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Ricci A, Rubino E, Serra GP, Wallén-Mackenzie Å. Concerning neuromodulation as treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorder: Insights gained from selective targeting of the subthalamic nucleus, para-subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2024; 256:110003. [PMID: 38789078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Neuromodulation such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) is advancing as a clinical intervention in several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tremor, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) for which DBS is already applied to alleviate severely afflicted individuals of symptoms. Tourette syndrome and drug addiction are two additional disorders for which DBS is in trial or proposed as treatment. However, some major remaining obstacles prevent this intervention from reaching its full therapeutic potential. Side-effects have been reported, and not all DBS-treated individuals are relieved of their symptoms. One major target area for DBS electrodes is the subthalamic nucleus (STN) which plays important roles in motor, affective and associative functions, with impact on for example movement, motivation, impulsivity, compulsivity, as well as both reward and aversion. The multifunctionality of the STN is complex. Decoding the anatomical-functional organization of the STN could enhance strategic targeting in human patients. The STN is located in close proximity to zona incerta (ZI) and the para-subthalamic nucleus (pSTN). Together, the STN, pSTN and ZI form a highly heterogeneous and clinically important brain area. Rodent-based experimental studies, including opto- and chemogenetics as well as viral-genetic tract tracings, provide unique insight into complex neuronal circuitries and their impact on behavior with high spatial and temporal precision. This research field has advanced tremendously over the past few years. Here, we provide an inclusive review of current literature in the pre-clinical research fields centered around STN, pSTN and ZI in laboratory mice and rats; the three highly heterogeneous and enigmatic structures brought together in the context of relevance for treatment strategies. Specific emphasis is placed on methods of manipulation and behavioral impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ricci
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Eleonora Rubino
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Gian Pietro Serra
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Åsa Wallén-Mackenzie
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Chen F, Qian J, Cao Z, Li A, Cui J, Shi L, Xie J. Chemogenetic and optogenetic stimulation of zona incerta GABAergic neurons ameliorates motor impairment in Parkinson's disease. iScience 2023; 26:107149. [PMID: 37416450 PMCID: PMC10319825 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and leads to progressive motor dysfunction. While studies have focused on the basal ganglia network, recent evidence suggests neuronal systems outside the basal ganglia are also related to PD pathogenesis. The zona incerta (ZI) is a predominantly inhibitory subthalamic region for global behavioral modulation. This study investigates the role of GABAergic neurons in the ZI in a mouse model of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD. First, we found a decrease in GABA-positive neurons in the ZI, and then the mice used chemogenetic/optogenetic stimulation to activate or inhibit GABAergic neurons. The motor performance of PD mice was significantly improved by chemogenetic/optogenetic activation of GABAergic neurons, and repeated chemogenetic activation of ZI GABAergic neurons increased the dopamine content in the striatum. Our work identifies the role of ZI GABAergic neurons in regulating motor behaviors in 6-OHDA-lesioned PD model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junliang Qian
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongkai Cao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Juntao Cui
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limin Shi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Li LX, Li YL, Wu JT, Song JZ, Li XM. Glutamatergic Neurons in the Caudal Zona Incerta Regulate Parkinsonian Motor Symptoms in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2021; 38:1-15. [PMID: 34633650 PMCID: PMC8782991 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common and fastest-growing neurodegenerative disorder. In recent years, it has been recognized that neurotransmitters other than dopamine and neuronal systems outside the basal ganglia are also related to PD pathogenesis. However, little is known about whether and how the caudal zona incerta (ZIc) regulates parkinsonian motor symptoms. Here, we showed that specific glutamatergic but not GABAergic ZIcVgluT2 neurons regulated these symptoms. ZIcVgluT2 neuronal activation induced time-locked parkinsonian motor symptoms. In mouse models of PD, the ZIcVgluT2 neurons were hyperactive and inhibition of their activity ameliorated the motor deficits. ZIcVgluT2 neurons monosynaptically projected to the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Incerta-nigral circuit activation induced parkinsonian motor symptoms. Together, our findings provide a direct link between the ZIc, its glutamatergic neurons, and parkinsonian motor symptoms for the first time, help to better understand the mechanisms of PD, and supply a new important potential therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xuan Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003 China ,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310030 China
| | - Yu-Lan Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003 China ,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310030 China
| | - Jin-Tao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003 China ,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310030 China
| | - Ji-Zhou Song
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Soft Matter Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310063 China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003 China ,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310030 China
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Ossowska K. Zona incerta as a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2020; 267:591-606. [PMID: 31375987 PMCID: PMC7035310 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The zona incerta has recently become an important target for deep-brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD). The present review summarizes clinical, animal and anatomical data which have indicated an important role of this structure in PD, and discusses potential mechanisms involved in therapeutic effects of DBS. Animal studies have suggested initially some role of neurons as well as GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors of the zona incerta in locomotion and generation of PD signs. Anatomical data have indicated that thanks to its multiple interconnections with the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebral cortex, brainstem, spinal cord and cerebellum, the zona incerta is an important link in a neuronal chain transmitting impulses involved in PD pathology. Finally, clinical studies have shown that DBS of this structure alleviates parkinsonian bradykinesia, muscle rigidity and tremor. DBS of caudal zona incerta seemed to be the most effective therapeutic intervention, especially with regard to reduction of PD tremor as well as other forms of tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Ossowska
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Torterolo P, Chase MH. The hypocretins (orexins) mediate the "phasic" components of REM sleep: A new hypothesis. Sleep Sci 2014; 7:19-29. [PMID: 26483897 PMCID: PMC4521687 DOI: 10.1016/j.slsci.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1998, a group of phenotypically distinct neurons were discovered in the postero-lateral hypothalamus which contained the neuropeptides hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2 (also called orexin A and orexin B), which are excitatory neuromodulators. Hypocretinergic neurons project throughout the central nervous system and have been involved in the generation and maintenance of wakefulness. The sleep disorder narcolepsy, characterized by hypersomnia and cataplexy, is produced by degeneration of these neurons. The hypocretinergic neurons are active during wakefulness in conjunction with the presence of motor activity that occurs during survival-related behaviors. These neurons decrease their firing rate during non-REM sleep; however there is still controversy upon the activity and role of these neurons during REM sleep. Hence, in the present report we conducted a critical review of the literature of the hypocretinergic system during REM sleep, and hypothesize a possible role of this system in the generation of REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Torterolo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Michael H. Chase
- WebSciences International, Los Angeles, USA
- UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
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Mierzejewski P, Kolaczkowski M, Nowak N, Korkosz A, Scinska A, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz H, Samochowiec J, Kostowski W, Bienkowski P. Pharmacological characteristics of zolpidem-induced catalepsy in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2013; 556:99-103. [PMID: 24135337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic drug acting preferentially at α1-containing GABAA receptors expressed in various parts of the brain, including the basal ganglia. The aim of the present study was to provide preliminary characteristics of zolpidem-induced catalepsy in Wistar rats. Zolpidem (2.5-10.0mg/kg), but not diazepam and midazolam, produced dose-dependent cataleptic responses in the bar test, which were similar to those produced by a reference antipsychotic drug, haloperidol. Zolpidem-induced catalepsy was abolished by a benzodiazepine site antagonist, flumazenil (5.0mg/kg), D2/3 receptor agonist, quinpirole (1.0mg/kg), and a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (0.1mg/kg), but not by a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone (3.0mg/kg). The present results indicate that systemic injections of zolpidem may produce short-lasting, neuroleptic-like catalepsy in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mierzejewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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Torterolo P, Ramos OV, Sampogna S, Chase MH. Hypocretinergic neurons are activated in conjunction with goal-oriented survival-related motor behaviors. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:823-30. [PMID: 21839102 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypocretinergic neurons are located in the area of the lateral hypothalamus which is responsible for mediating goal-directed, survival-related behaviors. Consequently, we hypothesize that the hypocretinergic system functions to promote these behaviors including those patterns of somatomotor activation upon which they are based. Further, we hypothesize that the hypocretinergic system is not involved with repetitive motor activities unless they occur in conjunction with the goal-oriented behaviors that are governed by the lateral hypothalamus. In order to determine the veracity of these hypotheses, we examined Fos immunoreactivity (as a marker of neuronal activity) in hypocretinergic neurons in the cat during: a) Exploratory Motor Activity; b) Locomotion without Reward; c) Locomotion with Reward; and d) Wakefulness without Motor Activity. Significantly greater numbers of hypocretinergic neurons expressed c-fos when the animals were exploring an unknown environment during Exploratory Motor Activity compared with all other paradigms. In addition, a larger number of Hcrt+Fos+neurons were activated during Locomotion with Reward than during Wakefulness without Motor Activity. Finally, very few hypocretinergic neurons were activated during Locomotion without Reward and Wakefulness without Motor Activity, wherein there was an absence of goal-directed activities. We conclude that the hypocretinergic system does not promote wakefulness per se or motor activity per se but is responsible for mediating specific goal-oriented behaviors that take place during wakefulness. Accordingly, we suggest that the hypocretinergic system is responsible for controlling the somatomotor system and coordinating its activity with other systems in order to produce successful goal-oriented survival-related behaviors that are controlled by the lateral hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Torterolo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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8
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Meena H, Nakhate KT, Kokare DM, Subhedar NK. GABAA receptors in nucleus accumbens shell mediate the hyperphagia and weight gain following haloperidol treatment in rats. Life Sci 2009; 84:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 10/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Torterolo P, Sampogna S, Morales FR, Chase MH. MCH-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of the cat: searching for a role in the control of sleep and wakefulness. Brain Res 2006; 1119:101-14. [PMID: 17027934 PMCID: PMC1802635 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurons that utilize melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and others that employ hypocretin as neurotransmitter are located in the hypothalamus and project diffusely throughout the CNS, including areas that participate in the generation and maintenance of the states of sleep and wakefulness. In the present report, immunohistochemical methods were employed to examine the distribution of MCHergic and hypocretinergic neurons. In order to test the hypothesis that the MCHergic system is capable of influencing specific behavioral states, we studied Fos immunoreactivity in MCH-containing neurons during (1) quiet wakefulness, (2) active wakefulness with motor activity, (3) active wakefulness without motor activity, (4) quiet sleep and (5) active sleep induced by carbachol (AS-carbachol). We determined that MCHergic neuronal somata in the cat are intermingled with hypocretinergic neurons in the dorsal and lateral hypothalamus, principally in the tuberal and tuberomammillary regions; however, hypocretinergic neurons extended more in the anterior-posterior axis than MCHergic neurons. Axosomatic and axodendritic contacts were common between these neurons. In contrast to hypocretinergic neurons, which are known to be active during motor activity and AS-carbachol, Fos immunoreactivity was not observed in MCH-containing neurons in conjunction with any of the preceding behavioral conditions. Non-MCHergic, non-hypocretinergic neurons that expressed c-fos during active wakefulness with motor activity were intermingled with MCH and hypocretin-containing neurons, suggesting that these neurons are related to some aspect of motor function. Further studies are required to elucidate the functional sequela of the interactions between MCHergic and hypocretinergic neurons and the phenotype of the other neurons that were active during motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Torterolo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo-Uruguay
| | - Sharon Sampogna
- WebSciences International, 1251 Westwood Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - Francisco R. Morales
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo-Uruguay
- WebSciences International, 1251 Westwood Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - Michael H. Chase
- WebSciences International, 1251 Westwood Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90024
- UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Abstract
Scientists have spent hundreds of years trying to understand how the brain controls movement. Why has there been so little interest in knowing how the brain STOPS movement? This review calls attention to behavioral phenomena in which an animal or human undergoes temporary total-body arrest of movement, that is, behavioral arrest (BA). These states can be actively induced by visual stimuli, by body and limb manipulations, and by drugs. Historically, these states have been considered as unrelated, and their literature does not cross-connect. What is known about the causal mechanisms is scant, limited mostly to implication of the brainstem in manipulation-induced BA and dopaminergic blockade in the striatum in the case of drug-induced BA. The possibility has not been experimentally tested that all of these states share with each other not only an active global immobility in which awkward postures are maintained, but also underlying neural mechanisms. This review identifies key brainstem, diencephalic, and basal forebrain areas that seem to be involved in causing BA. We review the evidence that suggest a possible role in BA for the following brain structures: entopeduncular nucleus, medullary and pontine reticular zones, parabrachial region, pedunculopontine nucleus and nearby areas, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, ventromedial thalamic nucleus, and zona incerta. Such areas may operate as a BA control system. Confirmation of which brain areas operate collectively in BA would require testing of several kinds of BA in the same animals with the same kinds of experimental tests. Areas and mechanisms might be elucidated through a strategic combination of the following research approaches: imaging (fMRI, c-fos), lesions (of areas, of afferent and efferent pathways), chemical microstimulation, and electrical recording (of multiple units and field potentials, with an emphasis on testing coherence among areas). We suggest the working hypothesis that BA is created and sustained by coherent, perhaps oscillatory, activity among a group of basal forebrain and brainstem areas that collectively disrupt the normal spinal and supraspinal sequencing controls of reciprocal actions on the extensors and flexors that otherwise produce movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Klemm
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, Mail Stop 4458, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA.
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Joca SR, Skalisz LL, Beijamini V, Vital MA, Andreatini R. The antidepressive-like effect of oxcarbazepine: possible role of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 10:223-8. [PMID: 10871703 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(00)00079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously shown that oxcarbazepine (OXCBZ), a keto-analogue of carbamazepine, exhibits an antidepressive-like effect profile in the learned helplessness and forced swimming test (FST). Since carbamazepine possesses dopaminergic effect, the present study was carried out to evaluate the extent to which the antidepressive effect of OXCBZ might be mediated by dopaminergic system. Thus, the effects of OXCBZ in haloperidol-induced catalepsy and apomorphine-induced stereotypy were studied. The anti-immobility effect of OXCBZ in the FST was also evaluated in haloperidol pre-treated rats. OXCBZ (40 and 80 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently reduced the catalepsy induced by haloperidol (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.). Moreover, OXCBZ (80 mg/kg, but not 20 or 40 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the intensity of apomorphine-induced stereotypy (0.6 mg/kg, s.c.). Finally, it was observed that the combination of OXCBZ (80 mg/kg, i. p.) and haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) antagonized the anti-immobility effect of OXCBZ and further increased the immobility time when compared to haloperidol alone. Haloperidol alone (0.5 or 1. 0 mg/kg) did not change the immobility time. Thus, these results suggest that OXCBZ could enhance dopaminergic neurotransmission, which might mediate its antidepressive-like effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Joca
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System, Centro Politécnico, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, PR, 81 540-970, Curitiba, Brazil
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12
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Lin RC, Nicolelis MA, Chapin JK. Topographic and laminar organizations of the incertocortical pathway in rats. Neuroscience 1997; 81:641-51. [PMID: 9316017 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The topographic and laminar organizations of the projection system from the zona incerta to the neocortex were studied by using both retrograde and anterograde methods in the rat. Injections of retrograde fluorescent tracers into different cortical areas revealed that the incertocortical projection neurons have a rough topographic organization with respect to their cortical targets. Furthermore, the incertocortical projecting neurons were found mainly in the dorsal and rostral subdivisions of the zona incerta, and none were found in the ventral subdivision. In cases which included three different fluorescent tracers injected into the frontal, the parietal and the occipital cortices, retrogradely single-labelled cells were found intermingled within the dorsal zona incerta. Very few double-labelled cells were noted, and triple-labelled cells were absent. Injections of anterograde tracers into the dorsal zona incerta demonstrate that labelled fibres traverse the striatum and terminate most densely in the outer half of layer I of the neocortex. The density of incertocortical terminals was greatest in the somatosensory cortex, while the innervation of visual cortical areas was sparse. Very fine and sparse bouton-like swellings of labelled incertocortical fibres were found running parallel along the pial surface. Since it has recently been shown that the incertocortical projections derive from GABAergic neurons, the present results suggest that the diffuse and roughly topographic projection from the zona incerta to the cerebral cortex may play an inhibitory role in widespread areas of cerebral cortex. This inhibitory action may preferentially target the distal dendrites of cortical neurons, since the majority of incertocortical terminals were found in the outer part of layer I of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Allegheny University of Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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13
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de Oliveira L, Hoffmann A, Menescal-de-Oliveira L. The lateral hypothalamus in the modulation of tonic immobility in guinea pigs. Neuroreport 1997; 8:3489-93. [PMID: 9427313 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199711100-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus has been reported to be involved in the organization of aggression and predatory attack but not in behavioral inhibition responses such as tonic immobility (TI). TI may be defined as an inborn behavioral inhibition characterized by profound physical inactivity and relative lack of responsiveness to the environment, triggered by an intense sensation of fear generated during prey-predator confrontation. Our study indicates that cholinergic stimulation of anterior regions of the lateral hypothalamus of guinea pigs potentiates the duration of TI episodes, while stimulation of medial and posterior regions of this structure promotes a decrease in TI duration, suggesting that the lateral hypothalamus modulates the duration of TI episodes in a differentiated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Abstract
This article discusses the role of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in feeding and drinking and draws on data obtained from lesion and stimulation studies and neurochemical and electrophysiological manipulations of the area. The LHA is involved in catecholaminergic and serotonergic feeding systems and plays a role in circadian feeding, sex differences in feeding and spontaneous activity. This article discusses the LHA regarding dietary self-selection, responses to high-protein diets, amino acid imbalances, liquid and cafeteria diets, placentophagia, "stress eating," finickiness, diet texture, consistency and taste, aversion learning, olfaction and the effects of post-operative period manipulations by hormonal and other means. Glucose-sensitive neurons have been identified in the LHA and their manipulation by insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose is discussed. The effects on feeding of numerous transmitters, hormones and appetite depressants are described, as is the role of the LHA in salivation, lacrimation, gastric motility and secretion, and sensorimotor deficits. The LHA is also illuminated as regards temperature and feeding, circumventricular organs and thirst and electrolyte dynamics. A discussion of its role in the ischymetric hypothesis as an integrative Gestalt concept concludes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Bernardis
- Neurovisceral-Neuroendocrine Laboratory, Veterans Administration Medical Center Buffalo, NY, USA
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Zadow B, Schmidt WJ. Lesions of the entopeduncular nucleus and the subthalamic nucleus reduce dopamine receptor antagonist-induced catalepsy in the rat. Behav Brain Res 1994; 62:71-9. [PMID: 7917035 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(94)90039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The role of the entopeduncular nucleus (EP) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in mediating dopamine receptor antagonist-induced catalepsy in the rat was investigated. Five days after bilateral lesions of EP and STN respectively with the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (15, 30 nmol/0.5 microliter/side and 24 nmol/0.5 microliter/side, respectively) rats were injected intraperitoneally with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (0.5 mg/kg) or the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg). Complete EP lesions prevented both SCH 23390- and haloperidol-induced catalepsy. STN lesions exerted pronounced anticataleptic effects in case of haloperidol-induced catalepsy, but less pronounced in case of SCH 233390-induced catalepsy. Further characterization of these anticataleptic effects in an open field demonstrated, that neither EP- nor STN lesions reversed bradykinesia, which occurred after selective dopamine receptor blockade. In conclusion, both EP and STN participate in the mediation of catalepsy induced by dopamine D1- and dopamine D2 receptor antagonists. Thereby these nuclei preferentially mediate rigidity and akinesia, but to a lesser extent bradykinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zadow
- Zoological Institute, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Ossowska K, Karcz-Kubicha M, Wardas J, Krezołek A, Wolfarth S. Zona incerta-lateral hypothalamus as an output structure for impulses involved in neuroleptic drug-induced catalepsy. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1993; 347:415-20. [PMID: 8099716 DOI: 10.1007/bf00165392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that the neuronal impulses connected with catalepsy, which have their origin at dopamine D2 receptors in the ventro-rostral part of the nucleus caudatus-putamen in rats, are conveyed to the zona incerta-lateral hypothalamic region. The aim of the present study was to investigate the route of the neuronal impulses between these structures. The experiments were carried out on rats with cannulae chronically implanted in the brain structures. We showed that (1) bilateral injection of bicuculline methiodide (5-50 ng) into the ventro-medial part of the globus pallidus (GPv) and (2) bilateral injection of muscimol (2.5-25 ng) into the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) inhibit, in a dose dependent manner, the catalepsy induced by sulpiride (1 microgram) administered bilaterally into the ventro-rostral part of the nucleus caudatus-putamen. It was also demonstrated that muscimol (25 ng), injected bilaterally into the ventro-medial part of the globus pallidus, induces catalepsy which, in turn, is dose-dependently inhibited by either (1) muscimol (5-25 ng) injected into the substantia nigra pars reticulata, or (2) bicuculline (1.0-2.5 ng) injected into the zona incerta-lateral hypothalamus (ZI-LH). Moreover, even a dose as high as 50 ng of bicuculline, injected into the ventro-medial part of the globus pallidus, had no significant effect on the locomotor activity of rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ossowska
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow
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17
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Kolasiewicz W, Sauss C, Block F, Sontag KH. Behavioural effects after cholinergic stimulation of the reticular thalamic nucleus in rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1992; 87:163-73. [PMID: 1581016 DOI: 10.1007/bf01245363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the functional relationship between the experimentally induced changes in the activity of the cholinergic, muscarinergic system of the rostral area of the nucleus reticularis thalami (TRN) and the motor behaviour. The effect of direct stimulation of the rostral TRN by the cholinergic agonist carbachol on the behaviour of freely moving rats was observed. Unilateral injection of carbachol (0.2-3.2 micrograms/0.5 microliters) into the rostral TRN caused catalepsy which appeared rapidly and was short-lasting. Furthermore, it induced impairment of the performance on the rota rod. Both effects were dose-dependent. The cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (6.66 micrograms) coadministered with the equimolar dose of carbachol (3.2 micrograms) antagonized the effects of carbachol on both behavioural tests. The described effects seem to be cholinergic- and site-specific within the rostral TRN. The present results suggest that activation of the cholinergic, muscarinergic receptors in the rostral TRN modulate the motor function of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kolasiewicz
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow
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18
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Nakanishi H, Yamamoto K, Kita H. Lateral hypothalamus and local stimulation induced postsynaptic responses in zona incerta neurons in an in vitro slice preparation of the rat. Brain Res 1992; 583:287-91. [PMID: 1354564 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(10)80035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Postsynaptic potentials evoked in the zona incerta (ZI) neurons were studied in in vitro slice preparations. Lateral hypothalamus (LH) and local stimulation evoked fast IPSPs, fast EPSPs, and slow EPSPs. The amplitude of the slow EPSPs increased when the neuron was hyperpolarized by a low intensity current injection but was blocked when it was hyperpolarized with a strong current. The slow EPSPs were reversibly suppressed by an application of 50 microM DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) and 20 microM 3-[(+/-)-2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl-]-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP). The slow EPSPs were augmented in Mg-free medium and by train pulse stimulation. Pressure application of NMDA induced a depolarization similar to the slow EPSP. On the other hand, the fast EPSPs showed a conventional voltage dependency and were antagonized by kynurenic acid but not by APV or CPP. The fast IPSPs were completely blocked by 10 microM bicuculline methiodide. The results indicate that LH and local stimulation evoked monosynaptic fast EPSPs and slow EPSPs mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors, respectively. The IPSPs appear to be mediated by GABAA receptors and regulate the expression of NMDA receptor-mediated slow EPSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Wolfarth S, Karcz-Kubicha M, Ossowska K. Globus pallidus conveys striatal impulses connected with neuroleptic catalepsy to the lateral hypothalamus-zona incerta. Pharmacol Res 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/1043-6618(92)90306-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Supko DE, Uretsky NJ, Wallace LJ. Activation of AMPA/kainic acid glutamate receptors in the zona incerta stimulates locomotor activity. Brain Res 1991; 564:159-63. [PMID: 1663813 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91367-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Direct injections of DL-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA), an AMPA/quisqualic acid receptor agonist, into the medial or posterior zona incerta (ZI) produced a marked stimulation of locomotor activity accompanied by a postural change. Similar responses were obtained by injection of kainic acid (KA) into the same areas. The behavioral effects of AMPA and KA were antagonized by coinjection of 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist. In contrast, injections of NMDA or ibotenic acid failed to significantly stimulate locomotor activity. These results suggest that the AMPA/kainate glutamate receptor subtypes in the zona incerta may have a functional role in regulating locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Supko
- College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Ossowska K, Wardas J, Golembiowska K, Wolfarth S. Lateral hypothalamus-zona incerta region as an output station for the catalepsy induced by the blockade of striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Brain Res 1990; 506:311-5. [PMID: 2154287 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91269-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study reported that the blockade of GABAA receptors of the lateral hypothalamus-zona incerta region (LH-ZI) by local injections of bicuculline methiodide inhibited the haloperidol-induced catalepsy. The aim of the present study was to determine (1) whether the blockade of GABAA receptors of the LH-ZI may counteract the catalepsy evoked by SCH 23390 and by sulpiride, and (2) whether the GABAA receptors of the LH-ZI affect the function of the striatal dopaminergic system. Bicuculline methiodide (2.5 and 5 ng/side) injected bilaterally into the LH-ZI inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the catalepsy induced by SCH 23390 administered peripherally (0.2 mg/kg s.c.). SCH 23390 (2 micrograms/side) and sulpiride (1 microgram/side) injected bilaterally into the rostroventral part of the striatum induced potent catalepsy. The catalepsy induced by injection of SCH 23390 (2 micrograms) and sulpiride (1 microgram) into the striatum was inhibited by bicuculline methiodide (2.5 ng and 5 ng) injected into the LH-ZI. Neither bicuculline (5 ng/side) nor muscimol (50 ng/side) injected bilaterally into the LH-ZI changed the levels of dopamine and its intraneuronal metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid, or the concentration of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid measured in the striatum and nucleus accumbens by HPLC with an electrochemical detection. It is concluded that GABAA receptors of the LH-ZI are an output station for the catalepsy induced by the blockade of the striatal D2 and D1 dopamine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ossowska
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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Wolfarth S, Ossowska K. Can the supersensitivity of rodents to dopamine be regarded as a model of tardive dyskinesia? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1989; 13:799-840. [PMID: 2682786 DOI: 10.1016/0278-5846(89)90036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. The paper presents arguments derived from both, clinical work and animal experiments, for or against the traditional hypothesis suggesting that tardive dyskinesia (TD) is caused by supersensitivity to dopamine. The main aim of this study was to answer the question posed in the title - whether the supersensitivity to dopamine evoked in rodents by neuroleptics can be regarded as an adequate pharmacological model of TD. 2. The data presented here prove that chronic administration of neuroleptics to schizophrenic patients cannot be the only factor inducing TD; furthermore, symptoms similar or identical to those of TD are also observed in the course of other disorders, not connected with neuroleptics, e.g. aging or schizophrenia itself. 3. Clinical data offer no clear evidence for the existence of a direct cause-effect relationship between super-sensitivity to dopamine and occurrence of TD. 4. The role of brain degeneration, caused by different factors but in particular by the process of aging, in the pathogenesis of dyskinetic disorders, including TD, has been stressed. 5. Pharmacological and biochemical data show that chronic administration of classic neuroleptics to animals induces an increase in the density of dopamine D-2 receptors (Bmax). It seems that this receptor-mediated supersensitivity may concern both the postsynaptic and the presynaptic D-2 dopamine receptors. On the other hand, it is not clear enough whether a dopamine D-1 receptor-mediated supersensitivity might also be a causal factor of TD. 6. The analysis in animals, of biochemical and pharmacological effects of neuroleptics which do not induce TD showed that in some situations these drugs may also evoke the receptor-mediated supersensitivity concerning dopamine D-2 receptors. 7. The method of a prolonged (approx. 1 year) oral administration of neuroleptics seems to differentiate those which induce TD from those which do not, at least regarding the induction of an increase of Bmax for butyrophenone neuroleptics and an increase of apomorphine-induced stereotypy, however, some exceptions are noted. 8. The above analysis of clinical and experimental data suggests that the supersensitivity to dopamine in rats treated chronically with neuroleptics cannot be accepted as a model which reflects the etiopathogenesis of TD. Neither a positive nor a negative result obtained in this test is reliable enough, and either depends on the tested parameters (apomorphine stereotypy and [3H]spiperon binding seem to be the most reliable), route of neuroleptic administration, duration of treatment and, probably, a number of other, still unknown factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wolfarth
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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