Effects of an anti-inflammatory peptide (antiflammin 2) on cell influx, eicosanoid biosynthesis and oedema formation by arachidonic acid and tetradecanoyl phorbol dermal application

Toxicity, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities of Cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum) and Its Interaction with Magnetic Field in the Skin Wound Healing

Cubiu, an Amazonian fruit, is widely used as food and popular treatment for pathologies that present an inflammatory pattern, such as skin wound healing. However, there is still no confirmation in the scientific literature about the safety profile, as well as the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and healing actions of cubiu. This study is divided into two experimental protocols using Wistar rats. Thus, the first objective (protocol 1) of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of an oral administration of cubiu extract at different doses for 28 days. The macroscopic and microscopic analyses of the liver and kidney were performed, and the following analysis was determined in plasma: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and uric acid. After, we conducted the second protocol aimed to establish the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of cubiu and its interaction with magnetic field in skin wound healing. On days 3, 7, and 14 of treatment, skin and blood samples were collected and analyzed: the oxidative stress biomarkers (reactive substances to thiobarbituric acid, nonprotein thiols, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase), myeloperoxidase enzymatic activity, and cytokines levels (interleukin 1, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). The cubiu has shown to be safe and nontoxic. Both cubiu and magnetic field promoted decreased levels of proinflammatory and prooxidant biomarkers (interleukin 1, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and reactive substances to thiobarbituric acid), as well as increased levels of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant biomarkers (interleukin 10, nonprotein thiols, and superoxide dismutase), with greater potential when treatments are used in association. Thus, cubiu promotes antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action in skin wound healing, while also improving results of the conventional treatment for skin healing (magnetic field) when used in association.

Impacts of dose and length of exposure to boldenone and stanazolol on enzymatic antioxidant systems, myeloperoxidase and NAGase activities, and glycogen and lactate levels in rat liver

We investigated the adverse effects of the anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) boldenone (BOL) and stanazolol (ST) on the enzymatic antioxidant systems of the rat liver. Male Wistar rats were divided in three protocols (P): PI, 5 mg/kg BOL or ST once a week for 4 weeks; PII, 2.5 mg/kg BOL or ST once a week for 8 weeks; PIII, 1.25 mg/kg BOL or ST once a week for 12 weeks. AAS were administered intramuscularly (0.2 ml, olive oil vehicle) once a week in all protocols. Activities of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), were investigated. We assessed the content of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), glycogen and lactate; and enzyme markers of neutrophils (myeloperoxidase, MPO) and macrophages (NAGase). PI and PII altered the SOD and CAT activities and increased the H₂O₂ content. PI led to increases in the MPO and NAGase activities. In contrast, changes in GPx, GST and, GR were observed under PII and, to a greater extend, under PIII. Following PIII, GPx, GR, and GST exhibited reduced activities. All protocols altered the glycogen and lactate content. The use of high doses of AAS for a short duration first alters SOD/CAT activity. In contrast, at lower doses of AAS for long periods is associated with changes in the glutathione system. Protocols with high doses of AAS for a short duration exert the most deleterious effects on redox status, markers of cellular infiltration, and the metabolic functioning of hepatic tissues.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Properties of Centaurea africana Lamk var. [Bonnet] M]

BACKGROUND

In Algerian traditional medicine, Centaurea species are well known in traditherapy. Centaurea africana has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of several inflammatory disorders.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to examine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative potential of both n-Butanol (BECA) and ethyl acetate (EAECA) extracts of Centaurea africana.

METHODS

The phytochemical analysis of both BECA and EAECA were explored and the antioxidant activities were investigated by measuring the DPPH° scavenging effect, the reducing power and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LPO) induced by by Fe²⁺/ ascorbic acid system. The antiinflammatory properties were determined by measuring the NO° scavenging effect and by using carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. The antiproliferative activity was studied on HT29 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma), OV2008 (human ovarian cancer) and C6 (Rattus norvegicus brain glioma) cell lines using the Sulforhodamine B assay.

RESULTS

The total polyphenol contents (TPC) of EAECA and BECA are recorded at 125.24±10.14 and 53.03±2.50 mgGAE/g extract, respectively. Both extracts revealed the antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner; this effect is more pronounced with EAECA. The BECA exhibited a higher anti-inflammatory activity. This anti-inflammatory activity was reflected in a reduction of swelling of carrageenan-evoked edemas (48.45 %), inhibition of nitric oxide (84.7 %), effective decrease in myeloperoxidase activity (58.82 %) and malondialdehyde level (65.58 %). The cytotoxic effect of BECA was found to be more pronounced against C6 cell lines (IC₅₀ value: 131.93 μg/mL) while the cytotoxic activity of EAECA was more effective against HT29 and OV2008 cell lines.

CONCLUSION

The obtained results indicated that EAECA exhibited a high antioxidant activity, while BECA has significant anti-inflammatory activity. Both extracts showed cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines at certain concentrations in a cell-specific manner.

Fermented blueberry pomace ameliorates intestinal barrier function through the NF-κB-MLCK signaling pathway in high-fat diet mice

The barrier-improving functions of fermented blueberry pomace (FBP) and its potential mechanism were investigated in this study. Polyphenols and the approximate composition of FBP were evaluated according to the National Standard of the People's Republic of China and the UPLC-MS system. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet (CD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without FBP supplementation. Oxidative stress, inflammation, histological morphology and the expression of functional proteins in the small intestine of mice were evaluated using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting. The content of protein, fat, soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber and carbohydrates (non-dietary fiber) was 114.5 ± 1.5 g kg^-1, 5.0 ± 0.2 g kg^-1, 48.0 ± 0.1 g kg^-1, 360.3 ± 2.2 g kg^-1 and 423 g kg^-1 (by difference), respectively. Thirty-six polyphenols were identified in FBP. FBP improved the growth of mice and attenuated hepatic and intestinal oxidative stress. Intestinal inflammation was significantly reduced through the decrease of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) as well as an increase of interleukin-10 (IL-10). FBP supplementation significantly improved the intestinal morphology and barrier function, potentially by mediating the NF-κB-MLCK signaling pathway. The supplementation of FBP in HFD mice enhanced the intestinal barrier function. This suggested that polyphenol-rich by-products might provide a similar health effect in HFD individuals.

Nociceptive mechanisms involved in the acute and chronic phases of a complex regional pain syndrome type 1 model in mice

Complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS-I) is a chronic painful pathology still undertreated. CTK 01512-2 is a recombinant version of the spider peptide Phα1β, and it functions as a voltage-gated calcium channel blocker and a transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) antagonist with antinociceptive effect in different pain models. Here, we investigate the mechanisms involved in the acute and chronic nociceptive phases of a model of CPRS-I in mice and assess the antinociceptive effect of CTK 01512-2 using this model. Adult male and female mice C57BL/6 (20-30 g) were used to determine mechanical (von Frey test) or cold (acetone test) allodynia induction. Inflammatory parameters (serum and tibial nerve lactate levels, hind paw temperature and edema, or tissue cell infiltration) were evaluated after chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP, a model of CPRS-I) induction. Anti-inflammatory and anti-neuropathic drugs or CTK 01512-2 were tested. First, we detected that CPIP-induced mechanical and cold allodynia in male and female mice in a similar way. In the acute phase (1 day after CPIP), an increase in inflammatory parameters were observed, as well as the anti-allodynic effect of anti-inflammatory compounds. In the chronic phase (17 days after CPIP), mice exhibited mechanical and cold allodynia, and anti-neuropathic drugs induced antinociception, while no inflammatory alterations were found. CTK 01512-2 reversed the CPIP allodynic effect in both nociceptive phases. Thus, this CPRS-I model can be used to understand the mechanisms involved in CPRS-I induced pain and inflammation. Besides, we observed that CTK 01512-2 has a valuable antinociceptive effect in this pain model.

In Vivo Anti-inflammatory and Antiallergic Activity of Pure Naringenin, Naringenin Chalcone, and Quercetin in Mice

Flavonoids, found in almost all fruits and vegetables, belong to a class of plant secondary metabolites with a polyphenolic structure and have properties with health-improving potential. However, few experimental studies on the effects of flavonoids have been carried out in vivo after external application and using pure compounds. Aiming to fill this gap, in this study we tested the topical anti-inflammatory and antiallergic activity of three flavonoids of high purity, naringenin, naringenin chalcone, and quercetin, in mouse models. The topical anti-inflammatory effects were assessed against arachidonic acid- (AA) and tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate- (TPA) induced ear edema. The anti-inflammatory effect of naringenin against ear edema was noticeable at a 1% dose in the AA model and at half this dose in the TPA model. Quercetin (1.3%) did not exert any topical anti-inflammatory activity in the AA model, but its inhibitory effect in the TPA model was similar to that of naringenin (2%); in contrast, naringenin chalcone was more active against the AA-induced than TPA-induced inflammation. The flavonoid effect on IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was also studied in mice, both intravenously and topically. Naringenin, naringenin chalcone, and quercetin all showed strong antiallergic activity after intravenous dosing (0.02%) and when applied topically (2%). The results of this study suggest that the flavonoids naringenin, naringenin chalcone, and quercetin may be useful alternatives for the topical treatment of inflammatory and allergic skin disorders.

Identification of compounds from Palicourea rigida leaves with topical anti-inflammatory potential using experimental models

Palicourea rigida Kunth is traditionally used for the treatment of skin diseases, kidney pains and ovarian inflammation. Based on these traditional uses, this study evaluated the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract from P. rigida leaves (EEPR) and identified bioactive compounds. Ear edema was induced in Swiss mice by the topical application of Croton oil, arachidonic acid, phenol and capsaicin. Histopathological analysis and myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities were determined. EEPR was characterized by UHPLC-UV-MS HPLC and the isolated compound was identified through ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance and mass fragmentation. Interaction profiles between quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucoside and cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 were established by molecular docking. EEPR significantly inhibited ear edema induced by Croton oil (p < 0.001), arachidonic acid (p < 0.01), phenol (p < 0.001) and capsaicin (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). Histopathological analysis showed a reduction of edema, inflammatory cell infiltration and vasodilation. Additionally, the myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities were decreased (p < 0.001). From spectroscopic data, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucoside was the identified compound. This compound can to interact with cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 through van der Waals interactions and dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding's, demonstrating inhibition of these enzymes. The results indicate that EEPR is a source of active compounds with topical anti-inflammatory activity, justifying the traditional use of P. rigida and showing that this species has a therapeutic potential to treat skin inflammatory processes.

Inulin-type fructan and infusion of Artemisia vulgaris protect the liver against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury

BACKGROUND

Infusions of aerial parts of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Asteraceae) are used in herbal medicine to treat several disorders, including hepatosis.

PURPOSE

Evaluation of in vivo hepatoprotective effects of A. vulgaris infusion (VI) and inulin (VPI; i.e., the major polysaccharide of VI).

STUDY DESIGN

The hepatoprotective effect of A. vulgaris extracts on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity and the probable mechanism involved in this protection were investigated in mice.

METHODS

A. vulgaris infusion (VI) was prepared according to folk medicine using the aerial parts of the plant. Carbohydrate, protein, and total phenolic content was determined in VI, and its phenolic profile was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Male Swiss mice were orally pretreated for 7 days with VI or VPI (once per day). On days 6 and 7 of treatment, the mice were intraperitoneally challenged with CCl₄. Liver and blood were collected and markers of hepatic damage in plasma and oxidative stress in the liver were analyzed. Hepatic histology and inflammatory parameters were also studied in the liver. The scavenging activity of VI and VPI were evaluated in vitro using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.

RESULTS

VI contained 40% carbohydrates, 2.9% proteins and 9.8% phenolic compounds. The HPLC fingerprint analysis of VI revealed chlorogenic, caffeic and dicaffeoylquinic acids as major low-molar-mass constituents. Oral pretreatment with VI and VPI significantly attenuated CCl₄-induced liver damage, reduced the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in plasma, and prevented reactive oxygen species accumulation and lipid peroxidation in the liver. Comparisons with the CCl₄-treated group showed that VI and VPI completely prevented necrosis, increased the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), and reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level in the liver. VI and VPI also exhibited high radical scavenging activity in vitro.

CONCLUSION

VI and VPI had remarkable hepatoprotective effects in vivo, which were likely attributable to antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. The present findings support the traditional use of A. vulgaris infusion for the treatment of hepatic disorders.

A quantitative model for dermal infection and oedema in BALB/c mice pinna

Background

Pharmaceutical industry demands innovation for developing new molecules to improve effectiveness and safety of therapeutic medicines. Preclinical assays are the first tests performed to evaluate new therapeutic molecules using animal models. Currently, there are several models for evaluation of treatments, for dermal oedema or infection. However, the most common or usual way is to induce the inflammation with chemical substances instead of infectious agents. On the other hand, this kind of models require the implementation of histological techniques and the interpretation of pathologies to verify the effectiveness of the therapy under assessment.

This work was focused on developing a quantitative model of infection and oedema in mouse pinna. The infection was achieved with a strain of Streptococcus pyogenes that was inoculated in an injury induced at the auricle of BALB/c mice, the induced oedema was recorded by measuring the ear thickness with a digital micrometer and histopathological analysis was performed to verify the damage. The presence of S. pyogenes at the infection site was determined every day by culture.

Results

Our results showed that S. pyogenes can infect the mouse pinna and that it can be recovered at least for up to 4 days from the infected site; we also found that S. pyogenes can induce a bigger oedema than the PBS-treated control for at least 7 days; our results were validated with an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory formulation made with ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone.

Conclusions

The model we developed led us to emulate a dermal infection and allowed us to objectively evaluate the increase or decrease of the oedema by measuring the thickness of the ear pinna, and to determine the presence of the pathogen in the infection site. We consider that the model could be useful for assessment of new anti-inflammatory or antibacterial therapies for dermal infections.

Evidence of Bioactive Compounds from Vernonia polyanthes Leaves with Topical Anti-Inflammatory Potential

Vernonia polyanthes Less. (Asteraceae), popularly known as "assa-peixe", is a plant species used in Brazilian traditional medicine for the treatment of cutaneous damage, cicatrization, inflammation, and rheumatism. Based on these ethnopharmacological findings, the current study evaluated the topical anti-inflammatory effects of the hexane (HEVP) and ethyl acetate (EAEVP) extracts from V. polyanthes leaves in experimental models of skin inflammation. Chemical characterization was carried out by HPLC-UV/DAD analysis. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using Croton oil-, arachidonic acid (AA)-, phenol-, ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)-, and capsaicin-induced ear edema models in mice. Histopathological evaluation and measurements of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) enzymes were also performed. Rutin, luteolin, and apigenin were identified in EAEVP. Topically applied HEVP and EAEVP significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) reduced edema induced by five different irritants at the doses tested (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ear). Histopathological analysis revealed a reduction of edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and vasodilation. In addition, the enzymes activity (MPO and NAG) in the ear tissues was reduced by the topical treatment of HEVP and EAEVP (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). The results suggest that V. polyanthes leaves are effective against cutaneous damage, which support its traditional use and open up new possibilities for the treatment of skin disorders.

Impacts of dose and time of boldenone and stanazolol exposure in inflammatory markers, oxidative and nitrosative stress and histopathological changes in the rat testes

The present study was conducted to analyze the adverse effects of the anabolic steroids boldenone (BOL) and stanazolol (ST) in the reproductive function of male rats. These molecules were administered using three different protocols. In Protocol I, BOL and ST were administered in a higher dose than what is recommended but for a short period. In Protocol II, a moderate dose of these compounds was applied for an intermediate period, whereas in Protocol III a reduced dose was administered but for an extended period. Notably, Protocol I and III resulted in increased levels of reactive oxygen specimens (ROS [I, p < 0.01] [III, p < 0.001)]) and nitrite plus nitrate (NOx [I, p < 0.01] [II, p < 0.01] [III,p < 0.05]), respectively, whereas non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels were decreased only after Protocol III (p < 0.01). Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased after treatment with BOL in protocol II (p < 0.01) and III (p < 0.05) than with ST in protocol III (p < 0.05). Boldenone and ST also caused a significant up-regulation in the levels of serum testosterone when protocols I (p < 0.01) and II (p < 0.05) were performed. There were also visible histopathological alterations in the testes induced by treatment with BOL, namely degenerative changes primarily characterized by a decrease in the germinal epithelium. Together, these results suggest that the administration of BOL or ST exerts a significantly harmful effect in the testes of male rats. Moreover, all the treatment protocols used in this study induced deleterious effects on the testes, as indicated by the different biochemical parameters investigated. However, only the protocols of longer exposure time (II and III) induced morphological changes compatible with infertility.

Sydnone 1: A Mesoionic Compound with Antitumoral and Haematological Effects In Vivo

This study evaluated the antitumour activity of the mesoionic compound sydnone 1 (Syd-1) against Walker-256 carcinosarcoma. Tumour cells were subcutaneously inoculated in the hind limb in male Wistar rats. The animals were orally treated for 12 days with Syd-1 (75 mg/kg) or vehicle. At the end of treatment, considerable decreases in tumour volume and tumour weight were observed in treated animals. Samples of these tumours presented increases in apoptotic bodies and pro-apoptotic protein expression (Bax and p53), while the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was reduced. A decrease in reduced glutathione levels and an increase in glutathione peroxidase activity were observed in tumour after Syd-1 treatment. However, significant splenomegaly was evident in animals that received Syd-1, most likely attributable to the induction of haemolysis. This study demonstrated the antitumour activity of Syd-1 against Walker-256 carcinosarcoma. Its mechanism of action is linked to the activation of apoptotic pathways that lead to tumour cell death.

Topical Anti-inflammatory Activity of New Hybrid Molecules of Terpenes and Synthetic Drugs

The aim of the study was to assess changes in the activity of anti-inflammatory terpenes from Chilean medicinal plants after the formation of derivatives incorporating synthetic anti-inflammatory agents. Ten new hybrid molecules were synthesized combining terpenes (ferruginol (1), imbricatolic acid (2) and oleanolic acid (3)) with ibuprofen (4) or naproxen (5). The topical anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was assessed in mice by the arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) induced ear edema assays. Basal cytotoxicity was determined towards human lung fibroblasts, gastric epithelial cells and hepatocytes. At 1.4 µmol/mouse, a strong anti-inflammatory effect in the TPA assay was observed for oleanoyl ibuprofenate 12 (79.9%) and oleanoyl ibuprofenate methyl ester 15 (80.0%). In the AA assay, the best activity was observed for 12 at 3.2 µmol/mouse, with 56.8% reduction of inflammation, in the same range as nimesulide (48.9%). All the terpenyl-synthetic anti-inflammatory hybrids showed better effects in the TPA assay, with best activity for 6, 12 and 15. The cytotoxicity of the compounds 8 and 10 with a free COOH, was higher than that of 2. The derivatives from 3 were less toxic than the triterpene. Several of the new compounds presented better anti-inflammatory effect and lower cytotoxicity than the parent terpenes.

Anti-inflammatory activity of animal oils from the Peruvian Amazon

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Animal oils and fats from the fishes Electrophorus electricus and Potamotrygon motoro, the reptiles Boa constrictor, Chelonoidis denticulata (Geochelone denticulata) and Melanosuchus niger and the riverine dolphin Inia geoffrensis are used as anti-inflammatory agents in the Peruvian Amazon. The aim of the study was to assess the topic anti-inflammatory effect of the oils/fats as well as to evaluate its antimicrobial activity and fatty acid composition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The oils/fats were purchased from a traditional store at the Iquitos market of Belen, Peru. The topic anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by the mice ear edema induced by arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at the dose of 3mg oil/ear. Indomethacine and nimesulide were used as reference anti-inflammatory drugs. The application resembles the traditional topical use of the oils. The antimicrobial effect of the oils/fats was assessed by the microdilution test against reference strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. The fatty acid composition of the oils/fats (as methyl esters) was determined by GC and GC-MS analysis after saponification.

RESULTS

All oils/fats showed topic anti-inflammatory activity, with better effect in the TPA-induced mice ear edema assay. The most active drugs were Potamotrygon motoro, Melanosuchus niger and Geochelone denticulata. In the AA-induced assay, the best activity was found for Potamotrygon motoro and Electrophorus electricus oil. The oil of Electrophorus electricus also showed a weak antimicrobial effect with MIC values of 250 µg/mL against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella enteritidis-MI. The main fatty acids in the oils were oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids.

CONCLUSIONS

Topical application of all the oils/fats investigated showed anti-inflammatory activity in the mice ear edema assay. The effect can be related with the identity and composition of the fatty acids in the samples. This study gives support to the traditional use of animal oils/fats as ant-inflammatory agents in the Peruvian Amazon. However, new alternative should be encouraged due to the conservation status of several of the animal sources of the crude drugs.

Bioassay-guided chemical study of the anti-inflammatory effect of Senna villosa (Miller) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Leguminosae) in TPA-induced ear edema

Senna villosa (Miller) is a plant that grows in México. In traditional Mexican medicine, it is used topically to treat skin infections, pustules and eruptions and to heal wounds by scar formation. However, studies of its potential anti-inflammatory effects have not been performed. The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of extracts from the leaves of Senna villosa and to perform a bioassay-guided chemical study of the extract with major activity in a model of ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). The results reveal that the chloroform extract from Senna villosa leaves has anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Nine fractions were obtained from the bioassay-guided chemical study, including a white precipitate from fractions 2 and 3. Although none of the nine fractions presented anti-inflammatory activity, the white precipitate exhibited pharmacological activity. It was chemically characterized using mass spectrometry and infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, resulting in a mixture of three aliphatic esters, which were identified as the principal constituents: hexyl tetradecanoate (C20H40O2), heptyl tetradecanoate (C21H42O2) and octyl tetradecanoate (C22H44O2). This research provides, for the first time, evidence of the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties of compounds isolated from Senna villosa.

Fatty acid composition and preclinical resarches on Anthemis wiedemanniana Fisch. & Mey.: Discovery of a new anti-inflammatory agent

BACKGROUND

Anthemis species have been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, hemorrhoid, stomachache and inflammatory diseases in Turkish folk medicine. Anthemis wiedemanniana Fisch. And Mey. is an endemic plant used as painkiller, antispasmodic, sedative and for the treatment of urinary inflammations.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the anti-inflamatory activity of the extracts of A. wiedemanniana by using in vivo methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Carrageenan-, PGE2- and serotonin-induced hind paw edema, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema and acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability models were used for the anti-inflammatory activity assessment. Moreover, the fatty acid composition of A. wiedemanniana was investigated by gas chromatography (GC).

RESULTS

n-Hexane, diethyl ether and total sesquiterpene lactone extracts exhibited significant inhibition in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability model. n-Hexane and total sesquiterperne lactone extracts showed anti-inflammatory activity in PGE2- and serotonin-induced hind paw edema model. However none of the extracts displayed significant activity in TPA-induced ear edema model in mice. C4:0 (Buthyric acid), C20:0 (Arachidic acid) and C16:1 (Palmitoleik acid) were found to be the major fatty acids in these species. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were found in higher amounts than monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. SFAs were determined as 63.17%, UFAs as 20.89% and PuFAs as 15.95%.

CONCLUSION

This study confirms the traditional usage of A. wiedemanniana for inflammatory diseases.

Antiinflammatory effects of Viola tricolor gel in a model of sunburn in rats and the gel stability study

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Viola tricolor, popularly known as heartsease has been empirically used in several skin disorders, including burns.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study was investigate the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effect of a gel containing extract of Viola tricolor flowers on thermal burn induced by UVB irradiation and to perform gel stability study.

METHODS

The antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effect were evaluated by static and dynamic mechanical allodynia model, paw edema, and neutrophilic cell infiltration. Metabolites compounds were quantified by HPLC. The gel stability study was performed analyzing organoleptical aspects, besides pH, viscosity, and quantification of rutin by HPLC.

RESULTS

In the results were evidenced changes in threshold in statical and dynamic mechanical allodynia (I(max)=100 ± 10% and 49 ± 10%, respectively), paw edema (I(max)=61 ± 6%), and myeloperoxidase activity (I(max)=89 ± 5%). Such effects may be attributed, in part, to rutin, salicylic and chlorogenic acids, and others compounds found in this species. No important changes were detected in the stability study, in all aspects analyzed in temperature below 25 °C.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that Viola tricolor gel has an antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effect in the ultraviolet-B-induced burn, since maintain the temperature below 25 °C.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Aloe saponaria Haw on thermal injury in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In Brazil, the plant Aloe saponaria Haw, popularly known as "babosa pintadinha", has been empirically used for its potential effect on thermal injury. Because there are no scientific data confirming its popular use, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Aloe saponaria on nociceptive and inflammatory parameters in a rat model of thermal injury.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to a thermal injury or sham procedure (immersion in water at 70 or 37°C, respectively, for 5 or 8s). Burned animals were topically treated with vehicle (base cream), sulfadiazine 1% (positive control) or Aloe saponaria cream (0.3%-30%) once a day for 2 or 6 days. Each day, 30min before the treatment, we measured nociceptive (static and dynamic mechanical allodynia, thermal allodynia and spontaneous pain) and inflammatory (paw edema) parameters. Moreover, enzymatic indicators of leukocyte infiltration into burned tissue were also determined 2 or 6 days after the thermal injury.

RESULTS

The thermal injury (fist and second-degree) procedure, but not the sham procedure, induced nociception and inflammation from 1 to 6 days after the injury. The topical treatment with Aloe saponaria cream (10%) reduced nociceptive behaviors from day 1 to 6 (peak at day 2), edema at days 5 and 6 (peak at day 6) and myeloperoxidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and eosinoperoxidase activities at day 6. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Aloe saponaria were obtained with doses of 3%-30%, with maximal inhibition obtained with a dose of 10% (reductions of 39±9%, 41±9%, 31±7%, 83±7% and 23±2% for static and dynamic mechanical allodynia, thermal allodynia, spontaneous pain and paw edema, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate that topically applied Aloe saponaria presented antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in rats subjected to a thermal injury, which supports its traditional use for burn injuries.

Effects of steroidal and non-steroidal antiphlogistic drugs on eicosanoid synthesis in irritated skin: studies with the isolated perfused bovine udder

Using the isolated perfused bovine udder as an in-vitro model of skin inflammation, the effects of topically administered arachidonic acid on prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis have been shown previously. In this study, the effects of indometacin (indomethacin) and clobetasol-17-propionate (administered topically) as well as flunixin meglumine and meloxicam (administered via the perfusion fluid) have been studied. Compared with controls, arachidonic acid caused a significant increase in the dermal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and peptidoleukotriene (LTC4/D4/E4) concentration. Topical treatment with indometacin (1.6 mg cm−2) and clobetasol-17-propionate (90 μg cm−2), which were administered 60 min before arachidonic acid administration, inhibited the inflammatory reaction. Flunixin meglumine (1 μg mL−1 perfusion fluid) was administered 30 min after and meloxicam (3 μg mL−1 perfusion fluid) was administered 60 min before arachidonic acid application. Three hours after arachidonic acid administration, a significant inhibition of PGE2 synthesis was induced by flunixin. In contrast, meloxicam showed only a slight effect. The effect of flunixin was comparable with in-vivo results. It is known from animal studies that anti-inflammatory effects of meloxicam are obvious within up to 6 h after treatment. Therefore, the incomplete effect of meloxicam may be explained pharmacokinetically. In conclusion, the described in-vitro model seems to be suitable for studies of pharmacological effects on eicosanoid synthesis in the skin.

Anti-inflammatory effects of locally applied enzyme-loaded ultradeformable vesicles on an acute cutaneous model

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) are active scavengers of reactive oxygen species and were incorporated into ultradeformable vesicles with the aim of increasing enzyme bioavailability (skin delivery). These special very adaptable vesicles have been formulated and optimized for enzyme transport in order to penetrate into or across the intact skin barrier. Anti-inflammatory activity of SOD-loaded, CAT-loaded and of SOD- and CAT-loaded ultradeformable vesicles applied epicutaneously was measured using different protein doses on the skin, on an arachidonic acid-induced mouse ear oedema. The biological anti-oedema activity is a measurement of drug-targeting potentiation in the organ. Delivery by means of deformable vesicles was compared to conventional vesicles or the absence of an enzyme carrier mediated transport. This was done at various times following prophylactic application of the test formulations. Positive reference groups were treated epicutaneously with several low molecular weight non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The latter included indomethacin (3 mg kg(-1)), etofenamate (30 mg kg(-1)) and piroxicam (1 mg kg(-1)) and reduced the oedema by 94 +/- 4%, 81 +/- 4% and 42 +/- 5%, respectively, if measured 30 min after ear treatment with a NSAID. Of the enzyme-loaded carriers tested, only the enzyme-loaded ultradeformable vesicles reduced the swelling of ears significantly: SOD (90 microg kg(-1)), CAT (250 microg kg(-1)) and SOD (90 microg kg(-1)) plus CAT (250 microg kg(-1)) reduced the oedema by 70 +/- 12%, 65 +/- 10% and 61 +/- 19%, respectively, at t = 30 min. Aqueous enzyme solutions and empty carriers had no such effect. The combination of two enzymes resulted in no increased therapeutic effect, but the results are inconclusive since only two dose combinations were tested. The results presented in this study suggest that antioxidant enzymes delivered by means of ultradeformable lipid vesicles can serve as a novel region-specific treatment of inflammation.

Effect of 5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles on chronic inflammatory pain model in rats

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for treatment of arthritis. However, their long-term use has been associated with considerable morbidity, limiting their application. Thus, there remains a need to develop new drugs for the effective and safe relief of chronic inflammatory pain. In this context, the present study was designed to evaluate the antinociceptive and antiedematogenic effects of the 5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole derivatives EPFCA3 and MPFCA4 after acute (1-1000 micromol/kg) and chronic (100 micromol/kg for 15 days) administration in rats submitted to a model of adjuvant-induced arthritis. We also analyzed some biochemical indicators of toxicity (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea and creatinine levels) after prolonged administration of these compounds. We found that acute and chronic subcutaneuous administration of EPFCA3 and MPFCA4 produces an antinociceptive, but not antiedematogenic, effect on the arthritis animal model induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). No signs of toxicity were observed in the animals chronically treated with EPFCA3 or MPFCA4. Dipyrone (1-1000 micromol/kg) was used as the positive control and its effect was similar to that of the novel pyrazoles. The activity of tissue myeloperoxidase, the tissue TNF-alpha level and the serum haptoglobin level was increased by intraplantar CFA injection. However, chronic administration of EPFCA3, MPFCA4 or dipyrone was not able to alter the relation between these parameters and inflammation. Our results suggest that EPFCA3 and MPFCA4 are good candidates for the development of new drugs for pain treatment.

In vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions of some Lamium species

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Several Lamium species have been used to relieve pain in arthritic ailments in Turkish folk medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of different extracts prepared with methanol, dichloromethane, n-butanol and water from the aerial parts of some Lamium species of Turkish origin.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Lamium eriocephalum subsp. eriocephalum, Lamium garganicum subsp. laevigatum, Lamium garganicum subsp. pulchrum and Lamium purpureum var. purpureum (Lamiaceae); for the anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model, PGE(2)-induced hind paw edema model, and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema model and for the antinociceptive activity p-benzoquinone (PBQ)-induced writhing test in mice were employed.

RESULTS

The n-butanol extracts of Lamium garganicum subsp. laevigatum (LGL-BuOH), Lamium garganicum subsp. pulchrum (LGP-BuOH), and Lamium purpureum var. purpureum (LPP-BuOH) exhibited notable inhibition (16.5-28.9, 14.5-26.9, 12.3-21.5%, resp.) in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model at doses of 200mg/kg without inducing any gastric damage. The LGL-BuOH (7.1-30.4%) and LGP-BuOH (5.9-24.1%) extracts also displayed potent anti-inflammatory activity against PGE(2)-induced hind paw edema model. LGL-BuOH and LGP-BuOH were also found to exhibit remarkable antinociceptive activity in p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction test at a dose of 200 mg/kg (25.0 and 24.3%, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The experimental data demonstrated that Lamium garganicum subsp. laevigatum and Lamium garganicum subsp. pulchrum displayed remarkable anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities.

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Buddleja globosa, Buddlejaceae

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Buddleja globosa, known as "matico", is employed in Chile for wound healing.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To validate the traditional use of the crude drug through in vivo and in vitro evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant properties of its extracts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sequential hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and total methanol extracts were studied using bioguided fractionation. The following activities were investigated: analgesic (writhing test), oral and topic anti-inflammatory (paw- and ear-induced edema), free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH, superoxide anion, lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase inhibition). Sodium naproxen, nimesulide, indomethacin were used as reference drugs for in vivo, quercetin and allopurinol for in vitro assays.

RESULTS

A mixture of alpha- and beta-amyrins was isolated from the hexane extract that showed 41.2% of analgesic effect at 600 mg/kg, inhibited by 47.7 and 79.0% the arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-decanoate (TPA)-induced inflammation at 3mg/20 microL/ear, respectively. A mixture of beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmastenol, stigmastanol and campesterol was isolated from the fraction CD4-N and beta-sitosterol-glycoside from the fraction CD5-N, reducing TPA-induced inflammation by 78.2 and 83.7% at 1mg/20 microL/ear, respectively. The fraction CD4-N at 300 mg/kg also showed analgesic activity (38.7%). The methanol extract at 600mg/kg per os showed anti-inflammatory effect (61.4%), topic anti-inflammatory (56.7% on TPA) and analgesic activity (38.5%). Verbascoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were the major components of the methanol extract; apigenin 7-O-glucoside was also detected. Inhibition of superoxide anion, lipoperoxidation, and DPPH bleaching effect was found in the methanol serial and global extracts.

CONCLUSIONS

The present report demonstrate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Buddleja globosa and validate its use in Chilean traditional medicine.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Sertaconazole Nitrate Is Mediated via Activation of a p38–COX-2–PGE2 Pathway

Sertaconazole nitrate is an antifungal agent that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity; however, the mechanism for this action was unknown. We investigated the cellular mechanisms by which sertaconazole exerts its anti-inflammatory activity in keratinocytes and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Paradoxically, sertaconazole was found to activate the proinflammatory p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Treatment with sertaconazole also resulted in the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the subsequent release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Knocking down p38 in keratinocytes using small interfering RNA resulted in an inhibition of sertaconazole-induced PGE2 release confirming that activation of p38 was required for PGE2 production. Additionally, in stimulated keratinocytes and human PBMCs, sertaconazole was found to suppress the release of cytokines. Treatment with anti-PGE2 antiserum or the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 reversed the inhibitory effects of sertaconazole on the release of proinflammatory cytokines, linking endogenous PGE2 with the anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, in an in vivo mouse model of tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA)-induced dermatitis, the sertaconazole-mediated inhibition of TPA-induced ear edema was reversed by NS398. Biochemical analysis of tissue biopsies revealed increase in PGE2 levels in sertaconazole-treated mice. Thus, activation of the p38-COX-2-PGE2 pathway by agents such as sertaconazole provides anti-inflammatory therapeutic benefits.

Improvement of lipoxygenase inhibition by octapeptides

The beta-casein-derived octapeptide RINKKIEK is a noncompetitive inhibitor of soybean lipoxygenase (LOX). To investigate the molecular determinants for the enzyme-peptide interaction, a peptide library containing substitutional analogs of RINKKIEK was prepared by SPOT synthesis and analyzed for interaction with fluorescent-labeled LOX. The positively charged amino acid residues in RINKKIEK appear to be essential for the LOX-peptide interaction. Replacement of the negatively charged glutamic acid by any other amino acid residue improves LOX binding. For both RINKKIPK and RINKKISK this increase in LOX binding is accompanied by a threefold increase in LOX inhibition.

Interaction of antiflammin-1 with uteroglobin-binding protein induces phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in NIH 3T3 cells

Previously, it has been suggested that uteroglobin (UG)-binding protein functions as a putative receptor of UG; however, the specific epitope of UG that interacts with this receptor has not yet been identified. The downstream events of UG-binding protein signaling remain unclear. Here we report that antiflammin-1 (AF-1, a bioactive C-terminal peptide of UG) specifically binds to UG-binding protein and has a cellular signaling consequence. We reduced the level of endogenous UG-binding protein expression in murine fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3 by RNA interference and found that knockdown of UG-binding protein inhibited AF-1-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. Meanwhile, the interaction between AF-1 and UG-binding protein was confirmed by flow cytometry-based binding assays and co-localization of AF-1 and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged UG-binding protein. The present study provides evidence for the first time for AF-1 binding with UG-binding protein, and preliminarily characterized UG-binding protein as a point downstream of AF-1 in mediating ERK phosphorylation.

Effects of polyphenols derived from fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida on cell transformation, dermal edema and skin tumor formation by phorbol ester application

The dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida have been used traditionally as oriental medicine and local soft drink material recently. Previously, we demonstrated that C. pinnatifida exhibited anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory potential. To clarify the active components in anti-transformation and anti-tumor promotion, we collected the polyphenol fraction (CF-TP) of hot-water extracts from dried fruits of C. pinnatifida for the following study. By anchorage-independent transformation assay, CF-TP significantly inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cell transformation in JB6 P(+) cells. Moreover, we found that CF-TP inhibited the expression of osteopontin (OPN), a transformational marker, and the activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 induced by TPA in JB6 P(+) cells. In addition, we evaluated the effect of CF-TP on TPA application to ICR mouse skin with measurement of H(2)O(2) production, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, edema formation, epidermal thickness and leukocyte infiltration. As a result, CF-TP significantly inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the phenomena of inflammation induced by TPA. It also suppressed the expression of COX-2 and iNOS, and the activation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Furthermore, CF-TP inhibited benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)/TPA-induced skin tumor formation and decreased the incidence of tumor. These results indicate that CF-TP possesses potential as a cancer chemopreventive agent against tumor promotion.

In vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of the crude extract and fractions from Rosa canina L. fruits

The aqueous and ethanol extracts of Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) fruits and the fractions prepared from the latter were investigated for their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in several in vivo experimental models. The ethanolic extract was shown to possess significant inhibitory activity against inflammatory models (i.e., carrageenan-induced and PGE(1)-induced hind paw edema models, as well as on acetic acid-induced increase in a capillary permeability model) and on a pain model based on the inhibition of p-benzoquinone-induced writhing in mice. Hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, n-butanol and the remaining water fractions were obtained through bioassay-guided fractionation. Ethylacetate and n-butanol fractions displayed potent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities at a dose of 919 mg/kg without inducing acute toxicity. Further attempts to isolate and define the active constituent(s) were inconclusive, possibly due to the synergistic interaction of components in the extract.

Topical anti-inflammatory activity of 2alpha-hydroxy pentacyclic triterpene acids from the leaves of Ugni molinae

Leaf extracts of Ugni molinae Turcz. are used in the Chilean cosmetic industry on the assumption that they have decongestant, regenerative, and anti-aging properties. A bioassay-guided fractionation of this plant material showed that some extracts have potent anti-inflammatory activities. Further fractionation led to the isolation and identification of betulinic acid, a mixture of ursolic and oleanolic acids, and the 2alpha-hydroxy derivatives alphitolic, asiatic, and corosolic acids. The latter three were evaluated in vivo in the mouse ear assay for their topical anti-inflammatory activity, inducing inflammation with either arachidonic acid (AA) or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA). Only corosolic acid was active in the AA assay, with similar potency to nimesulide, but all three triterpene acids inhibited TPA-induced inflammation with potencies comparable to that of indomethacin.

Effects of antiflammins on transglutaminase and phospholipase A2 activation by transglutaminase

Two anti-inflammatory peptides, named antiflammins (AFs), corresponding to a region with high amino acid similarity between lipocortin-1 and uteroglobin were tested for their ability to inhibit transglutaminase (TG) and low-molecular-mass phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Porcine pancreatic PLA2 activity and guinea pig hepatic TG activity were determined by arachidonyl release from arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine and by the incorporation of putrescine into succinylated casein, respectively. AFs inhibited TG activity but did not affect PLA2 activity. Moreover, porcine pancreatic PLA2 was activated by TG and AFs decreased porcine pancreatic PLA2 activation induced by TG. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory effects of AFs are, at least in part, due to the action of AFs on TG activity.

Analgesic-antiinflammatory properties of Proustia pyrifolia

The antiinflammatory (per os and topic) and analgesic (per os) properties of the aerial part of Proustia pyrifolia a species in danger of extinction were investigated, and the major compounds of two of its active extracts were isolated. In addition, the evaluation of cytotoxicity in three tumoral cell lines and the acute toxicity of the crude methanol extract were also assayed, together with the antioxidant activity for the different extracts of this species. The results of the evaluation of the topic antiinflammatory activities induced by arachidonic acid, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate of the different extracts showed that this species possesses active constituents that could diminish cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenases activities, the enzymes that allow the synthesis of proinflammatory endogenous substances as prostaglandin E(2) and leukotrienes, respectively. Our results corroborate the antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of Proustia pyrifolia, and could justify its use in folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatic and gout illnesses. From bio-active extracts beta-sitosterol, quercetin and dihydroquercetin were obtained, and these compounds could explain in part the antiinflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of this species. The crude methanol extract did not present acute toxicity or cytotoxic activity, however only this extract exhibited antioxidant activity.

Vascular permeabilization by intravenous arachidonate in the rat peritoneal cavity: antagonism by antioxidants

Arachidonic acid was investigated for its vascular permeabilizing potential in the rat peritoneal cavity and for its mechanism of action. The antagonistic potential of antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C and troxerutin) was also evaluated. Vascular permeability was equated to the rate of extravasation of Evans blue dye from plasma into the peritoneal cavity. Baseline permeability was linear up to 2 h, with a rate constant (k) of 0.0031+/-0.0007 h(-1). Intravenous arachidonate (from 30 microg/kg to 3 mg/kg) induced an immediate, dose-related and significant increase in permeability (ranging from 80% to 150%), which was comparable to the effect induced by similar doses of serotonin. Aspirin (10 mg/kg) reduced the arachidonate-induced permeability by 75%, but interestingly neither the stable thromboxane A(2) receptor agonist U46619 (prostaglandin H(2) endoperoxide epoxymethane) nor prostacyclin was able to increase peritoneal vascular permeability. In contrast, the permeabilizing action of arachidonic acid was very sensitive to antioxidant agents. Thus, vitamin C and the flavonoid compound troxerutin (100 mg/kg) fully abolished arachidonate-induced permeability, whereas vitamin E had only a partial effect (40-100% inhibition). In conclusion, intravenous administration of arachidonic acid strongly enhanced peritoneal vascular permeability in the rat, apparently via free radical generation. This rat peritoneal model can be used to evaluate the in vivo antinflammatory potential of antioxidant drugs.

Pharmaco-toxicological study of diterpenoids

Azorella compacta, Azorella yareta and Laretia acaulis (Apiaceae) are native species from the high Andes Mountains, northeastern Chile, and they have being traditionally used to treat asthma, colds and bronchitis, illnesses with inflammation and pain as the main symptoms. Interestingly, there are no scientific reports available on their benefits or toxicity. This study was carried out with the purpose of validating the medicinal use of these species and to discover anti-inflammatory and analgesic new molecules. As a working hypothesis, we have proposed that these medicinal species contain bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. In this context, azorellanol, 13-hydroxy-7-oxoazorellane and 7-deacetylazorellanol, three diterpenoids previously isolated only from these plants, were subjected to farmaco-toxicological evaluation. Their topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities along with acute toxicities or innocuosness were also investigated. Our results indicate the absence of toxic and side effects in mice. All compounds presented dose-related inhibition of pain. 13-hydroxy-7-oxoazorellane was the most potent analgesic but it was less effective than sodium naproxen, the reference drug. Azorellanol exhibited the highest topical anti-inflammatory potency on AA (arachidonic acid) and TPA (12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate) induced oedema, and it effect was similar to the reference drugs (nimesulide and indomethacin). Probably, its mechanism of action could be explained through the inhibition to cyclo-oxygenase activity. Our results corroborate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of these species, and it justifies their use in folk medicine.