1
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Khan S, Hussain R, Khan Y, Iqbal T, Ullah F, Felemban S, Khowdiary MM. Facile benzothiazole-triazole based thiazole derivatives as novel thymidine phosphorylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors: Experimental and computational approaches. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 179:110470. [PMID: 38917733 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The present study reports the new thiazole (A-L) derivatives based on benzothiazole fused triazole which were synthesized and assessed against thymidine phosphorylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Several compounds with the same basic structure but different substituents were found to have high activity against the targeted enzymes, while others with the same basic skeleton but different substituents were found to have medium to low activity among the members of tested series. These analogs showed a varied range of inhibition in both case thymidine phosphorylase and alpha glucosidase, A (IC50 = 7.20 ± 0.30 µM and IC50 = 1.30 ± 0.70 µM), B (IC50 = 8.80 ± 0.10 µM and IC50 = 2.10 ± 0.30 µM), C (IC50 = 8.90 ± 0.40 µM and IC50 = 3.20 ± 0.20 µM) and thiazole containing analogs such as G (IC50 = 11.10 ± 0.20 µM and IC50 = 7.80 ± 0.20 µM) and H (IC50 = 12.30 ± 0.30 µM and IC50 = 6.30 ± 0.20 µM). When compared with standard drugs 7-Deazaxanthine, 7DX (IC50 = 10.60 ± 0.50 µM) and acarbose (IC50 = 4.30 ± 0.30 µM) respectively. These analogs were also subjected to molecular docking studies which indicated the binding interaction of molecules with active sites of the enzyme and strengthen the drug profile of these compounds. ADMET studies also predict the drug-like properties of these compounds, with no violations of drug likeness rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan.
| | - Rafaqat Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan.
| | - Yousaf Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad campus, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Tayyiaba Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Shifa Felemban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, University College-Al Leith, University of Umm Al-Qura, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Khowdiary
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, University College-Al Leith, University of Umm Al-Qura, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Gaware S, Kori S, Serrano JL, Dandela R, Hilton S, Sanghvi YS, Kapdi AR. Rapid plugged flow synthesis of nucleoside analogues via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and heck Alkenylation of 5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (or cytidine). J Flow Chem 2023; 13:1-18. [PMID: 37359287 PMCID: PMC10019434 DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides modification via conventional cross-coupling has been performed using different catalytic systems and found to take place via long reaction times. However, since the pandemic, nucleoside-based antivirals and vaccines have received widespread attention and the requirement for rapid modification and synthesis of these moieties has become a major objective for researchers. To address this challenge, we describe the development of a rapid flow-based cross-coupling synthesis protocol for a variety of C5-pyrimidine substituted nucleosides. The protocol allows for facile access to multiple nucleoside analogues in very good yields in a few minutes compared to conventional batch chemistry. To highlight the utility of our approach, the synthesis of an anti-HSV drug, BVDU was also achieved in an efficient manner using our new protocol. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41981-023-00265-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeet Gaware
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Santosh Kori
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Mumbai, Matunga 400019 India
| | - Jose Luis Serrano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental. Área de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena member of European University of Technology, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Indian Oil Odisha, Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Mouza Samantpuri, Odisha-751013, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Stephen Hilton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Yogesh S. Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802, Crystal Ridge, California, Encinitas CA92024-6615 USA
| | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh road, Mumbai, Matunga 400019 India
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3
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Malwe AS, Srivastava GN, Sharma VK. GutBug: A Tool for Prediction of Human Gut Bacteria Mediated Biotransformation of Biotic and Xenobiotic Molecules Using Machine Learning. J Mol Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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4
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Warfield BM, Reigan P. Multifunctional role of thymidine phosphorylase in cancer. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:482-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Timofeev VI, Zhukhlistova NE, Kuranova IP. Molecular Dynamics Study of Escherichia coli Thymidine Phosphorylase in a Complex with 3'-Azidothymidine Inhibitor and Phosphate. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021060248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract—
Using a molecular dynamics method, the state of the dimeric thymidine phosphorylase molecule from Escherichia coli in a complex with noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor 3'-azidothymidine and phosphate ion was studied on a trajectory of 50 ns. Previously obtained atomic coordinates of a complex of thymidine phosphorylase with azidothymidine and sulfate at a resolution of 1.52 Å were used as a starting model. It was demonstrated that both subunits of a dimeric enzyme molecule function asynchronously in a given time interval; moreover, each subunit maintains an open conformation. It was found that the nature of ligand at the nucleoside center affects the binding strength of phosphate in the phosphate center. In a complex with an inhibitor, both ligands over the entire time interval remain bound to the enzyme, while the release of phosphate from the active center is observed when simulating the behavior of thymidine phosphorylase in the presence of phosphate and thymidine substrate. The stabilizing effect of azidothymidine on phosphate binding is consistent with the behavior of azidothymidine as a noncompetitive inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylase.
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6
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Abstract
The current focus for many researchers has turned to the development of therapeutics that have the potential for serving as broad-spectrum inhibitors that can target numerous viruses, both within a particular family, as well as to span across multiple viral families. This will allow us to build an arsenal of therapeutics that could be used for the next outbreak. In that regard, nucleosides have served as the cornerstone for antiviral therapy for many decades. As detailed herein, many nucleosides have been shown to inhibit multiple viruses due to the conserved nature of many viral enzyme binding sites. Thus, it is somewhat surprising that up until very recently, many researchers focused more on "one bug one drug," rather than trying to target multiple viruses given those similarities. This attitude is now changing due to the realization that we need to be proactive rather than reactive when it comes to combating emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. A brief summary of prominent nucleoside analogues that previously exhibited broad-spectrum activity and are now under renewed interest, as well as new analogues, that are currently under investigation against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses is discussed herein.
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7
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Łukasik B, Mikina M, Mikołajczyk M, Pawłowska R, Żurawiński R. A novel route to a chiral building block for the preparation of cyclopentenyl carbocyclic nucleosides. Synthesis and anticancer activity of enantiomeric neplanocins A. RSC Adv 2020; 10:31838-31847. [PMID: 35518147 PMCID: PMC9056547 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of both enantiomers of 3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]methyl-4,5-O-isopropylidenecyclopent-2-en-1-ol was accomplished in six steps based on optically inactive dimethyl meso-tartrate. This key intermediate in the synthesis of cyclopentenyl carbocyclic nucleosides was subsequently applied in the preparation of enantiomeric neplanocins A. The toxic effect of these compounds was investigated for a series of suspension and adherent cancer cell lines and normal human fibroblasts. (−)-Neplanocin A ((−)-NPA) was more toxic against all tested cancer cell lines than its dextrorotary counterpart. The highest toxicity with IC50 values of 7 and 10 μM was observed for the MOLT-4 and A431 cells, respectively. Moreover, (−)-NPA also induced apoptosis in A431 cell while this effect was not observed for (+)-NPA. A novel route to both enantiomers of a cyclopentene building block was developed and applied to the synthesis of enantiomeric neplanocins A.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Łukasik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland +48-426803260
| | - Maciej Mikina
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland +48-426803260
| | - Marian Mikołajczyk
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland +48-426803260
| | - Róża Pawłowska
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland
| | - Remigiusz Żurawiński
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland +48-426803260
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8
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Dorababu A. Evolution of uracil based thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors, SAR and electronic correlation: revisit. Drug Dev Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorababu
- Department of Studies in ChemistrySRMPP Govt. First Grade College Huvinahadagali Karnataka India
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9
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1-(aryl-aldehyde-oxime)uracil derivatives as a new class of thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Li W, Yue H. Thymidine phosphorylase: A potential new target for treating cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2017; 28:157-171. [PMID: 29108898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently found that thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP), also known as platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, plays an important role in platelet activation in vitro and thrombosis in vivo by participating in multiple signaling pathways. Platelets are a major source of TYMP. Since platelet-mediated clot formation is a key event in several fatal diseases, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and pulmonary embolism, understanding TYMP in depth may lead to uncovering novel mechanisms in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Targeting TYMP may become a novel therapeutic for cardiovascular disorders. In this review article, we summarize the discovery of TYMP and the potential molecular mechanisms of TYMP involved in the development of various diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases. We also offer insights regarding future studies exploring the role of TYMP in the development of cardiovascular disease as well as in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall, University, Huntington, WV; Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, WV.
| | - Hong Yue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall, University, Huntington, WV
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11
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Bera H, Chigurupati S. Recent discovery of non-nucleobase thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors targeting cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:992-1003. [PMID: 27783978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Herdewijn PAMM. 5-Substituted-2′-deoxyuridines as anti-HSV-1 Agents: Synthesis and Structure Activity Relationship. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and pyrophosphate analogues are currently in use to treat infection with Human herpesvirus 1 (HSV-1). Both series of compounds exert their activity by inhibition of the viral DNA polymerase either directly, or after anabolic phosphorylation. As the X-ray structure of the viral-specific DNA polymerase is not known, it is difficult to design a nucleoside or non-nucleoside antiviral agent which specifically inhibits this enzyme. Therefore, alternative strategies have relied on extensive structure activity relationship studies of anti-HSV-1 agents in an endeavour to understand the essential structural requirements for activity and hence the design of drugs with increased selectivity. A virus-specific enzyme which plays a crucial role in the selective activation of nucleoside analogues is thymidine kinase. Present knowledge regarding the specificity of herpesvirus thymidine kinase for its 5-substituted-2′-deoxyuridine substrates is reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. M. M. Herdewijn
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Aduma PJ, Gupta SV, Stuart AL, Tourigny G. Anti-Herpes Virus Activity of 5-Methoxymethyl-2′-Deoxycytidine in Combination with Deaminase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029000100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
5-Methoxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine (MMdCyd) is an anti-metabolite with selective anti-herpes activity and low cytotoxicity. MMdCyd is dependent upon initial activation by the viral-induced deoxythymidine-deoxycytidine (dThd/dCyd) kinase for its activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV). Antiviral activity of MMdCyd is cell-dependent and is influenced by the deaminase content of the cell line used for assays. The antiviral potency against HSV-1 in this study was higher in RK-13 cells (ED50 3–5 μm) than in Vero and HEP-2 cells (ED50 14–26 μm). The potency of MMdCyd increased approximately 20-fold against HSV-1 and twofold against HSV-2 in the presence of tetrahydrodeoxyuridine (H4dUrd; which inhibits both dCyd deaminase and dCMP deaminase) in Vero cells. MdCyd in combination with H4dUrd was effective in preventing the cytopathogenic effect of HSV-1 and decreasing the production of infectious virus particles. The IC99 (concentration required to reduce the yield of infectious virus obtained 72 h after infection by 99% relative to control cultures) was 1.6 μm. In combination with tetrahydrouridine (H4Urd; an inhibitor of Cyd/dCyd deaminase) the potency of MMdCyd was only slightly enhanced (ED50 7–8 μm). Dihydrodeoxyuridine and deoxyuridine reversed the antiviral activity of MMdCyd. The minimum cytotoxic concentration for rapidly dividing cells (RK-13, HEP-2 and Vero) for MMdCyd was greater than 3 mm. H4Urd and H4dUrd were devoid of cytotoxicity and antiviral activity up to 2.12 mm (the highest concentration tested). Diacetyl-MMdCyd (pro-drug form) was approximatewly 20 times less potent than MMdCyd.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Aduma
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W0, Canada
| | - S. V. Gupta
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W0, Canada
| | - A. L. Stuart
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W0, Canada
| | - G. Tourigny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W0, Canada
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14
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Abstract
E-5-(2-chlorovinyl)-2′-deoxycytidine (CVDC) has been prepared for the first time using an improved synthesis of the starting material E-5-(2-chlorovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine (CVDU). CVDC and CVDU were only slightly less active against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) than the potent anti-herpes compound E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine (BVDU). The Z-forms of CVDC and CVDU were markedly less active against HSV-1 and VZV than the E-isomers. None of the compounds showed activity against thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient variants of HSV-1.
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15
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Aduma PJ, Gupta SV, Allaudeen HS, Stuart AL, Tourigny G. Mechanism of Selective Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Replication by Deoxycytidine Analogues: Interaction of 5-methoxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine-5′-triphosphate with DNA Polymerases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029100200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
5-Methoxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine (MMdCyd) is a selective anti-herpes agent that is dependent upon initial activation by herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced deoxythymidine/deoxycytidine kinase. 5-Methoxymethyl-2′-deoxycytidine triphosphate (MMdCTP) was synthesized. The nature of the interaction of MMdCTP and dCTP with the DNA polymerase of Escherichia coli, HSV-1 and human DNA polymerase α was determined using specific and optimized assay conditions for each enzyme. MMdCTP was a better substrate for HSV-1 DNA polymerase compared to dCTP. At a nucleotide concentration of 10 μm MMdCTP utilization was 130% that of an equimolar concentration of dCTP. Under similar conditions, human DNA polymerase α utilized MMdCTP about as efficiently as dCTP. E. coli DNA polymerase I preferentially utilized dCTP. The IC50 values of MMdCTP were 8 × 10−7 m and 29 × 10−7 m for HSV-1 and human α DNA polymerase, respectively. MMdCTP is a competitive inhibitor of HSV-1 DNA polymerase with respect to dCTP incorporation ( Ki = 3.8 × 10−7 m). Preferential utilization of MMdCTP and its eventual incorporation into HSV DNA seems to account for the antiviral action of MMdCyd.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Aduma
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - S. V. Gupta
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - H. S. Allaudeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - A. L. Stuart
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - G. Tourigny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0WO
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16
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Patel JP, Sowers ML, Herring JL, Theruvathu JA, Emmett MR, Hawkins BE, Zhang K, DeWitt DS, Prough DS, Sowers LC. Measurement of Postreplicative DNA Metabolism and Damage in the Rodent Brain. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2352-63. [PMID: 26447562 PMCID: PMC7986959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The DNA of all organisms is metabolically active due to persistent endogenous DNA damage, repair, and enzyme-mediated base modification pathways important for epigenetic reprogramming and antibody diversity. The free bases released from DNA either spontaneously or by base excision repair pathways constitute DNA metabolites in living tissues. In this study, we have synthesized and characterized the stable-isotope standards for a series of pyrimidines derived from the normal DNA bases by oxidation and deamination. We have used these standards to measure free bases in small molecule extracts from rat brain. Free bases are observed in extracts, consistent with both endogenous DNA damage and 5-methylcytosine demethylation pathways. The most abundant free base observed is uracil, and the potential sources of uracil are discussed. The free bases measured in tissue extracts constitute the end product of DNA metabolism and could be used to reveal metabolic disturbances in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Mark L. Sowers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jason L. Herring
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jacob A. Theruvathu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Mark R. Emmett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Bridget E. Hawkins
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kangling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Douglas S. DeWitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Donald S. Prough
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Lawrence C. Sowers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Moody Project for Translational Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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17
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Shing TKM, Wong AWH, Li H, Liu ZF, Chan PKS. Conformationally locked bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane carbanucleosides: synthesis and bio-evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:9439-45. [PMID: 25325214 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01763c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
D-Ribose was converted into 3 novel carbobicyclic nucleosides bearing a bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane framework in 16-19 steps with 5-12% overall yields involving a Wittig olefination and an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction as the key steps. The present synthesis also provides an efficient entry for chiral hydrindenones. The conformation studies of these carbanucleosides and their bio-evaluation as potential antiviral agents are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony K M Shing
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Novel Functional Molecules, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Timofeev V, Abramchik Y, Zhukhlistova N, Muravieva T, Fateev I, Esipov R, Kuranova I. 3'-Azidothymidine in the active site of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase: the peculiarity of the binding on the basis of X-ray study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:1155-65. [PMID: 24699659 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714001904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The structural study of complexes of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) with nucleoside analogues which inhibit its activity is of special interest because many of these compounds are used as chemotherapeutic agents. Determination of kinetic parameters showed that 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (3'-azidothymidine; AZT), which is widely used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus, is a reversible noncompetitive inhibitor of Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase (TP). The three-dimensional structure of E. coli TP complexed with AZT was solved by the molecular-replacement method and was refined at 1.52 Å resolution. Crystals for X-ray study were grown in microgravity by the counter-diffusion technique from a solution of the protein in phosphate buffer with ammonium sulfate as a precipitant. The AZT molecule was located with full occupancy in the electron-density maps in the nucleoside-binding pocket of TP, whereas the phosphate-binding pocket of the enzyme was occupied by phosphate (or sulfate) ion. The structure of the active-site cavity and conformational changes of the enzyme upon AZT binding are described in detail. It is found that the position of AZT differs remarkably from the positions of the pyrimidine bases and nucleoside analogues in other known complexes of pyrimidine phosphorylases, but coincides well with the position of 2'-fluoro-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (N3FddU) in the recently investigated complex of E. coli TP with this ligand (Timofeev et al., 2013). The peculiarities of the arrangement of N3FddU and 3'-azidothymidine in the nucleoside binding pocket of TP and correlations between the arrangement and inhibitory properties of these compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Timofeev
- X-ray Analysis Methods and Synchrotron Radiation, Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 59, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia Abramchik
- X-ray Analysis Methods and Synchrotron Radiation, Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 59, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezda Zhukhlistova
- X-ray Analysis Methods and Synchrotron Radiation, Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 59, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Muravieva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya Fateev
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Roman Esipov
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Inna Kuranova
- X-ray Analysis Methods and Synchrotron Radiation, Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 59, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation
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Rhee H, Lee CH, Lee J, Seo H, Yoon S, Choi K. The Synthesis and Evaluation of New Carbocyclic Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine Nucleoside Analogs. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Timofeev VI, Abramchik YA, Fateev IV, Zhukhlistova NE, Murav’eva TI, Kuranova IP, Esipov RS. Three-dimensional structure of thymidine phosphorylase from E. coli in complex with 3′-azido-2′-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774513060230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Li H, Jia W. Cometabolism of microbes and host: implications for drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 94:574-81. [PMID: 23933971 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of the gut microbial-mammalian metabolic axis and its implications in human metabolic disease opens a new window to understanding the contribution of the gut microbiome to drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity. The integrative omics approaches, including pharmacometabonomics and metagenomics, have demonstrated great promise for characterizing xenobiotic interventions that are associated with wide variation in efficacy or toxicity in humans, as well as for predicting individual response and susceptibility to toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, E-Institute of Shanghai Municipal Education Committee, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hirschhäuser C, Velcicky J, Schlawe D, Hessler E, Majdalani A, Neudörfl JM, Prokop A, Wieder T, Schmalz HG. Nucleoside analogues with a 1,3-diene-Fe(CO)3 substructure: stereoselective synthesis, configurational assignment, and apoptosis-inducing activity. Chemistry 2013; 19:13017-29. [PMID: 23934861 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and stereochemical assignment of two classes of iron-containing nucleoside analogues, both of which contain a butadiene-Fe(CO)3 substructure, is described. The first type of compounds are Fe(CO)3-complexed 3'-alkenyl-2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-dehydro nucleosides (2,5-dihydrofuran derivatives), from which the second class of compounds is derived by formal replacement of the ring oxygen atom by a CH2 group (carbocyclic nucleoside analogues). These compounds were prepared in a stereoselective manner through the metal-assisted introduction of the nucleobase. Whilst the furanoid intermediates were prepared from carbohydrates (such as methyl-glucopyranoside), the carbocyclic compounds were obtained by using an intramolecular Pauson-Khand reaction. Stereochemical assignments based on NMR and CD spectroscopy were confirmed by X-ray structural analysis. Biological investigations revealed that several of the complexes exhibited pronounced apoptosis-inducing properties (through an unusual caspase 3-independent but ROS-dependent pathway). Furthermore, some structure-activity relationships were identified, also as a precondition for the design and synthesis of fluorescent and biotin-labeled conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hirschhäuser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Köln (Germany), Fax: (+49) 221-470-3064
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23
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Sun L, Bera H, Chui WK. Synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine derivatives as inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 65:1-11. [PMID: 23688695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is an enzyme that promotes tumor growth and metastasis and therefore is an attractive druggable target. Using a reported TP inhibitor, 7-deazaxanthine (7DX), as the lead compound; this study was set up to evaluate whether pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-2,4-diones and pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-2-thioxo-4-ones would exhibit TP inhibitory activity. The pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine nucleus was constructed using a reaction that annulated the 1,3,5-triazine ring onto a pyrazole scaffold. Among the 52 compounds synthesized and tested, it was found that 1,3-dihydro-pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-2-thioxo-4-ones exhibited various extent of inhibitory activity against TP. The best compound 17p, which bears a para-substituted pentafluorosulfur group, showed an IC50 value of 0.04 μM, which was around 800 times more potent than the 7DX (IC50 = 32 μM) under the same bioassay conditions. The results of the study suggested that a substituent with +σ and +π properties inserted at position 4 of a phenyl ring that is attached to position 8 of the pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-2-thioxo-4-one scaffold would give excellent TP inhibitory action. In addition, 17p was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor thus suggested that it might interact with TP at a position different from the substrate binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Characterization of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase of Mycoplasma hyorhinis: implications for the clinical efficacy of nucleoside analogues. Biochem J 2012; 445:113-23. [PMID: 22475552 DOI: 10.1042/bj20112225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper we demonstrate that the cytostatic and antiviral activity of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues is markedly decreased by a Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection and show that the phosphorolytic activity of the mycoplasmas is responsible for this. Since mycoplasmas are (i) an important cause of secondary infections in immunocompromised (e.g. HIV infected) patients and (ii) known to preferentially colonize tumour tissue in cancer patients, catabolic mycoplasma enzymes may compromise efficient chemotherapy of virus infections and cancer. In the genome of M. hyorhinis, a TP (thymidine phosphorylase) gene has been annotated. This gene was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and kinetically characterized. Whereas the mycoplasma TP efficiently catalyses the phosphorolysis of thymidine (Km=473 μM) and deoxyuridine (Km=578 μM), it prefers uridine (Km=92 μM) as a substrate. Our kinetic data and sequence analysis revealed that the annotated M. hyorhinis TP belongs to the NP (nucleoside phosphorylase)-II class PyNPs (pyrimidine NPs), and is distinct from the NP-II class TP and NP-I class UPs (uridine phosphorylases). M. hyorhinis PyNP also markedly differs from TP and UP in its substrate specificity towards therapeutic nucleoside analogues and susceptibility to clinically relevant drugs. Several kinetic properties of mycoplasma PyNP were explained by in silico analyses.
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Mahler M, Reichardt B, Hartjen P, van Lunzen J, Meier C. Stereoselective Synthesis ofD- andL-Carbocyclic Nucleosides by Enzymatically Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution. Chemistry 2012; 18:11046-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Kulkarni MG, Borhade AS, Shaikh YB, Dhondge AP, Birhade DR, Dhatrak NR. A stereodivergent approach to carbahexofuranoses: synthesis of carba-α-d-glucofuranose, carba-β-d-altrofuranose, carba-α-d-allofuranose, carba-β-d-idofuranose, carba-α-d-galactofuranose and carba-β-d-talofuranose. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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De Clercq E. The next ten stories on antiviral drug discovery (part E): advents, advances, and adventures. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:118-60. [PMID: 19844936 PMCID: PMC7168424 DOI: 10.1002/med.20179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents the fifth part (part E) in the series of stories on antiviral drug discovery. The ten stories belonging to this fifth part are dealing with (i) aurintricarboxylic acid; (ii) alkenyldiarylmethanes; (iii) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase inhibitors; (iv) lens epithelium‐derived growth factor as a potential target for HIV proviral DNA integration; (v) the status presens of neuraminidase inhibitors NAIs in the control of influenza virus infections; (vi) the status presens on respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors; (vii) tricyclic (1,N‐2‐ethenoguanine)‐based acyclovir and ganciclovir derivatives; (viii) glycopeptide antibiotics as antivirals targeted at viral entry; (ix) the potential (off‐label) use of cidofovir in the treatment of polyoma (JC and BK) virus infections; and (x) finally, thymidine phosphorylase as a target for both antiviral and anticancer agents. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 31, No. 1, 118–160, 2010
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Structural diversity of nucleoside phosphonic acids as a key factor in the discovery of potent inhibitors of rat T-cell lymphoma thymidine phosphorylase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:862-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Bronckaers A, Gago F, Balzarini J, Liekens S. The dual role of thymidine phosphorylase in cancer development and chemotherapy. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:903-53. [PMID: 19434693 PMCID: PMC7168469 DOI: 10.1002/med.20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), also known as "platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor" (PD-ECGF), is an enzyme, which is upregulated in a wide variety of solid tumors including breast and colorectal cancers. TP promotes tumor growth and metastasis by preventing apoptosis and inducing angiogenesis. Elevated levels of TP are associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Therefore, TP inhibitors are synthesized in an attempt to prevent tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. TP is also indispensable for the activation of the extensively used 5-fluorouracil prodrug capecitabine, which is clinically used for the treatment of colon and breast cancer. Clinical trials that combine capecitabine with TP-inducing therapies (such as taxanes or radiotherapy) suggest that increasing TP expression is an adequate strategy to enhance the antitumoral efficacy of capecitabine. Thus, TP plays a dual role in cancer development and therapy: on the one hand, TP inhibitors can abrogate the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of TP; on the other, TP activity is necessary for the activation of several chemotherapeutic drugs. This duality illustrates the complexity of the role of TP in tumor progression and in the clinical response to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Bronckaers A, Aguado L, Negri A, Camarasa MJ, Balzarini J, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Gago F, Liekens S. Identification of aspartic acid-203 in human thymidine phosphorylase as an important residue for both catalysis and non-competitive inhibition by the small molecule “crystallization chaperone” 5′-O-tritylinosine (KIN59). Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:231-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Wang L, Eriksson S. 5-Bromovinyl 2'-deoxyuridine phosphorylation by mitochondrial and cytosolic thymidine kinase (TK2 and TK1) and its use in selective measurement of TK2 activity in crude extracts. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 27:858-62. [PMID: 18600552 DOI: 10.1080/15257770802146510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK2) is responsible for phosphorylation of thymidine and deoxycytidine and plays a crucial role in mitochondrial DNA precursor synthesis. TK2 is expressed in all tissues at low levels complicating accurate determinations, especially in tissues with high cytosolic thymidine kinase (TK1) activity. Recently, 5-bromovinyl 2 '-deoxyuridine (BvdU) at 0.2 micro M was used to measure TK2 activity selectively. BvdU phosphorylation by pure human TK2 and TK1 was tested here, and the ratio of BvdU phosphorylation by TK2/TK1 was 91 at 0.2 micro M but was 500 at 2.5 micro M. Therefore, for reliable measurement of TK2 activity higher BvdU concentration should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Section of Veterinary Medical Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Edwards PN. A kinetic, modeling and mechanistic re-analysis of thymidine phosphorylase and some related enzymes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 21:483-99. [PMID: 17194017 DOI: 10.1080/14756360600721075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is an important target enzyme for cancer chemotherapy but currently available inhibitors lack in vivo potency. Related enzymes also are therapeutic targets. A greater understanding of enzyme structure and mechanism may help in the design of improved drugs and this work assists in that regard. Also important is the correct identification of the ionization states and tautomeric forms of substrates and products when bound to the enzyme and during the course of the reaction. Approximate methods for estimating some deltapK(a)s between aqueous and protein-bound substrates are exemplified for nucleobases and nucleosides. The estimates demonstrate that carbonyl-protonated thymidine and hydroxy tautomers of thymine are not involved in TP's actions. Other estimates indicate that purine nucleoside phosphorylase binds inosine and guanosine as zwitterionic tautomers and that phosphorolysis proceeds through these forms. Extensive molecular modeling based on an X-ray structure of human TP indicates that TP is likely to be mechanistically similar to all other natural members of the class in proceeding through a alpha-oxacarbenium-like transition state or states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Bronckaers A, Balzarini J, Liekens S. The cytostatic activity of pyrimidine nucleosides is strongly modulated by Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection: Implications for cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:188-97. [PMID: 18555978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are widely used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer. Several cancers are reported to be associated with mycoplasmas (i.e. Mycoplasma hyorhinis), which contain a number of nucleoside-metabolizing enzymes. Pyrimidine nucleoside analogues, such as 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd), 5-trifluorothymidine (TFT) and 5-halogenated 2'-deoxyuridines can be degraded by thymidine phosphorylase (TP) to their inactive bases. We found in M. hyorhinis-infected MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7/HYOR) a mycoplasma-encoded TP that dramatically (20-150-fold) reduces the cytostatic activity of these compounds. The reduction in cytostatic activity could be fully restored in the presence of TPI (5-chloro-6-[1-(2-iminopyrrolidinyl)methyl]uracil hydrochloride), a known inhibitor of human TP. This observation is in agreement with the markedly decreased formation of active metabolite (i.e. FdUMP for FdUrd) or diminished drug incorporation into nucleic acids (i.e. for TFT and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) in MCF-7/HYOR cells compared with uninfected MCF-7 cells. Antimetabolite formation is fully restored in the presence of TPI. In contrast, 5-fluoro-5'-deoxyuridine (5'DFUR), an intermediate metabolite of capecitabine, was markedly more cytostatic in MCF-7/HYOR cells than in uninfected cells, due to the activation of this prodrug by the mycoplasma-encoded TP. Thus, our data reveal that M. hyorhinis expresses a TP that activates 5'DFUR but inactivates FdUrd, TFT and 5-halogenated 2'-deoxyuridines, and that is highly sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the TP inhibitor TPI. Given the association of M. hyorhinis with several human cancers, our findings suggest that pyrimidine nucleoside-based but not 5FU-based anti-cancer therapy might be more effective when combined with a mycoplasmal TP inhibitor.
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Nencka R, Votruba I, Hřebabecký H, Jansa P, Tloušt'ová E, Horská K, Masojídková M, Holý A. Discovery of 5-Substituted-6-chlorouracils as Efficient Inhibitors of Human Thymidine Phosphorylase. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6016-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070644i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radim Nencka
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for New Antivirals and Antineoplastics (IOCB), Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Votruba
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for New Antivirals and Antineoplastics (IOCB), Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hubert Hřebabecký
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for New Antivirals and Antineoplastics (IOCB), Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jansa
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for New Antivirals and Antineoplastics (IOCB), Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušt'ová
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for New Antivirals and Antineoplastics (IOCB), Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Květa Horská
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for New Antivirals and Antineoplastics (IOCB), Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Masojídková
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for New Antivirals and Antineoplastics (IOCB), Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Holý
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for New Antivirals and Antineoplastics (IOCB), Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Liekens S, Bronckaers A, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Balzarini J. Targeting platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase for cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:1555-67. [PMID: 17572389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is a key enzyme in the pyrimidine nucleoside salvage pathway, but it also recognizes and inactivates various anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, TP is identical to platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), an angiogenic factor with anti-apoptotic properties. Increased expression of PD-ECGF/TP is found in many tumor and stromal cells, and elevated TP levels are associated with aggressive disease and/or poor prognosis. Thus, progression and metastasis of TP-expressing tumors might be abrogated by TP inhibitors that are used as single agents or in combination with (TP-sensitive) nucleoside analogues. On the other hand, increased TP activity in tumors may be exploited for the tumor-specific activation of fluoropyrimidine prodrugs, such as capecitabine. This review will focus on the different biological activities of PD-ECGF/TP and their implications for cancer progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Liekens
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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36
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Liekens S, Balzarini J, Hernández AI, De Clercq E, Priego EM, Camarasa MJ, Pérez-Pérez MJ. Thymidine phosphorylase is noncompetitively inhibited by 5'-O-trityl-inosine (KIN59) and related compounds. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 25:975-80. [PMID: 17065049 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600888925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We found that 5'-O-trityl-inosine (KIN59) inhibits recombinant bacterial (E. coli) and human thymidine phosphorylase (TPase) with an IC50 of 44 microM and 67 microM, respectively. In contrast to previously described TPase inhibitors, KIN59 does not compete with thymidine (dThd) at the pyrimidine nucleoside-binding site or with inorganic phosphate (Pi) at the phosphate-binding site of the enzyme. These findings are strongly suggestive for the presence of an allosteric binding site at the enzyme. TPase is identical to the angiogenic protein platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF). As such, PD-ECGF stimulates angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. This angiogenic response was completely inhibited by KIN59. Inosine did not inhibit the enzyme or the angiogenic effect of TPase, confirming that the 5'-O-trityl group in KIN59 is essential for the observed effect. Our observations indicate that allosteric sites in TPase may regulate its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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37
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Allan AL, Gladstone PL, Price MLP, Hopkins SA, Juarez JC, Doñate F, Ternansky RJ, Shaw DE, Ganem B, Li Y, Wang W, Ealick S. Synthesis and Evaluation of Multisubstrate Bicyclic Pyrimidine Nucleoside Inhibitors of Human Thymidine Phosphorylase. J Med Chem 2006; 49:7807-15. [PMID: 17181163 DOI: 10.1021/jm060428u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel, multisubstrate, bicyclic pyrimidine nucleoside inhibitors of human thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is described. Thymidine phosphorylase has been implicated in angiogenesis and plays a significant role in tumor progression and metastasis. The presence and orientation of the phosphonate moiety (acting as a phosphate mimic) in these derivatives were critical for inhibitory activity. The most active compounds possessed a phosphonate group in an endo orientation. This was consistent with molecular modeling results that showed the endo isomer protein-ligand complex to be lower in energy than the exo complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Allan
- Attenuon, LLC, 11535 Sorrento Valley Road Suite 401, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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38
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Kim JW, Hong JH. Simple synthesis of novel acyclic (e)-bromovinyl nucleosides as potential antiviral agents. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 25:879-87. [PMID: 16901820 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600793877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In these study, novel acyclic (E)-bromovinyl nucleosides were synthesized as potential antiviral agents. The coupling of the allylic bromide 9 with bases (thymine, uracil, 5-fluorouracil, 5-iodouracil, cytosine, adenine) afforded a series of novel acyclic nucleosides. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activity against various viruses such as HIV-1, HSV-1, HSV-2, and HCMV. 5-Iodouracil analogue 19 showed weak anti-HIV-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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39
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Omari K, Bronckaers A, Liekens S, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Balzarini J, Stammers D. Structural basis for non-competitive product inhibition in human thymidine phosphorylase: implications for drug design. Biochem J 2006; 399:199-204. [PMID: 16803458 PMCID: PMC1609907 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HTP (human thymidine phosphorylase), also known as PD-ECGF (platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor) or gliostatin, has an important role in nucleoside metabolism. HTP is implicated in angiogenesis and apoptosis and therefore is a prime target for drug design, including antitumour therapies. An HTP structure in a closed conformation complexed with an inhibitor has previously been solved. Earlier kinetic studies revealed an ordered release of thymine followed by ribose phosphate and product inhibition by both ligands. We have determined the structure of HTP from crystals grown in the presence of thymidine, which, surprisingly, resulted in bound thymine with HTP in a closed dead-end complex. Thus thymine appears to be able to reassociate with HTP after its initial ordered release before ribose phosphate and induces the closed conformation, hence explaining the mechanism of non-competitive product inhibition. In the active site in one of the four HTP molecules within the crystal asymmetric unit, additional electron density is present. This density has not been previously seen in any pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase and it defines a subsite that may be exploitable in drug design. Finally, because our crystals did not require proteolysed HTP to grow, the structure reveals a loop (residues 406-415), disordered in the previous HTP structure. This loop extends across the active-site cleft and appears to stabilize the dimer interface and the closed conformation by hydrogen-bonding. The present study will assist in the design of HTP inhibitors that could lead to drugs for anti-angiogenesis as well as for the potentiation of other nucleoside drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel EL Omari
- *Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K
| | | | - Sandra Liekens
- †Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Balzarini
- †Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - David K. Stammers
- *Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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40
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Basnak I, Sun M, Coe PL, Walker RT. The Synthesis of Some 5-Alkyl (Cycloalkyl)-Substituted 2′ -Deoxy-4′-Thiouridines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319608002375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Basnak
- a School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham , Birmingham , B15 2TT, UK
| | - M. Sun
- a School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham , Birmingham , B15 2TT, UK
| | - P. L. Coe
- a School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham , Birmingham , B15 2TT, UK
| | - R. T. Walker
- a School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham , Birmingham , B15 2TT, UK
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41
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Balzarini J. Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Gene-Transfected Tumor Cells; Sensitivity to Antiherpetic Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319608002425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Balzarini
- a Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , B-3000 , Leuven , Belgium
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42
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Liekens S, Bronckaers A, Hernández AI, Priego EM, Casanova E, Camarasa MJ, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Balzarini J. 5′-O-Tritylated Nucleoside Derivatives: Inhibition of Thymidine Phosphorylase and Angiogenesis. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:501-9. [PMID: 16675660 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.021188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TPase) is one of the key enzymes involved in the pyrimidine nucleoside salvage pathway. However, TPase also stimulates angiogenesis, and its expression correlates well with microvessel density and metastasis in a variety of human tumors. We have shown recently that 5'-O-trityl-inosine (KIN59) allosterically inhibits TPase enzymatic activity. KIN59 also inhibits TPase-induced angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The trityl group was found to be instrumental to preserve both the anti-TPase and antiangiogenic effect. We have now synthesized a variety of novel 5'-O-trityl nucleoside derivatives. Enzyme activity studies showed that the anti-TPase activity is significantly improved by replacement of the hypoxanthine base by thymine [3.5-fold; i.e., 5'-O-tritylthymidine (KIN6)] and the introduction of chloride on the trityl group [7-fold; i.e., 5'-O-(4-chlorotrityl)-inosine (TP136)], whereas removal of 2'-hydroxyl in the ribose did not significantly alter the anti-TPase activity. Enzyme kinetic studies also demonstrated that 1-(5'-O-trityl-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-thymine (TP124), like KIN59, inhibits TPase in a noncompetitive fashion both with respect to phosphate and thymidine. Most KIN59 analogs markedly inhibited TPase-induced angiogenesis in the CAM assay. In vitro studies showed that the antiangiogenic effect of these compounds is not attributed to endothelial cell toxicity. For several compounds, there was no stringent correlation between their anti-TPase and antiangiogenic activity, indicating that these compounds may also act on other angiogenesis mediators. The antiangiogenic 5'-O-trityl nucleoside analogs also caused degradation of pre-existing, immature vessels at the site of drug exposure. Thus, 5'-O-trityl nucleoside derivatives combine antiangiogenic and vascular-targeting activities, which opens perspectives for their potential use as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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43
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Spadari S, Maga G, Verri A, Focher F. Molecular basis for the antiviral and anticancer activities of unnatural L-beta-nucleosides. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 7:1285-300. [PMID: 15992031 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.7.8.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As a general rule, enzymes act on only one enantiomer of a chiral substrate and only one of the enantiomeric forms of a chiral molecule may bind effectively at the catalytic site, displaying biological activity. In recent years, some exceptions have been found among viral and cellular enzymes involved in the synthesis of deoxynucleoside triphosphates and in their polymerisation into DNA. Examples are: herpes virus thymidine kinases, cellular deoxycytidine kinase and deoxynucleotide kinases, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA polymerase and, to a lesser extent, some cellular DNA polymerases. The lack of enantioselectivity allows herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase and cellular deoxycytidine kinase to phosphorylate the unnatural L-beta-enantiomers of D-thymidine and D-deoxycytidine, respectively, or of their analogues to monophosphate. This phosphorylation represents the first and often the rate-limiting step of their activation to triphosphates. The L-triphosphates can then exert antiviral (anti-HSV, anti-Human cytomegalovirus, anti-HIV-1, anti-HBV) and anticancer activities. Although only one L-nucleoside (3TC) has so far gained United States of America Food and Drug Administration (USA FDA) approval for clinical use against HIV-1, other L-enantiomers of nucleoside analogues, which have shown antiviral or anticancer activity in cell cultures are in clinical trials. Their resistance to enantioselective enzymes, such as thymidine phosphorylase, thymidylate synthase, (deoxy)-cytidine and dCMP deaminases, and their lower affinity for the mitochondrial thymidine kinase can ensure a higher selectivity and lower cytotoxicity with respect to those exerted by their corresponding natural D-enantiomers and might be exploited to solve problems arising during chemotherapy, such as metabolic inactivation, cytotoxicity and drug-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Spadari
- Istituto di Genetica Biochimica ed Evoluzionistica, National Research Council, Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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44
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Wu YY, Zhang X, Meng WD, Qing FL. Synthesis of New 2‘,3‘-Dideoxy-6‘,6‘-difluoro-3‘-thionucleoside from gem-Difluorohomoallyl Alcohol. Org Lett 2004; 6:3941-4. [PMID: 15496069 DOI: 10.1021/ol048423j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] 2',3'-Dideoxy-6',6'-difluoro-3'-thionucleoside 1b, an analogue of 3Tc that has high biological activities against HIV and HBV, has been synthesized from gem-difluorohomoallyl alcohol 3 in an efficient way. The key intermediate 4-amino-3,3-difluorotetrahydrothiophen-2-ylmethyl benzoate 15 was prepared from 2,2-difluoro-1-[(4R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]but-3-en-1-ol 3 in 11 steps. The construction of pyrimidine ring with the amino group of compound 15 gave the target compound 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Wu
- Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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45
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Yano S, Kazuno H, Suzuki N, Emura T, Wierzba K, Yamashita JI, Tada Y, Yamada Y, Fukushima M, Asao T. Synthesis and evaluation of 6-methylene-bridged uracil derivatives. Part 1: Discovery of novel orally active inhibitors of human thymidine phosphorylase. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:3431-41. [PMID: 15186829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 6-methylene-bridged uracil derivatives have been prepared as inhibitors of human thymidine phosphorylase (TP). To enhance the in vivo antitumor activity of fluorinated pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides such as 2'-deoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)uridine (F(3)dThd), a potent TP inhibitor preventing their degradation to an inactive compound, has become a target of medicinal chemistry. We present here the synthesis and evaluation of novel human TP inhibitors. Introduction of an N-substituted aminomethyl side chain at the 6-position of 5-chlorouracil has improved water solubility and enhanced inhibitory activity compared with the known TP inhibitor, 6-amino-5-chlorouracil. Compound 42 was reasonably well absorbed in mice after oral administration. When combined with F(3)dThd, compound 42 exerted its TP inhibitory potency by increasing the maximum plasma concentrations of the former as evidenced in experiments with monkeys. Positive changes in pharmacokinetic profile were accompanied by the enhanced in vivo antitumor activity of this combination when compared to F(3)dThd alone, in mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Both biochemical and pharmacological effects appeared to fit the concept as anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Yano
- Hanno Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-27 Misugidai, Hanno-shi, Saitama 357-8527, Japan.
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46
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Liekens S, Hernández AI, Ribatti D, De Clercq E, Camarasa MJ, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Balzarini J. The nucleoside derivative 5'-O-trityl-inosine (KIN59) suppresses thymidine phosphorylase-triggered angiogenesis via a noncompetitive mechanism of action. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:29598-605. [PMID: 15123637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402602200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TPase) catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of pyrimidine deoxynucleosides to 2-deoxy-d-ribose-1-phosphate and their respective pyrimidine bases. The enzymatic activity of TPase was found to be essential for its angiogenesis-stimulating properties. All of the previously described TPase inhibitors are either pyrimidine analogues that interact with the nucleoside-binding site of the enzyme or modified purine derivatives that mimic the pyrimidine structure and either compete with thymidine or act as a multisubstrate (competitive) inhibitor. We now describe the inhibitory activity of the purine riboside derivative KIN59 (5'-O-tritylinosine) against human and bacterial recombinant TPase and TPase-induced angiogenesis. In contrast to previously described TPase inhibitors, KIN59 does not compete with the pyrimidine nucleoside or the phosphate-binding site of the enzyme but noncompetitively inhibits TPase when thymidine or phosphate is used as the variable substrate. In addition, KIN59 was far more active than other TPase inhibitors, previously tested by us, against TPase-induced angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane assay. The observed anti-angiogenic effect of KIN59 was not accompanied by inflammation or any visible toxicity. Inosine did not inhibit the enzymatic or angiogenic activity of the enzyme, indicating that the 5'-O-trityl group in KIN59 is essential for the observed effects. In contrast with current concepts, our data indicate that the angiogenic activity of TPase is not solely directed through its functional nucleoside and phosphate-binding sites. Other regulatory (allosteric) site(s) in TPase may play an important role in the mechanism of TPase-triggered angiogenesis stimulation and apoptosis inhibition. Identification of these site(s) is important to obtain a better insight into the molecular role of TPase in the progression of cancer and angiogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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47
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Zhu W, Chong Y, Choo H, Mathews J, Schinazi RF, Chu CK. Synthesis, Structure−Activity Relationships, and Mechanism of Drug Resistance of d- and l-β-3‘-Fluoro-2‘,3‘-unsaturated-4‘-thionucleosides as Anti-HIV Agents. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1631-40. [PMID: 15027854 DOI: 10.1021/jm0303148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Various D- and L-2',3'-unsaturated 3'-fluoro-4'-thionucleosides (D- and L-3'F-4'Sd4Ns) were synthesized for the studies of structure-activity relationships. The synthesized D-2',3'-unsaturated 3'-fluoro-4'-thionucleosides did not show any significant antiviral activity against HIV-1, while unnatural L-nucleosides such as cytosine 34 (EC(50) = 0.13 microM; EC(90) = 1.7 microM) and 5-fluorocytosine 35 (EC(50) = 0.031 microM; EC(90) = 0.35 microM) derivatives exhibited potent anti-HIV activity without significant toxicity. Molecular modeling study shows that the 3'-fluorine atom of the d-2',3'-unsaturated cytidine triphosphate (D-3'F-4'Sd4CTP) experiences unfavorable electrostatic interaction with its own triphosphate moiety, resulting in the decreased binding affinity to wild-type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), which may be one of the reasons for the insensitivity of HIV-1 RT to these compounds. On the other hand, L-3'F-4'Sd4CTP binds to the active site of wild-type HIV-1 RT without steric hindrance and there is a possible hydrogen bonding between the 3'-fluorine atom and Asp185, which correlates with its potent anti-HIV activity. However, L-3'F-4'Sd4C 34 and L-3'F-4'Sd4FC 35 showed high cross-resistance to 3TC-resistant mutant (M184V) RT. Like other unnatural L-nucleosides, the unfavorable steric hindrance of the sugar moiety of L-3'F-4'Sd4CTP with the side chain of Val184 explains its significant cross-resistance to the M184V mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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48
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Khalili P, Naimi E, Sun WY, Knaus EE, Wiebe LI. Biochemical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a novel pyrimidine nucleoside nitric oxide donor as a potential anticancer/antiviral agent. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003; 19:305-13. [PMID: 12885396 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the physiochemical, biochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of 5-iodo-3'-O-nitro-2'-deoxyuridine (INUdR), a novel prodrug releasing both nitric oxide (NO) and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. The INUdR partition coefficient (log P=1.12) was determined by both the shake-flask method and by calculation using Interactive Analysis Log P Program. In vitro binding of INUdR to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was estimated using an ultrafiltration method to be 65 to 77%, depending on the INUdR concentration. INUdR was stable in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and in water, at both ambient temperature and at 37 degrees C. INUdR was resistant to phosphorolysis when incubated with thymidine phosphorylase. Plasma, L-cysteine and glutathione catalyzed release of NO from INUdR, as determined using the Griess reaction. In all three systems, the release of NO by INUdR was equal to or greater than that of the reference drug isosorbide dinitrate. The pharmacokinetics of INUdR following single intravenous bolus and oral doses of INUdR (40 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats were characterized by a short elimination half-life (T(1/2) 0.27 h), a large steady-state volume of distribution (V(ss) 0.89 l/kg) and high oral bioavailability (F=0.95). In conclusion, INUdR lipophilicity, shelf-stability, and resistance towards catabolic breakdown by thymidine phosphorylase, together with its non-spontaneous, yet considerable NO release, constitute favorable characteristics of a potential anticancer/antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panteha Khalili
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 3118 Dent.-Pharm. Bldg, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N8, Canada
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De Clercq E. Highly potent and selective inhibition of varicella-zoster virus replication by bicyclic furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside analogues. Med Res Rev 2003; 23:253-74. [PMID: 12647310 DOI: 10.1002/med.10035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The bicyclic furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside analogues represent an entirely new class of fused furopyrimidine derivatives with unprecedented selectivity for varicella-zoster virus (VZV). From extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, the 6-(p-alkylphenyl)substituted furopyrimidine derivatives Cf 1742 and Cf 1743 emerged as the most potent inhibitors of VZV replication: they were found to inhibit both laboratory VZV strains and clinical VZV isolates at subnanomolar concentrations, while not being toxic to the host cells at 100,000-fold higher concentrations. Although the precise mechanism of action of these compounds remains to be elucidated, it is clear that for their antiviral activity they depend on phosphorylation by the VZV-encoded thymidine kinase. The furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside analogues are not susceptible to degradation by human or bacterial thymidine phosphorylase, which may otherwise release the free aglycone. Also, the latter is not inhibitory to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the degradation of thymine, uracil, and the anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil. Further development of the furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside analogues as new therapeutic modalities for the treatment of VZV infections (i.e., varicella and herpes zoster) seems highly justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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50
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Rapid synthesis of (±)-r-7-benzyloxymethyl-cyclopenta-cis-[4,5][1,3]-oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidinones versatile carbocyclic nucleoside precursors. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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