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Seiler JL, Zhuang X, Nelson AB, Lerner TN. Dopamine across timescales and cell types: Relevance for phenotypes in Parkinson's disease progression. Exp Neurol 2024; 374:114693. [PMID: 38242300 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) synthesize and release dopamine, a critical neurotransmitter for movement and learning. SNc dopamine neurons degenerate in Parkinson's Disease (PD), causing a host of motor and non-motor symptoms. Here, we review recent conceptual advances in our basic understanding of the dopamine system - including our rapidly advancing knowledge of dopamine neuron heterogeneity - with special attention to their importance for understanding PD. In PD patients, dopamine neuron degeneration progresses from lateral SNc to medial SNc, suggesting clinically relevant heterogeneity in dopamine neurons. With technical advances in dopamine system interrogation, we can understand the relevance of this heterogeneity for PD progression and harness it to develop new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Seiler
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Xiaowen Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra B Nelson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Talia N Lerner
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (NUIN), Evanston, IL, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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2
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Matar E, Bhatia K. Dystonia and Parkinson's disease: Do they have a shared biology? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:347-411. [PMID: 37482398 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinsonism and dystonia co-occur across many movement disorders and are most encountered in the setting of Parkinson's disease. Here we aim to explore the shared neurobiological underpinnings of dystonia and parkinsonism through the clinical lens of the conditions in which these movement disorders can be seen together. Foregrounding the discussion, we briefly review the circuits of the motor system and the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological aspects of motor control and highlight their relevance to the proposed pathophysiology of parkinsonism and dystonia. Insight into shared biology is then sought from dystonia occurring in PD and other forms of parkinsonism including those disorders in which both can be co-expressed simultaneously. We organize these within a biological schema along with important questions to be addressed in this space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Matar
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kailash Bhatia
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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Tanguay W, Ducrot C, Giguère N, Bourque MJ, Trudeau LE. Neonatal 6-OHDA lesion of the SNc induces striatal compensatory sprouting from surviving SNc dopaminergic neurons without VTA contribution. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6618-6632. [PMID: 34470083 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) are uniquely vulnerable to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). We hypothesize that their large axonal arbor is a key factor underlying their vulnerability, due to increased bioenergetic, proteostatic and oxidative stress. In keeping with this model, other DAergic populations with smaller axonal arbors are mostly spared during the course of PD and are more resistant to experimental lesions in animal models. Aiming to improve mouse PD models, we examined if neonatal partial SNc lesions could lead to adult mice with fewer SNc DA neurons that are endowed with larger axonal arbors because of compensatory mechanisms. We injected 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) unilaterally in the SNc at an early postnatal stage at a dose selected to induce loss of approximately 50% of SNc DA neurons. We find that at 10 and 90 days after the lesion, the axons of SNc DA neurons show massive compensatory sprouting, as revealed by the proportionally smaller decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the striatum compared with the loss of SNc DA neuron cell bodies. The extent and origin of this axonal sprouting was further investigated by AAV-mediated expression of eYFP in SNc or ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons of adult mice. Our results reveal that SNc DA neurons have the capacity to substantially increase their axonal arbor size and suggest that mice designed to have reduced numbers of SNc DA neurons could potentially be used to develop better mouse models of PD, with elevated neuronal vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tanguay
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Central Nervous System Research Group (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles Ducrot
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Central Nervous System Research Group (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Giguère
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Central Nervous System Research Group (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Bourque
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Central Nervous System Research Group (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis-Eric Trudeau
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Central Nervous System Research Group (GRSNC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Dougherty SE, Kajstura TJ, Jin Y, Chan-Cortés MH, Kota A, Linden DJ. Catecholaminergic axons in the neocortex of adult mice regrow following brain injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 323:113089. [PMID: 31697941 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin axons in the adult rodent brain can regrow and recover their function following several forms of injury including controlled cortical impact (CCI), a neocortical stab wound, or systemic amphetamine toxicity. To assess whether this capacity for regrowth is unique to serotonergic fibers, we used CCI and stab injury models to assess whether fibers from other neuromodulatory systems can also regrow following injury. Using tyrosine-hydoxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry we measured the density of catecholaminergic axons before and at various time points after injury. One week after CCI injury we observed a pronounced loss, across cortical layers, of TH+ axons posterior to the site of injury. One month after CCI injury the same was true of TH+ axons both anterior and posterior to the site of injury. This loss was followed by significant recovery of TH+ fiber density across cortical layers, both anterior and posterior to the site of injury, measured three months after injury. TH+ axon loss and recovery over weeks to months was also observed throughout cortical layers using the stab injury model. Double label immunohistochemistry revealed that nearly all TH+ axons in neocortical layer 1/2 are also dopamine-beta-hyroxylase+ (DBH+; presumed norepinephrine), while TH+ axons in layer 5 are a mixture of DBH+ and dopamine transporter+ types. This suggests that noradrenergic axons can regrow following CCI or stab injury in the adult mouse neocortex and leaves open the question of whether dopaminergic axons can do the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Dougherty
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 916 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tymoteusz J Kajstura
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 916 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yunju Jin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 916 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, School of Medicine, 20 South 2030 East, Room 320 BPRB, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michelle H Chan-Cortés
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 916 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akhil Kota
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 916 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Linden
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 916 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Hamed MA, Mohammed MA, Aboul Naser AF, Matloub AA, Fayed DB, Ali SA, Khalil WK. Optimization of Curcuminoids Extraction for Evaluation Against Parkinson’s Disease in Rats. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PRODUCTS FROM NATURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/22311866.2019.1698317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manal A. Hamed
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A. Mohammed
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F. Aboul Naser
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azaa A. Matloub
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia B. Fayed
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sanaa A. Ali
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Wagdy K.B. Khalil
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Colle D, Santos DB, Naime AA, Gonçalves CL, Ghizoni H, Hort MA, Farina M. Early Postnatal Exposure to Paraquat and Maneb in Mice Increases Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Susceptibility to a Re-challenge with the Same Pesticides at Adulthood: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:210-226. [PMID: 31422567 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental contaminants represents an important etiological factor in sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been reported that PD could arise from events that occur early in development and that lead to delayed adverse consequences in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system at adult life. We investigated the occurrence of late nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity induced by exposures to the pesticides paraquat (PQ) and maneb (MB) during the early postnatal period in mice, as well as whether the exposure to pesticides during development could enhance mice vulnerability to subsequent challenges. Male Swiss mice were exposed to a combination of 0.3 mg/kg PQ and 1.0 mg/kg MB (PQ + MB) from postnatal (PN) day 5 to 19. PN exposure to pesticides neither induced mortally nor modified motor-related parameters. However, PN pesticides exposure decreased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and dopamine transporter (DAT)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), as well as reduced TH and DAT immunoreactivity in the striatum. A parallel group of animals developmentally exposed to the pesticides was re-challenged at 3 months of age with 10 mg/kg PQ plus 30 mg/kg MB (twice a week, 6 weeks). Mice exposed to pesticides at both periods (PN + adulthood) presented motor deficits and reductions in the number of TH- and DAT-positive neurons in the SNpc. These findings indicate that the exposure to PQ + MB during the early PN period can cause neurotoxicity in the mouse nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, rendering it more susceptible to a subsequent adult re-challenge with the same pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirleise Colle
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Danúbia Bonfanti Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aline Aita Naime
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cinara Ludvig Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Ghizoni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana Appel Hort
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Granado N, Ares-Santos S, Tizabi Y, Moratalla R. Striatal Reinnervation Process after Acute Methamphetamine-Induced Dopaminergic Degeneration in Mice. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:627-639. [PMID: 29934756 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), an amphetamine derivate, may increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Human and animal studies have shown that METH produces persistent dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the nigrostriatal pathway, despite initial partial recovery. To determine the processes leading to early compensation, we studied the detailed morphology and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers (TH-ir) classified by their thickness (types I-IV) before and after METH. Applying three established neurotoxic regimens of METH: single high dose (1 × 30 mg/kg), multiple lower doses (3 × 5 mg/kg) or (3 × 10 mg/kg), we show that METH primarily damages type I fibers (the thinner ones), and to a much lesser extend types II-IV fibers including sterile axons. The striatal TH terminal partial recovery process, consisting of a progressive regrowth increases in types II, III, and IV fibers, demonstrated by co-localization of GAP-43, a sprouting marker, was observed 3 days post-METH treatment. In addition, we demonstrate the presence of growth-cone-like TH-ir structures, indicative of new terminal generation as well as improvement in motor functions after 3 days. A temporal relationship was observed between decreases in TH-expression and increases in silver staining, a marker of degeneration. Striatal regeneration was associated with an increase in astroglia and decrease in microglia expression, suggesting a possible role for the neuroimmune system in regenerative processes. Identification of regenerative compensatory mechanisms in response to neurotoxic agents could point to novel mechanisms in countering the neurotoxicity and/or enhancing the regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Granado
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Ares-Santos
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBERNED, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Neuronal activity pattern defects in the striatum in awake mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Behav Brain Res 2018; 341:135-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Cognitive Flexibility Deficits Following 6-OHDA Lesions of the Rat Dorsomedial Striatum. Neuroscience 2018; 374:80-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Pirouetting pigs: A large non-primate animal model based on unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning of the nigrostriatal pathway. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:167-173. [PMID: 29462643 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rotating 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model has long been important when developing new treatment strategies for Parkinson's disease (PD). Similar non-human primate models have been developed for translational research purposes as large animal models are required by regulatory bodies as an intermediate "phase 0" trial step. However, experimental research in non-human primates encounters several economical and regulatory issues, which may be avoided by the alternative use of pigs as a large animal model for experimental brain research. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to examine if unilateral injections of 6-OHDA into the Göttingen minipig nigrostriatal pathway would lead to dopaminergic imbalance and rotational behavior similar to the 6-OHDA unilateral symptomatic model of PD created in other species. The secondary aim was to attempt to verify the rotational behavior as a parkinsonian symptom using subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) to minimize the elicited rotational pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using an MRI-based stereotactic procedure, ten female Göttingen minipigs were injected unilaterally with 6-OHDA in the nigrostriatal pathway. Postoperatively, an MRI was performed, and the animals were injected with amphetamine and apomorphine and observed for rotational behavior. After a survival period of three months the brains were removed and immunohistochemically stained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). One week before sacrifice two animals had DBS electrodes unilaterally implanted in the subthalamic nucleus and various stimulation protocols were conducted during amphetamine challenge. RESULTS As expected most animals rotated towards the side of the lesion when given amphetamine (3.5-4.0 mg/kg), whereas the predicted opposite response to apomorphine were much harder to reproduce. T1- and T2-weighted postoperative MRI could demonstrate the size and the location of the 6-OHDA injection. Postmortem TH-staining of the final two animals receiving a medial and a lateral injection of 25 μL of 6-OHDA (8 μg/μL, injection rate 5 μL/min) into the diencephalic nigrostriatal pathway showed a prominent unilateral decrease in TH-staining of the substantia nigra pars compacta, the ventral tegmental area and the nigrostriatal pathway on the lesioned side. These two animals displayed spontaneous rotational behavior toward the lesioned side for the first 2-3 days postoperatively, and this behavior could later on be reelicited by amphetamine and attenuated by ipsilateral STN-DBS. CONCLUSION Female Göttingen minipigs are susceptible to unilateral dopaminergic degeneration when properly injected unilaterally with sufficient amounts of 6-OHDA in the nigrostriatal pathway. The location of the 6-OHDA injections and thus the accuracy of the employed stereotaxy can be verified in vivo using MRI postoperatively. The injected minipigs display unilateral parkinsonism with a well-defined rotational response to amphetamine that may be ameliated by STN-DBS performed on the lesioned side. The response to apomorphine was, however, not consistent, illustrating that further work on this promising non-primate large animal model is needed, before it is fully similar to the established 6-OHDA models in other species.
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Francardo V, Schmitz Y, Sulzer D, Cenci MA. Neuroprotection and neurorestoration as experimental therapeutics for Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:137-147. [PMID: 28988910 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disease-modifying treatments remain an unmet medical need in Parkinson's disease (PD). Such treatments can be operationally defined as interventions that slow down the clinical evolution to advanced disease milestones. A treatment may achieve this outcome by either inhibiting primary neurodegenerative events ("neuroprotection") or boosting compensatory and regenerative mechanisms in the brain ("neurorestoration"). Here we review experimental paradigms that are currently used to assess the neuroprotective and neurorestorative potential of candidate treatments in animal models of PD. We review some key molecular mediators of neuroprotection and neurorestoration in the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway that are likely to exert beneficial effects on multiple neural systems affected in PD. We further review past and current strategies to therapeutically stimulate these mediators, and discuss the preclinical evidence that exercise training can have neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects. A future translational task will be to combine behavioral and pharmacological interventions to exploit endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurorestoration for therapeutic purposes. This type of approach is likely to provide benefit to many PD patients, despite the clinical, etiological, and genetic heterogeneity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Francardo
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Yvonne Schmitz
- Departments Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center: Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center: Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Lewis MM, Sterling NW, Du G, Lee EY, Shyu G, Goldenberg M, Allen T, Stetter C, Kong L, Snipes SA, Jones BC, Chen H, Mailman RB, Huang X. Lateralized Basal Ganglia Vulnerability to Pesticide Exposure in Asymptomatic Agricultural Workers. Toxicol Sci 2017; 159:170-178. [PMID: 28633499 PMCID: PMC5837257 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticide exposure is linked to Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder marked by dopamine cell loss in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia (BG) that often presents asymmetrically. We previously reported that pesticide-exposed agricultural workers (AW) have nigral diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) changes. The current study sought to confirm this finding, and explore its hemisphere and regional specificity within BG structures using an independent sample population. Pesticide exposure history, standard neurological exam, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (T1/T2-weighted and DTI), and [123I]ioflupane SPECT images (to quantify striatal dopamine transporters) were obtained from 20 AW with chronic pesticide exposure and 11 controls. Based on median cumulative days of pesticide exposure, AW were subdivided into high (AWHi, n = 10) and low (AWLo, n = 10) exposure groups. BG (nigra, putamen, caudate, and globus pallidus [GP]) fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and striatal [123I]ioflupane binding in each hemisphere were quantified, and compared across exposure groups using analysis of variance. Left, but not right, nigral and GP FA were significantly lower in AW compared with controls (p's < .029). None of the striatal (putamen and caudate) DTI or [123I]ioflupane binding measurements differed between AW and controls. Subgroup analyses indicated that significant left nigral and GP DTI changes were present only in the AWHi (p ≤ .037) but not the AWLo subgroup. AW, especially those with higher pesticide exposure history, demonstrate lateralized microstructural changes in the nigra and GP, whereas striatal areas appear relatively unaffected. Future studies should elucidate how environmental toxicants cause differential lateralized- and regionally specific brain vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Allen
- Department of Radiology, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Christy Stetter
- Department of Radiology, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Radiology, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Shedra Amy Snipes
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Byron C Jones
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | | | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Pharmacology
- Department of Radiology, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
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13
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Saal K, Galter D, Roeber S, Bähr M, Tönges L, Lingor P. Altered Expression of Growth Associated Protein-43 and Rho Kinase in Human Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:13-25. [PMID: 26748453 PMCID: PMC8029215 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Causative treatment strategies for Parkinson's disease (PD) will have to address multiple underlying pathomechanisms to attenuate neurodegeneration. Additionally, the intrinsic regenerative capacity of the central nervous system is also an important factor contributing to restoration. Extracellular cues can limit sprouting and regrowth of adult neurons, but even aged neurons have a low intrinsic regeneration capacity. Whether this capacity has been lost or if growth inhibitory cues are increased during PD progression has not been resolved yet. In this study, we assessed the regenerative potential in the nigrostriatal system in post-mortem brain sections of PD patients compared to age-matched and young controls. Investigation of the expression pattern of the regeneration-associated protein GAP-43 suggested a lower regenerative capacity in nigral dopaminergic neurons of PD patients. Furthermore, the increase in protein expression of the growth-inhibitory protein ROCK2 in astrocytes and a similar trend in microglia, suggests an important role for ROCK2 in glial PD pathology, which is initiated already in normal aging. Considering the role of astro- and microglia in PD pathogenesis as well as beneficial effects of ROCK inhibition on neuronal survival and regeneration in neurodegenerative disease models, our data strengthens the importance of the ROCK pathway as a therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim‐Ann Saal
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medicine GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Dagmar Galter
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Sigrun Roeber
- Department of NeuropathologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medicine GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- DFG‐Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB)GöttingenGermany
| | - Lars Tönges
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medicine GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- DFG‐Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB)GöttingenGermany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medicine GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- DFG‐Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB)GöttingenGermany
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Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Neurotrophic Factors CDNF and GDNF in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149776. [PMID: 26901822 PMCID: PMC4763937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) belongs to a newly discovered family of evolutionarily conserved neurotrophic factors. We demonstrate for the first time a therapeutic effect of CDNF in a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion model of Parkinson’s disease in marmoset monkeys. Furthermore, we tested the impact of high chronic doses of human recombinant CDNF on unlesioned monkeys and analyzed the amino acid sequence of marmoset CDNF. The severity of 6-OHDA lesions and treatment effects were monitored in vivo using 123I-FP-CIT (DaTSCAN) SPECT. Quantitative analysis of 123I-FP-CIT SPECT showed a significant increase of dopamine transporter binding activity in lesioned animals treated with CDNF. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a well-characterized and potent neurotrophic factor for dopamine neurons, served as a control in a parallel comparison with CDNF. By contrast with CDNF, only single animals responded to the treatment with GDNF, but no statistical difference was observed in the GDNF group. However, increased numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons, observed within the lesioned caudate nucleus of GDNF-treated animals, indicate a strong bioactive potential of GDNF.
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15
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Penttinen AM, Suleymanova I, Albert K, Anttila J, Voutilainen MH, Airavaara M. Characterization of a new low-dose 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease in rat. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:318-28. [PMID: 26762168 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intrastriatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induces partial degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway, mimicking the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Setting up the partial lesion model can be challenging because a number of experimental settings can be altered. This study compares seven experimental settings in a single study on d-amphetamine-induced rotations, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurites in the striatum, dopamine transporter (DAT)-positive neurites in the striatum, and TH-positive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in rats. Moreover, we validate a new algorithm for estimating the number of TH-positive cells. We show that the behavior and immunoreactivity vary greatly depending on the injection settings, and we categorize the lesions as progressive, stable, or regressive based on d-amphetamine-induced rotations. The rotation behavior correlated with the degree of the lesion, analyzed by immunohistochemistry; the largest lesions were in the progressive group, and the smallest lesions were in the regressive group. We establish a new low-dose partial 6-OHDA lesion model in which a total of 6 μg was distributed evenly to three sites in the striatum at a 10° angle. The administration of low-dose 6-OHDA produced stable and reliable rotation behavior and induced partial loss of striatal TH-positive and DAT-positive neurites and TH-positive cells in the SNpc. This model is highly suitable for neurorestoration studies in the search for new therapies for PD, and the new algorithm increases the efficacy for estimating the number of dopamine neurons. This study can be extremely useful for laboratories setting up the partial 6-OHDA model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilida Suleymanova
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katrina Albert
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Anttila
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Sconce M, Churchill M, Moore C, Meshul C. Intervention with 7,8-dihydroxyflavone blocks further striatal terminal loss and restores motor deficits in a progressive mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 2015; 290:454-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Ferris CF, Marella M, Smerkers B, Barchet TM, Gershman B, Matsuno-Yagi A, Yagi T. A phenotypic model recapitulating the neuropathology of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2013; 3:351-66. [PMID: 24381808 PMCID: PMC3869678 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to develop a phenotypic model recapitulating the neuropathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Such a model would show loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia, appearance of Lewy bodies, and the early stages of motor dysfunction. The model was developed by subcutaneously injecting biodegradable microspheres of rotenone, a complex I inhibitor in 8-9 month old, ovariectomized Long-Evans rats. Animals were observed for changes in body weight and motor activity. At the end of 11-12 weeks animals were euthanized and the brains examined for histopathological changes. Rotenone treated animals gain weight and appear normal and healthy as compared to controls but showed modest hypokinesia around 5-6 weeks posttreatment. Animals showed loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and the appearance of putative Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress were evidenced by the appearance of activated microglia, iron precipitates, and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine a major product of DNA oxidation. The dorsal striatum, the projection site of midbrain DA neurons, showed a significant reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining, together with an increase in reactive astrocytes, an early sign of DA nerve terminal damage. Levels of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) were significantly reduced in the dorsal striatum; however, there was an unexpected increase in dopamine transporter (DAT) levels. Old, ovariectomized females treated with rotenone microspheres present with normal weight gain and good health but a modest hypokinesia. Accompanying this behavioral phenotype are a constellation of neuropathologies characteristic of PD that include loss of DA neurons, microglia activation, oxidative damage to nuclear DNA, iron deposition, and appearance of putative Lewy bodies. This phenotypic model recapitulating the neuropathology of Parkinson's disease could provide insight into early mechanisms of pathogenesis and could aid in the identification of biomarkers to identify patients in early stage, PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig F Ferris
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mathieu Marella
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, California
| | - Brian Smerkers
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University Syracuse, New York
| | - Thomas M Barchet
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Akemi Matsuno-Yagi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, California
| | - Takao Yagi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, California
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18
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Rodríguez S, Uchida K, Nakayama H. Immunohistochemical changes of nigrostriatal tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter in the golden hamster after a single intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:463-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Bäck S, Peränen J, Galli E, Pulkkila P, Lonka-Nevalaita L, Tamminen T, Voutilainen MH, Raasmaja A, Saarma M, Männistö PT, Tuominen RK. Gene therapy with AAV2-CDNF provides functional benefits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2013; 3:75-88. [PMID: 23532969 PMCID: PMC3607149 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) protein has been shown to protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway when given as intrastriatal infusions in rat and mouse models of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we assessed the neuroprotective effect of CDNF delivered with a recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) serotype 2 vector in a rat 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of PD. AAV2 vectors encoding CDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), or green fluorescent protein were injected into the rat striatum. Protein expression analysis showed that our AAV2 vector efficiently delivered the neurotrophic factor genes into the brain and gave rise to a long-lasting expression of the proteins. Two weeks after AAV2 vector injection, 6-OHDA was injected into the rat striatum, creating a progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Treatment with AAV2-CDNF resulted in a marked decrease in amphetamine-induced ipsilateral rotations while it provided only partial protection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive cells in the rat substantia nigra pars compacta and TH-reactive fibers in the striatum. Results from this study provide additional evidence that CDNF can be considered a potential treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bäck
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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20
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So RQ, McConnell GC, August AT, Grill WM. Characterizing effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on methamphetamine-induced circling behavior in hemi-Parkinsonian rats. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2012; 20:626-35. [PMID: 22692937 PMCID: PMC3699208 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2012.2197761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rat model is frequently used to study the effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, systematic knowledge of the effects of DBS parameters on behavior in this animal model is lacking. The goal of this study was to characterize the effects of DBS on methamphetamine-induced circling in the unilateral 6-OHDA lesioned rat. DBS parameters tested include stimulation amplitude, stimulation frequency, methamphetamine dose, stimulation polarity, and anatomical location of the electrode. When an appropriate stimulation amplitude and dose of methamphetamine were applied, high-frequency stimulation (> 130 Hz), but not low frequency stimulation (< 10 Hz), reversed the bias in ipsilateral circling without inhibiting movement. This characteristic frequency tuning profile was only generated when at least one electrode used during bipolar stimulation was located within the STN. No difference was found between bipolar stimulation and monopolar stimulation when the most effective electrode contact was selected, indicating that monopolar stimulation could be used in future experiments. Methamphetamine-induced circling is a simple, reliable, and sensitive behavioral test and holds potential for high-throughput study of the effects of STN DBS in unilaterally lesioned rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Q So
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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21
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Lelos MJ, Dowd E, Dunnett SB. Nigral grafts in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Is recovery beyond motor function possible? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012. [PMID: 23195417 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59575-1.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has long been considered predominantly to be a "movement disorder," and it is only relatively recently that nonmotor symptoms of PD have been recognized to be a major concern to patients. Consequently, there has been surprisingly little investigation into the feasibility of utilizing cell replacement therapies to ameliorate any of the nonmotor dysfunctions of PD. In this chapter, we identify nonmotor impairments associated predominately with dopaminergic dysmodulation, evaluate the few emerging studies that have identified a role for dopamine and nigral transplantation in nonmotor performance, and consider a number of outstanding questions and considerations dominating the field of nigral transplantation today. Preliminary results obtained from rodent models of PD, despite being limited in number, give clear indications of graft effects on striatal processing beyond the simple activation of motor output and promise a major, exciting, and fruitful new avenue of research for the next decade. We can now consider the prospect of rewriting the opportunities for treating patients, with new stem cell sources to be complemented by new targets for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah J Lelos
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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22
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The MPTP neurotoxic lesion model of Parkinson's disease activates the apolipoprotein E cascade in the mouse brain. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:513-22. [PMID: 22155743 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is recognized as a key actor in brain remodeling. It has been shown to increase after peripheral and central injury, to modulate reparative capacity in neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to be associated with a number of other neurodegenerative diseases. This particular function of apoE has been postulated to underlie the robust association with risk and age at onset of AD. ApoE associations studies with Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, have generated contradictory results but associations with age at onset and dementia in PD stand out. We investigate here whether apoE is involved in response to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced degeneration that models PD-like deafferentation of the striatum in the mouse and participates in compensatory reinnervation mechanisms. We examined the modifications in gene expression and protein levels of apoE and its key receptors, the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and the LDLR-related protein (LRP), as well as the reactive astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in different brain structures throughout the degenerative and reactive regenerative period. In the striatum, upregulations of GFAP, apoE and LRP mRNAs at 1 day post-treatment were associated with marked decreases in dopamine (DA) levels, loss in tyrosine hydroxylase protein content, as well as to a compensatory increase in dopaminergic metabolism. Subsequent return to near control levels coincided with indications of reinnervation in the striatum: all consistent with a role of apoE during the degenerative process and regenerative period. We also found that this cascade was activated in the hippocampus and more so than in the striatum, with a particular contribution of LDLR expression. The hippocampal activation did not correlate with substantial neurochemical reductions but appears to reflect local subtle alteration of DA metabolism and the regulation of plasticity-related event in this structure. This study provides first evidence of an activation of the apoE/apoE receptors cascade in a mouse model of PD, specifically in the MPTP-induced deafferentation of the striatum. Results are also quite consistent with the postulated role of apoE in brain repair but, raise the issue of possible lesion- and region-specific alterations in gene expression.
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23
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L’Episcopo F, Tirolo C, Testa N, Caniglia S, Morale M, Cossetti C, D’Adamo P, Zardini E, Andreoni L, Ihekwaba A, Serra P, Franciotta D, Martino G, Pluchino S, Marchetti B. Reactive astrocytes and Wnt/β-catenin signaling link nigrostriatal injury to repair in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 41:508-27. [PMID: 21056667 PMCID: PMC3558878 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence points to reactive glia as a pivotal factor in Parkinson's disease (PD) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned mouse model of basal ganglia injury, but whether astrocytes and microglia activation may exacerbate dopaminergic (DAergic) neuron demise and/or contribute to DAergic repair is presently the subject of much debate. Here, we have correlated the loss and recovery of the nigrostriatal DAergic functionality upon acute MPTP exposure with extensive gene expression analysis at the level of the ventral midbrain (VM) and striata (Str) and found a major upregulation of pro-inflammatory chemokines and wingless-type MMTV integration site1 (Wnt1), a key transcript involved in midbrain DAergic neurodevelopment. Wnt signaling components (including Frizzled-1 [Fzd-1] and β-catenin) were dynamically regulated during MPTP-induced DAergic degeneration and reactive glial activation. Activated astrocytes of the ventral midbrain were identified as candidate source of Wnt1 by in situ hybridization and real-time PCR in vitro. Blocking Wnt/Fzd signaling with Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) counteracted astrocyte-induced neuroprotection against MPP(+) toxicity in primary mesencephalic astrocyte-neuron cultures, in vitro. Moreover, astroglial-derived factors, including Wnt1, promoted neurogenesis and DAergic neurogenesis from adult midbrain stem/neuroprogenitor cells, in vitro. Conversely, lack of Wnt1 transcription in response to MPTP in middle-aged mice and failure of DAergic neurons to recover were reversed by pharmacological activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, in vivo, thus suggesting MPTP-reactive astrocytes in situ and Wnt1 as candidate components of neuroprotective/neurorescue pathways in MPTP-induced nigrostriatal DAergic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. L’Episcopo
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN) Italy
| | - C. Tirolo
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN) Italy
| | - N. Testa
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN) Italy
| | - S. Caniglia
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN) Italy
| | - M.C. Morale
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN) Italy
| | - C. Cossetti
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neurosciences ED Adrian Building Forvie Site Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - P. D’Adamo
- Molecular Genetics of Mental Retardation Unit, San Raffaele Institute, Via Olgettina, 58 I-20132 Milan, Italy
| | - E. Zardini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Neurological Instititute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - L. Andreoni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Neurological Instititute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - A.E.C. Ihekwaba
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neurosciences ED Adrian Building Forvie Site Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - P.A. Serra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Medical School, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - D. Franciotta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sassari, Medical School, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - G. Martino
- San Raffaele Institute, Neuroimmunology Unit, DIBIT2 and Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Via Olgettina, 58 I-20132 Milan, Italy
| | - S. Pluchino
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neurosciences ED Adrian Building Forvie Site Robinson Way Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - B. Marchetti
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN) Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Behavioral recovery in MPTP-treated monkeys: neurochemical mechanisms studied by intrastriatal microdialysis. J Neurosci 2008; 28:9575-84. [PMID: 18799689 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3465-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients express motor symptoms only after 60-80% striatal dopamine (DA) depletion. The presymptomatic phase of the disease may be sustained by biochemical modifications within the striatum. We used an appropriate specific 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) monkey model (Mounayar et al., 2007) to study the compensatory mechanisms operating in recovery from PD motor symptoms. We assessed the levels of DA and its metabolites (DOPAC, homovanillic acid), GABA, glutamate (Glu), serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite (5HIAA) by repeated intracerebral microdialysis in awake animals before exposure to MPTP during full expression of the motor symptoms induced by MPTP and after recovery from these symptoms. Measurements were obtained from two functionally and anatomically different striatal areas: the associative-limbic territory and sensorimotor territory. Animals with motor symptoms displayed an extremely large decrease in levels of DA and its metabolites and an increase in Glu and GABA levels, as reported by other studies. However, we show here for the first time that serotonin levels increased in these animals. We found that increases in DA levels in the sensorimotor and/or associative-limbic territory and high levels of 5-HT and of its metabolite, 5HIAA, were associated with recovery from motor symptoms in this model. Determining whether similar changes in DA and 5-HT levels are involved in the compensatory mechanisms delaying the appearance of motor symptoms in the early stages of PD might make it possible to develop new treatment strategies for the disease.
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Ferrario JE, Rojas-Mayorquín AE, Saldaña-Ortega M, Salum C, Gomes MZ, Hunot S, Raisman-Vozari R. Pleiotrophin receptor RPTP-ζ/β expression is up-regulated by l-DOPA in striatal medium spiny neurons of parkinsonian rats. J Neurochem 2008; 107:443-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Manciocco A, Chiarotti F, Vitale A, Calamandrei G, Laviola G, Alleva E. The application of Russell and Burch 3R principle in rodent models of neurodegenerative disease: the case of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 33:18-32. [PMID: 18771685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the accepted ethical standards for the regulation of animal experimentation are provided by the 3R principle (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement). The development of alternative methods to the use of animals (Replacement), the design of adequate experimental protocols to reduce the number of animals (Reduction), the application of refinement practices (Refinement) are all aspects to be considered to ensure ethical and scientific validity to animal experimentation. This review intends to address these issues, using experimental research on Parkinson's disease (PD) as a paradigmatic example of the use of animal models to improve knowledge on a devastating human pathology. In particular, current rodent models of PD and their validity are reviewed and discussed, and methodologies that may ultimately reduce animal's suffering emphasized. Although procedures referring to with 3R principle can be traced in the literature reviewed, they are not considered yet an important part of the methodological information. The formal inclusion in scientific papers of a section devoted to 3Rs may increase knowledge and eventually adherence to this principle by scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Manciocco
- Section of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome I-00161, Italy
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Smits SM, Noorlander CW, Kas MJH, Ramakers GMJ, Smidt MP. Alterations in serotonin signalling are involved in the hyperactivity of Pitx3-deficient mice. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:388-95. [PMID: 18215235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pitx3 deficiency in mice causes a dramatic loss of dopaminergic neurones located in the substantia nigra pars compacta during development. This early disruption of the nigrostriatal pathway in Pitx3-deficient mice is characterized by increased spontaneous home-cage activity levels during the habitual sleep phase of these animals. These findings are reminiscent of the spontaneous hyperactivity in mice neonatally lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine, which is caused by an extensive serotonergic hyperinnervation of the striatum. The present study investigated whether an imbalance between dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) signalling is involved in the behavioural phenotype of Pitx3-deficient mice. Serotonergic hyperinnervation was demonstrated by increased [3H]-citalopram autoradiographic binding specifically in the dorsal striatum of adult Pitx3-deficient mice, indicating alterations in 5-HT transporter levels that correlated to DA dysfunction in Pitx3 deficiency. In addition, stimulus-induced release of DA and 5-HT indicated an altered balance between these neurotransmitters in the dorsal striatum of Pitx3-/- mice. To determine whether the increased 5-HT signalling was involved in the spontaneous hyperactivity during the light phase observed in Pitx3 deficiency, we treated Pitx3-deficient and control mice with the selective irreversible tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine to decrease 5-HT levels. Reduction of 5-HT levels in Pitx3-deficient mice decreased their locomotor activity to normal levels, whereas the same treatment increased the locomotor activity levels of control mice. Taken together, our results indicate alterations in 5-HT signalling in Pitx3-deficient mice that underlie their spontaneous hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Smits
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Rodríguez-Navarro JA, Casarejos MJ, Menéndez J, Solano RM, Rodal I, Gómez A, Yébenes JGD, Mena MA. Mortality, oxidative stress and tau accumulation during ageing in parkin null mice. J Neurochem 2007; 103:98-114. [PMID: 17623040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Young parkin null (pk-/-) mice have subtle abnormalities of behaviour, dopamine (DA) neurotransmission and free radical production, but no massive loss of DA neurons. We investigated whether these findings are maintained while ageing. Pk-/- mice have reduced life span and age-related reduced exploratory behaviour, abnormal walking and posture, and behaviours similar to those of early Parkinson's disease (PD), reduced number of nigrostriatal DA neurons and proapoptotic shifts in the survival/death proteins in midbrain and striatum. Contrary to young pk-/- animals 24-month-old pk-/- mice do not have compensatory elevation of GSH in striatum, glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities are increased and catalase unchanged. Aged pk-/- mice accumulate high levels of tau and fail to up-regulate CHIP and HSP70. Our results suggest that aged pk-/- mice lack of the compensatory mechanisms that maintain a relatively normal DA function in early adulthood. This study could help to explain the effects of ageing in patients with genetic risks for Parkinson's disease.
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El-Amamy H, Holland PC. Dissociable effects of disconnecting amygdala central nucleus from the ventral tegmental area or substantia nigra on learned orienting and incentive motivation. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:1557-67. [PMID: 17425582 PMCID: PMC2850064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the amygdala central nucleus (CeA) and midbrain-striatal dopamine systems are critically involved in the alteration of attentional and emotional processing of initially neutral stimuli by associative learning. In rats, the acquisition of learned orienting responses (ORs) to visual cues paired with food is impaired by lesions of the CeA, and by lesions that disconnect CeA from the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), a region traditionally implicated in elevated responsiveness to sensory stimuli. Similarly, the acquisition of emotional significance to cues paired with food also depends on the function of CeA and of the ventral striatal nucleus accumbens (ACB), a region often considered crucial to acquired reward and motivation. For example, the ability of a cue previously paired with food to increase the rate of food-reinforced instrumental responding (Pavlovian-instrumental transfer, PIT) is eliminated by lesions of the CeA or the accumbens core. In this experiment, we found that lesions that functionally disconnected CeA from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) impaired the acquisition of conditioned orienting to auditory cues paired with food, but had no effect on their ability to enhance instrumental responding, relative to the effects of unilateral lesions of that region. By contrast, lesions that disconnected CeA from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) had no effect on the acquisition of conditioned orienting, but facilitated Pavlovian-instrumental transfer relative to unilateral midbrain lesions, rescuing that function to sham-lesion control levels. Otherwise, unilateral lesions of either midbrain region impaired transfer. Implications of these results for circuit models of amygdalo-striatal interactions in associative learning are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather El-Amamy
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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30
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Yan HQ, Ma X, Chen X, Li Y, Shao L, Dixon CE. Delayed increase of tyrosine hydroxylase expression in rat nigrostriatal system after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2006; 1134:171-9. [PMID: 17196177 PMCID: PMC4017583 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the key enzyme for synthesizing dopamine (DA) in dopaminergic neurons and its terminals. Emerging experimental and clinical evidence support the hypothesis of a disturbance in dopamine neurotransmission following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the effect of controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury on TH in the nigrostriatal system is currently unknown. To determine if there is an alteration in TH after CCI injury, we examined TH levels at 1 day, 7 days, and 28 days post-injury by utilizing a commercially available antibody specific to TH. Rats were anesthetized and surgically prepared for CCI injury (4 m/s, 3.2 mm) or sham surgery. Injured (N=6) and sham animals (N=6) were sacrificed and coronally sectioned (35 microm thick) through the striatum and substantia nigra (SN) for immunohistochemistry. Additionally, semiquantitative measurements of TH protein in striatal and SN homogenates from injured (N=6) and sham (N=6) rats sacrificed at the appropriate time post-surgery were assessed using Western blot analysis. TH protein is bilaterally increased at 28 days post-injury in nigrostriatal system revealed by immunohistochemistry in injured rats compared to sham controls. Western blot analysis confirms the findings of immunohistochemistry in both striatum and SN. We speculate that the increase in TH in the nigrostriatal system may reflect a compensatory response of dopaminergic neurons to upregulate their synthesizing capacity and a delayed increase in the efficiency of DA neurotransmission after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qu Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Xiecheng Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Xiangbai Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Lifang Shao
- Department of Surgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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31
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Richardson JR, Caudle WM, Guillot TS, Watson JL, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Seo BB, Sherer TB, Greenamyre JT, Yagi T, Matsuno-Yagi A, Miller GW. Obligatory Role for Complex I Inhibition in the Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Toxicol Sci 2006; 95:196-204. [PMID: 17038483 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to mice and nonhuman primates causes a parkinsonian disorder characterized by a loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra and corresponding motor deficits. MPTP has been proposed to exert its neurotoxic effects through a variety of mechanisms, including inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, displacement of dopamine from vesicular stores, and formation of reactive oxygen species from mitochondrial or cytosolic sources. However, the mechanism of MPTP-induced neurotoxicity is still a matter of debate. Recently, we reported that the yeast single-subunit nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) dehydrogenase (NDI1) is resistant to rotenone, a complex I inhibitor that produces a parkinsonian syndrome in rats, and that overexpression of NDI1 in SK-N-MC cells prevents the toxicity of rotenone. In this study, we used viral-mediated overexpression of NDI1 in SK-N-MC cells and animals to determine the relative contribution of complex I inhibition in the toxicity of MPTP. In cell culture, NDI1 overexpression abolished the toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, the active metabolite of MPTP. Overexpression of NDI1 through stereotactic administration of a viral vector harboring the NDI1 gene into the substantia nigra protected mice from both the neurochemical and behavioral deficits elicited by MPTP. These data identify inhibition of complex I as a requirement for dopaminergic neurodegeneration and subsequent behavioral deficits produced by MPTP. Furthermore, combined with reports of a complex I defect in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, the present study affirms the utility of MPTP in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/adverse effects
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Electron Transport Complex I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Electron Transport Complex I/metabolism
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- MPTP Poisoning/chemically induced
- MPTP Poisoning/metabolism
- MPTP Poisoning/pathology
- MPTP Poisoning/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Skills Disorders/chemically induced
- Motor Skills Disorders/metabolism
- Motor Skills Disorders/pathology
- Motor Skills Disorders/prevention & control
- NADH Dehydrogenase/biosynthesis
- NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/biosynthesis
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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32
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Sajadi A, Bensadoun JC, Schneider BL, Lo Bianco C, Aebischer P. Transient striatal delivery of GDNF via encapsulated cells leads to sustained behavioral improvement in a bilateral model of Parkinson disease. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22:119-29. [PMID: 16300956 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown the neuroprotective and regenerative benefits of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in animal models of PD. Brain delivery of GDNF can, however, be associated with limiting side-effects in both primates and PD patients, rendering the duration of delivery a critical factor. In the present study, the effects of transient vs. sustained GDNF delivery by encapsulated cells were evaluated in a bilateral animal model, closely mimicking advanced PD. One week following bilateral striatal 6-hydroxydopamine injections in rats, capsules loaded with human fibroblasts genetically engineered to release GDNF were bilaterally implanted in the striatum. GDNF delivery resulted in a significant improvement of movement initiation and swimming performance in the lesioned animals, associated with striatal reinnervation of dopaminergic fibers. To test the sustainability of the behavioral improvement, GDNF-secreting capsules were withdrawn in a subgroup of animals, 7 weeks post-implantation. Strikingly, both the behavioral and morphological improvements were maintained until the sacrifice of the animals 6 weeks post-GDNF withdrawal. The sustained cellular and behavioral benefits after GDNF washout suggest the need for temporary delivery of the trophic factor in PD. Retrievable encapsulated cells represent an attractive delivery tool to achieve this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sajadi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Integrative Bioscience Institute, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Phinney AL, Andringa G, Bol JGJM, Wolters EC, van Muiswinkel FL, van Dam AMW, Drukarch B. Enhanced sensitivity of dopaminergic neurons to rotenone-induced toxicity with aging. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2006; 12:228-38. [PMID: 16488175 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone has been reported to induce various degrees of Parkinsonism in rats. We tested whether advancing age alters the sensitivity of dopaminergic neurons to rotenone. A low, systemic dose of rotenone had no effect on young rats, but led to a 20-30% reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra of older rats. The effect was specific to nigral dopaminergic neurons and may be associated with the increase of glial cell activation in older rats. These data suggest that age enhances the sensitivity of dopaminergic neurons to rotenone and should be considered when assessing models of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie L Phinney
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Scholtissen B, Deumens R, Leentjens AFG, Schmitz C, Blokland A, Steinbusch HWM, Prickaerts J. Functional investigations into the role of dopamine and serotonin in partial bilateral striatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 83:175-85. [PMID: 16504275 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), several neurotransmitter systems, such as the dopaminergic and serotonergic system, show signs of degeneration. This led to the suggestion that alterations in the serotonergic system play a role in the pathophysiology of PD. Partial bilateral dopaminergic lesions of the caudate putamen complex (CPu) of rats induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) produce behavioral symptoms mimicking PD. In the present study, the role of serotonin and dopamine was investigated both behaviorally and neuroanatomically. In a reaction time task, motor initiation and motor performance were impaired in the lesioned animals compared to controls. The performance of rats treated with d-amphetamine or serotonergic ligands (DOI and ketanserin) in the reaction time task indicated that 5-HT and DA appear to be agonistically related in the CPu. The relation was the same in both control and 6-OHDA lesioned rats. 12 weeks after lesioning, motor initiation recovered, whereas motor performance did not. Parallel to the behavioral study, a second group of animals was lesioned and, at 3 days, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after lesioning, a subgroup was killed to obtain a qualitative indication of the degree of 6-OHDA lesion. Over the three time points, a substantial recovery of tyrosine hydroxylase staining in the CPu was visible. Taken together, since serotonergic ligands have the same effect as dopaminergic ligands on reaction time responding indicated that 5-HT and DA release are agonistically linked in control and 6-OHDA lesioned rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Scholtissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, EURON, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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35
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Sharma R, McMillan CR, Tenn CC, Niles LP. Physiological neuroprotection by melatonin in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2006; 1068:230-6. [PMID: 16375867 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that pharmacological doses of the pineal hormone, melatonin, are neuroprotective in diverse models of neurodegeneration including Parkinson's disease. However, there is limited information about the effects of physiological doses of this hormone in similar models. In this study, rats were chronically treated with melatonin via drinking water following partial 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning in the striatum. The two doses of melatonin (0.4 microg/ml and 4.0 microg/ml) were within the reported physiological concentrations present in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid respectively. At 2 weeks after surgery, the higher dose of melatonin significantly attenuated rotational behavior in hemi-parkinsonian rats compared to similarly lesioned animals receiving either vehicle (P < 0.001) or the lower dose of melatonin (P < 0.01). Animals were perfused or sacrificed 10 weeks after commencing melatonin treatment for immunohistochemical or mRNA studies. Animals treated with 4.0 microg/ml melatonin exhibited normal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the lesioned striatum, whereas little or no TH immunofluorescence was visible in similarly lesioned animals receiving vehicle. In contrast, semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed no group differences in TH mRNA, suggesting spontaneous recovery of this transcript as observed previously in partially lesioned animals. There were no significant differences in striatal GDNF mRNA levels between sham and lesioned animals. However, there was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in GDNF mRNA expression in the intact contralateral striata of lesioned animals treated with vehicle. Interestingly, melatonin treatment attenuated this novel compensatory contralateral increase in striatal GDNF expression, presumably due to its neuroprotective effect. These findings support a physiological role for melatonin in protecting against parkinsonian neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohita Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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36
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Taravini IRE, Ferrario JE, Delbe J, Ginestet L, Debeir T, Courty J, Murer MG, Gershanik OS, Raisman-Vozari R. Immunodetection of heparin-binding growth associated molecule (pleiotrophin) in striatal interneurons. Brain Res 2005; 1066:196-200. [PMID: 16325783 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN), a developmentally-regulated trophic factor, is over-expressed in the striatum of parkinsonian rats. Because striatal PTN can provide trophic support to dopamine neurons, we identified the cellular types containing PTN in the striatum of adult rats. By means of fluorescent double-immunolabeling, we found PTN to co-localize with a neuronal nuclei marker but not with glial fibrillary acidic protein. The number, distribution, and morphology of the PTN-immunolabeled cells suggested that they were interneurons. Further double-immunolabeling studies ruled out PTN localization to calretinin- and parvalbumin-containing interneurons. Instead, approximately 40% of the PTN-immunolabeled neurons contained nitric oxide synthase or somatostatin and approximately 60% expressed the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, supporting that they were GABAergic nitric oxide synthase/somatostatin-containing and cholinergic interneurons. Further work is necessary to determine if PTN from striatal interneurons can provide trophic support to dopamine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene R E Taravini
- Laboratorio de Parkinson Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, CONICET, Junín 956, 5 Piso, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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37
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Porritt M, Stanic D, Finkelstein D, Batchelor P, Lockhart S, Hughes A, Kalnins R, Howells D. Dopaminergic innervation of the human striatum in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2005; 20:810-8. [PMID: 15726582 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), dopaminergic input to the caudate nucleus and a band of putaminal tissue abutting the external globus pallidus seems well preserved on immunohistochemical staining for the dopamine transporter. Counting of dopaminergic terminals showed that terminal density in these regions in PD was the same as that in controls, which indicates that input is truly preserved and not a consequence of a compensatory upregulation of metabolism in a reduced pool of surviving terminals. When the branching pattern of dopaminergic axons coursing through the globus pallidus was examined, we found no evidence for increased axonal sprouting in PD that might have contributed to preservation of dopaminergic input to the putamen or caudate nucleus. Although terminal counting indicated that anatomic input was preserved to parts of the striatum, dopamine uptake site density in these regions was reduced significantly. This suggests that the impact of disease in these areas is more profound than was thought previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Porritt
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Johansson S, Lee IH, Olson L, Spenger C. Olfactory ensheathing glial co-grafts improve functional recovery in rats with 6-OHDA lesions. Brain 2005; 128:2961-76. [PMID: 16251218 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) transplanted to the site of a spinal cord injury can promote axonal sparing/regeneration and functional recovery. The purpose of this study was to investigate if OEC enhance the effects of grafted dopamine-neuron-rich ventral mesencephalic tissue (VM) in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. We co-grafted VM with either OEC or astrocytes derived from the same olfactory bulbs as the OEC to rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal system. Co-grafting fetal VM with OEC, but not with astrocytes enhanced dopamine cell survival, striatal reinnervation and functional recovery of amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced rotational behaviour compared with grafting embryonic VM alone. Grafting OEC or astrocytes alone had no effects. Intriguingly, only in the presence of OEC co-grafts, did dopamine neurons extend strikingly long neurites that reached peripheral striatal compartments. Comparable results were observed in a co-culture system where OEC promoted dopamine cell survival and neurite elongation through a mechanism involving both releasable factors and direct contact. Cell type analysis of fetal VM grafts suggested that dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra rather than of the ventral tegmental area were increased in the presence of OEC co-grafts. We conclude that the addition of OEC enhances efficacy of grafted immature dopamine neurons in a rat Parkinson's disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saga Johansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fitzpatrick E, Ashkan K, Wallace BA, Benabid AL, Mitrofanis J. Differential survival patterns among midbrain dopaminergic cells of MPTP-treated monkeys and 6OHDA-lesioned rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 210:101-23. [PMID: 16151853 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-005-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We explore the patterns of survival among dopaminergic cells of the midbrain in MPTP-treated macaque monkeys and 6OHDA-lesioned Sprague-Dawley rats. For the monkeys, animals were injected intramuscularly with MPTP for 8 days consecutively and then allowed to survive for 21 days. For the rats, 6OHDA was injected into the midbrain and then allowed to survive for either 7, 28 or 84 days. Brains were processed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and calbindin immunocytochemistry to label populations in the ventral and dorsal tiers of midbrain dopaminergic cells. In monkeys, while there was a decrease in the TH+ cell number in the ventral tier of MPTP-treated cases (65%), there was an overall increase (22%) in the TH+ and calbindin+ cell number in the dorsal tier. Double labelling studies indicate that approximately 50% of TH+ cells of the dorsal tier contain calbindin also. In rats, there was a decrease in TH+ cell number in the ventral tier of 6OHDA-lesioned cases (97%), and to a lesser extent, in the TH+ and calbindin+ cell number in the dorsal tier ( approximately 40%). In conclusion, we show a surprising increase in TH+ and calbindin+ cell number in the dorsal tier in response to MPTP insult; such an increase was not evident after 6OHDA insult. We suggest that the increase in antigen expression relates to the dopaminergic reinnervation of the striatum in MPTP-treated cases. We also suggest that the greater loss of dopaminergic cells in the ventral tier when compared to the dorsal tier relates to glutamate toxicity.
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40
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Hébert G, Mingam R, Arsaut J, Dantzer R, Demotes-Mainard J. Cellular distribution of interleukin-1α-immunoreactivity after MPTP intoxication in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 138:156-63. [PMID: 15922486 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In young rodents, peripheral injection of N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) results in a dopaminergic nigrostriatal denervation (during the first week after injection), followed by a spontaneous dopaminergic reinnervation. Sprouting from residual neurons has been proposed to account for this event. It has been shown that an inflammatory process takes place during striatal dopaminergic denervation but its consequences remain controversial. Some clues notably indicate that interleukin (IL)-1alpha may participate in MPTP-induced inflammation and promote recovery. We therefore studied the immunohistochemical localization of IL-1alpha expression in the striatum and ventral mesencephalon at different times (1, 3, 6, 16, and 30 days) after MPTP injection in mice. IL-1alpha-immunoreactivity (ir) was observed in striatum, substantia nigra pars compacta, and ventral tegmental area. Apart from a few localization in mesencephalic activated microglia, IL-1alpha was almost exclusively found in activated astrocytes. However, in the striatal parenchyma, another component of IL-1alpha-ir colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir, a marker for dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, some parenchymal TH-positive axons were also found to express the growth cone-associated protein (GAP)-43, a marker for axonal growth cones. In the striatum, IL-1alpha-ir was also detected in a non-astrocytic perivascular component, with a distribution similar to GAP-43-ir. IL-1alpha could thus directly or indirectly influence striatal reorganization after MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Hébert
- INSERM U394, Neurobiologie Intégrative, Institut François Magendie, Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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41
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Mourlevat S, Debeir T, Ferrario JE, Delbe J, Caruelle D, Lejeune O, Depienne C, Courty J, Raisman-Vozari R, Ruberg M. Pleiotrophin mediates the neurotrophic effect of cyclic AMP on dopaminergic neurons: analysis of suppression-subtracted cDNA libraries and confirmation in vitro. Exp Neurol 2005; 194:243-54. [PMID: 15899261 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2004] [Revised: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the particular vulnerability of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons to toxins or gene mutations causing parkinsonism, we have taken advantage of a primary cell culture system in which these neurons die selectively. Antimitotic agents, such as cytosine arabinoside or cAMP, prevent the death of the neurons by arresting astrocyte proliferation. To identify factors implicated in either the death of the dopaminergic neurons or in the neuroprotective effect of cAMP, we constructed cDNA libraries enriched by subtractive hybridization and suppressive PCR in transcripts that are preferentially expressed in either control or cAMP-treated cultures. Differentially expressed transcripts were identified by hybridization of the enriched cDNAs with a commercially available cDNA expression array. The proteoglycan receptors syndecan-3 and the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta/beta were found among the transcripts preferentially expressed under control conditions, and their ligand, the cytokine pleiotrophin, was highly represented in the cDNA libraries for both conditions. Since pleiotrophin is expressed during embryonic and perinatal neural development and following lesions in the adult brain, we investigated its role in our cell culture model. Pleiotrophin was not responsible for the death of dopaminergic neurons under control conditions, or for their survival in cAMP-treated cultures. It was, however, implicated in the initial and cAMP-dependent enhancement of the differentiation of the dopaminergic neurons in our cultures. In addition, our experiments have provided evidence for a cAMP-dependent regulatory pathway leading to protease activation, and the identification of pleiotrophin as a target of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mourlevat
- INSERM U679, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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42
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Debeir T, Ginestet L, François C, Laurens S, Martel JC, Chopin P, Marien M, Colpaert F, Raisman-Vozari R. Effect of intrastriatal 6-OHDA lesion on dopaminergic innervation of the rat cortex and globus pallidus. Exp Neurol 2005; 193:444-54. [PMID: 15869947 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Revised: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined in the rat the effect of a partial lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway induced by intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), on the dopaminergic innervation of the cortex and the globus pallidus as revealed using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity. Twenty-eight days after unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the dorsal part of the striatum, TH-positive fiber density was reduced by 41% in the dorsal and central part of the structure, and was accompanied by a retrograde loss of 33% of TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), while the ventral tegmental area was completely spared. In the SN, TH-positive cell loss was most severe in the ventral part of the structure (-55%). In the same animals, a substantial loss of TH-positive fibers was evident in the dorsal part of the globus pallidus, and involved both thick fibers of passage and thin varicose terminal axonal branches. In the cortex, a loss of TH-positive fibers was prominent in the cingulate area, moderate in the motor area and less affected in the insular area, while the noradrenergic innervation revealed using dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactivity was preserved in all of these cortical subregions. These results demonstrate that the intrastriatal 6-OHDA lesion model in rats produces a significant loss of dopaminergic axons in extrastriatal structures including the pallidum and cortex, which may contribute to functional sequelae in this animal model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Debeir
- INSERM U679, Neurologie et Thérapeutique Expérimentale, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
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Dunnett SB. Chapter V Motor function(s) of the nigrostriatal dopamine system: Studies of lesions and behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8196(05)80009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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González-Hernández T, Barroso-Chinea P, Rodríguez M. Response of the GABAergic and dopaminergic mesostriatal projections to the lesion of the contralateral dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway in the rat. Mov Disord 2004; 19:1029-1042. [PMID: 15372592 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dopamine is the main neurotransmitter in the mesostriatal system, recent studies indicate the existence of two nigrostriatal GABAergic projections: one arising from neurons immunoreactive for GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), and parvalbumin (PV) lying in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (nigrostriatal GABA cells) and the other arising from a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons lying in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area, which under normal conditions, contains mRNA for GAD65 (one of the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase), but which is not immunoreactive for GABA and GAD65 (nigrostriatal dopaminergic [DA]/GABA cells). With the aim of improving our knowledge about the interaction between the nigrostriatal system of both brain hemispheres, we have studied the response of these three components of the mesostriatal system (GABA, DA/GABA, and DA) to the lesion of the contralateral mesostriatal DA pathway, by using morphological and neurophysiological techniques. Our findings show that, in the side contralateral to the lesion, (1) the number of nigrostriatal GABA cells increases from 6% to 17% with respect to the total number of nigrostriatal cells, (2) the soma of DA/GABA cells becomes immunoreactive for GABA and GAD65, and (3) there is an increase in the firing rate and burst activity of DA-neurons, except in those projecting to the striatum, which may be under the action of the GABA hyperactivity. Taken together, our results suggest that the GABAergic components of the mesostriatal projection play a regulatory role on the DA component, activated or upregulated after contralateral DA lesion and are probably addressed to restoring the functional symmetry in basal ganglia and to slowing down the contralateral progression of DA-cell degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Stanic D, Tripanichkul W, Drago J, Finkelstein DI, Horne MK. Glial responses associated with dopaminergic striatal reinnervation following lesions of the rat substantia nigra. Brain Res 2004; 1023:83-91. [PMID: 15364022 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lesioning of dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons leads to depletion of dopamine (DA) and dopaminergic axons in the dorsal striatum, followed by subsequent compensatory sprouting of dopaminergic fibers and striatal reinnervation. In this study, the response of striatal glia (microglia and astroglia) was compared with the degeneration and regeneration of dopaminergic axons following SNpc lesions. Following partial SNpc lesions, density of dopamine transporter (DAT) immunoreactive (-ir) terminals in the dorsal striatum returned to normal within 16 weeks of injury, suggesting that dopaminergic reinnervation of the striatum was complete. In conjunction, the glial responses in the dorsal striatum consisted of two peaks. The first peak in glial density occurred immediately after lesioning, peaking at 7 days, implying that it was likely to be associated with removal of debris from degenerating terminals. The second glial response commenced 8 weeks after lesioning and peaked some time after 16 weeks. The time of onset of the second peak suggests that it may be associated with the establishment of synapses rather than with axonal guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Stanic
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Block E, Level 5, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton 3168, Australia
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46
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Jakowec MW, Nixon K, Hogg E, McNeill T, Petzinger GM. Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter expression following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurodegeneration of the mouse nigrostriatal pathway. J Neurosci Res 2004; 76:539-50. [PMID: 15114626 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Administration of the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to C57BL/6 mice targets nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, leading to cell death and the depletion of striatal dopamine. After MPTP lesioning in young adult mice, surviving nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons display robust and reproducible return of striatal dopamine weeks to months after injury. Thus, the mouse provides an excellent model with which to investigate the mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity of the nigrostriatal system following neurotoxic injury. The purpose of this study was to analyze proteins and mRNA transcripts of genes involved in dopamine biosynthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase; TH) and uptake (dopamine transporter; DAT) with regard to time course (7-90 days) after MPTP lesioning. Molecular analysis using immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblotting techniques demonstrated an increase in striatal TH by 30-60 days postlesioning that returned to near-control (prelesioned) levels by 60-90 days. In situ hybridization histochemistry indicated that this increase in TH protein might be due in part to increased TH mRNA expression in surviving nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Analysis of TH protein at 7, 30, 60, and 90 days postlesioning with two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in conjunction with Western immunoblotting revealed altered TH protein isoforms migrating at isoelectric points different from those of the native isoform. In contrast to TH protein, which returned to prelesioned levels by 60 days, DAT protein analysis showed that increased expression of striatal DAT protein did not return to near-prelesion levels until 90 days postlesioning. These results suggest that TH and DAT may differ in their time course of expression in surviving dopaminergic neurons and may play a role in mediating the return of striatal dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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Stanic D, Finkelstein DI, Bourke DW, Drago J, Horne MK. Timecourse of striatal re-innervation following lesions of dopaminergic SNpc neurons of the rat. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18:1175-88. [PMID: 12956716 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously we described the extent of sprouting that axons of the rat substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) undergo to grow new synapses and re-innervate the dorsal striatum 16 weeks after partial lesions. Here we provide insights into the timing of events related to the re-innervation of the dorsal striatum by regenerating dopaminergic nigrostriatal axons over a 104-week period after partial SNpc lesioning. Density of dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive axonal varicosities (terminals) decreased up to 80% 4 weeks after lesioning but returned to normal by 16 weeks, unless SNpc lesions were greater than 75%. Neuronal tracer injections into the SNpc revealed a 119% increase in axon fibres (4 mm rostral to the SNpc) along the medial forebrain bundle 4 weeks after lesioning. SNpc cells underwent phenotypic changes. Four weeks after lesioning the proportion of SNpc neurons that expressed tyrosine hydroxylase fell from 90% to 38% but returned to 78% by 32 weeks. We discuss these phenotype changes in the context of neurogenesis. Significant reductions in dopamine levels in rats with medium (30-75%) lesions returned to normal by 16 weeks whereas recovery was not observed if lesions were larger than 75%. Finally, rotational behaviour of animals in response to amphetamine was examined. The clear rightward turning bias observed after 2 weeks recovered by 16 weeks in animals with medium (30-75%) lesions but was still present when lesions were larger. These studies provide insights into the processes that regulate sprouting responses in the central nervous system following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stanic
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia
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Stanic D, Parish CL, Zhu WM, Krstew EV, Lawrence AJ, Drago J, Finkelstein DI, Horne MK. Changes in function and ultrastructure of striatal dopaminergic terminals that regenerate following partial lesions of the SNpc. J Neurochem 2003; 86:329-43. [PMID: 12871574 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Following partial substantia nigra lesions, remaining dopaminergic neurones sprout, returning terminal density in the dorsal striatum to normal by 16 weeks. This suggests regeneration and maintenance of terminal density is regulated to release appropriate levels of dopamine. This study examined the structure and function of these reinnervated terminals, defining characteristics of dopamine uptake and release, density and affinity of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and ultrastructural morphology of dopamine terminals in the reinnervated dorsal striatum. Finally, rotational behaviour of animals in response to amphetamine was examined 4 and 16 weeks after substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) lesions. Dopamine transport was markedly reduced 16 weeks after lesioning along with reduced density and affinity of DAT. Rate of dopamine release and peak concentration, measured electrochemically, was similar in lesioned and control animals, while clearance was prolonged after lesioning. Ultrastructurally, terminals after lesioning were morphologically distinct, having increased bouton size, vesicle number and mitochondria, and more proximal contacts on post-synaptic cells. After 4 weeks, tendency to rotate in response to amphetamine was proportional to lesion size. By 16 weeks, rotational behaviour returned to near normal in animals where lesions were less than 70%, although some animals demonstrated unusual rotational patterns at the beginning and end of the amphetamine effect. Together, these changes indicate that sprouted terminals are well compensated for dopamine release but that transport mechanisms are functionally impaired. We discuss these results in terms of implications for dyskinesia and other behavioural states.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stanic
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia
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Tripanichkul W, Stanic D, Drago J, Finkelstein DI, Horne MK. D2 Dopamine receptor blockade results in sprouting of DA axons in the intact animal but prevents sprouting following nigral lesions. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:1033-45. [PMID: 12653979 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently it was demonstrated that sprouting of dopaminergic neurons and a microglial and astrocyte response follows both partial lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta and blockade of the D2 dopamine receptor. We therefore studied the effects of the combination of these two treatments (lesioning and D2 dopamine receptor blockade). Haloperidol administration caused a 57% increase in dopaminergic terminal tree size (measured as terminal density per substantia nigra pars compacta neuron) and an increase of glia in the striatum. Following small to medium nigral lesions (less than 60%), terminal tree size increased by 51% on average and returned density of dopaminergic terminals to normal. In contrast, administration of haloperidol for 16 weeks following lesioning resulted in reduced dopaminergic terminal density and terminal tree size (13%), consistent with absent or impaired sprouting. Glial cell numbers increased but were less than with lesions alone. When haloperidol was administered after the striatum had been reinnervated through sprouting (16-32 weeks after lesioning), terminal tree size increased up to 150%, similar to the effect of haloperidol in normal animals. By examining the effect of administering haloperidol at varying times following a lesion, we concluded that a switch in the effect of D2 dopamine receptor blockade occurred after dopaminergic synapses began to form in the striatum. We postulate that when synapses are present, D2 dopamine receptor blockade results in increased terminal density, whereas prior to synapse formation D2 dopamine receptor blockade causes attenuation of a sprouting response. We speculate that D2 dopamine receptors located on growth cones 'push' neurites toward their targets, and blockade of these receptors could lead to attenuation of sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tripanichkul
- Neurosciences Group, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton 3168, Australia
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The role of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and glia in inducing growth of neuronal terminal arbors in mice. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 12223557 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-18-08034.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After injury to the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), remaining neurons sprout to ensure normal dopamine delivery to the striatum. The consequent striatal reinnervation is highly regulated, with remaining cells sprouting so that density of dopamine terminals returns to normal. Sprouting as a result of injury is accompanied by a strong glial response; however, it is difficult to know whether this response is as a result of the injury or whether it is aiding in the sprouting. The two cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are important modulators of the glia response. This study demonstrates their role in regulating the sprouting of dopaminergic neurons and the associated glia response as a means to examine the role of glia in sprouting. Sprouting was induced by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the SNpc and by haloperidol treatment (in the absence of injury). In wild-type animals, sprouting in association with microglial and astrocyte proliferation followed partial lesions of the SNpc and haloperidol treatment. Neither treatment evoked sprouting or glia proliferation in the type I IL-1 receptor-deficient mice, whereas in IL-6-deficient mice, both treatments resulted in glial proliferation but not sprouting. We conclude that IL-1 plays a role in modulating glia proliferation and thereby guidance and trophic factors for new fibers, whereas IL-6 may be important in triggering the outgrowth of new fibers. This study demonstrates that these cytokines play an important role in plasticity and regeneration that is separate from the inflammatory response associated with brain injury.
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