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Flechas Becerra C, Barrios Silva LV, Ahmed E, Bear JC, Feng Z, Chau DY, Parker SG, Halligan S, Lythgoe MF, Stuckey DJ, Patrick PS. X-Ray Visible Protein Scaffolds by Bulk Iodination. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306246. [PMID: 38145968 PMCID: PMC10933627 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based biomaterial use is expanding within medicine, together with the demand to visualize their placement and behavior in vivo. However, current medical imaging techniques struggle to differentiate between protein-based implants and surrounding tissue. Here a fast, simple, and translational solution for tracking transplanted protein-based scaffolds is presented using X-ray CT-facilitating long-term, non-invasive, and high-resolution imaging. X-ray visible scaffolds are engineered by selectively iodinating tyrosine residues under mild conditions using readily available reagents. To illustrate translatability, a clinically approved hernia repair mesh (based on decellularized porcine dermis) is labeled, preserving morphological and mechanical properties. In a mouse model of mesh implantation, implants retain marked X-ray contrast up to 3 months, together with an unchanged degradation rate and inflammatory response. The technique's compatibility is demonstrated with a range of therapeutically relevant protein formats including bovine, porcine, and jellyfish collagen, as well as silk sutures, enabling a wide range of surgical and regenerative medicine uses. This solution tackles the challenge of visualizing implanted protein-based biomaterials, which conventional imaging methods fail to differentiate from endogenous tissue. This will address previously unanswered questions regarding the accuracy of implantation, degradation rate, migration, and structural integrity, thereby accelerating optimization and safe translation of therapeutic biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Flechas Becerra
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical ImagingDivision of MedicineUniversity College LondonPaul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley StreetLondonWC1E 6DDUK
| | - Lady V. Barrios Silva
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue EngineeringEastman Dental InstituteUniversity College LondonRoyal Free HospitalRowland Hill StreetLondonNW3 2PFUK
| | - Ebtehal Ahmed
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical ImagingDivision of MedicineUniversity College LondonPaul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley StreetLondonWC1E 6DDUK
| | - Joseph C. Bear
- School of Life SciencePharmacy & ChemistryKingston UniversityPenrhyn RoadKingston upon ThamesKT1 2EEUK
| | - Zhiping Feng
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical ImagingDivision of MedicineUniversity College LondonPaul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley StreetLondonWC1E 6DDUK
| | - David Y.S. Chau
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue EngineeringEastman Dental InstituteUniversity College LondonRoyal Free HospitalRowland Hill StreetLondonNW3 2PFUK
| | - Samuel G. Parker
- Centre for Medical Imaging, Division of MedicineUniversity College London UCLCharles Bell House, 43–45 Foley StreetLondonW1W 7TSUK
| | - Steve Halligan
- Centre for Medical Imaging, Division of MedicineUniversity College London UCLCharles Bell House, 43–45 Foley StreetLondonW1W 7TSUK
| | - Mark F. Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical ImagingDivision of MedicineUniversity College LondonPaul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley StreetLondonWC1E 6DDUK
| | - Daniel J. Stuckey
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical ImagingDivision of MedicineUniversity College LondonPaul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley StreetLondonWC1E 6DDUK
| | - P. Stephen Patrick
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical ImagingDivision of MedicineUniversity College LondonPaul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley StreetLondonWC1E 6DDUK
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Luo QB, Chi CF, Yang F, Zhao YQ, Wang B. Physicochemical properties of acid- and pepsin-soluble collagens from the cartilage of Siberian sturgeon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:31427-31438. [PMID: 30196466 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To look for the collagen alternatives of mammalian cartilages from aquatics and their by-products, acid-soluble collagen (ASC-SC) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC-SC) were extracted from cartilages of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) with yields of 27.13 ± 1.15 and 14.69 ± 0.85% on dry weight basis. ASC-SC and PSC-SC had glycine as the major amino acid with the contents of 326.8 and 327.5 residues 1000 residues-1, and their contents of proline and hydroxyproline were 205.9 and 208.0 residues 1000 residues-1. ASC-SC and PSC-SC comprised type I collagen ([α1(I)]2α2(I)) and type II collagen ([α1(II)]3) on the literatures and results of amino acid composition, SDS-PAGE pattern, UV, and FTIR spectra. Meanwhile, FTIR spectra data indicated that there were more hydrogen bonds in ASC-SC and more intermolecular crosslinks in PSC-SC. The maximum transition temperature (Tmax) of the ASC (28.3 °C) and PSC (30.5 °C) was lower than those of collagens from mammalian cartilages (> 37 °C). ASC-SC and PSC-SC showed high solubility in the acidic pH ranges and the solubility decreased in the presence of NaCl at concentrations above 3%. Zeta potential studies indicated that both ASC-SC and PSC-SC exhibited a net zero charge at pH 6.30 and 6.32. SEM results indicated that ASC-SC and PSC-SC presented irregular dense sheet-like film linked by random-coiled filaments. Therefore, collagens from Siberian sturgeon cartilages might be the suitable alternatives of the collagens of mammal cartilages as functional ingredient to treat some diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Bin Luo
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Chang-Feng Chi
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Yu-Qin Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Biomedical Products, School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
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Extraction and characterization of collagen from Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic squid and its potential application in hybrid scaffolds for tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:787-795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Whelan FJ, Yap NVL, Surette MG, Golding GB, Bowdish DME. A guide to bioinformatics for immunologists. Front Immunol 2013; 4:416. [PMID: 24363654 PMCID: PMC3849744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinformatics includes a suite of methods, which are cheap, approachable, and many of which are easily accessible without any sort of specialized bioinformatic training. Yet, despite this, bioinformatic tools are under-utilized by immunologists. Herein, we review a representative set of publicly available, easy-to-use bioinformatic tools using our own research on an under-annotated human gene, SCARA3, as an example. SCARA3 shares an evolutionary relationship with the class A scavenger receptors, but preliminary research showed that it was divergent enough that its function remained unclear. In our quest for more information about this gene - did it share gene sequence similarities to other scavenger receptors? Did it contain conserved protein domains? Where was it expressed in the human body? - we discovered the power and informative potential of publicly available bioinformatic tools designed for the novice in mind, which allowed us to hypothesize on the regulation, structure, and function of this protein. We argue that these tools are largely applicable to many facets of immunology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J. Whelan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Michael G. Surette
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - G. Brian Golding
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dawn M. E. Bowdish
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Jackson DS, Cleary EG. The determination of collagen and elastin. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 15:25-76. [PMID: 4899619 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110331.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Heiden TCK, Haines AN, Manire C, Lombardi J, Koob TJ. Structure and permeability of the egg capsule of the bonnethead shark,Sphyrna tiburo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 303:577-89. [PMID: 15945073 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the viviparous bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, a fluid-filled, acellular egg capsule surrounds fertilized eggs and developing embryos throughout gestation. Like other placental shark species, the capsule remains intact even at the placental implantation site. Although its intervention between the uterine and embryonic tissues of the placenta has long been thought to mediate physiological exchange, little information is available concerning even its basic structure or permeability to solutes. The 1 mum thick capsule wall consists of an inner layer of gelatinous material and an outer layer consisting of at least three laminae of orthogonally arranged fibrous material. These fibers are irregular and often branched. Permeability experiments showed that solutes less than 1,355 Da diffuse across the egg capsule whereas those greater than 6,000 Da do not pass through the membrane. Solute movement across the capsule is a concentration-dependent phenomenon indicating diffusion rather than active transport. Experimental data also suggest that there is an increase in the permeability of the egg capsule to low molecular weight materials during mid- and late gestation. These observations are discussed in relation to the function of the egg capsule as a mediator of maternal-embryonic interactions in matrotrophic sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tisha C King Heiden
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
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KNIGHT DAVIDP, FENG DIAN, STEWART MURRAY. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SALACHIAN EGG CASE. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1996.tb00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bigi A, Koch M, Purslow P, Ripamonti A, Roveri N, Sayers Z. Structural organization of collagen in Metridium senile. Int J Biol Macromol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(85)90060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Collagen-like proteins have been found in the egg shell membranes of the hen. Materials similar to types I and V collagens were detected in each of the two layers of this membrane, the thick outer membrane and the thin inner membrane. Collagen was extracted by acid-pepsin digestion and isolated by differential salt precipitation. Identification of type-specific collagen-like material was established by coelectrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels using known collagen standards. These bands were susceptible to digestion by bacterial collagenase. From differential staining of the gels it was estimated that the ratio of collagen types I:V was approximately 100:1. Further confirmation of these biochemical results was obtained with immunofluorescence microscopy using type-specific antisera against chicken types I and V collagen with the indirect sandwich technique. Both the inner and outer shell membranes contained the two types of collagen. Within each membrane, the large, coarse 2.5-micron fibers contained predominantly type I collagen-like material, while type V collagen was mainly associated with the delicate narrower fibers of approximately 0.6-micron diameter. These tended to be concentrated in the inner membrane. At the electron microscopic level, both types of fibers were coated with glycoproteins that stained positively with ruthenium red. The deposition of these collagen-like substances by the hen oviduct on to the surface of the developing egg is an additional example of interstitial-type collagen synthesis and secretion by epithelial rather than by mesenchymal cells.
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Calhoon RE, Aaronson S. A discriminant analysis of amino acid frequency in collagen-like proteins. J Theor Biol 1979; 78:225-39. [PMID: 491714 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(79)90266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kivirikko KI, Myllylä R. Collagen glycosyltransferases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESEARCH 1979; 8:23-72. [PMID: 389860 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-363708-6.50008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sood ML, Kalra S. Histochemical studies on the body wall of nematodes: Haemonchus contortus (Rud., 1803) and Xiphinema insigne Loos, 1949. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1977; 51:265-73. [PMID: 140550 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Histochemical studies on the body wall of Haemonchus contortus (Rud.) and Xiphinema insigne Loos have been made. In H. contortus, the cuticle is mainly proteinous in nature. The lipids and PAS-postive materials are only present in cortical layers. In addition, haemoglobin and acid phosphatase are also present. The hypodermis shows the presence of glycogen, lipids, RNA, acid and alkaline phosphatases. The oval dense body is composed of keratinous and collagenous proteins associated with acid mucopolysaccharides. Muscles carry a greater concentration of glycogen granules and phospholipids. In X. insigne, the cuticle is rich in sudanophilic lipids. The cuticle also consists of weakly acidic mucopolysaccharides. Hypodermis and muscles contain lipids and glycogen. In addition, hypodermis also consists of acidic mucopolysaccharides. The functional significance of these components has been fully discussed.
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L-fucose metabolism in mammals. Purification of pork liver 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-fuconate:NAD+ oxidoreductase by NAD+-Agarose affinity chromatography. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Singer II. An electron microscopic and autoradiographic study of mesogleal organization and collagen synthesis in the sea anemone Aiptasia diaphana. Cell Tissue Res 1974; 149:537-54. [PMID: 4152575 DOI: 10.1007/bf00223031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Shape, size and amino acid composition of collagen fibril of the starfish Asterias amurensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(73)90271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ludowieg JJ, Adams J, Wang AC, Parker J, Fudenberg HH. The mammalian intervertebral disc. The collagen of whale fetal nucleus pulposus. Connect Tissue Res 1973; 2:21-9. [PMID: 4278326 DOI: 10.3109/03008207309152596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Katzman RL, Oronsky AL. Evidence for a Covalent Linkage between Heteropolysaccharide and an Hydroxyproline-containing Peptide from Metridium dianthus Connective Tissue. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kobayashi S. Acid mucopolysaccharides in calcified tissues. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1971; 30:257-371. [PMID: 4332845 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Katzman RL, Lisowska E, Jeanloz RW. Invertebrate connective tissue. Isolation of D-arabinose from sponge acidic polysaccharide. Biochem J 1970; 119:17-9. [PMID: 5485748 PMCID: PMC1179312 DOI: 10.1042/bj1190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
1. d-Arabinose, an extremely rare sugar in the animal kingdom, was isolated from a complex acidic polysaccharide obtained from the connective tissue of the sponge Hippospongia gossypina. A crystalline derivative of arabinose, the 1-benzyl-1-phenylhydrazone, was prepared and characterized by its melting point, optical rotation, and mixed melting point with authentic d- and l-enantiomers. 2. The distribution of arabinose within the animal kingdom is discussed, and a biological role is proposed for the spongonucleotides.
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Gadeyne C, François C. [Distribution and properties of collagen of some connective tissues in the class of echinoids]. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1970; 78:427-33. [PMID: 4096974 DOI: 10.3109/13813457009103816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Characterization and Quantitative Determination of the Hydroxylysine-linked Carbohydrate Units of Several Collagens. J Biol Chem 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hopwood D. The periodic acid-Schiff reaction in the adrenal medulla. A histochemical and biochemical reappraisal. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1968; 12:363-70. [PMID: 4173188 DOI: 10.1007/bf00278310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fleischmajer R. Hexoses, Hexosamines and Aldehydes in Human Dermal Gelatins**From the Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa. J Invest Dermatol 1968. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1968.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Asano Y, Sinohara H. Amino sugars in various silk fibroins. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1968; 55:345. [PMID: 5678035 DOI: 10.1007/bf00600464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
Collagen preparations from bovine tissues were analysed for their carbohydrate content. Crude preparations of tropocollagen and polymeric collagen were found to be contaminated with considerable amounts of mannose, fucose and hexosamine, sugars known to be present in the mucoprotein of the interfibrillar material with which collagen is associated in vivo. A pure preparation of tropocollagen obtained by ethanol precipitation procedures contained only galactose and glucose in the approximate ratio of 7:3 residues/3000 amino acid residues. Purification of crude polymeric collagen by EDTA extraction or by crude bacterial amylase extraction considerably decreased the mucoprotein contamination, particularly in the enzymic treatment, which yielded a preparation containing predominantly galactose and glucose in the ratio of 4:2 residues/3000 amino acid residues. The results confirm previous work that demonstrated the purity of these collagen preparations as inferred by amino acid analysis. The results also indicate the suitability of the pure tropocollagen and the amylase-extracted polymeric collagen for studies on the role of the carbohydrate residues in intramolecular and intermolecular cross-linking in collagen.
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Bosmann HB, Eylar EH. Attachment of carbohydrate to collagen. Isolation, purification and properties of the glucosyl transferase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1968; 30:89-94. [PMID: 5637038 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(68)90717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Travis DF, François CJ, Bonar LC, Glimcher MJ. Comparative studies of the organic matrices of invertebrate mineralized tissues. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1967; 18:519-50. [PMID: 4961157 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(67)80201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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François CJ, Glimcher MJ. The hexose content of the alpha-chains of bone collagen. EXPERIENTIA 1967; 23:22-3. [PMID: 6031555 DOI: 10.1007/bf02142245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Francois CJ, Glimcher MJ. The hexose content of the alpha chains of codfish skin collagen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 127:556-9. [PMID: 5964995 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
The major protein component present in the capsule and thread of a sea anemone nematocyst consists of monomers of a collagen-like protein linked by disulfide bonds. Purified nematocyst capsules and threads are rich in hydroxyproline, and dissolved by disulfide reducing agents. Electrophoresis of the dissolved component on acrylamide gel results in a single detectable protein band.
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Anya AO. The structure and chemical composition of the nematode cuticle. Observations on some oxyurids and Ascaris. Parasitology 1966; 56:179-98. [PMID: 5912229 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000071201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the cuticle ofAspiculuris tetrapterawith both the light and the electron microscopes have shown that there are three basic layers, namely the cortex, which consists of an outer and an inner layer, the matrix layer and the fibre layer; the latter is made up of three layers. There is, in addition, a thin osmiophilic superficial membrane on the surface of the cuticle; this membrane is seen only with the electron microscope.It is shown that the major structural protein of the cuticle, although showing no axial periodicity, is collagen; the collagen is associated with hyaluronic-acid- and chondroitin-sulphate-containing mucopolysaccharides.Evidence is presented for the existence of two centres of protein synthesis (collagen fibrogenesis) in the cuticle ofA. tetraptera, Syphacia obvelataandAscaris lumbricoides.These centres are located in the inner cortex and the hypodermis. The cuticle is thus very active metabolically.I wish to acknowledge with thanks the facilities afforded me at the Molteno Institute during the course of these studies by the Director, Dr P. Tate. My thanks are also due to Dr D. L. Lee for his encouragement and helpful discussions during the investigations.
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Fullmer HM. The histochemistry of the connective tissues. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESEARCH 1965; 3:1-76. [PMID: 5318008 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-6753-4.50007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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