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Vorhees CV, Amos-Kroohs RM, Williams MT. Long-term effects of Preweaning environmental impoverishment on neurobehavioral and neurocognitive outcomes in Sprague Dawley rats: An early environmental stress model. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 103:107356. [PMID: 38719082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Developmental stress, including low socioeconomic status (SES), can induce dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and result in long-term changes in stress reactivity. Children in lower SES conditions often experience more stress than those in other SES groups. There are multiple model systems of early environmental stress (EES), one of which is reduced cage bedding. Here we tested the effects of both prenatal and lactational EES in rats on a range of long-term behavioral and cognitive outcomes. There were persistent reductions in body weight in the EES rats in both sexes. The behavioral results showed no effects on learning and memory using tests of spatial learning or cognitive flexibility in the Morris water maze, egocentric learning in the Cincinnati water maze, or working memory in the radial-arm maze. There were no effects on basic open-field activity, elevated zero-maze, or forced swim test, but EES rats had reduced time in the dark side of the light/dark test. When rats were drug challenged in the open-field with d-amphetamine or MK-801, there were no differential responses to d-amphetamine, but the EES group under responded compared with the drug-induced hyperactivity in the control group in both males and females. The objective was to establish a developmental stress model that induced cognitive deficits and to the extent that this method did not cause such effects it was not the model we sought. However, the data showed several long-term effects of EES, including the reduced response to the irreversible NMDA antagonist MK-801. This effect merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Robyn M Amos-Kroohs
- Robyn Amos-Kroohs, Virginia Department of Forensic Science, 700 North Fifth St, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Mazurka R, Cunningham S, Hassel S, Foster JA, Nogovitsyn N, Fiori LM, Strother SC, Arnott SR, Frey BN, Lam RW, MacQueen GM, Milev RV, Rotzinger S, Turecki G, Kennedy SH, Harkness KL. Relation of hippocampal volume and SGK1 gene expression to treatment remission in major depression is moderated by childhood maltreatment: A CAN-BIND-1 report. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 78:71-80. [PMID: 38128154 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical research implicates stress-induced upregulation of the enzyme, serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), in reduced hippocampal volume. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that greater SGK1 mRNA expression in humans would be associated with lower hippocampal volume, but only among those with a history of prolonged stress exposure, operationalized as childhood maltreatment (physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse). Further, we examined whether baseline levels of SGK1 and hippocampal volume, or changes in these markers over the course of antidepressant treatment, would predict treatment outcomes in adults with major depression [MDD]. We assessed SGK1 mRNA expression from peripheral blood, and left and right hippocampal volume at baseline, as well as change in these markers over the first 8 weeks of a 16-week open-label trial of escitalopram as part of the Canadian Biomarker Integration Network in Depression program (MDD [n = 161] and healthy comparison participants [n = 91]). Childhood maltreatment was assessed via contextual interview with standardized ratings. In the full sample at baseline, greater SGK1 expression was associated with lower hippocampal volume, but only among those with more severe childhood maltreatment. In individuals with MDD, decreases in SGK1 expression predicted lower remission rates at week 16, again only among those with more severe maltreatment. Decreases in hippocampal volume predicted lower week 16 remission for those with low childhood maltreatment. These results suggest that both glucocorticoid-related neurobiological mechanisms of the stress response and history of childhood stress exposure may be critical to understanding differential treatment outcomes in MDD. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01655706 Canadian Biomarker Integration Network for Depression Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raegan Mazurka
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | | | - Stefanie Hassel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nikita Nogovitsyn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Centre for Depression and Suicide Studies, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Laura M Fiori
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephen C Strother
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Benicio N Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond W Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Glenda M MacQueen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Roumen V Milev
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, And Providence Care Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Susan Rotzinger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; Centre for Depression and Suicide Studies, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; Centre for Depression and Suicide Studies, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Kate L Harkness
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Robles I, Eidsness MA, Travis KE, Feldman HM, Dubner SE. Effects of postnatal glucocorticoids on brain structure in preterm infants, a scoping review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 145:105034. [PMID: 36608916 PMCID: PMC9898165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are used in neonatal intensive care units to prevent or reduce the severity of chronic lung disease in preterm infants and have been implicated in impaired neurodevelopment. Our objective was to identify what is known about the effects of postnatal GC treatment in human preterm infants on structural brain development and to identify gaps in the literature. Following Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review methodological framework, we searched scientific literature databases for original research on human preterm infants, postnatal GCs, and brain structure. 11 studies assessed the effects of GCs on structural brain outcomes. 56 studies reported brain injury, but not structure. Dexamethasone was consistently associated with decreased total and regional brain volumes, including cerebellar volumes. Hydrocortisone was often, but not always associated with absence of brain volume differences. No studies examined the impact of inhaled GC on brain structure. Additional research on the effects of neonatal GCs after preterm birth on a variety of structural brain measures is required for understanding contributions to neurodevelopment and informing practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Robles
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Margarita Alethea Eidsness
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Katherine E Travis
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Heidi M Feldman
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Sarah E Dubner
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States.
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Gerlach AR, Karim HT, Peciña M, Ajilore O, Taylor WD, Butters MA, Andreescu C. MRI predictors of pharmacotherapy response in major depressive disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103157. [PMID: 36027717 PMCID: PMC9420953 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, exacting a substantial personal, social, and economic toll. Antidepressant treatment typically involves an individualized trial and error approach with an inconsistent success rate. Despite a pressing need, no reliable biomarkers for predicting treatment outcome have yet been discovered. Brain MRI measures hold promise in this regard, though clinical translation remains elusive. In this review, we summarize structural MRI and functional MRI (fMRI) measures that have been investigated as predictors of treatment outcome. We broadly divide these into five categories including three structural measures: volumetric, white matter burden, and white matter integrity; and two functional measures: resting state fMRI and task fMRI. Currently, larger hippocampal volume is the most widely replicated predictor of successful treatment. Lower white matter hyperintensity burden has shown robustness in late life depression. However, both have modest discriminative power. Higher fractional anisotropy of the cingulum bundle and frontal white matter, amygdala hypoactivation and anterior cingulate cortex hyperactivation in response to negative emotional stimuli, and hyperconnectivity within the default mode network (DMN) and between the DMN and executive control network also show promise as predictors of successful treatment. Such network-focused measures may ultimately provide a higher-dimensional measure of treatment response with closer ties to the underlying neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Gerlach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Helmet T Karim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marta Peciña
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olusola Ajilore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Warren D Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Meryl A Butters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carmen Andreescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Bremner JD, Hoffman M, Afzal N, Cheema FA, Novik O, Ashraf A, Brummer M, Nazeer A, Goldberg J, Vaccarino V. The environment contributes more than genetics to smaller hippocampal volume in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). J Psychiatr Res 2021; 137:579-588. [PMID: 33168198 PMCID: PMC8345282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetrics showed smaller hippocampal volume in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These studies were cross-sectional and did not address whether smaller volume is secondary to stress-induced damage, or whether pre-existing factors account for the findings. The purpose of this study was to use a co-twin case control design to assess the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to hippocampal volume in PTSD. METHODS Monozygotic (N = 13 pairs) and dizygotic (N = 21 pairs) twins with a history of Vietnam Era military service, where one brother went to Vietnam and developed PTSD, while his brother did not go to Vietnam or develop PTSD, underwent MR imaging of the brain. Structural MRI scans were used to manually outline the left and right hippocampus on multiple coronal slices, add the areas and adjust for slice thickness to determine hippocampal volume. RESULTS Twins with Vietnam combat-related PTSD had a mean 11% smaller right hippocampal volume in comparison to their twin brothers without combat exposure or PTSD (p < .05). There was no significant interaction by zygosity, suggesting that this was not a predisposing risk factor or genetic effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with smaller hippocampal volume in PTSD, and suggest that the effects are primarily due to environmental effects such as the stress of combat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Douglas Bremner
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA, Radiology, and Medicine (Cardiology), USA, Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, Corresponding author. Dept of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Dr NE, USA. (J.D. Bremner)
| | | | - Nadeem Afzal
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA
| | - Faiz A. Cheema
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA, The Vietnam Era Twin Registry, Seattle Veterans Administration Epidemiology Research, USA
| | - Olga Novik
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA, The Vietnam Era Twin Registry, Seattle Veterans Administration Epidemiology Research, USA
| | - Ali Ashraf
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA
| | | | - Ahsan Nazeer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, USA
| | - Jack Goldberg
- Information Center and Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA; Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, USA, The Vietnam Era Twin Registry, Seattle Veterans Administration Epidemiology Research, USA
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Abstract
SummaryStress elicits adaptive responses from the brain, but it can also lead to maladaptive consequences. For example, stress can precipitate mental illness, including depression. Prolonged stress also causes damage to neurons in the hippocampus. Antidepressant drugs must be evaluated, not only for their ability to potentiate adaptive responses, but also to inhibit maladaptive consequences of stress. Ongoing research in our laboratory has compared the atypical tricyclic antidepressant, tianeptine, with the typical tricyclics, desipramine and imipramine, with respect to the effects of isolation and repeated restraint stress. Tianeptine and desipramine similarly attenuated isolation stress-induced increases in locus coeruleus and midbrain tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels and isolation-stress induced decreases in preproenkephalin mRNA levels in striatum and nucleus accumbens. However, tianeptine and imipramine differed in their effects in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus on 5HT2, and 5HT1A receptor levels but, surprisingly, produced similar effects on levels of the serotonin transporter labelled with [3H] paroxetine. Tianeptine also prevented stress-induced reductions in the length and number of branchpoints of dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons in hippocampus; comparison with effects of typical tricyclics are ongoing. Tianeptine also blocked effects of corticosterone treatment to reduce branching and length of CA3 dendrites. These actions of tianeptine may be due to interactions between 5HT and excitatory amino acids in the mossy fiber terminals on CA3 pyramidal neurons. Taken together, these results indicate that tianeptine has unique properties compared to some other antidepressant drugs, but shares in common with those drugs the ability to attenuate stress effects on tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression and on the serotonin transporter. It remains to be seen whether these actions are the basis of a common antidepressant action.
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7
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Bremner JD, Wittbrodt MT, Shah AJ, Pearce BD, Gurel NZ, Inan OT, Raggi P, Lewis TT, Quyyumi AA, Vaccarino V. Confederates in the Attic: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Cardiovascular Disease, and the Return of Soldier's Heart. J Nerv Ment Dis 2020; 208:171-180. [PMID: 32091470 PMCID: PMC8214871 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Da Costa originally described Soldier's Heart in the 19th Century as a syndrome that occurred on the battlefield in soldiers of the American Civil War. Soldier's Heart involved symptoms similar to modern day posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity felt to be related to an abnormality of the heart. Interventions were appropriately focused on the cardiovascular system. With the advent of modern psychoanalysis, psychiatric symptoms became divorced from the body and were relegated to the unconscious. Later, the physiology of PTSD and other psychiatric disorders was conceived as solely residing in the brain. More recently, advances in psychosomatic medicine led to the recognition of mind-body relationships and the involvement of multiple physiological systems in the etiology of disorders, including stress, depression PTSD, and cardiovascular disease, has moved to the fore, and has renewed interest in the validity of the original model of the Soldier's Heart syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur
| | - Matthew T. Wittbrodt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta
| | - Amit J. Shah
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University
| | - Bradley D. Pearce
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
| | - Nil Z. Gurel
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Omer T. Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paolo Raggi
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tené T. Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
| | - Arshed A. Quyyumi
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
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Quadrelli S, Mountford C, Ramadan S. Systematic review of in-vivo neuro magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 282:110-125. [PMID: 30097168 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma and stressor-related disorder that results in complex somatic, cognitive, affective and behavioural effects, after exposure to traumatic event(s). Conventional imaging (T1 and T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging) has little to offer in the way of diagnosis of mental health conditions such as PTSD and there is currently no objective diagnostic test available. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows for non-invasive measurement of metabolites and neurochemicals in the brain using a conventional MRI scanner and offers the potential to predict, diagnose and monitor PTSD. This systematic review summarises the results of 24 MRS studies, performed between 1998 and 2017, to measure neurochemical differences, occurring as a consequence of PTSD. The most consistent finding in subjects with PTSD is lower N-acetylaspartate levels in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex, with and without atrophic change. More recent studies, using more advanced techniques and modern hardware, have shown evidence of glutamatergic dysfunction and differences in gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in the brain of patients with PTSD. Conflicting results have been reported in choline-containing metabolites and there is emerging evidence of glutathione being affected. Myo-inositol and creatine are unchanged in the majority of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Quadrelli
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Radiology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD 4024, Australia; The Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4024, Australia; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Carolyn Mountford
- The Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4024, Australia
| | - Saadallah Ramadan
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Sprowles JLN, Amos-Kroohs RM, Braun AA, Sugimoto C, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Developmental manganese, lead, and barren cage exposure have adverse long-term neurocognitive, behavioral and monoamine effects in Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 67:50-64. [PMID: 29631003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developmental stress, including low socioeconomic status (SES), can induce dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and result in long-term changes in stress reactivity. Children in lower SES households experience more stress and are more likely to be exposed to environmental neurotoxins such as lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) than children in higher SES households. Co-exposure to stress, Pb, and Mn during early development may increase the risk of central nervous system dysfunction compared with unexposed children. To investigate the potential interaction of these factors, Sprague-Dawley rats were bred, and litters born in-house were culled on postnatal day (P)1 to 6 males and 6 females. One male and female within each litter were assigned to one of the following groups: 0 (vehicle), 10 mg/kg Pb, 100 mg/kg Mn, or 10 mg/kg Pb + 100 mg/kg Mn (PbMn), water gavage, and handled only from P4-28 with half the litters reared in cages with standard bedding (29 litters) and half with no bedding (Barren; 27 litters). Mn and PbMn groups had decreased anxiety, reduced acoustic startle, initial open-field hypoactivity, increased activity following (+)-methamphetamine, deficits in egocentric learning in the Cincinnati water maze (CWM), and deficits in latent inhibition conditioning. Pb increased anxiety and reduced open-field activity. Barren-reared rats had decreased anxiety, CWM deficits, increased startle, and initial open-field hyperactivity. Mn, PbMn, Pb Barren-reared groups had impaired Morris water maze performance. Pb altered neostriatal serotonin and norepinephrine, Mn increased hippocampal serotonin in males, Mn + Barren-rearing increased neostriatal serotonin, and Barren-rearing decreased neostriatal dopamine in males. At the doses used here, most effects were in the Mn and PbMn groups. Few interactions between Mn, Pb, and rearing stress were found, indicating that the interaction of these three variables is not as impactful as hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L N Sprowles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Rhodes College, Department of Psychology, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, United States.
| | - Robyn M Amos-Kroohs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Virginia Department of Forensic Science, 700 North Fifth St, Richmond, VA 23219, United States
| | - Amanda A Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
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10
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Total brain, cortical, and white matter volumes in children previously treated with glucocorticoids. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:804-812. [PMID: 29252981 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundPerinatal exposure to glucocorticoids and elevated endogenous glucocorticoid levels during childhood can have detrimental effects on the developing brain. Here, we examined the impact of glucocorticoid treatment during childhood on brain volumes.MethodsA total of 30 children and adolescents with rheumatic or nephrotic disease previously treated with glucocorticoids and 30 controls matched on age, sex, and parent education underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Total cortical gray and white matter, brain, intracranial volume, and total cortical thickness and surface area were derived from MRI scans.ResultsPatients had significantly smaller gray and white matter and total brain volumes relative to healthy controls. Brain volume differences disappeared when accounting for intracranial volume, as patients had relatively smaller intracranial volumes. Group differences were mainly driven by the children with rheumatic disease. Total cortical thickness and cortical surface area did not significantly differ between groups. We found no significant associations between glucocorticoid-treatment variables and volumetric measures.ConclusionObserved smaller total brain, cortical gray, and white matter volumes in children and adolescents previously treated with glucocorticoids compared with that in healthy controls may reflect both developmental and degenerative processes. Prospective longitudinal studies are warranted to clarify whether findings are related to treatment or disease.
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11
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Izumida H, Takagi H, Fujisawa H, Iwata N, Nakashima K, Takeuchi S, Iwama S, Namba T, Komatu Y, Kaibuchi K, Oiso Y, Arima H, Sugimura Y. NMDA receptor antagonist prevents cell death in the hippocampal dentate gyrus induced by hyponatremia accompanying adrenal insufficiency in rats. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:65-74. [PMID: 27527984 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Selective apoptosis of granule cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of rats with bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) and in patients who died of adrenal insufficiency has been reported. Although adrenal insufficiency is a common disease and is usually associated with hyponatremia, its effect on the central nervous system and in apoptosis in the hippocampus remain to be elucidated. Using rat models to represent clinical hyponatremia accompanying adrenal insufficiency, we show that reduced serum [Na+] was associated with selective apoptosis in the DG. Nine days after ADX, apoptotic cells were observed in the DG of rats whose serum [Na+] was <125mEq/L (moderate hyponatremia), but rarely in those whose serum [Na+] was ≥125mEq/L or in normonatremic rats. Although all hyponatremic ADX rats survived following treatment with corticosterone and saline started 7days after ADX when apoptosis had not yet occurred, selective apoptosis on day 9 was not prevented in moderately hyponatremic rats. Interestingly, treatment with memantine, a noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist, prevented the selective apoptosis in the DG in moderately hyponatremic, ADX rats, and improved electrophysiological dysfunction, including impaired basal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation at the entorhinal cortex-DG synapses. These results demonstrated that in adrenal insufficient rats, hyponatremia was associated with apoptosis in the DG, and that memantine prevented the apoptosis and improved cell function. Our data imply the importance of assessing the possibility of neurological impairments after treatment with CORT in patients with moderate or severe hyponatremia accompanying adrenal insufficiency and that memantine may represent a beneficial therapeutic strategy to prevent neurological impairments in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakazu Izumida
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Haruki Fujisawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwata
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Nakashima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeuchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Namba
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yukio Komatu
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Amos-Kroohs RM, Graham DL, Grace CE, Braun AA, Schaefer TL, Skelton MR, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Developmental stress and lead (Pb): Effects of maternal separation and/or Pb on corticosterone, monoamines, and blood Pb in rats. Neurotoxicology 2016; 54:22-33. [PMID: 26943976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The level of lead (Pb) exposure in children has decreased dramatically since restrictions on its use were implemented. However, even with restrictions, children are exposed to Pb and still present with cognitive and behavioral deficits. One prominent aspect of the exposome of these children is that many come from low social economic status (SES) conditions, and low SES is associated with stress. In order to compare the combined effects of early stress and Pb, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to vehicle or Pb either alone or in combination with maternal separation stress during brain development (i.e., postnatal day (P)4-P11, P19, or P28). Maternally separated/isolated pups had lower body and thymus weights during exposure and had increased levels of blood Pb compared with vehicle controls. Isolation, but not Pb, affected the response to an acute stressor (standing in shallow water) when assessed on P19 and P29, but not earlier on P11. Interactions of Pb and isolation were found on monoamines in the neostriatum, hippocampus, and hypothalamus on turnover but not on levels, and most changes were on dopamine turnover. Isolation had greater short-term effects than Pb. Interactions were dependent on age, sex, and acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Amos-Kroohs
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| | - Devon L Graham
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Curtis E Grace
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Amanda A Braun
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Tori L Schaefer
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Matthew R Skelton
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Michael T Williams
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
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13
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Eda M, Kuroda T, Kaneko S, Aoki Y, Yamashita M, Okumura C, Ikeda Y, Ohbora T, Sakaue M, Koyama N, Aritomo K. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Cyclopentaquinoline Derivatives as Nonsteroidal Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4918-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501758q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Eda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, ‡Pharmacology Research Laboratories, ⊥DMPK Research Laboratories, #Product Quality Assurance Department, §Research Strategy & Planning Department, and ▼Tanabe R&D Service Synthetic Chemistry Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kuroda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, ‡Pharmacology Research Laboratories, ⊥DMPK Research Laboratories, #Product Quality Assurance Department, §Research Strategy & Planning Department, and ▼Tanabe R&D Service Synthetic Chemistry Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, ‡Pharmacology Research Laboratories, ⊥DMPK Research Laboratories, #Product Quality Assurance Department, §Research Strategy & Planning Department, and ▼Tanabe R&D Service Synthetic Chemistry Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Aoki
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, ‡Pharmacology Research Laboratories, ⊥DMPK Research Laboratories, #Product Quality Assurance Department, §Research Strategy & Planning Department, and ▼Tanabe R&D Service Synthetic Chemistry Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Masami Yamashita
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, ‡Pharmacology Research Laboratories, ⊥DMPK Research Laboratories, #Product Quality Assurance Department, §Research Strategy & Planning Department, and ▼Tanabe R&D Service Synthetic Chemistry Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Chieko Okumura
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, ‡Pharmacology Research Laboratories, ⊥DMPK Research Laboratories, #Product Quality Assurance Department, §Research Strategy & Planning Department, and ▼Tanabe R&D Service Synthetic Chemistry Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ikeda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, ‡Pharmacology Research Laboratories, ⊥DMPK Research Laboratories, #Product Quality Assurance Department, §Research Strategy & Planning Department, and ▼Tanabe R&D Service Synthetic Chemistry Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohbora
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, ‡Pharmacology Research Laboratories, ⊥DMPK Research Laboratories, #Product Quality Assurance Department, §Research Strategy & Planning Department, and ▼Tanabe R&D Service Synthetic Chemistry Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Masaki Sakaue
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, ‡Pharmacology Research Laboratories, ⊥DMPK Research Laboratories, #Product Quality Assurance Department, §Research Strategy & Planning Department, and ▼Tanabe R&D Service Synthetic Chemistry Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Natsumi Koyama
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, ‡Pharmacology Research Laboratories, ⊥DMPK Research Laboratories, #Product Quality Assurance Department, §Research Strategy & Planning Department, and ▼Tanabe R&D Service Synthetic Chemistry Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Keiichi Aritomo
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, ‡Pharmacology Research Laboratories, ⊥DMPK Research Laboratories, #Product Quality Assurance Department, §Research Strategy & Planning Department, and ▼Tanabe R&D Service Synthetic Chemistry Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
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14
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O'Doherty DCM, Chitty KM, Saddiqui S, Bennett MR, Lagopoulos J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging measurement of structural volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 232:1-33. [PMID: 25735885 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition associated with mild to moderate cognitive impairment and with a prevalence rate of up to 22% in veterans. This systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis explore volumetric differences of three key structural brain regions (hippocampus, amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)), all of which have been implicated in dysfunction of both salience network (SN) and default mode network (DMN) in PTSD sufferers. A literature search was conducted in Embase, Medline, PubMed and PsycINFO in May 2013. Fifty-nine volumetric analyses from 44 articles were examined and included (36 hippocampus, 14 amygdala and nine ACC) with n=846 PTSD participants, n=520 healthy controls (HCs) and n=624 traumatised controls (TCs). Nine statistical tests were performed for each of the three regions of interest (ROIs), measuring volume differences in PTSD subjects, healthy and traumatised controls. Hippocampal volume was reduced in subjects with PTSD, with a greater reduction in the left hippocampus. A medium effect size reduction was found in bilateral amygdala volume when compared with findings in healthy controls; however, no significant differences in amygdala volume between PTSD subjects and trauma-exposed controls were found. Significant volume reductions were found bilaterally in the ACC. While often well matched with their respective control groups, the samples of PTSD subjects composed from the source studies used in the meta-analyses are limited in their homogeneity. The current findings of reduced hippocampal volume in subjects with PTSD are consistent with the existing literature. Amygdala volumes did not show significant reductions in PTSD subjects when compared with volumes in trauma-exposed controls-congruous with reported symptoms of hypervigilance and increased propensity in acquisition of conditioned fear memories-but a significant reduction was found in the combined left and right hemisphere volume analysis when compared with healthy controls. Bilateral volume reductions in the ACC may underpin the attentional deficits and inabilities to modulate emotions that are characteristically associated with PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C M O'Doherty
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Kate M Chitty
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Sonia Saddiqui
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Maxwell R Bennett
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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Abstract
Intrauterine methamphetamine exposure adversely affects the neurofunctional profile of exposed children, leading to a variety of higher order cognitive deficits, such as decreased attention, reduced working-memory capability, behavioral dysregulation, and spatial memory impairments (Kiblawi et al. in J Dev Behav Pediatr 34:31-37, 2013; Piper et al. in Pharmacol Biochem Behav 98:432-439 2011; Roussotte et al. in Neuroimage 54:3067-3075, 2011; Twomey et al. in Am J Orthopsychiatry 83:64-72, 2013). In animal models of developmental methamphetamine, both neuroanatomical and behavioral outcomes critically depend on the timing of methamphetamine administration. Methamphetamine exposure during the third trimester human equivalent period of brain development results in well-defined and persistent wayfinding and spatial navigation deficits in rodents (Vorhees et al. in Neurotoxicol Teratol 27:117-134, 2005, Vorhees et al. in Int J Dev Neurosci 26:599-610, 2008; Vorhees et al. in Int J Dev Neurosci 27:289-298, 2009; Williams et al. in Psychopharmacology (Berl) 168:329-338, 2003b), whereas drug delivery during the first and second trimester equivalents produces no such effect (Acuff-Smith et al. in Neurotoxicol Teratol 18:199-215, 1996; Schutova et al. in Physiol Res 58:741-750, 2009a; Slamberova et al. in Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 380:109-114, 2009, Slamberova et al. in Physiol Res 63:S547-S558, 2014b). In this review, we examine the impact of developmental methamphetamine on emerging neural circuitry, neurotransmission, receptor changes, and behavioral outcomes in animal models. The review is organized by type of effects and timing of drug exposure (prenatal only, pre- and neonatal, and neonatal only). The findings elucidate functional patterns of interconnected brain structures (e.g., frontal cortex and striatum) and neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine and serotonin) involved in methamphetamine-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
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Abstract
Research on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis has emerged as a vital area within the field of developmental psychopathology in the past 25 years. Extensive animal research has provided knowledge of the substrates and physiological mechanisms that guide development of stress reactivity and regulation using methods that are not feasible in humans. Recent advances in understanding the anatomy and physiology of the HPA axis in humans and its interactions with other stress-mediating systems, including accurate assessment of salivary cortisol, more sophisticated neuroimaging methods, and a variety of genetic analyses, have led to greater knowledge of how psychological and biological processes impact functioning. A growing body of research on HPA axis regulation and reactivity in relation to psychopathology has drawn increased focus on the prenatal period, infancy, and the pubertal transition as potentially sensitive periods of stress system development in children. Theories such as the allostatic load model have guided research by integrating multiple physiological systems and mechanisms by which stress can affect mental and physical health. However, almost none of the prominent theoretical models in stress physiology are truly developmental, and future work must incorporate how systems interact with the environment across the life span in normal and atypical development. Our theoretical advancement will depend on our ability to integrate biological and psychological models. Researchers are increasingly realizing the importance of communication across disciplinary boundaries in order to understand how experiences influence neurobehavioral development. It is important that knowledge gained over the past 25 years has been translated to prevention and treatment interventions, and we look forward to the dissemination of interventions that promote recovery from adversity.
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Peterson JC. The adaptive neuroplasticity hypothesis of behavioral maintenance. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:516364. [PMID: 23125937 PMCID: PMC3480013 DOI: 10.1155/2012/516364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is a seemingly simple and clinically potent method to decrease morbidity and mortality in people with coronary heart disease (CHD). Nonetheless, long-term maintenance of physical activity remains a frustratingly elusive goal for patients and practitioners alike. In this paper, we posit that among older adults with CHD, recidivism after the initiation of physical activity reflects maladaptive neuroplasticity of malleable neural networks, and people will revert back to learned and habitual physical inactivity patterns, particularly in the setting of stress or depression. We hypothesize that behavioral interventions that successfully promote physical activity may also enhance adaptive neuroplasticity and play a key role in the maintenance of physical activity through the development of new neuronal pathways that enhance functional ability in older adults. Conversely, without such adaptive neuroplastic changes, ingrained maladaptive neuroplasticity will prevail and long-term maintenance of physical activity will fail. In this paper we will: (1) describe the enormous potential for neuroplasticity in older adults; (2) review stress and depression as examples of maladaptive neuroplasticity; (3) describe an example of adaptive neuroplasticity achieved with a behavioral intervention that induced positive affect in people with CHD; and (4) discuss implications for future work in bench to bedside translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janey C Peterson
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Center for Integrative Medicine and the Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluative Sciences Research, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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18
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Casciano R, Massey DS. Neighborhood disorder and individual economic self-sufficiency: New evidence from a quasi-experimental study. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2012; 41:802-819. [PMID: 23017852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper draws on data from the Monitoring Mt. Laurel Study, a new survey-based study that enables us to compare residents living in an affordable housing project in a middle-class New Jersey suburb to a comparable group of non-residents. Building on the theoretical and empirical contributions of the Gautreaux and Moving to Opportunity studies, we test the hypothesis that living in this housing project improves a poor person's economic prospects relative to what they would have experienced in the absence of such housing, and that these improved prospects can be explained at least in part by reduced exposure to disorder and stressful life events. We find that residents in the Ethel Lawrence Homes are significantly less likely to experience disorder and negative life events and that this improvement in circumstances indirectly improves the likelihood of being employed, their earnings, and the share of income from work. We find no relationship between residence in the housing project and the likelihood of using welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Casciano
- Office of Population Research, Wallace Hall, Princeton University, NJ 08544, United States
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19
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Biological and clinical framework for posttraumatic stress disorder. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 106:291-342. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Damsted SK, Born AP, Paulson OB, Uldall P. Exogenous glucocorticoids and adverse cerebral effects in children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2011; 15:465-77. [PMID: 21632268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are commonly used in treatment of paediatric diseases, but evidence of associated adverse cerebral effects is accumulating. The various pharmacokinetic profiles of the exogenous glucocorticoids and the changes in pharmacodynamics during childhood, result in different exposure of nervous tissue to exogenous glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids activate two types of intracellular receptors, the mineralocorticoid receptor and the glucocorticoid receptor. The two receptors differ in cerebral distribution, affinity and effects. Exogenous glucocorticoids favor activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, which is associated with unfavorable cellular outcomes. Prenatal treatment with glucocorticoids can compromise brain growth and is associated with periventricular leukomalacia, attentions deficits and poorer cognitive performance. In the neonatal period exposure to glucocorticoids reduces neurogenesis and cerebral volume, impairs memory and increases the incidence of cerebral palsy. Cerebral effects of glucocorticoids in later childhood have been less thoroughly studied, but apparent brain atrophy, reduced size of limbic structures and neuropsychiatric symptoms have been reported. Glucocortioids affect several cellular structures and functions, which may explain the observed adverse effects. Glucocorticoids can impair neuronal glucose uptake, decrease excitability, cause atrophy of dendrites, compromise development of myelin-producing oligodendrocytes and disturb important cellular structures involved in axonal transport, long-term potentiation and neuronal plasticity. Significant maturation of the brain continues throughout childhood and we hypothesize that exposure to exogenous glucocorticoids during preschool and school age causes adverse cerebral effects. It is our opinion that studies of associations between exposure to glucocorticoids during childhood and impaired neurodevelopment are highly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Damsted
- Department of Paediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Juliane Marie Center, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Casciano R, Massey DS. Neighborhood disorder and anxiety symptoms: new evidence from a quasi-experimental study. Health Place 2011; 18:180-90. [PMID: 21963216 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between neighborhood disorder and anxiety symptoms. It draws on data from the Monitoring Mt. Laurel Study, a new survey-based study that enables us to compare residents living in an affordable housing project in a middle-class New Jersey suburb to a comparable group of non-residents. Using these new data, we test the hypothesis that living in an affordable housing project in a middle class suburb reduces a poor person's exposure to disorder and violence compared to what they would have experienced in the absence of access to such housing, and that this lesser exposure to disorder and violence yields improvements in anxiety that can be attributed to residents' reduced stress burden. We find that residents of the project are less likely to be exposed to disorder and violence and have lower stress levels and slightly fewer anxiety symptoms. Differences in exposure to disorder explain differences in stress burden, and, hence, anxiety symptoms between the two groups.
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22
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Acheson DT, Gresack JE, Risbrough VB. Hippocampal dysfunction effects on context memory: possible etiology for posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:674-85. [PMID: 21596050 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal volume reductions and functional impairments are reliable findings in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) imaging studies. However, it is not clear if and how hippocampal dysfunction contributes to the etiology and maintenance of PTSD. Individuals with PTSD are often described as showing fear responses to trauma reminders outside of contexts in which these cues would reasonably predict danger. Animal studies suggest that the hippocampus is required to form and recall associations between contextual stimuli and aversive events. For example, the hippocampus is critical for encoding memories in which a complex configuration of multiple cues is associated with the aversive event. Conversely, the hippocampus is not required for associations with discrete cues. In animal studies, if configural memory is disrupted, learning strategies using discrete cue associations predominate. These data suggest poor hippocampal function could bias the organism toward forming multiple simple cue associations during trauma, thus increasing the chances of fear responses in multiple environments (or contexts) in which these cues may be present. Here we will examine clinical and preclinical literature to support a theory of hippocampal dysfunction as a primary contributory factor to the etiology of PTSD, and discuss future research required to test these hypotheses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean T Acheson
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs VISN22, CA, USA
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23
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Hippocampal volume differences in Gulf War veterans with current versus lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:541-8. [PMID: 21094937 PMCID: PMC3259803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased hippocampal volume is described in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. However, it is not known whether it is a risk factor for the development of PTSD or a consequence of PTSD. We sought to determine the effects of PTSD and depressive symptoms on hippocampal volume. METHODS Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging data were collected in a cross sectional study of 244 Gulf War veterans. Measures included lifetime and current Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale, Life Stressor Checklist, and Lifetime Drinking History. Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired with a 1.5-T scanner and analyzed with automated and semiautomated image processing techniques. RESULTS Eighty-two veterans had lifetime PTSD, 44 had current PTSD, and 38 had current depression. In the linear regression analysis, current PTSD symptoms (standardized coefficient β = -.25, p = .03) but neither lifetime PTSD symptoms nor current depression were associated with smaller hippocampal volume. Gender, age, history of early life trauma, education, lifetime and current alcohol use, current marijuana use, and treatment with antidepressants did not have independent effects. Participants with chronic PTSD had, on average, a smaller hippocampus compared with those with remitted PTSD. CONCLUSIONS The finding that current but not lifetime PTSD symptom severity explains hippocampal size raises two possibilities: either a small hippocampus is a risk factor for lack of recovery from PTSD (trait) or PTSD effects on hippocampal volume are reversible once PTSD symptoms remit and the patient recovers (state).
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24
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McAllister TW, Stein MB. Effects of psychological and biomechanical trauma on brain and behavior. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1208:46-57. [PMID: 20955325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have resulted in a large cohort of military personnel exposed to combat-related psychological trauma as well as biomechanical trauma, including proximity to blast events. Historically, the long-term effects of both types of trauma have been viewed as having different neural substrates, with some controversy over the proper attribution of such symptoms evident after each of the major conflicts of the last century. Recently, great effort has been directed toward distinguishing which neuropsychiatric sequelae are due to which type of trauma. Of interest, however, is that the chronic effects of exposure to either process are associated with a significant overlap in clinical symptoms. Furthermore, similar brain regions are vulnerable to the effects of either psychological or biomechanical trauma, raising the possibility that shared mechanisms may underlie the clinically observed overlap in symptom profile. This paper reviews the literature on the neural substrate of biomechanical and psychological injury and discusses the implications for evaluation and treatment of the neuropsychiatric sequelae of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W McAllister
- Department of Psychiatry, Section of Neuropsychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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25
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Graham DL, Grace CE, Braun AA, Schaefer TL, Skelton MR, Tang PH, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Effects of developmental stress and lead (Pb) on corticosterone after chronic and acute stress, brain monoamines, and blood Pb levels in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 29:45-55. [PMID: 20920575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite restrictions, exposure to lead (Pb) continues. Moreover, exposure varies and is often higher in lower socioeconomic status (SES) families and remains a significant risk to cognitive development. Stress is another risk factor. Lower SES may be a proxy for stress in humans. When stress and Pb co-occur, risk may be increased. A few previous experiments have combined Pb with intermittent or acute stress but not with chronic stress. To determine if chronic developmental stress affects outcome in combination with Pb, we tested such effects on growth, organ weight, brain monoamines, and response to an acute stressor. Sprague Dawley rats were gavaged with Pb acetate (1 or 10 mg/kg) or vehicle every other day from postnatal day (P)4-29 and reared in standard or barren cages. Subsets were analyzed at different ages (P11, 19, 29). Chronic stress did not alter blood Pb levels but altered HPA axis response during early development whereas Pb did not. Pb treatment and rearing each altered organ-to-body weight ratios, most notably of thymus weights. Both Pb and rearing resulted in age- and region-dependent changes in serotonin and norepinephrine levels and in dopamine and serotonin turnover. The model introduced here may be useful for investigating the interaction of Pb and chronic developmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon L Graham
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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26
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Anda RF, Butchart A, Felitti VJ, Brown DW. Building a framework for global surveillance of the public health implications of adverse childhood experiences. Am J Prev Med 2010; 39:93-8. [PMID: 20547282 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Takarada T, Tamaki K, Takumi T, Ogura M, Ito Y, Nakamichi N, Yoneda Y. A protein-protein interaction of stress-responsive myosin VI endowed to inhibit neural progenitor self-replication with RNA binding protein, TLS, in murine hippocampus. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1457-68. [PMID: 19558455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have shown preferential expression of both mRNA and corresponding protein for myosin VI (Myo6) in the murine hippocampus within 24 h after the extreme traumatic experience, water-immersion restraint stress (WIRS), prior to a drastic decrease in neural progenitor proliferation in the dentate gyrus. Myosin (Myo6) protein levels were significantly increased in hippocampus within 24 h after flashback experience in mice previously exposed to WIRS. Myo6 protein was ubiquitously distributed in discrete mouse brain regions with exceptionally high expression in olfactory bulb, whereas Myo6 protein was expressed in cultured rat astroglia and neurons, in addition to Myo6 mRNA expression by cultured neural progenitors. In mouse embryonal carcinoma P19 cells endowed to proliferate and differentiate, Myo6 protein was expressed in line with astroglial marker protein expression. Transient over-expression of Myo6 induced a significant decrease in the size of clustered aggregates as an index of self-replication in P19 cells. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed the interaction between Myo6 and the RNA-binding protein, translocated in liposarcoma (TLS), while TLS was predominantly expressed by neurons in the cortex, striatum, cerebellum, and hippocampus. These results suggest that Myo6 may play a pivotal role in the mechanism underlying the suppressed adult neurogenesis after traumatic stress in association with TLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Heuck KA, Ellestad LE, Proudman JA, Porter TE. Somatotropin response in vitro to corticosterone and triiodothyronine during chick embryonic development: Involvement of type I and type II glucocorticoid receptors. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2009; 36:186-96. [PMID: 19157766 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Corticosterone (CORT) can stimulate growth hormone (GH) secretion on embryonic day (e) 12 in the chicken. However, CORT failed to induce GH secretion on e20 in a single report, suggesting that regulation of GH production changes during embryonic development. Secretion in response to CORT during embryonic development is modulated by the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroxine (T(4)). Growth hormone responses on e12 involve both glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR); however, involvement of MR has not been evaluated past e12. To further define changes in somatotroph responsiveness to CORT, pituitary cells obtained on e12-e20 were cultured with CORT alone and in combination with T(3) and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH). Growth hormone mRNA levels and protein secretion were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), respectively. Corticosterone significantly increased GH mRNA and protein secretion on e12; however, mRNA concentration and protein secretion were unaffected on e20. Contributions of GR and MR in CORT responses were evaluated using GR and MR antagonists. Treatment with a GR-specific antagonist effectively blocked the CORT-induced increase in GH secretion on e12. The same treatment on e20 had no effect on GH secretion. These findings demonstrate that GR is directly involved in glucocorticoid stimulation of GH secretion at the time of somatotroph differentiation but is not regulatory at the end of embryonic development. We conclude that positive somatotroph responses to CORT are lost during chicken embryonic development and that GR is the primary regulator of CORT-induced GH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Heuck
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Abstract
AbstractThis study examined the effects of stressful environments on physiological and affective functioning among 131 maltreated school-aged children attending a summer day camp. Sixty-six nonmaltreated children also attending the camp served as a comparison group. Salivary Cortisol measures were obtained daily at 10:00 a.m. and at 4:00 p.m. Depression was measured using the Child Depression Inventory. Children with scores of 19 or higher were classified as depressed. Internalizing and externalizing behavior problems were determined from the Teacher Report Form of the Child Behavior Checklist. Children with t scores of 70 or higher were classified as having clinical levels of these problems. Maltreated children had slightly elevated afternoon Cortisol concentrations, but their morning concentrations did not differ significantly from those of nonmaltreated children. Neither clinical levels of depression, internalizing, or externalizing problems were predictive of the elevated afternoon values. Depression among maltreated children was, however, associated with altered activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Depressed maltreated children had lower morning Cortisol concentrations compared to nondepressed maltreated children and were more likely to show a rise rather than the expected decrease in Cortisol from morning to afternoon. These data replicated earlier findings. There was no evidence that depressed, nonmaltreated children exhibited this change in diurnal Cortisol activity.
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Recurrent affective disorder: Roots in developmental neurobiology and illness progression based on changes in gene expression. Dev Psychopathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579400004788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractElectrophysiological kindling and behavioral sensitization to psychomotor stimulants and stress provide paradigms for understanding how repeated acute events can leave neurobiological residues in gene expression, accounting for the observed long-lasting alterations in behavioral responsivity. Kindling helps conceptualize how repeated electrical stimulation of the brain can progressively evoke increased behavioral and convulsive responsivity, leading to spontaneous seizures in the absence of exogenous stimulation following sufficient stimulations. As kindling unfolds, a complex spatiotemporal cascade of events occurs and includes the induction of immediate early genes (e.g.,c-fos) and late effector genes (including peptides and growth factors) possibly associated with the observed changes in brain microstructure (e.g., synapse formation, axonal and dendritic sprouting, apoptosis). Behavioral sensitization to psychomotor stimulants and stress has also been shown to induce related but different cascades of effects on immediate early and late effector gene expression. These may be associated with the observed long-lasting alterations in behavioral responsivity based on prior experience. If these types of alterations are put into a developmental context, this would provide a paradigm for understanding how early life events could exert profound and behaviorally relevant biochemical and microstructural effects on the central nervous system of the developing organism. The conceptual overview offered by the sensitization and kindling models suggests that environmentally triggered neurobiological processes do not form a single or static residue but, instead, engage processes related to developmental neurobiology and learning and memory and whose substrate is constantly evolving over an organism's lifetime.
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Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Sequelae Among Survivors of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/cpm.0b013e3181856410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Grace CE, Schaefer TL, Herring NR, Skelton MR, McCrea AE, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. (+)-Methamphetamine increases corticosterone in plasma and BDNF in brain more than forced swim or isolation in neonatal rats. Synapse 2008; 62:110-21. [PMID: 17992688 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Methamphetamine (MA) administered on postnatal days (P) 11-15 (four times/day) results in increased corticosterone that overlaps the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP; P2-14) and leads to later learning and memory deficits. Elevated corticosterone during the SHRP results in neurotrophin changes and long-term effects on learning. We determined whether two known stressors could mimic the effects of MA [10 (mg/kg)/dose] administration in neonatal rats. Stressors were four 15-min sessions of forced swim or isolation (confinement in forced swim tubes without water). Saline and weighed-only controls were included and all five treatments were represented within each litter. Corticosterone in plasma and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in neostriatum and hippocampus were examined after one or four treatments on P11 or P15 (0.5, 1.75, 6.5, or 24 h after first dose). MA increased corticosterone and BDNF; forced swim and isolation also increased corticosterone, but to a lesser extent than MA, and neither stressor increased BDNF. NGF was unaffected by saline treatment, but there was a minor reduction in NGF in the forced swim group compared with the weighed-only group. The data show that MA is more potent at releasing corticosterone and increasing BDNF than short-term, repeated episodes of forced swim or isolation. The possible relationship between these changes and the long-term cognitive effects of developmental MA administration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis E Grace
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA
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Bremner JD. Neuroimaging in posttraumatic stress disorder and other stress-related disorders. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2008; 17:523-38, ix. [PMID: 17983968 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic stress has a broad range of effects on the brain. Brain areas implicated in the stress response include the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the prefrontal cortex. Studies in patients who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric disorders related to stress have replicated findings in animal studies by finding alterations in these brain areas. Brain regions implicated in PTSD also play an important role in memory function, highlighting the important interplay between memory and the traumatic stress response. Abnormalities in these brain areas are hypothesized to underlie symptoms of PTSD and other stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1256 Briarcliff Road, Room 308e, Mailstop 1256/001/AT, Atlanta GA 30306, USA.
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Tamaki K, Kamakura M, Nakamichi N, Taniura H, Yoneda Y. Upregulation of Myo6 expression after traumatic stress in mouse hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2008; 433:183-7. [PMID: 18261850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic stress has been believed to result in a variety of unusual alterations of the integrity and the functionality in the hippocampus. In this study, we searched for genes responsive to traumatic stress in the mouse hippocampus to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Adult male mice were subjected to water-immersion restraint stress (WIRS) for 3h as an extremely stressful experience, followed by dissection of the hippocampus and subsequent extraction of RNA for differential display polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The actin-based molecular motor protein myosin VI (Myo6) was identified as a gene markedly upregulated by traumatic stress in the mouse hippocampus 24h after WIRS. Real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses clearly revealed a significant increase in the expression of both mRNA and corresponding protein for Myo6 in the hippocampus within 24h after WIRS, while WIRS failed to significantly affect the expression of Myo6 protein in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and olfactory bulb. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that Myo6 protein was ubiquitously expressed throughout the mouse brain, with an extremely high level in the olfactory bulb. These results suggest that Myo6 may be selectively and rapidly upregulated to play a hitherto unidentified role in the maintenance of the integrity and functionality in the hippocampus after traumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tamaki
- Laboratories of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Diamond LM, Fagundes CP. Developmental Perspectives on Links Between Attachment and Affect Regulation Over the Lifespan. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2008; 36:83-134. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2407(08)00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Brown DW, Anda RF, Edwards VJ, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Giles WH. Adverse childhood experiences and childhood autobiographical memory disturbance. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2007; 31:961-9. [PMID: 17868865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine relationships between childhood autobiographical memory disturbance (CAMD) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) which are defined as common forms of child maltreatment and related traumatic stressors. METHODS We use the ACE score (an integer count of eight different categories of ACEs) as a measure of cumulative exposure to traumatic stress during childhood. In a cross sectional analysis we assess the relationship of the ACE score to the prevalence of CAMD in a sample of 9,460 relatively healthy adults evaluated for wellness care at a southern California health maintenance organization between August 1995 and March 1996. In addition, we examined possible secular influences by examining association among each of four birth cohorts. Logistic regression was used to obtain the adjusted relative odds of CAMD associated with increasing ACE score. RESULTS Overall, the age-standardized prevalence of CAMD was 18% (men: 15%; women: 19%). As the ACE score increased, the prevalence of CAMD increased in a graded fashion for both men and women (p for trend <.0001). After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education, adults with an ACE score >or=6 were 5.9 (95% CI, 4.4-7.9) times more likely to have CAMD compared to adults with an ACE score of 0. The prevalence of CAMD increased with each successive birth cohort, and graded relationships between the ACE score and CAMD were observed among each of the four birth cohorts though no statistical difference in the association was found across birth cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The accumulation of ACEs across several domains is associated CAMD among men and women and in each of four birth cohorts. Further research is needed that describes the prevalence of CAMD in population-based samples and that examines whether impaired memory is a marker for persons neurobiologically affected by multiple forms of child maltreatment and related traumatic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Brown
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
Traumatic stress has a broad range of effects on brain function. Brain areas implicated in the stress response include the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Brain studies in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder replicated findings in animal studies by finding alterations in these brain areas. Brain areas implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder play an important role in the stress response as well as memory, highlighting the important interplay between memory and the traumatic stress response. Future studies are required to assess the relationship between recovery from traumatic stress and changes in brain function.
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Abstract
Brain areas implicated in the stress response include the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Traumatic stress can be associated with lasting changes in these brain areas. Traumatic stress is associated with increased cortisol and norepinephrine responses to subsequent stressors. Antidepressants have effets on the hippocampus that counteract the effects of stress. Findings from animal studies have been extended to patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) showing smaller hippocampal and anterior cingulate volumes, increased amygdala function, and decreased medial prefrontal/anterior cingulate function. In addition, patients with PTSD show increased cortisol and norepinephrine responses to stress. Treatments that are efficacious for PTSD show a promotion of neurogenesis in animal studies, as well as promotion of memory and increased hippocampal volume in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga 30306, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Douglas Bremner
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, and the Emory Center for Positron Emission Tomography, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga, and the Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, Ga, USA
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Koenig JI. Schizophrenia: a unique translational opportunity in behavioral neuroendocrinology. Horm Behav 2006; 50:602-11. [PMID: 16870188 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex and debilitating neuropsychiatric disease in which both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease. Epidemiological data point to the importance of the prenatal period in the genesis of schizophrenia and suggest that environmental factors, such as stress and hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, may establish a vulnerability to the disease. Unfortunately, the exact cause of this neurodevelopmental disease is unclear. In this review, data on the importance of gestational stress exposure to the etiology of schizophrenia-like behavioral, endocrine and molecular phenotypes will be presented and differences will be highlighted between the preparations that are commonly used in most laboratory investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Koenig
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
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Williams MT, Schaefer TL, Furay AR, Ehrman LA, Vorhees CV. Ontogeny of the adrenal response to (+)-methamphetamine in neonatal rats: the effect of prior drug exposure. Stress 2006; 9:153-63. [PMID: 17060049 PMCID: PMC2756087 DOI: 10.1080/10253890600902842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the ontogeny of the corticosterone response to (+)-methamphetamine in neonatal rats. In experiment-1, animals were injected with 10 mg/kg of (+)-methamphetamine or saline and plasma corticosterone levels were examined in separate groups 30 or 105 min later on postnatal day (P) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, or 19. The adrenal response to methamphetamine was best described by a U-shaped function with the nadir of corticosterone release occurring between P7 and P13. Experiment-2 was similar except that the effect of four consecutive days of exposure to (+)-methamphetamine (four times daily at 2 h intervals with 10 mg/kg) was assessed with a single final dose early on the fifth day (i.e. P1-5, 3-7, 5-9, 7-11, 9-13, 11-15, 13-17, 15-19). The 30 min corticosterone response after multiple methamphetamine doses was augmented compared to single exposures, with the exception of the two earliest dosing intervals ending on P5 and P7, where the responses were lower. In addition, at 105 min, the levels of corticosterone were attenuated relative to a single drug administration. With the exception of animals receiving methamphetamine from P15 to P19, thymus weights were unaffected. The data demonstrate that (+)-methamphetamine is a robust activator of corticosterone release in developing animals and this release is extensively modified by age and previous drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Williams
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Preclinical studies show that stress is associated with changes in structure of the hippocampus, a brain area that plays a critical role in memory, inhibition of neurogenesis, and memory deficits. Studies in animals showed that both serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the epilepsy medication phenytoin (dilantin) block the effects of stress on the hippocampus. Imaging studies in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have found smaller volume of the hippocampus as measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with PTSD related to both combat and childhood abuse. These patients were also found to have deficits in memory on neuropsychological testing. Functional imaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) found decreased hippocampal activation with memory tasks. In an initial study, we found that a year of treatment with paroxetine led to a 5% increase in hippocampal volume and a 35% increase in memory function. A second study showed that phenytoin was efficacious for symptoms of PTSD and led to a significant 6% increase in both right hippocampal and right whole brain volume, with no significant change in memory. These studies suggest that medications may counteract the effects of stress on the brain in patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory Center for Positron Emission Tomography, Emory University School of Medicine, SS No. 539-64-8946, Suite 306E, 1256 Briarcliff Rd, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA.
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Vermetten E, Schmahl C, Lindner S, Loewenstein RJ, Bremner JD. Hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in dissociative identity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2006. [PMID: 16585437 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smaller hippocampal volume has been reported in several stress-related psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), borderline personality disorder with early abuse, and depression with early abuse. Patients with borderline personality disorder and early abuse have also been found to have smaller amygdalar volume. The authors examined hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in patients with dissociative identity disorder, a disorder that has been associated with a history of severe childhood trauma. METHOD The authors used magnetic resonance imaging to measure the volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala in 15 female patients with dissociative identity disorder and 23 female subjects without dissociative identity disorder or any other psychiatric disorder. The volumetric measurements for the two groups were compared. RESULTS Hippocampal volume was 19.2% smaller and amygdalar volume was 31.6% smaller in the patients with dissociative identity disorder, compared to the healthy subjects. The ratio of hippocampal volume to amygdalar volume was significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with the presence of smaller hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in patients with dissociative identity disorder, compared with healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vermetten
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Int mailbox B01206, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Animal studies of the effects of stress on the brain have been used as a model for anxiety disorders. There is increasing evidence that brain areas involved in the stress response, including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, play a role in the symptoms of anxiety. In the past few years, brain imaging studies have been critical to advancing the understanding of the neural circuitry of anxiety disorders. Although some anxiety disorders may fit in with animal models of stress, both conceptually and in terms of imaging findings (e.g., post-traumatic stress and panic disorder), other anxiety disorders (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder) may require a more specific model to understand the neurobiology completely. This article reviews animal models for anxiety disorders, current brain imaging findings and outlines future directions for research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, Emory Center for Positron Emission Tomography, Emory University, 1256 Briarcliff Rd, Atlanta, GA 30306, USA.
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Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, Perry BD, Dube SR, Giles WH. The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256:174-86. [PMID: 16311898 PMCID: PMC3232061 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2104] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment has been linked to a variety of changes in brain structure and function and stress-responsive neurobiological systems. Epidemiological studies have documented the impact of childhood maltreatment on health and emotional well-being. METHODS After a brief review of the neurobiology of childhood trauma, we use the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study as an epidemiological "case example" of the convergence between epidemiologic and neurobiological evidence of the effects of childhood trauma. The ACE Study included 17,337 adult HMO members and assessed 8 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) including abuse, witnessing domestic violence, and serious household dysfunction. We used the number of ACEs (ACE score) as a measure of cumulative childhood stress and hypothesized a "dose-response" relationship of the ACE score to 18 selected outcomes and to the total number of these outcomes (comorbidity). RESULTS Based upon logistic regression analysis, the risk of every outcome in the affective, somatic, substance abuse, memory, sexual,and aggression-related domains increased in a graded fashion as the ACE score increased (P <0.001). The mean number of comorbid outcomes tripled across the range of the ACE score. CONCLUSIONS The graded relationship of the ACE score to 18 different outcomes in multiple domains theoretically parallels the cumulative exposure of the developing brain to the stress response with resulting impairment in multiple brain structures and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Anda
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adult and Community Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3717, USA
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Vermetten E, Schmahl C, Lindner S, Loewenstein RJ, Bremner JD. Hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in dissociative identity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:630-6. [PMID: 16585437 PMCID: PMC3233754 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smaller hippocampal volume has been reported in several stress-related psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), borderline personality disorder with early abuse, and depression with early abuse. Patients with borderline personality disorder and early abuse have also been found to have smaller amygdalar volume. The authors examined hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in patients with dissociative identity disorder, a disorder that has been associated with a history of severe childhood trauma. METHOD The authors used magnetic resonance imaging to measure the volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala in 15 female patients with dissociative identity disorder and 23 female subjects without dissociative identity disorder or any other psychiatric disorder. The volumetric measurements for the two groups were compared. RESULTS Hippocampal volume was 19.2% smaller and amygdalar volume was 31.6% smaller in the patients with dissociative identity disorder, compared to the healthy subjects. The ratio of hippocampal volume to amygdalar volume was significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with the presence of smaller hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in patients with dissociative identity disorder, compared with healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vermetten
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Int mailbox B01206, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kitayama N, Vaccarino V, Kutner M, Weiss P, Bremner JD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2005; 88:79-86. [PMID: 16033700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in animals showed that the hippocampus, a brain area involved in learning and memory, is sensitive to stress. Although several MRI studies showed smaller hippocampal volume in adults with chronic PTSD, others did not show significant differences from controls. These studies are typified by small sample sizes which may limit the ability to show significant differences. We therefore performed a meta-analytic study of all of these studies to clarify the role of hippocampal structural changes in subjects with PTSD. METHODS Nine studies with a total of 133 adult subjects with chronic PTSD, 148 healthy controls, and 53 traumatized controls were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS There was significantly smaller volume in both right and left hippocampi in adult subjects with chronic PTSD in comparison with both healthy controls and traumatized controls. CONCLUSION These findings are consistent with smaller hippocampal volume in adult subjects with chronic PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kitayama
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30306, USA.
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Wolkowitz OM, Lupien SJ, Bigler E, Levin RB, Canick J. The "steroid dementia syndrome": an unrecognized complication of glucocorticoid treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1032:191-4. [PMID: 15677408 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1314.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid treatment is frequently associated with transiently impaired attention, concentration, and memory. In rare cases, cognitive changes may be prominent and may persist for substantial periods of time after steroid discontinuation. This largely unrecognized complication has been termed the "steroid dementia syndrome" and may reflect steroid neuroendangerment or neurotoxicity. Several clinical cases of this syndrome, with shared phenomenological and neuropsychological features, are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Wolkowitz
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, 401 Parnassus Ave., Box F-0984, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA.
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Bremner JD, Mletzko T, Welter S, Quinn S, Williams C, Brummer M, Siddiq S, Reed L, Heim CM, Nemeroff CB. Effects of phenytoin on memory, cognition and brain structure in post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. J Psychopharmacol 2005; 19:159-65. [PMID: 15728437 DOI: 10.1177/0269881105048996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenytoin (Dilantin) is an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is believed to act by modulation of glutamatergic transmission. Because the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been hypothesized to involve alterations in glutamatergic transmission with subsequention neurotoxicity, we assessed the effects of phenytoin on cognition and brain structure in PTSD patients. Phenytoin was administered in an open label fashion for 3 months to nine adult patients with PTSD related to a variety of traumas, including early abuse, combat and car accidents. Subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging for measurement of whole brain and hippocampal volume, and neuropsychological testing of memory and cognition, before and after treatment. Phenytoin treatment resulted in a significant 6% increase in right brain volume (p < 0.05). Increased hippocampal volume was correlated with reductions in symptom severity as measured by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale and improvements in executive function as measured by the Trails test. However, treatment associated improvements in memory and cognition did not achieve statistical significance. These findings suggest that phenytoin treatment may be associated with changes in brain structure in patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry, Radiology and Emory Center for Positron Emission Tomography, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Korte SM, Koolhaas JM, Wingfield JC, McEwen BS. The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004; 29:3-38. [PMID: 15652252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Why do we get the stress-related diseases we do? Why do some people have flare ups of autoimmune disease, whereas others suffer from melancholic depression during a stressful period in their life? In the present review possible explanations will be given by using different levels of analysis. First, we explain in evolutionary terms why different organisms adopt different behavioral strategies to cope with stress. It has become clear that natural selection maintains a balance of different traits preserving genes for high aggression (Hawks) and low aggression (Doves) within a population. The existence of these personality types (Hawks-Doves) is widespread in the animal kingdom, not only between males and females but also within the same gender across species. Second, proximate (causal) explanations are given for the different stress responses and how they work. Hawks and Doves differ in underlying physiology and these differences are associated with their respective behavioral strategies; for example, bold Hawks preferentially adopt the fight-flight response when establishing a new territory or defending an existing territory, while cautious Doves show the freeze-hide response to adapt to threats in their environment. Thus, adaptive processes that actively maintain stability through change (allostasis) depend on the personality type and the associated stress responses. Third, we describe how the expression of the various stress responses can result in specific benefits to the organism. Fourth, we discuss how the benefits of allostasis and the costs of adaptation (allostatic load) lead to different trade-offs in health and disease, thereby reinforcing a Darwinian concept of stress. Collectively, this provides some explanation of why individuals may differ in their vulnerability to different stress-related diseases and how this relates to the range of personality types, especially aggressive Hawks and non-aggressive Doves in a population. A conceptual framework is presented showing that Hawks, due to inefficient management of mediators of allostasis, are more likely to be violent, to develop impulse control disorders, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death, atypical depression, chronic fatigue states and inflammation. In contrast, Doves, due to the greater release of mediators of allostasis (surplus), are more susceptible to anxiety disorders, metabolic syndromes, melancholic depression, psychotic states and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mechiel Korte
- Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Box 65, Edelhertweg 15, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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