and extraneuronal transporters and that limited reuptake to the myocardium occurs. [18F]mFBG may therefore prove useful for imaging intraneuronal dysfunction in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzair S. Ismailani
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Ariel Buchler
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Gedaliah Farber
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | | | - Eadan Farber
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Nicole MacMullin
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Erik J. Suuronen
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Rob S. B. Beanlands
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Robert A. de Kemp
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Benjamin H. Rotstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Paul S, Chakraborty S, Anand U, Dey S, Nandy S, Ghorai M, Saha SC, Patil MT, Kandimalla R, Proćków J, Dey A. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomedicinal and toxicological aspects. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112175. [PMID: 34649336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) has been used as a traditional Rasayana herb for a long time. Traditional uses of this plant indicate its ameliorative properties against a plethora of human medical conditions, viz. hypertension, stress, diabetes, asthma, cancer etc. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the geographical distribution, traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of W. somnifera and its active constituents. In addition, it presents a detailed account of its presence as an active constituent in many commercial preparations with curative properties and health benefits. Clinical studies and toxicological considerations of its extracts and constituents are also elucidated. Comparative analysis of relevant in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical investigations indicated potent bioactivity of W. somnifera extracts and phytochemicals as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, cardio-protective and spermatogenic agents. W. somnifera was found to be especially active against many neurological and psychological conditions like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, ischemic stroke, sleep deprivation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The probable mechanism of action that imparts the pharmacological potential has also been explored. However, in-depth studies are needed on the clinical use of W. somnifera against human diseases. Besides, detailed toxicological analysis is also to be performed for its safe and efficacious use in preclinical and clinical studies and as a health-promoting herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Paul
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University (2nd Campus), Kolkata 700156, West Bengal, India
| | - Shreya Chakraborty
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Swarnali Dey
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Samapika Nandy
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Mimosa Ghorai
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Suchismita Chatterjee Saha
- Department of Zoology, Nabadwip Vidyasagar College (Affiliated to the University of Kalyani), Nabadwip 741302, West Bengal, India
| | - Manoj Tukaram Patil
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, SNJB's KKHA Arts, SMGL Commerce and SPHJ Science College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Chandwad, Nashik 423101, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India; Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal-506007, Telangana, India
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India.
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Abstract
Stem cell transplantation has attracted great interest for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases to provide neuroprotection, repair the lesioned neuronal network and restore functionality. Parkinson's disease (PD), in particular, has been a preferred target because motor disability that constitutes a core pathology of the disease is associated with local loss of dopaminergic neurons in a specific brain area, the substantia nigra pars compacta. These cells project to the striatum where they deliver the neurotransmitter dopamine that is involved in control of many aspects of motor behavior. Therefore, cell transplantation approaches in PD aim to replenish dopamine deficiency in the striatum. A major challenge in developing cell therapy approaches is the ability to generate large numbers of transplantable cells in a reliable and reproducible manner. In recent years the technological breakthrough of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has demonstrated that this is possible at a preclinical level, accelerating clinical translation. A second important issue is to efficiently differentiate iPSCs into dopaminergic neuronal progenitors with restricted proliferation potential in order to avoid cellular overgrowth in vivo and minimize the risk of tumorigenesis. Here we describe an effective protocol that includes human iPSC differentiation to the dopaminergic lineage and enrichment in neuronal precursor cells expressing the polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule PSA-NCAM, through magnetically activated cell sorting. The resulting cells are transplanted and shown to survive, differentiate, and integrate within a striatal lesion model generated by unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine administration in mice of the NOD/SCID strain that supports xenografts.
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Liang LP, Fulton R, Bradshaw-Pierce EL, Pearson-Smith J, Day BJ, Patel M. Optimization of Lipophilic Metalloporphyrins Modifies Disease Outcomes in a Rat Model of Parkinsonism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:1-10. [PMID: 33500265 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD), and one strategy for neuroprotective therapy for PD is to scavenge reactive species using a catalytic antioxidant. Previous studies in our laboratory revealed that pretreatment of lipophilic metalloporphyrins showed protective effects in a mouse PD model. In this study, we optimized the formulations of these metalloporphyrins to deliver them orally and tested their efficacy on disease outcomes in a second species after initiation of an insult (i.e., disease modification). In this study, a pharmaceutical formulation of two metalloporphyrin catalytic antioxidants, AEOL11207 and AEOL11114, was tested for oral drug delivery. Both compounds showed gastrointestinal absorption, achieved high plasma concentrations, and readily penetrated the blood-brain barrier after intravenous or oral delivery. AEOL11207 and AEOL11114 bioavailabilities were calculated to be 24% and 25%, respectively, at a dose of 10 mg/kg via the oral route. In addition, both compounds significantly attenuated 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxic damage, including dopamine depletion, cytokine production, and microglial activation in the striata; dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra; oxidative/nitrative stress indices (glutathione disulfide and 3-nitrotyrosine) in the ventral midbrain; and rotation behavioral abnormality in rats. These results indicate that AEOL11207 and AEOL11114 are orally active metalloporphyrins and protect against 6-OHDA neurotoxicity 1-3 days postlesioning, suggesting disease-modifying properties and translational potential for PD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Two catalytic antioxidants showed gastrointestinal absorption, achieved high plasma concentrations, and readily penetrated the blood-brain barrier. Both compounds significantly attenuated dopamine depletion, cytokine production, microglial activation, dopaminergic neuronal loss, oxidative/nitrative stress indices, and behavioral abnormality in a Parkinson disease rat model. The results suggest that both metalloporphyrins possess disease-modifying properties that may be useful in treating Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.-P.L., R.F., E.-L.B.-P., J.P.-S., B.J.D., M.P.) and Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (B.J.D.)
| | - Ruth Fulton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.-P.L., R.F., E.-L.B.-P., J.P.-S., B.J.D., M.P.) and Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (B.J.D.)
| | - Erica L Bradshaw-Pierce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.-P.L., R.F., E.-L.B.-P., J.P.-S., B.J.D., M.P.) and Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (B.J.D.)
| | - Jennifer Pearson-Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.-P.L., R.F., E.-L.B.-P., J.P.-S., B.J.D., M.P.) and Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (B.J.D.)
| | - Brian J Day
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.-P.L., R.F., E.-L.B.-P., J.P.-S., B.J.D., M.P.) and Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (B.J.D.)
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (L.-P.L., R.F., E.-L.B.-P., J.P.-S., B.J.D., M.P.) and Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado (B.J.D.)
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10
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Vijayanathan Y, Lim SM, Tan MP, Lim FT, Majeed ABA, Ramasamy K. Adult Endogenous Dopaminergic Neuroregeneration Against Parkinson's Disease: Ideal Animal Models? Neurotox Res 2020; 39:504-532. [PMID: 33141428 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The etiology of PD remains an enigma with no available disease modifying treatment or cure. Pharmacological compensation is the only quality of life improving treatments available. Endogenous dopaminergic neuroregeneration has recently been considered a plausible therapeutic strategy for PD. However, researchers have to first decipher the complexity of adult endogenous neuroregeneration. This raises the need of animal models to understand the underlying molecular basis. Mammalian models with highly conserved genetic homology might aid researchers to identify specific molecular mechanisms. However, the scarcity of adult neuroregeneration potential in mammals obfuscates such investigations. Nowadays, non-mammalian models are gaining popularity due to their explicit ability to neuroregenerate naturally without the need of external enhancements, yet these non-mammals have a much diverse gene homology that critical molecular signals might not be conserved across species. The present review highlights the advantages and disadvantages of both mammalian and non-mammalian animal models that can be essentially used to study the potential of endogenous DpN regeneration against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuganthini Vijayanathan
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group and Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siong Meng Lim
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group and Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Maw Pin Tan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fei Ting Lim
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group and Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group and Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group and Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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11
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Nomura M, Toyama H, Suzuki H, Yamada T, Hatano K, Wilson AA, Ito K, Sawada M. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor/18 kDa translocator protein positron emission tomography imaging in a rat model of acute brain injury. Ann Nucl Med 2020; 35:8-16. [PMID: 32989663 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-020-01530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The activation of microglia in various brain pathologies is accompanied by an increase in the expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor/18 kDa translocator protein (PBR/TSPO). However, whether activated microglia have a neuroprotective or neurotoxic effect on neurons in the brain is yet to be determined. In this study, we investigated the ability of the novel PBR/TSPO ligand FEPPA to detect activated microglia in an animal model of primary neurotoxic microglia activation. METHODS [18F] FEPPA positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was performed before and after intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (LPS group) or saline (control group) in a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease. Images were compared between these groups. After imaging, the brains were collected, and the activated microglia at the disease sites were analyzed by the expression of inflammatory cytokines and immunohistochemistry staining. These results were then comparatively examined with those obtained by PET imaging. RESULTS In the unilateral 6-OHDA lesion rat model, the PBR/TSPO PET signal was significantly increased in the LPS group compared with the saline group. As the increased signal was observed 4 h after the injection, we considered it an acute response to brain injury. In the post-imaging pathological examination, activated microglia were found to be abundant at the site where strong signals were detected, and the expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β was increased. Intraperitoneal LPS administration further increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and the PBR/TSPO PET signal increased concurrently. The increase in inflammatory cytokine expression correlated with enhanced signal intensity. CONCLUSIONS PET signal enhancement by PBR/TSPO at the site of brain injury correlated with the activation of microglia and production of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, because FEPPA enables the detection of neurotoxic microglia on PET images, we successfully constructed a novel PET detection system that can monitor neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Nomura
- Department of Radiology, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Toyama
- Department of Radiology, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hiromi Suzuki
- Department of Brain Function, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Management Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Science, Nagoya University of Economics, 6-11 Uchikubo, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hatano
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Alan A Wilson
- PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Kengo Ito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.,Department of Radiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Makoto Sawada
- Department of Brain Function, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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12
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Sun Y, He L, Wang T, Hua W, Qin H, Wang J, Wang L, Gu W, Li T, Li N, Liu X, Chen F, Tang L. Activation of p62-Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway Protects 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Ferroptosis in Dopaminergic Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4628-4641. [PMID: 32770451 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder primarily caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). However, the manner of death of dopaminergic neurons remains indistinct. Ferroptosis is a form of cell death involving in the iron-dependent accumulation of glutathione depletion and lipid peroxide. Besides, previous studies indicated that ferroptosis might be involved in the death of dopaminergic neurons. In this study, we aim to explore the protective effect of the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 pathway against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced ferroptosis in dopaminergic cells. Firstly, our results demonstrated that 6-OHDA-induced ferroptosis could be observed in vivo zebrafish and in vitro human dopaminergic cell line (SH-SY5Y cells) model. Moreover, ferroptosis induced by 6-OHDA mitigates in SH-SY5Y cells upon ferrostatin-1 (Fer, an inhibitor of ferroptosis) treatment via upregulating the protein expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Then, we found that high p62/SQSTM1 (p62) expression could protect SH-SY5Y cells against ferroptosis through promoting Nrf2 nuclear transfer and upregulating the expression of the antioxidant protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Ultimately, high p62 expression activates the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway through binding to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Collectively, the activation of the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 pathway prevents 6-OHDA-induced ferroptosis in SH-SY5Y cells, targeting this pathway in combination with a pharmacological inhibitor of ferroptosis can be a potential approach for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Libo He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Taoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wan Hua
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Huan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingjin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanqin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinanbei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China. .,National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-Oil Production and Application, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
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13
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Rubi L, Fritschy JM. Increased GABAergic transmission in neuropeptide Y-expressing neurons in the dopamine-depleted murine striatum. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1496-1503. [PMID: 32159408 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00059.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia, the striatum plays a central role in planning, control, and execution of movement and motor skill learning. More than 90% of striatal neurons, so-called medium spiny neurons (MSN), are GABAergic projection neurons, innervating primarily the substantia nigra pars reticulata or the globus pallidus internus. The remaining neurons are GABAergic and cholinergic interneurons, synchronizing and controlling striatal output by reciprocal connections with MSN. Besides prominent local cholinergic influence, striatal function is globally regulated by dopamine (DA) from the nigrostriatal pathway. Little is known about whether DA depletion, as occurs in Parkinson's disease, affects the activity of striatal interneurons. Here we focused on neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing interneurons, which are among the major subgroups of GABAergic interneurons in the striatum. We investigated the effects of striatal DA depletion on GABAergic transmission in NPY interneurons by electrophysiologically recording GABAergic spontaneous (s) and miniature (m) inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in identified NPY interneurons in slices from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)- and vehicle-injected transgenic NPY-humanized Renilla green fluorescent protein (hrGFP) mice with the whole cell patch-clamp technique. We report a significant increase in sIPSC and mIPSC frequency as well as the occurrence of giant synaptic and burst sIPSCs in the 6-OHDA group, suggesting changes in GABAergic circuit activity and synaptic transmission. IPSC kinetics remained unchanged, pointing to mainly presynaptic changes in GABAergic transmission. These results show that chronic DA depletion following 6-OHDA injection causes activity-dependent and -independent increase of synaptic GABAergic inhibition onto striatal NPY interneurons, confirming their involvement in the functional impairments of the DA-depleted striatum.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neuropeptide Y (NPY) interneurons regulate the function of striatal projection neurons and are upregulated upon dopamine depletion in the striatum. Here we investigated how dopamine depletion affects NPY circuits and show electrophysiologically that it leads to the occurrence of giant synaptic and burst GABAergic spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and to an activity-independent increase in GABAergic miniature IPSC frequency in NPY neurons. We suggest that degeneration of dopaminergic terminals in the striatum causes functional changes in striatal GABAergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Rubi
- University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Fritschy
- University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Impact of the Sensory and Sympathetic Nervous System on Fracture Healing in Ovariectomized Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020405. [PMID: 31936403 PMCID: PMC7013559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system modulates bone repair under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Previously, we reported an essential role for sensory neuropeptide substance P (SP) and sympathetic nerve fibers (SNF) for proper fracture healing and bone structure in a murine tibial fracture model. A similar distortion of bone microarchitecture has been described for mice lacking the sensory neuropeptide α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP). Here, we hypothesize that loss of SP, α-CGRP, and SNF modulates inflammatory and pain-related processes and also affects bone regeneration during fracture healing under postmenopausal conditions. Intramedullary fixed femoral fractures were set to 28 days after bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) in female wild type (WT), SP-, α-CGRP-deficient, and sympathectomized (SYX) mice. Locomotion, paw withdrawal threshold, fracture callus maturation and numbers of TRAP-, CD4-, CD8-, F4/80-, iNos-, and Arg1-positive cells within the callus were analyzed. Nightly locomotion was reduced in unfractured SP-deficient and SYX mice after fracture. Resistance to pressure was increased for the fractured leg in SP-deficient mice during the later stages of fracture healing, but was decreased in α-CGRP-deficient mice. Hypertrophic cartilage area was increased nine days after fracture in SP-deficient mice. Bony callus maturation was delayed in SYX mice during the later healing stages. In addition, the number of CD 4-positive cells was reduced after five days and the number of CD 8-positive cells was additionally reduced after 21 days in SYX mice. The number of Arg1-positive M2 macrophages was higher in α-CGRP-deficient mice five days after fracture. The alkaline phosphatase level was increased in SYX mice 16 days after fracture. Absence of α-CGRP appears to promote M2 macrophage polarization and reduces the pain threshold, but has no effect on callus tissue maturation. Absence of SP reduces locomotion, increases the pain-threshold, and accelerates hypertrophic callus tissue remodeling. Destruction of SNF reduces locomotion after fracture and influences bony callus tissue remodeling during the later stages of fracture repair, whereas pain-related processes are not affected.
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15
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Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injected Intrastriatally into Hemiparkinsonian Rats Improves the Initiation Time for Left and Right Forelimbs in Both Forehand and Backhand Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040992. [PMID: 30823527 PMCID: PMC6412467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Forelimb stepping is a widely used test for the assessment of forelimb akinesia in hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rats. The initiation time (IT) is considered the most sensitive parameter in the stepping test procedure. Here we propose a novel, reliable, and simple method for the measurement of IT of both forelimbs in both forehand and backhand directions in rats. Evaluating the same videos taken for quantifying adjusting steps, IT measurements were done without additional experiments. This is in contrast to the classical approach introduced by Olsson et al. (1995), in which separate experiments are necessary. We successfully applied our approach to hemi-PD rats intrastriatally treated with botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A). In naïve rats, an IT of about 0.62 s was found, and in right-sided hemi-PD rats the IT of the left forepaw increased to about 3.62 s. These hemi-PD rats showed, however, reduced ITs of the impaired left forepaws 1 month and the second time 7 months after induction of hemi-PD via the injection of 1 ng BoNT-A into the ipsilateral striatum, depending on post BoNT-A survival time. The method described offers the possibility of a precise and animal-friendly evaluation of IT in rats, including the beneficial effect of BoNT-A treatment in hemi-PD rats.
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16
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Multi-targeting aurones with monoamine oxidase and amyloid-beta inhibitory activities: Structure-activity relationship and translating multi-potency to neuroprotection. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 110:118-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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17
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Faivre F, Joshi A, Bezard E, Barrot M. The hidden side of Parkinson’s disease: Studying pain, anxiety and depression in animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 96:335-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Marshall LJ, Willett C. Parkinson's disease research: adopting a more human perspective to accelerate advances. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1950-1961. [PMID: 30240875 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects 1% of the population over 60 years old and, with global increases in the aging population, presents huge economic and societal burdens. The etiology of PD remains unknown; most cases are idiopathic, presumed to result from genetic and environmental risk factors. Despite 200 years since the first description of PD, the mechanisms behind initiation and progression of the characteristic neurodegenerative processes are not known. Here, we review progress and limitations of the multiple PD animal models available and identify advances that could be implemented to better understand pathological processes, improve disease outcome, and reduce dependence on animal models. Lessons learned from reducing animal use in PD research could serve as guideposts for wider biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Marshall
- Humane Society International, The Humane Society of the United States, 700 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Catherine Willett
- Humane Society International, The Humane Society of the United States, 700 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA.
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19
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Lee EJ, Yoon HH, Park ES, Min J, Jeon SR. A Novel Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease Using Optogenetics: Representation of Various Disease Stages by Modulating the Illumination Parameter. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2018; 96:22-32. [PMID: 29444523 DOI: 10.1159/000486644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The classic animal model of Parkinson's disease (PD) using neurotoxin can only simulate fixed stages of the disease by causing irreversible damage to the nigrostriatal system. OBJECTIVES To develop an optogenetic PD model that can modulate the severity of disease by optical stimulation by introducing the halorhodopsin (NpHR) gene into the substantia nigra compacta. METHODS Fifteen rats received injections of engineered AAV with NpHR-YFP gene into the substantia nigra. They were then subjected to illumination of 590-nm light wavelengths with 3 optical stimulation conditions, i.e., frequency-width: 5 Hz-10 ms (n = 5), 5 Hz-100 ms (n = 5), and 50 Hz-10 ms (n = 5). Eleven rats received 6-hydroxydopamine injections to establish the conventional PD model. RESULTS The optogenetic models showed characteristic PD manifestations, similar to those of the conventional models; the severity of forelimb akinesia correlated with the total illumination value (frequency × width). The group with a low illumination value (5 Hz-10 ms) was comparable to the conventional partial model whereas the groups with high illumination values (5 Hz-100 ms and 50 Hz-10 ms) were similar to the conventional complete model. CONCLUSIONS An optogenetic PD model has the advantage of more appropriately representing various PD stages by controlling illumination parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ho Yoon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Suk Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joongkee Min
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Jeon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Wąsik A, Romańska I, Zelek-Molik A, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L. Multiple Administration of Endogenous Amines TIQ and 1MeTIQ Protects Against a 6-OHDA-Induced Essential Fall of Dopamine Release in the Rat Striatum: In Vivo Microdialysis Study. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:523-531. [PMID: 29076060 PMCID: PMC5871648 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) represents one of the neurodegenerative disorders which are caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway. Different toxins, e.g., 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), are used to model PD in animals. 6-OHDA is a neurotoxin which damages catecholaminergic neurons via production of oxygen radicals. Tetrahydroisoquinolines (TIQs) are endogenous amines which are present in the mammalian brain. Some of them, like TIQ and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1MeTIQ), demonstrate neuroprotective properties. These compounds act as reversible MAO inhibitors and this way block free radical formation. To continue our previous experiments, we evaluated the effect of acute and chronic treatment with TIQ and 1MeTIQ on locomotor/exploratory activity and the release of dopamine as well as its metabolite 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) in the striatum of unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned and sham-operated rats using in vivo microdialysis methodology. Additionally, the changes in the concentration of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra were measured. A unilateral 6-OHDA lesion in the substantia nigra produces a strong reduction in the release of dopamine (approx. 70%) and 3-MT (approx. 50%) in the rat striatum. This effect was completely inhibited by multiple administration of TIQ and 1MeTIQ. The results obtained from the in vivo microdialysis study suggest that multiple treatment with both endogenous amines, TIQ and 1MeTIQ, protects dopaminergic neurons against a 6-OHDA-induced deficit of dopamine release. Furthermore, these amines were able to maintain physiological functions of striatal dopamine neurons damaged by a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wąsik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Irena Romańska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zelek-Molik
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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21
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Soderstrom K, O'Malley J, Steece-Collier K, Kordower JH. Neural Repair Strategies for Parkinson's Disease: Insights from Primate Models. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:251-65. [PMID: 16719060 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783982025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been invaluable to our understanding of the human disease and in the advancement of novel therapies for its treatment. In this review, we attempt to give a brief overview of the animal models of PD currently used, with a more comprehensive focus on the advantages and disadvantages presented by their use in the nonhuman primate. In particular, discussion addresses the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydopyridine (MPTP), rotenone, paraquat, and maneb parkinsonian models. Additionally, the role of primate PD models in the development of novel therapies, such as trophic factor delivery, grafting, and deep brain stimulation, are described. Finally, the contribution of primate PD models to our understanding of the etiology and pathology of human PD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Soderstrom
- Department of Neurological Science, Research Center for Brain Repair, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Konieczny J, Czarnecka A, Lenda T, Kamińska K, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L. The significance of rotational behavior and sensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors in hemiparkinsonian rats: A comparative study of lactacystin and 6-OHDA. Neuroscience 2016; 340:308-318. [PMID: 27826109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome (UPS) system in the substantia nigra (SN) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of our study was to compare two unilateral rat models, one produced by intranigral administration of the UPS inhibitor lactacystin or the other induced by 6-OHDA, in terms of their effect on the amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, striatal dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptor sensitivity and tissue levels of DA and its metabolites. We found that these models did not differ in the intensity of ipsilateral rotations induced by amphetamine. In contrast, apomorphine produced contralateral rotations only in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, and, depending on the dose, it induced either no or moderate ipsilateral rotations in the lactacystin-lesioned group. In addition, lactacystin induced a strong reduction in the tissue DA level and its metabolites in the lesioned striatum and SN when measured three weeks after the administration which was aggravated six weeks post-lesion, reaching the level comparable to the 6-OHDA group. Binding of [3H]raclopride to D2 receptors was increased in the lesioned striatum in both investigated (PD) models six weeks after lesion. In turn, binding of [3H]SCH23390 to the striatal D1 receptors was not changed in the lactacystin group but was increased bilaterally in the 6-OHDA group. The present results add a new value to the study of DA receptor sensitivity and are discussed in the context of the validity of the lactacystin model as a suitable model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Konieczny
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland.
| | - Anna Czarnecka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lenda
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
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Wąsik A, Polak D, Romańska I, Michaluk J, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L. The impact of 1MeTIQ on the dopaminergic system function in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:1205-1213. [PMID: 27657483 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. As a model of PD we used 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) which exerts toxic effects on catecholaminergic neurons and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1MeTIQ) as neuroprotective compound. The aim of the present study, was to investigate the potential neuroprotective properties of 1MeTIQ against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxic effects in the rat. METHODS In the behavioral study, we measured locomotor activity and catalepsy. In the biochemical studies using HPLC methodology, we analyzed the concentration of dopamine and its metabolites in rat brain. RESULTS Behavioral tests showed that 6-OHDA decreased rat locomotor activity and produced an increase of catalepsy. These effects did not blocked by 1MeTIQ injections. Biochemical studies indicated that 6-OHDA lesion significantly reduced the concentration of dopamine and its metabolites in the nigro-striatal pathway in the lesioned (ipsilateral) side. Moreover, 6-OHDA induced an increase in the rate of dopamine oxidation. Both acute and chronic administration of 1MeTIQ did not reverse the effects of 6-OHDA lesion on the ipsilateral side, however, it produced a significant elevation of the dopamine concentration in the contralateral side. It is evident that multiple treatments with 1MeTIQ stimulate undamaged neurons to increased activity. CONCLUSION 1MeTIQ was shown to possess neuroprotective potential to the dopaminergic neurons damaged by 6-OHDA lesion. This compound has a protective effect but does not have neurorestorative capacity. It does not reverse damage already caused but will maintain the function and activity of undamaged dopamine neurons at physiological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wąsik
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna street 12, Poland.
| | - Dawid Polak
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Romańska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna street 12, Poland
| | - Jerzy Michaluk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna street 12, Poland
| | - Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna street 12, Poland
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Bayer Andersen K, Leander Johansen J, Hentzer M, Smith GP, Dietz GPH. Protection of Primary Dopaminergic Midbrain Neurons by GPR139 Agonists Supports Different Mechanisms of MPP(+) and Rotenone Toxicity. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:164. [PMID: 27445691 PMCID: PMC4923153 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptor 139 (GPR139) is expressed specifically in the brain in areas of relevance for motor control. GPR139 function and signal transduction pathways are elusive, and results in the literature are even contradictory. Here, we examined the potential neuroprotective effect of GPR139 agonism in primary culture models of dopaminergic (DA) neuronal degeneration. We find that in vitro GPR139 agonists protected primary mesencephalic DA neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-mediated degeneration. Protection was concentration-dependent and could be blocked by a GPR139 antagonist. However, the protection of DA neurons was not found against rotenone or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mediated degeneration. Our results support differential mechanisms of toxicity for those substances commonly used in Parkinson's disease (PD) models and potential for GPR139 agonists in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Morten Hentzer
- Department of Molecular Screening, H. Lundbeck A/S Valby, Denmark
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Denroche HC, Kwon MM, Glavas MM, Tudurí E, Philippe M, Quong WL, Kieffer TJ. The role of autonomic efferents and uncoupling protein 1 in the glucose-lowering effect of leptin therapy. Mol Metab 2016; 5:716-724. [PMID: 27656409 PMCID: PMC5021671 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Leptin reverses hyperglycemia in rodent models of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Direct application of leptin to the brain can lower blood glucose in diabetic rodents, and can activate autonomic efferents and non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). We investigated whether leptin reverses hyperglycemia through a mechanism that requires autonomic innervation, or uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-mediated thermogenesis. Methods To examine the role of parasympathetic and sympathetic efferents in the glucose-lowering action of leptin, mice with a subdiaphragmatic vagotomy or 6-hydroxydopamine induced chemical sympathectomy were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce hyperglycemia, and subsequently leptin treated. To test whether the glucose-lowering action of leptin requires activation of UCP1-mediated thermogenesis in BAT, we administered leptin in STZ-diabetic Ucp1 knockout (Ucp1−/−) mice and wildtype controls. Results Leptin ameliorated STZ-induced hyperglycemia in both intact and vagotomised mice. Similarly, mice with a partial chemical sympathectomy did not have an attenuated response to leptin-mediated glucose lowering relative to sham controls, and showed intact leptin-induced Ucp1 expression in BAT. Although leptin activated BAT thermogenesis in STZ-diabetic mice, the anti-diabetic effect of leptin was not blunted in Ucp1−/− mice. Conclusions These results suggest that leptin lowers blood glucose in insulin-deficient diabetes through a manner that does not require parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation, and thus imply that leptin lowers blood glucose through an alternative CNS-mediated mechanism or redundant target tissues. Furthermore, we conclude that the glucose lowering action of leptin is independent of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis. Leptin does not require vagal innervation to reverse hyperglycemia. Leptin therapy reverses hyperglycemia in mice with a partial chemical sympathectomy. Leptin reverses hyperglycemia independent of uncoupling protein 1.
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Key Words
- 6OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine
- ANS, autonomic nervous system
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- Brown adipose tissue
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- CNS, central nervous system
- Glucose
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Streptozotocin
- Sympathectomy
- T1D, type 1 diabetes
- TH, tyrosine hydroxylase
- Type 1 diabetes
- UCP1, uncoupling protein 1
- Vagotomy
- iBAT, interscapular BAT
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Denroche
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michelle M Kwon
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eva Tudurí
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marion Philippe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Whitney L Quong
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Konieczny J, Lenda T, Czarnecka A. Early increase in dopamine release in the ipsilateral striatum after unilateral intranigral administration of lactacystin produces spontaneous contralateral rotations in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 324:92-106. [PMID: 26964686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, UPS inhibitors, such as lactacystin have been used to investigate the relationship between UPS impairment and degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons. However, mostly long-term neurotoxic effects of lactacystin have been studied in animal models. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate behavioral and biochemical changes related to the DA system during the first week following unilateral intranigral injection of lactacystin to rats. We found that lactacystin produced early spontaneous contralateral rotations which were inhibited by combined administration of DA D1 and D2 receptor antagonists. Simultaneously, an increase in the extracellular level of DA and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanilic acid (HVA) was found in the ipsilateral striatum. In contrast, one week after lesion, when turning behavior was no longer visible, a decrease in the extracellular level of DA, DOPAC and HVA was demonstrated. It was accompanied by a substantial reduction in the tissue levels of DA and its metabolites in the lesioned substantia nigra and striatum. We concluded that unilateral intranigral administration of lactacystin produces an early increase in DA neurotransmission which precedes a decrease in the striatal and nigral tissue DA content. It is manifested by the appearance of spontaneous contralateral rotations and an elevation of the extracellular DA level in the ipsilateral striatum. Since similar behavior was previously observed after intranigral administration of rotenone and MPP(+) but not 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), it may indicate a common mechanism of action shared by these neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Konieczny
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - T Lenda
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Czarnecka
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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Bil M, Huybrechts R. PHARMACOLOGICAL REGULATION OF DIGESTION IN THE ANAUTOGENOUS FLESH FLY, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, BY SIMPLE INJECTION OF 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91:137-151. [PMID: 26728276 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Female anautogenous Sarcophaga flesh flies need a protein meal to start large-scale yolk polypeptides (YPs) production and oocyte maturation. Protein meal rapidly elicits a brain-dependent increase in midgut proteolytic activity. Trypsin and chymotrypsin together represent over 80% of protease activity in liver-fed flies. Abdominal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) dose-dependently prohibits this increase in proteolytic activity at translational level in a similar way as post liver feeding decapitation. Delayed injection of 6-OHDA later than 6 h post liver meal has no effect. In flesh flies, chemical decapitation by 6-OHDA, by interrupting the brain-gut dopaminergic signaling, can be used as tool for the controlled inhibition of midgut proteolytic activity and subsequent ovarial development. Inhibition of ovarial development is probably indirect due to a deficit in circulating amino acids needed for YPs synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bil
- Research group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Research group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Intraventricular administration of endoneuraminidase-N facilitates ectopic migration of subventricular zone-derived neural progenitor cells into 6-OHDA lesioned striatum of mice. Exp Neurol 2015; 277:139-149. [PMID: 26724216 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA), a carbohydrate polymer associated with the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), plays an important role in the migration, differentiation and maturation of neuroblasts. Endoneuraminidase-N (Endo-N) can specifically cleave PSA from NCAM. The objective of the present study was to examine: the effect of Endo-N on characteristics of subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in vitro; whether intraventricular administration of Endo-N could increase ectopic migration of SVZ-derived NPCs into 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned striatum, and whether migrated NPCs could differentiate into neuronal and glial cells. In in vitro study, Endo-N was found to inhibit the migration of NPCs, and to enhance the differentiation of NPCs. In in vivo study, mice sequentially received injections of 6-OHDA into the right striatum, Endo-N into the right lateral ventricle, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally. The data showed that intraventricular injections of Endo-N disorganized the normal structure of the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and drastically increased the number of BrdU-immunoreactive (IR) cells in 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum. In addition, a number of BrdU-IR cells were double labeled for doublecortin (DCX), NeuN or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The results suggest that interruption of neuroblast chain pathway with Endo-N facilitates ectopic migration of SVZ-derived NPCs into the lesioned striatum, and migrated NPCs can differentiate into neurons and astrocytes.
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Gubellini P, Kachidian P. Animal models of Parkinson's disease: An updated overview. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:750-61. [PMID: 26343921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose etiology, besides a minority of genetic cases, is still largely unknown. Animal models have contributed to elucidate PD etiology and pathogenesis, as well as its cellular and molecular mechanisms, leading to the general hypothesis that this neurological disorder is due to complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. However, the full understanding of PD is still very far from being achieved, and new potential treatments need to be tested to further improve patients' quality of life and, possibly, slow down the neurodegenerative process. In this context, animal models of PD are required to address all these issues. "Classic" models are based on neurotoxins that selectively target catecholaminergic neurons (such as 6-hydroxydopamine, 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine, agricultural pesticides, etc.), while more recent models employ genetic manipulations that either introduce mutations similar to those find in familial cases of PD (α-synuclein, DJ-1, PINK1, Parkin, etc.) or selectively disrupt nigrostriatal neurons (MitoPark, Pitx3, Nurr1, etc.). Each one of these models has its own advantages and limitations, thus some are better suited for studying PD pathogenesis, while others are more pertinent to test therapeutic treatments. Here, we provide a critical and updated review of the most used PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gubellini
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM) UMR7288, case 907, parc scientifique de Luminy, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - P Kachidian
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM) UMR7288, case 907, parc scientifique de Luminy, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Kuo HC, Chang HC, Lan WC, Tsai FH, Liao JC, Wu CR. Protective effects of Drynaria fortunei against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative damage in B35 cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Food Funct 2015; 5:1956-65. [PMID: 24971874 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the antioxidant and protective properties of the aqueous extract of two commercial Polydiaceae plants - Drynaria fortunei (DF) and Pseudodrynaria coronans (PC) against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced oxidative damage in B35 neuroblastoma cells. The contents of their phytochemical profiles were determined by spectrophotometric methods and high performance liquid chromatography using a photodiode array detector. DF extract showed better effects than PC extract in scavenging ROS and inhibiting 6-OHDA autoxidation. Following exposure to 6-OHDA, B35 cells showed a marked decrease in cell survival and the activation of intracellular antioxidant enzymes and the PI3K/AKT pathway, and then an increased level of lipid peroxidation. Pretreatment with DF extract blocked these 6-OHDA-induced cellular events. Naringin and epicatechin are major components of DF extract. These results show that DF extract exerts protective effects against 6-OHDA toxicity via radical scavenging activity and an increase in the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway to elevate the levels of intracellular antioxidant enzymes including HO-1, NQO-1 and glutathione-related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Kuo
- The Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Konieczny J, Czarnecka A, Kamińska K, Lenda T, Nowak P. Decreased behavioral response to intranigrally administered GABAA agonist muscimol in the lactacystin model of Parkinson's disease may result from partial lesion of nigral non-dopamine neurons: comparison to the classical neurotoxin 6-OHDA. Behav Brain Res 2015; 283:203-14. [PMID: 25655509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lactacystin is a selective UPS inhibitor recently used to destroy dopamine (DA) neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, both in vitro and in vivo studies show discrepancies in terms of the sensitivity of non-DA neurons to its toxicity. Therefore, our study was aimed to examine the toxic effect of intranigral administration of lactacystin on DA and non-DA neurons in the rat substantia nigra (SN), compared to the classic neurotoxin 6-OHDA. Tissue DA levels in the striatum and SN and GABA levels in the SN were also examined. Moreover, behavioral response of nigral GABAA receptors to locally administered muscimol was evaluated in these two PD models. We found that both lactacystin and 6-OHDA induced a strong decrease in DA level in the lesioned striatum and SN but only lactacystin slightly reduced GABA levels in the SN. A stereological analysis showed that both neurotoxins highly decreased the number of DA neurons in the SN, while only lactacystin moderately reduced the number of non-DA ones. Finally, in the lactacystin group, the number of contralateral rotations after intranigrally administrated muscimol was decreased in contrast to the increased response in the 6-OHDA model. Our study proves that, although lactacystin is not a fully selective to DA neurons, these neurons are much more vulnerable to its toxicity. Partial lesion of nigral non-DA neurons in this model may explain the decreased behavioral response to the GABAA agonist muscimol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Konieczny
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Czarnecka
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lenda
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław Nowak
- Department of Toxicology and Occupational Health Protection, Medical University of Silesia, 18 Medyków Street, 40-752 Katowice Ligota, Poland
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González-Hunt CP, Leung MCK, Bodhicharla RK, McKeever MG, Arrant AE, Margillo KM, Ryde IT, Cyr DD, Kosmaczewski SG, Hammarlund M, Meyer JN. Exposure to mitochondrial genotoxins and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114459. [PMID: 25486066 PMCID: PMC4259338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration has been correlated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and exposure to environmental toxins, but causation is unclear. We investigated the ability of several known environmental genotoxins and neurotoxins to cause mtDNA damage, mtDNA depletion, and neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that paraquat, cadmium chloride and aflatoxin B1 caused more mitochondrial than nuclear DNA damage, and paraquat and aflatoxin B1 also caused dopaminergic neurodegeneration. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) caused similar levels of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage. To further test whether the neurodegeneration could be attributed to the observed mtDNA damage, C. elegans were exposed to repeated low-dose ultraviolet C radiation (UVC) that resulted in persistent mtDNA damage; this exposure also resulted in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Damage to GABAergic neurons and pharyngeal muscle cells was not detected. We also found that fasting at the first larval stage was protective in dopaminergic neurons against 6-OHDA-induced neurodegeneration. Finally, we found that dopaminergic neurons in C. elegans are capable of regeneration after laser surgery. Our findings are consistent with a causal role for mitochondrial DNA damage in neurodegeneration, but also support non mtDNA-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P. González-Hunt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maxwell C. K. Leung
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rakesh K. Bodhicharla
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Madeline G. McKeever
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew E. Arrant
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Margillo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ian T. Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derek D. Cyr
- Center for Applied Genomics and Technology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara G. Kosmaczewski
- Department of Genetics, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Genetics, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: mailto:
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Virel A, Faergemann E, Orädd G, Strömberg I. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study striatal iron accumulation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112941. [PMID: 25398088 PMCID: PMC4232582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of iron is observed in neurodegenerative disorders. In Parkinson's disease, an excess of iron has been demonstrated in different structures of the basal ganglia and is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Using the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of Parkinson's disease, the edematous effect of 6-OHDA and its relation with striatal iron accumulation was examined utilizing in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results revealed that in comparison with control animals, injection of 6-OHDA into the rat striatum provoked an edematous process, visible in T2-weighted images that was accompanied by an accumulation of iron clearly detectable in T2*-weighted images. Furthermore, Prussian blue staining to detect iron in sectioned brains confirmed the existence of accumulated iron in the areas of T2* hypointensities. The presence of ED1-positive microglia in the lesioned striatum overlapped with this accumulation of iron, indicating areas of toxicity and loss of dopamine nerve fibers. Correlation analyses demonstrated a direct relation between the hyperintensities caused by the edema and the hypointensities caused by the accumulation of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Virel
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Faergemann
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Greger Orädd
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Strömberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Puerarin protects dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease models. Neuroscience 2014; 280:88-98. [PMID: 25218963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been acknowledged that oxidative stress, resulting in the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons, is a key mechanism in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Puerarin, extracted from the root of pueraria lobata, has been clinically used for ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases as an oxygen free radical scavenger. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of puerarin on dopaminergic cell degeneration in vitro and in vivo and its possible underlying mechanisms. In SH-SY5Y cells, the reduction of cell viability, apoptosis rate and average DCFH-DA fluorescence intensity of puerarin-treated (0, 10, 50, 100 and 150 μM) cells were significantly lower than control group. In rotenone-based rodent models, puerarin treatment for 7 days ameliorated apomorphine-induced rotations significantly in Pue-50 and Pue-100 group by 45.65% and 53.06% in the first week, by 44.60% and 48.45% in the second week. Moreover, compared to control group, puerarin increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the substantia nigra by 85.52% and 84.26% in Pue-50 group and Pue-100 group, and upregulated the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) by 41.24% in Pue-50 group and 35.20% in Pue-100 group, and decreased ubiquitin expression by 47.55% in Pue-50 group and 69.15% in Pue-100 group. These data indicated that puerarin alleviated the oxidative stress and apoptosis in a PD cellular model, protected the dopaminergic neurons against rotenone toxicity and decreased the abnormal protein overexpressing in PD animal models. These findings suggest that puerarin may develop into a neuroprotective alternative for patients with PD.
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Niedermair T, Kuhn V, Doranehgard F, Stange R, Wieskötter B, Beckmann J, Salmen P, Springorum HR, Straub RH, Zimmer A, Grifka J, Grässel S. Absence of substance P and the sympathetic nervous system impact on bone structure and chondrocyte differentiation in an adult model of endochondral ossification. Matrix Biol 2014; 38:22-35. [PMID: 25063231 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers (SNF) innervate bone and epiphyseal growth plate. The role of neuronal signals for proper endochondral ossification during skeletal growth is mostly unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of the absence of sensory neurotransmitter substance P (SP) and the removal of SNF on callus differentiation, a model for endochondral ossification in adult animals, and on bone formation. METHODS In order to generate callus, tibia fractures were set in the left hind leg of wild type (WT), tachykinin 1-deficient (Tac1-/-) mice (no SP) and animals without SNF. Locomotion was tested in healthy animals and touch sensibility was determined early after fracture. Callus tissue was prepared for immunofluorescence staining for SP, neurokinin1-receptor (NK1R), tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) and adrenergic receptors α1, α2 and β2. At the fracture site, osteoclasts were stained for TRAP, osteoblasts were stained for RUNX2, and histomorphometric analysis of callus tissue composition was performed. Primary murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMM), osteoclasts, and osteoblasts were tested for differentiation, activity, proliferation and apoptosis in vitro. Femoral fractures were set in the left hind leg of all the three groups for mechanical testing and μCT-analysis. RESULTS Callus cells stained positive for SP, NK1R, α1d- and α2b adrenoceptors and remained β2-adrenoceptor and TH-negative. Absence of SP and SNF did not change the general locomotion but reduces touch sensitivity after fracture. In mice without SNF, we detected more mesenchymal callus tissue and less cartilaginous tissue 5 days after fracture. At day 13 past fracture, we observed a decrease of the area covered by hypertrophic chondrocytes in Tac1-/- mice and mice without SNF, a lower number of osteoblasts in Tac1-/- mice and an increase of osteoclasts in mineralized callus tissue in mice without SNF. Apoptosis rate and activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts isolated from Tac1-/- and sympathectomized mice were partly altered in vitro. Mechanical testing of fractured- and contralateral legs 21 days after fracture, revealed an overall reduced mechanical bone quality in Tac1-/- mice and mice without SNF. μCT-analysis revealed clear structural alteration in contralateral and fractured legs proximal of the fracture site with respect to trabecular parameters, bone mass and connectivity density. Notably, structural parameters are altered in fractured legs when related to unfractured legs in WT but not in mice without SP and SNF. CONCLUSION The absence of SP and SNF reduces pain sensitivity and mechanical stability of the bone in general. The micro-architecture of the bone is profoundly impaired in the absence of intact SNF with a less drastic effect in SP-deficient mice. Both sympathetic and sensory neurotransmitters are indispensable for proper callus differentiation. Importantly, the absence of SP reduces bone formation rate whereas the absence of SNF induces bone resorption rate. Notably, fracture chondrocytes produce SP and its receptor NK1 and are positive for α-adrenoceptors indicating an endogenous callus signaling loop. We propose that sensory and sympathetic neurotransmitters have crucial trophic effects which are essential for proper bone formation in addition to their classical neurological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Niedermair
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Experimental Orthopaedics, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker Kuhn
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fatemeh Doranehgard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Experimental Orthopaedics, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Richard Stange
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Britta Wieskötter
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Salmen
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute for Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim Grifka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Grässel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Experimental Orthopaedics, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Regensburg, Germany.
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Modeling dyskinesia in animal models of Parkinson disease. Exp Neurol 2014; 256:105-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Stott SRW, Barker RA. Time course of dopamine neuron loss and glial response in the 6-OHDA striatal mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1042-1056. [PMID: 24372914 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) neurotoxic lesion of the midbrain dopamine (DA) system is one of the most widely used techniques for modelling Parkinson's disease in rodents. The majority of studies using this approach, however, largely limit their analysis to lesioning acutely, and looking at behavioural deficits and the number of surviving tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-stained cells in the midbrain. Here we have analysed additional characteristics that occur following intrastriatal delivery of 6-OHDA, providing better understanding of the neurodegenerative process. Female C57/Black mice were given lesions at 10 weeks old, and killed at several different time points postoperatively (3 and 6 h, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days). While the detrimental effect of the toxin on the TH+ fibres in the striatum was immediate, we found that the loss of TH+ dendritic fibres, reduction in cell size and intensity of TH expression, and eventual reduction in the number of TH+ neurons in the substantia nigra was delayed for several days post-surgery. We also investigated the expression of various transcription factors and proteins expressed by midbrain DA neurons following lesioning, and observed changes in the expression of Aldh1a1 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1) as the neurodegenerative process evolved. Extracellularly, we looked at microglia and astrocytes in reaction to the 6-OHDA striatal lesion, and found a delay in their response and proliferation in the substantia nigra. In summary, this work highlights aspects of the neurodegenerative process in the 6-OHDA mouse model that can be applied to future studies looking at therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R W Stott
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
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Konieczny J, Czarnecka A, Lenda T, Kamińska K, Lorenc-Koci E. Chronic L-DOPA treatment attenuates behavioral and biochemical deficits induced by unilateral lactacystin administration into the rat substantia nigra. Behav Brain Res 2013; 261:79-88. [PMID: 24361083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine whether the dopamine (DA) precursor l-DOPA attenuates parkinsonian-like symptoms produced by the ubiquitin-proteasome system inhibitor lactacystin. Wistar rats were injected unilaterally with lactacystin (2.5 μg/2 μl) or 6-OHDA (8 μg/2 μl) into the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta. Four weeks after the lesion, the animals were treated chronically with l-DOPA (25 or 50 mg/kg) for two weeks. During l-DOPA treatment, the lactacystin-treated rats were tested for catalepsy and forelimb asymmetry. Rotational behavior was evaluated after apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg) and l-DOPA in both PD models. After completion of experiments, the animals were killed and the levels of DA and its metabolites in the striatum and SN were assayed. We found that acute l-DOPA administration effectively decreased catalepsy and increased the use of the compromised forelimb in the cylinder test. However, the lactacystin group did not respond to apomorphine or acute l-DOPA administration in the rotational test. Repeated l-DOPA treatment produced contralateral rotations in both PD models, but the number of rotations was much greater in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Both toxins markedly (>90%) reduced the levels of DA and its metabolites in the striatum and SN, while l-DOPA diminished these decreases, especially in the SN. By demonstrating the efficacy of l-DOPA in several behavioral tests, our study confirms the usefulness of the lactacystin lesion as a model of PD. However, marked differences in the rotational response to apomorphine and l-DOPA suggest different mechanisms of neurodegeneration evoked by lactacystin and 6-OHDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Konieczny
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Czarnecka
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lenda
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12 Street, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Neuroprotective effect of pseudoginsenoside-f11 on a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:152798. [PMID: 24386001 PMCID: PMC3872412 DOI: 10.1155/2013/152798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoginsenoside-F11 (PF11), a component of Panax quinquefolism (American ginseng), plays a lot of beneficial effects on disorders of central nervous system. In this paper, the neuroprotective effect of PF11 on Parkinson's disease (PD) and the possible mechanism were investigated in a rat PD model. PF11 was orally administered at 3, 6, and 12 mg/kg once daily for a period of 2 weeks before and 1 week after the unilateral lesion of left medial forebrain bundle (MFB) induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The results showed that PF11 markedly improved the locomotor, motor balance, coordination, and apomorphine-induced rotations in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in substantia nigra (SN) and the content of extracellular dopamine (DA) in striatum were also significantly increased after PF11 treatment. Moreover, significant reduction in the levels of striatal extracellular hydroxyl radical (∙OH), detected as 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid (2,3- and 2,5-DHBA), and increase in the level of striatal extracellular ascorbic acid (AA) were observed in the PF11-treated groups compared with 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Taken together, we propose that PF11 has potent anti-Parkinson property possibly through inhibiting free radical formation and stimulating endogenous antioxidant release.
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Meesarapee B, Thampithak A, Jaisin Y, Sanvarinda P, Suksamrarn A, Tuchinda P, Morales NP, Sanvarinda Y. Curcumin I mediates neuroprotective effect through attenuation of quinoprotein formation, p-p38 MAPK expression, and caspase-3 activation in 6-hydroxydopamine treated SH-SY5Y cells. Phytother Res 2013; 28:611-6. [PMID: 23857913 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) selectively enters dopaminergic neurons and undergoes auto-oxidation resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species and dopamine quinones, subsequently leading to apoptosis. This mechanism mimics the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and has been used to induce experimental Parkinsonism in both in vitro and in vivo systems. In this study, we investigated the effects of curcumin I (diferuloylmethane) purified from Curcuma longa on quinoprotein production, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (p-p38), and caspase-3 activation in 6-OHDA-treated SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cells. Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y with curcumin I at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, and 20 μM, significantly decreased the formation of quinoprotein and reduced the levels of p-p38 and cleaved caspase-3 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the levels of the dopaminergic neuron marker, phospho-tyrosine hydroxylase (p-TH), were also dose-dependently increased upon treatment with curcumin I. Our results clearly demonstrated that curcumin I protects neurons against oxidative damage, as shown by attenuation of p-p38 expression, caspase-3-activation, and toxic quinoprotein formation, together with the restoration of p-TH levels. This study provides evidence for the therapeutic potential of curcumin I in the chemoprevention of oxidative stress-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjawan Meesarapee
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Breger LS, Lane EL. L-DOPA and graft-induced dyskinesia: different treatment, same story? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:725-32. [PMID: 23828589 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213488478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the well-recognized problems of long-term L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) therapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is the development of L-DOPA induced dyskinesia. These abnormal movements cause significant disability and narrow the therapeutic window of L-DOPA. Cell transplantation is one of the most promising upcoming therapies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and may help alleviate or avoid L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. However, the more recently acknowledged phenomenon of graft-induced dyskinesia is posing a major obstacle to the success of this treatment. This motor side-effect closely resembles abnormal movements induced by chronic L-DOPA treatment, yet they remain after withdrawal of the medication indicating their origins lie in the transplant. In this review, we compare these two therapy-induced adverse effects, from the way they manifest in patients to the possible mechanisms underlying their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine S Breger
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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Rodríguez S, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Immunohistochemical changes of nigrostriatal tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter in the golden hamster after a single intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:463-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Manivasagan P, Venkatesan J, Sivakumar K, Kim SK. Actinobacterial melanins: current status and perspective for the future. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:1737-50. [PMID: 23595596 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are enigmatic pigments that are produced by a wide variety of microorganisms including several species of bacteria and fungi. Melanins are biological macromolecules with multiple important functions, yet their structures are not well understood. Melanins are frequently used in medicine, pharmacology, and cosmetics preparations. Melanins also have great application potential in agriculture industry. They have several biological functions including photoprotection, thermoregulation, action as free radical sinks, cation chelators, and antibiotics. Plants and insects incorporate melanins as cell wall and cuticle strengtheners, respectively. Actinobacteria are the most economically as well as biotechnologically valuable prokaryotes. However, the melanin properties are, in general, poorly understood. In this review an evaluation is made on the present state of research on actinobacterial melanins and its perspectives. The highlights include the production and biotechnological applications of melanins in agriculture, food, cosmetic and medicinal fields. With increasing advancement in science and technology, there would be greater demands in the future for melanins produced by actinobacteria from various sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchanathan Manivasagan
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea,
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Rampersaud N, Harkavyi A, Giordano G, Lever R, Whitton J, Whitton P. Exendin-4 reverts behavioural and neurochemical dysfunction in a pre-motor rodent model of Parkinson's disease with noradrenergic deficit. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1467-79. [PMID: 22774922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive dopaminergic cell loss; however, the noradrenergic system exhibits degeneration as well. Noradrenergic deficit in PD may be responsible for certain non-motor symptoms of the pathology, including psychiatric disorders and cognitive decline. The aim of this study was to generate a pre-motor rodent model of PD with noradrenergic denervation, and to assess whether treatment with exendin-4 (EX-4), a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, could reverse impairment exhibited by our model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We generated a model of PD utilizing N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine and 6-hydroxydopamine to create partial lesions of both the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems respectively. We then assessed the validity of our model using an array of behavioural paradigms and biochemical techniques. Finally, we administered EX-4 over a 1 week period to determine therapeutic efficacy. KEY RESULTS Our model exhibits anhedonia and decreased object recognition as indicated by a decrease in sucrose preference, increased immobility in the forced swim test and reduced novel object exploration. Tissue and extracellular dopamine and noradrenaline were reduced in the frontal cortex and striatum. TH+ cell counts decreased in the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. Treatment with EX-4 reversed behavioural impairment and restored extracellular/tissue levels of both dopamine and noradrenaline and TH+ cell counts. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We conclude that early treatment with EX-4 may reverse certain neuropsychiatric dysfunction and restore dopamine and noradrenaline content.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rampersaud
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Life Sciences, The School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK.
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Lui NP, Chen LW, Yung WH, Chan YS, Yung KKL. Endogenous repair by the activation of cell survival signalling cascades during the early stages of rat Parkinsonism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51294. [PMID: 23251488 PMCID: PMC3520983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a previously unknown self repair mechanism during extremely early stages of rat Parkinsonism. Two important cell survival signaling cascades, Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases (PI3K)/Akt pathway and extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway, could be responsible for this potential endogenous rescue system. In the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat, the phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK and its downstream target, the phosphorylated Bad at Ser 112, were up-regulated at post-lesion day 3 and lasted for a couple of weeks. Although the change in the phosphorylated Akt kinase was negligible throughout the studied period, its downstream target, the phosphorylated Bad at 136, was increased from post-lesion day 3 to post-lesion day 14. In the mean time, nestin-positive reactive astrocytes with low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) appeared at post-lesion day 3 in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat. BDNF was expressed in both striatum and substantia nigra whereas GDNF was displayed in striatum only. At post-lesion day 14, nestin, BDNF and GDNF expressions were diminished. These neurotrophic factors were believed to initiate the above anti-apoptotic signal transduction cascades as we could see that their expression patterns were similar. The data strongly suggest that there is an endogenous repair effort by evoking the cell survival signaling and possibly via the releases of BDNF and GDNF from nestin-immunoreactive reactive astrocytes. ERK/MAPK pathway was proposed to be the key endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms, particularly in early stages of rat Parkinsonism. However, the self repair effort is only functional within an extremely short time window immediately after onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga-Ping Lui
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Liang-Wei Chen
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Forth Military Medical University, Xian, PR China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- Department of Physiology and Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ken Kin-Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
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Koppula S, Kumar H, More SV, Lim HW, Hong SM, Choi DK. Recent updates in redox regulation and free radical scavenging effects by herbal products in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Molecules 2012; 17:11391-420. [PMID: 23014498 PMCID: PMC6268813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial disease marked by extensive neuropathology in the brain with selective yet prominent and progressive loss of mid-brain dopaminergic neurons. The etiological factors involved in the development of PD are still elusive, but oxidative stress arising when reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceed amounts required for normal redox signaling is considered one of the major factors. ROS cause oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA and are one of the most prominent factors related to neurodegeneration. Pre-clinical and clinical studies clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, regulation of redox signaling and inhibiting excess ROS would contribute greatly not only to extend longevity but also to ameliorate the progression of dopaminergic cell death seen in patients with PD. Several herbal products are beneficial for maintaining nerve cell function and for treating various neurodegenerative disorders by reducing oxidative stress. Here, we summarize the recent knowledge concerning promising herbs that have shown significant beneficial effects based on regulation of redox status and ROS inhibition in toxin-induced PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Koppula
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (S.K.); (D.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-43-840-3610 (D.-K.C.); Fax: +82-43-840-3872 (D.-K.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (S.K.); (D.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-43-840-3610 (D.-K.C.); Fax: +82-43-840-3872 (D.-K.C.)
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Matsui H, Gavinio R, Takahashi R. Medaka fish Parkinson's disease model. Exp Neurobiol 2012; 21:94-100. [PMID: 23055787 PMCID: PMC3454811 DOI: 10.5607/en.2012.21.3.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The teleost fish has been widely used in creating neurodegenerative models. Here we describe the teleost medaka fish Parkinson's disease (PD) models we developed using toxin treatment and genetic engineering. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), proteasome inhibitors, lysosome inhibitors and tunicamycin treatment in our model fish replicated some salient features of PD: selective dopamine cell loss and reduced spontaneous movement with the last three toxins producing inclusion bodies ubiquitously in the brain. Despite the ubiquitous distribution of the inclusion bodies, the middle diencephalic dopaminergic neurons were particularly vulnerable to these toxins, supporting the idea that this dopamine cluster is similar to the human substantia nigra. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) homozygous mutants also showed reduced spontaneous swimming movements. These data indicate that medaka fish can serve as a new model animal of PD. In this review we summarize our previous data and discuss future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Matsui
- Department of Cell Physiology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Brauschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Roberto Gavinio
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Shobana C, Ramesh Kumar R, Sumathi T. Alcoholic Extract of Bacopa monniera Linn. Protects Against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Changes in Behavioral and Biochemical Aspects: A Pilot Study. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1099-112. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Classic and new animal models of Parkinson's disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:845618. [PMID: 22536024 PMCID: PMC3321500 DOI: 10.1155/2012/845618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders can be modeled in animals so as to recreate specific pathogenic events and behavioral outcomes. Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease of an aging population, and although there have been several significant findings about the PD disease process, much of this process still remains a mystery. Breakthroughs in the last two decades using animal models have offered insights into the understanding of the PD disease process, its etiology, pathology, and molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, while cellular models have helped to identify specific events, animal models, both toxic and genetic, have replicated almost all of the hallmarks of PD and are useful for testing new neuroprotective or neurorestorative strategies. Moreover, significant advances in the modeling of additional PD features have come to light in both classic and newer models. In this review, we try to provide an updated summary of the main characteristics of these models as well as the strengths and weaknesses of what we believe to be the most popular PD animal models. These models include those produced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine (MPTP), rotenone, and paraquat, as well as several genetic models like those related to alpha-synuclein, PINK1, Parkin and LRRK2 alterations.
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Synchrotron FTIR Microspectroscopy Study of the Striatum in 6-Hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/176937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, synchrotron-based Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy is used to analyze the biochemical composition of the striatal neurons in normal and Parkinson's disease (PD) rat brain tissues. The rat model of Parkinson's disease is established by destroying the nigrostriatal pathway with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The detailed spectral analyses show the significant changes of cellular compositions such as lipids, and proteins in the striatal neurons of 6-OHDA-lesioned PD rats with respect to control neurons. As a result, the intensities of spectral absorption assigned to lipid of the striatal neurons in PD rats are higher than in control animals. Furthermore, the unsaturation levels of phospholipids decrease in PD neurons with respect to control neurons, indicating a high level of lipid peroxidation. The analysis of protein secondary structure shows the significantly higher ratio ofβ-sheet in PD neurons compared to that of control neurons, suggesting that the abnormal protein structure occurs before their morphological appearances in the striatal neurons. These findings suggest that the biochemical changes in neurons could be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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