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Zühlke MK, Ficko-Blean E, Bartosik D, Terrapon N, Jeudy A, Jam M, Wang F, Welsch N, Dürwald A, Martin LT, Larocque R, Jouanneau D, Eisenack T, Thomas F, Trautwein-Schult A, Teeling H, Becher D, Schweder T, Czjzek M. Unveiling the role of novel carbohydrate-binding modules in laminarin interaction of multimodular proteins from marine Bacteroidota during phytoplankton blooms. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16624. [PMID: 38757353 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Laminarin, a β(1,3)-glucan, serves as a storage polysaccharide in marine microalgae such as diatoms. Its abundance, water solubility and simple structure make it an appealing substrate for marine bacteria. Consequently, many marine bacteria have evolved strategies to scavenge and decompose laminarin, employing carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) as crucial components. In this study, we characterized two previously unassigned domains as laminarin-binding CBMs in multimodular proteins from the marine bacterium Christiangramia forsetii KT0803T, thereby introducing the new laminarin-binding CBM families CBM102 and CBM103. We identified four CBM102s in a surface glycan-binding protein (SGBP) and a single CBM103 linked to a glycoside hydrolase module from family 16 (GH16_3). Our analysis revealed that both modular proteins have an elongated shape, with GH16_3 exhibiting greater flexibility than SGBP. This flexibility may aid in the recognition and/or degradation of laminarin, while the constraints in SGBP could facilitate the docking of laminarin onto the bacterial surface. Exploration of bacterial metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from phytoplankton blooms in the North Sea showed that both laminarin-binding CBM families are widespread among marine Bacteroidota. The high protein abundance of CBM102- and CBM103-containing proteins during phytoplankton blooms further emphasizes their significance in marine laminarin utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Katherin Zühlke
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Ficko-Blean
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | - Daniel Bartosik
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicolas Terrapon
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), Aix-Marseille Université (AMU, UMR7257), CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandra Jeudy
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | - Murielle Jam
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | - Fengqing Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Norma Welsch
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexandra Dürwald
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for One Health, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research HZI, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Laura Torres Martin
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert Larocque
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | - Diane Jouanneau
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | - Tom Eisenack
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - François Thomas
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | - Anke Trautwein-Schult
- Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hanno Teeling
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Schweder
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
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Plakys G, Urbelienė N, Urbelis G, Vaitekūnas J, Labanauskas L, Mažonienė E, Meškys R. Conversion of β-1,6-Glucans to Gentiobiose using an endo-β-1,6-Glucanase PsGly30A from Paenibacillus sp. GKG. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400010. [PMID: 38439711 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
A plethora of di- and oligosaccharides isolated from the natural sources are used in food and pharmaceutical industry. An enzymatic hydrolysis of fungal cell wall β-glucans is a good alternative to produce the desired oligosaccharides with different functionalities, such as the flavour enhancer gentiobiose. We have previously identified PsGly30A as a potential yeast cell wall degrading β-1,6-glycosidase. The aim of this study is to characterise the PsGly30A enzyme, a member of the GH30 family, and to evaluate its suitability for the production of gentiobiose from β-1,6-glucans. An endo-β-1,6-glucanase PsGly30A encoding gene from Paenibacillus sp. GKG has been cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme has been active towards pustulan and yeast β-glucan, but not on laminarin from the Laminaria digitata, confirming the endo-β-1,6-glucanase mode of action. The PsGly30A shows the highest activity at pH 5.5 and 50 °C. The specific activity of PsGly30A on pustulan (1262±82 U/mg) is among the highest reported for GH30 β-1,6-glycosidases. Moreover, gentiobiose is the major reaction product when pustulan, yeast β-glucan or yeast cell walls have been used as a substrate. Therefore, PsGly30A is a promising catalyst for valorisation of the yeast-related by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gediminas Plakys
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Research and Development Roquette Amilina, AB, J. Janonio 12, LT, 35101 Panevezys, Lithuania
| | - Nina Urbelienė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gintaras Urbelis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Akademijos 7, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Justas Vaitekūnas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Linas Labanauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Akademijos 7, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edita Mažonienė
- Department of Research and Development Roquette Amilina, AB, J. Janonio 12, LT, 35101 Panevezys, Lithuania
| | - Rolandas Meškys
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
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3
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Chen J, Rashid A, Wang S, Liu X, Gao G. Metabolisms and multiple functions of laminaran in marine algae under global change: A critical review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121652. [PMID: 38171655 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Laminaran is a major storage of carbohydrate in marine algae. Its high content and potential functions draw increasing attention. However, our understanding of its metabolisms and functions is still fragmented. After reviewing, marine algae exhibit a spectacular capacity of laminaran accumulation especially in the diatom Odontella aurita (65 % DW). Marine particulate organic carbon (POC) also has high contents of laminaran (42 ± 21 % DW). Laminaran shows a diel variation trend in marine algae, the content of which increases in the day but decreases at night. Laminaran also significantly accumulates in the stationary phase of algal growth. Furthermore, the metabolic pathway of laminaran and the remolding carbon mechanism in response to marine nitrogen limitation are proposed and comprehensively discussed. Laminaran production in marine phytoplankton is predicted to increase in future warmer and CO2-enriched oceans. Laminaran has diverse biological functions, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, wound healing, and prebiotics. In addition, laminaran is also a major carbon storage compound in marine algae, suggesting its significant ecological function in marine carbon cycle. This study provides new insight into algal laminaran functions and its response mechanisms to environmental and climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Azhar Rashid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, College of Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Guang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Case S, O'Brien T, Ledwith AE, Chen S, Horneck Johnston CJH, Hackett EE, O'Sullivan M, Charles-Messance H, Dempsey E, Yadav S, Wilson J, Corr SC, Nagar S, Sheedy FJ. β-glucans from Agaricus bisporus mushroom products drive Trained Immunity. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1346706. [PMID: 38425482 PMCID: PMC10902450 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1346706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macrofungi, such as edible mushrooms, have been used as a valuable medical resource for millennia as a result of their antibacterial and immuno-modulatory components. Mushrooms contain dietary fibers known as β-glucans, a class of polysaccharides previously linked to the induction of Trained Immunity. However, little is known about the ability of mushroom-derived β-glucans to induce Trained Immunity. Methods & results Using various powdered forms of the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), we found that mouse macrophages pre-treated with whole mushroom powder (WMP) displayed enhanced responses to restimulation with TLR ligands, being particularly sensitive to Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 stimulation using synthetic lipopeptides. This trained response was modest compared to training observed with yeast-derived β-glucans and correlated with the amount of available β-glucans in the WMP. Enriching for β-glucans content using either a simulated in-vitro digestion or chemical fractionation retained and boosted the trained response with WMP, respectively. Importantly, both WMP and digested-WMP preparations retained β-glucans as identified by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and both displayed the capacity to train human monocytes and enhanced responses to restimulation. To determine if dietary incorporation of mushroom products can lead to Trained Immunity in myeloid cells in vivo, mice were given a regimen of WMP by oral gavage prior to sacrifice. Flow cytometric analysis of bone-marrow progenitors indicated alterations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells population dynamics, with shift toward myeloid-committed multi-potent progenitor cells. Mature bone marrow-derived macrophages derived from these mice displayed enhanced responses to restimulation, again particularly sensitive to TLR2. Discussion Taken together, these data demonstrate that β-glucans from common macrofungi can train innate immune cells and could point to novel ways of delivering bio-available β-glucans for education of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Case
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tara O'Brien
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna E. Ledwith
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shilong Chen
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Emer E. Hackett
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Elaine Dempsey
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Sinead C. Corr
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Shipra Nagar
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frederick J. Sheedy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Chiba H, Manabe N, Naito J, Nishida N, Ohno N, Yamaguchi Y. A convenient assay for soluble Dectin-1 lectin domain binding to insoluble β-glucans. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109041. [PMID: 38262208 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
β-Glucan is a homopolymer with a backbone of β-1,3-linked glucose residues. The solubility and biological activity of β-glucan can be influenced by the length of the backbone and the length/interval of the β-1,6 branches. Dectin-1 is crucial in innate immunity through its binding to exogenous β-glucans. However, there are few quantitative binding affinities available and there is no comprehensive comparative analysis of the binding of Dectin-1 to insoluble β-glucans. Here, we have developed a simple binding assay for the interaction between Dectin-1 lectin domain (Dectin-1 CTLD) and insoluble β-glucans. We utilized the paramylon particle as a model of insoluble β-glucans. Dectin-1 CTLD bound to paramylon (particle size 3.1 μm) was separated from unbound Dectin-1 CTLD by centrifugation using a membrane filter (pore size 0.2 μm). The protein in the filtrate was quantified by SDS-PAGE and densitometry. The amount decreased in proportion to the amount of paramylon in the mixture. A control experiment using the Dectin-1 CTLD inactive mutant W221A showed that the mutant passes through the filter without binding paramylon. These results are evidence of site-specific binding of Dectin-1 CTLD to paramylon and demonstrate that the separation of paramylon-bound/unbound Dectin-1 CTLD is achievable through centrifugation using a filter. The assay was extended to other insoluble β-glucans including curdlan. Additionally, it can be utilized in competitive inhibition experiments with soluble short-chain β-glucans such as laminarin. The assay system allows for quantitative comparison of the affinities between insoluble and soluble β-glucans and Dectin-1 CTLD, and should be useful because of its low-tech convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Chiba
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Manabe
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Junko Naito
- Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd., 1-1-4 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2241, Japan
| | - Norihisa Nishida
- Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd., 1-1-4 Murotani, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2241, Japan
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Division of Structural Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan.
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Takasuka TE, Kim H, Deng K, Bianchetti CM, Yamashita K, Beebe ET, Bergeman LF, Vander Meulen KA, Deutsch S, Ralph J, Adams PD, Northen TR, Fox BG. Quantitative Analysis of The High-Yield Hydrolysis of Kelp by Laminarinase and Alginate Lyase. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300357. [PMID: 37402642 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Kelp is an abundant, farmable biomass-containing laminarin and alginate as major polysaccharides, providing an excellent model substrate to study their deconstruction by simple enzyme mixtures. Our previous study showed strong reactivity of the glycoside hydrolase family 55 during hydrolysis of purified laminarin, raising the question of its reactivity with intact kelp. In this study, we determined that a combination of a single glycoside hydrolase family 55 β-1,3-exoglucanase with a broad-specificity alginate lyase from the polysaccharide lyase family 18 gives efficient hydrolysis of untreated kelp to a mixture of simple sugars, that is, glucose, gentiobiose, mannitol-end glucose, and mannuronic and guluronic acids and their soluble oligomers. Quantitative assignments from nanostructure initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS) and 2D HSQC NMR spectroscopy and analysis of the reaction time-course are provided. The data suggest that binary combinations of enzymes targeted to the unique polysaccharide composition of marine biomass are sufficient to deconstruct kelp into soluble sugars for microbial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi E Takasuka
- Research Faculty of Agriculture and, Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Food, Land and Water Resources, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hoon Kim
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Present address: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA94608, USA
| | - Christopher M Bianchetti
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kaho Yamashita
- Research Faculty of Agriculture and, Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Emily T Beebe
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Lai F Bergeman
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Kirk A Vander Meulen
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Samuel Deutsch
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - John Ralph
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Paul D Adams
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA94608, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- US Department of Energy Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA94608, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brian G Fox
- Global Station for Food, Land and Water Resources, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Choi H, Kim SW. Characterization of β-Glucans from Cereal and Microbial Sources and Their Roles in Feeds for Intestinal Health and Growth of Nursery Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2236. [PMID: 37444033 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this review are to investigate the quantitative, compositional, and structural differences of β-glucans and the functional effects of β-glucans on the intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs. Banning antibiotic feed supplementation increased the research demand for antibiotic alternatives to maintain the intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs. It has been proposed that β-glucans improve the growth efficiency of nursery pigs through positive impacts on their intestinal health. However, based on their structure and source, their impacts can be extensively different. β-glucans are non-starch polysaccharides found in the cell walls of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), bacteria, fungi (Basidiomycota), and cereal grains (mainly barley and oats). The total β-glucan content from cereal grains is much greater than that of microbial β-glucans. Cereal β-glucans may interfere with the positive effects of microbial β-glucans on the intestinal health of nursery pigs. Due to their structural differences, cereal β-glucans also cause digesta viscosity, decreasing feed digestion, and decreasing nutrient absorption in the GIT of nursery pigs. Specifically, cereal β-glucans are based on linear glucose molecules linked by β-(1,3)- and β-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds with relatively high water-soluble properties, whereas microbial β-glucans are largely linked with β-(1,3)- and β-(1,6)-glycosidic bonds possessing insoluble properties. From the meta-analysis, the weight gain and feed intake of nursery pigs increased by 7.6% and 5.3%, respectively, through the use of yeast β-glucans (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and increased by 11.6% and 6.9%, respectively, through the use of bacterial β-glucans (from Agrobacterium sp.), whereas the use of cereal β-glucans did not show consistent responses. The optimal use of yeast β-glucans (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was 50 mg/kg in nursery pig diets based on a meta-analysis. Collectively, use of microbial β-glucans can improve the intestinal health of nursery pigs, enhancing immune conditions, whereas the benefits of cereal β-glucans on intestinal health were not consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Choi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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8
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Zhong X, Wang G, Li F, Fang S, Zhou S, Ishiwata A, Tonevitsky AG, Shkurnikov M, Cai H, Ding F. Immunomodulatory Effect and Biological Significance of β-Glucans. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1615. [PMID: 37376063 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucan, one of the homopolysaccharides composed of D-glucose, exists widely in cereals and microorganisms and possesses various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor properties. More recently, there has been mounting proof that β-glucan functions as a physiologically active "biological response modulator (BRM)", promoting dendritic cell maturation, cytokine secretion, and regulating adaptive immune responses-all of which are directly connected with β-glucan-regulated glucan receptors. This review focuses on the sources, structures, immune regulation, and receptor recognition mechanisms of β-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Medical College, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512026, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Fu Li
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Sixian Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Siai Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Akihiro Ishiwata
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Alexander G Tonevitsky
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Maxim Shkurnikov
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Hui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Feiqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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9
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Kelly S, Hansen SB, Rübsam H, Saake P, Pedersen EB, Gysel K, Madland E, Wu S, Wawra S, Reid D, Sullivan JT, Blahovska Z, Vinther M, Muszynski A, Azadi P, Thygesen MB, Aachmann FL, Ronson CW, Zuccaro A, Andersen KR, Radutoiu S, Stougaard J. A glycan receptor kinase facilitates intracellular accommodation of arbuscular mycorrhiza and symbiotic rhizobia in the legume Lotus japonicus. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002127. [PMID: 37200394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptors that distinguish the multitude of microbes surrounding plants in the environment enable dynamic responses to the biotic and abiotic conditions encountered. In this study, we identify and characterise a glycan receptor kinase, EPR3a, closely related to the exopolysaccharide receptor EPR3. Epr3a is up-regulated in roots colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and is able to bind glucans with a branching pattern characteristic of surface-exposed fungal glucans. Expression studies with cellular resolution show localised activation of the Epr3a promoter in cortical root cells containing arbuscules. Fungal infection and intracellular arbuscule formation are reduced in epr3a mutants. In vitro, the EPR3a ectodomain binds cell wall glucans in affinity gel electrophoresis assays. In microscale thermophoresis (MST) assays, rhizobial exopolysaccharide binding is detected with affinities comparable to those observed for EPR3, and both EPR3a and EPR3 bind a well-defined β-1,3/β-1,6 decasaccharide derived from exopolysaccharides of endophytic and pathogenic fungi. Both EPR3a and EPR3 function in the intracellular accommodation of microbes. However, contrasting expression patterns and divergent ligand affinities result in distinct functions in AM colonisation and rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus. The presence of Epr3a and Epr3 genes in both eudicot and monocot plant genomes suggest a conserved function of these receptor kinases in glycan perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon B Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henriette Rübsam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pia Saake
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emil B Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kira Gysel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eva Madland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shunliang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stephan Wawra
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John T Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zuzana Blahovska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Vinther
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Artur Muszynski
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mikkel B Thygesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- NOBIPOL (Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Clive W Ronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Characterization of Paenibacillus sp. GKG Endo-β-1, 3-Glucanase, a Member of Family 81 Glycoside Hydrolases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101930. [DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus sp. GKG was isolated based on its ability to produce hydrolysis zones on agar plates containing yeast cell wall substrate as the single carbon source. The extracellular enzymes secreted into the culture medium were identified by LC-MS/MS proteomics. Endo-β-1,3-glucanase PsLam81A containing GH81 catalytic and the CBM56 carbohydrate-binding modules was selected for heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. The identity of the recombinant PsLam81A was confirmed by LC-MS/MS proteomics. The PsLam81A showed the highest activity at 60 °C, and the optimal pH range was between 6.5 and 8.0. The analysis of the full-length PsLam81A and truncated PsLam81AΔCBM56 enzymes showed that the CBM56 module improved the hydrolytic activity towards linear β-1,3-glucans—curdlan and pachyman but had no effect on hydrolysis of β-1,3/β1,6-branched glucans—laminarin and yeast β-glucan. The characterization of PsLam81A enzyme broadens current knowledge on the biochemical properties and substrate specificity of family 81 glycoside hydrolases and allows prediction of the necessity of CBM56 module in the process of designing new truncated or chimeric glycosidases.
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11
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Manheim J, Lin M, Kong J, Biba M, Zhuang P. Identification and quantitation of isomeric pneumococcal polysaccharides by partial chemical degradation followed by mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 289:119465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Agarwal PK, Dangariya M, Agarwal P. Seaweed extracts: Potential biodegradable, environmentally friendly resources for regulating plant defence. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Wang Y, Li D, Dong C, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Yang F, Ye X, Huang Y, Li Z, Cui Z. Heterologous expression and characterization of a novel glycoside hydrolase family 55 β-1,3-glucanase, AcGluA, from Archangium sp. strain AC19. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6793-6803. [PMID: 34477943 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Some microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), like glucan oligosaccharides, can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of plant to elicit further immunity response. In this study, a novel glycoside hydrolase family 55 β-1,3-glucanase (AcGluA) from Archangium sp. strain AC19 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Among the reported β-1, 3-glucanases from the glycoside hydrolase 55 family, the purified AcGluA exhibited the highest activity on laminarin at pH 6.0 and 60 °C with 112.3 U/mg. Activity of AcGluA was stable in the range of pH 4.0-9.0 and at temperatures below 60 °C. The Km and Vmax of AcGluA for laminarin were 3.5 mg/ml and 263.5 μmol/(ml·min). AcGluA hydrolyzed laminarin into a series of oligosaccharides, suggesting it was an endo-β-1,3-glucanase. The high dose of oligosaccharides (1600 mg/l) had conspicuous biocontrol efficacy on the defense of rice seedlings to Magnaporthe oryzae, which provided a new idea for the development of green biopesticide.Key points• The AcGluA was determined bacteria-derived β-1,3-glucanases in the GH55 family.• The AcGluA showed the highest activity towards laminarin among reported GH55 family.• The hydrolysates of laminarin showed conspicuous biocontrol efficacy to M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Li
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaonan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) is aimed at preserving and determining the native structure, composition, and stoichiometry of biomolecules and their complexes from solution after they are transferred into the gas phase. Major improvements in native MS instrumentation and experimental methods over the past few decades have led to a concomitant increase in the complexity and heterogeneity of samples that can be analyzed, including protein-ligand complexes, protein complexes with multiple coexisting stoichiometries, and membrane protein-lipid assemblies. Heterogeneous features of these biomolecular samples can be important for understanding structure and function. However, sample heterogeneity can make assignment of ion mass, charge, composition, and structure very challenging due to the overlap of tens or even hundreds of peaks in the mass spectrum. In this review, we cover data analysis, experimental, and instrumental advances and strategies aimed at solving this problem, with an in-depth discussion of theoretical and practical aspects of the use of available deconvolution algorithms and tools. We also reflect upon current challenges and provide a view of the future of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Rolland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States.,Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1252, United States
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15
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Hu Q, Yin X, Li H, Wang X, Jiang Z, Li L, Ni H, Li Q, Zhu Y. Characterisation of a novel laminarinase from
Microbulbifer
sp. ALW1 and the antioxidant activity of its hydrolysates. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Hu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
| | - Xiaoqian Yin
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
| | - Hebin Li
- Xiamen Medical College Xiamen361008China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen361021China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen361021China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen361021China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen361021China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen361021China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen361021China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen361021China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen361021China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen361021China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen361021China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen361021China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen361021China
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16
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Cui Y, Zhu L, Li Y, Jiang S, Sun Q, Xie E, Chen H, Zhao Z, Qiao W, Xu J, Dong C. Structure of a laminarin-type β-(1→3)-glucan from brown algae Sargassum henslowianum and its potential on regulating gut microbiota. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 255:117389. [PMID: 33436218 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A homogeneous polysaccharide named SHNP with apparent molecular weight of 8.4 kDa was purified from brown algae Sargassum henslowianum using ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel-filtration column chromatography. Structural analyses reveal that SHNP is completely composed of glucose, and its backbone consists of β-D-(1→3)-Glcp with side chains comprising t-β-D-Glcp attached at the O-6 position. Thus, SHNP is a laminarin-type polysaccharide. In vitro fermentation test results showed that SHNP was digested by gut microbiota; the pH value in the fecal culture of SHNP was significantly decreased; and total short-chain fatty acids, acetic, propionic and n-butyric acids were significantly increased. Furthermore, SHNP regulated the intestinal microbiota composition by stimulating the growth of species belonging to Enterobacteriaceae while depleting Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Gemmiger formicilis. Taken together, these results indicate that SHNP has the potential for regulating gut microbiota, but its specific role in the regulation requires to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lixia Zhu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong; The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Siliang Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Qili Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Enyi Xie
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hubiao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Zhongzhen Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Qiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Caixia Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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17
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Kanno T, Kim C, Yamanaka D, Ishibashi KI, Tanaka H, Ohno N, Adachi Y. Possibility of Japanese Cedar Pollen Causing False Positives in the Deep Mycosis Test. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042135. [PMID: 33669963 PMCID: PMC7924878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because Japanese cedar pollen (JCP) contains beta-1,3-d-glucan (BG), there is concern that its lingering presence in the atmosphere, especially during its scattering period, may cause false positives in the factor-G-based Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay used to test for deep mycosis (i.e., G-test). Hence, we examined whether the LAL assay would react positively with substances contained in JCP by using the G-test to measure JCP particles and extracts. BG was purified from the JCP extract on a BG-specific affinity column, and the percentage extractability was measured using three different BG-specific quantitative methods. The G-test detected 0.4 pg BG in a single JCP particle and 10 fg from a single particle in the extract. The percentage extractability of JCP-derived BG was not significantly different among the three quantitative methods. As the JCP particles should technically have been removed during serum separation, they should be less likely to be a direct false-positive factor. However, given that the LAL-assay-positive substances in the JCP extract were not distinguishable by the three BG-specific quantitative methods, we conclude that they may cause the background to rise. Therefore, in Japan false positives arising from JCP contamination should be considered when testing patients for deep mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanno
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (T.K.); (C.K.); (D.Y.); (N.O.)
| | - Changmin Kim
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (T.K.); (C.K.); (D.Y.); (N.O.)
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (T.K.); (C.K.); (D.Y.); (N.O.)
| | - Ken-ichi Ishibashi
- Department of Host Defense and Responses, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H101, Oookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan;
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (T.K.); (C.K.); (D.Y.); (N.O.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (T.K.); (C.K.); (D.Y.); (N.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-676-5599
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18
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3D Structural Insights into β-Glucans and Their Binding Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041578. [PMID: 33557270 PMCID: PMC7915573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
β(1,3)-glucans are a component of fungal and plant cell walls. The β-glucan of pathogens is recognized as a non-self-component in the host defense system. Long β-glucan chains are capable of forming a triple helix structure, and the tertiary structure may profoundly affect the interaction with β-glucan-binding proteins. Although the atomic details of β-glucan binding and signaling of cognate receptors remain mostly unclear, X-ray crystallography and NMR analyses have revealed some aspects of β-glucan structure and interaction. Here, we will review three-dimensional (3D) structural characteristics of β-glucans and the modes of interaction with β-glucan-binding proteins.
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19
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Yamanaka D, Kurita S, Hanayama Y, Adachi Y. Split Enzyme-Based Biosensors for Structural Characterization of Soluble and Insoluble β-Glucans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1576. [PMID: 33557290 PMCID: PMC7915705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Glucan is widely distributed in various plants and microorganisms and is composed of β-1,3-linked d-glucose units. It may have a branched short or long side chain of glucose units with β-1,6- or β-1,4-linkage. Numerous studies have investigated different β-glucans and revealed their bioactivities. To understand the structure-function relationship of β-glucan, we constructed a split-luciferase complementation assay for the structural analysis of long-chain β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan. The N- and C-terminal fragments of luciferase from deep-sea shrimp were fused to insect-derived β-1,3-glucan recognition protein and fungal endo-β-1,6-glucanase (Neg1)-derived β-1,6-glucan recognition protein, respectively. In this approach, two β-glucan recognition proteins bound to β-glucan molecules come into close proximity, resulting in the assembly of the full-length reporter enzyme and induction of transient luciferase activity, indicative of the structure of β-glucan. To test the applicability of this assay, β-glucan and two β-glucan recognition proteins were mixed, resulting in an increase in the luminescence intensity in a β-1,3-glucan with a long polymer of β-1,6-glucan in a dose-dependent manner. This simple test also allows the monitoring of real-time changes in the side chain structure and serves as a convenient method to distinguish between β-1,3-glucan and long-chain β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan in various soluble and insoluble β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (D.Y.); (S.K.); (Y.H.)
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20
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Korotchenko E, Schießl V, Scheiblhofer S, Schubert M, Dall E, Joubert IA, Strandt H, Neuper T, Sarajlic M, Bauer R, Geppert M, Joedicke D, Wildner S, Schaller S, Winkler S, Gadermaier G, Horejs‐Hoeck J, Weiss R. Laser-facilitated epicutaneous immunotherapy with hypoallergenic beta-glucan neoglycoconjugates suppresses lung inflammation and avoids local side effects in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Allergy 2021; 76:210-222. [PMID: 32621318 PMCID: PMC7818228 DOI: 10.1111/all.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Allergen‐specific immunotherapy via the skin targets a tissue rich in antigen‐presenting cells, but can be associated with local and systemic side effects. Allergen‐polysaccharide neoglycogonjugates increase immunization efficacy by targeting and activating dendritic cells via C‐type lectin receptors and reduce side effects. Objective We investigated the immunogenicity, allergenicity, and therapeutic efficacy of laminarin‐ovalbumin neoglycoconjugates (LamOVA). Methods The biological activity of LamOVA was characterized in vitro using bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells. Immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy were analyzed in BALB/c mice. Epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) was performed using fractional infrared laser ablation to generate micropores in the skin, and the effects of LamOVA on blocking IgG, IgE, cellular composition of BAL, lung, and spleen, lung function, and T‐cell polarization were assessed. Results Conjugation of laminarin to ovalbumin reduced its IgE binding capacity fivefold and increased its immunogenicity threefold in terms of IgG generation. EPIT with LamOVA induced significantly higher IgG levels than OVA, matching the levels induced by s.c. injection of OVA/alum (SCIT). EPIT was equally effective as SCIT in terms of blocking IgG induction and suppression of lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, but SCIT was associated with higher levels of therapy‐induced IgE and TH2 cytokines. EPIT with LamOVA induced significantly lower local skin reactions during therapy compared to unconjugated OVA. Conclusion Conjugation of ovalbumin to laminarin increased its immunogenicity while at the same time reducing local side effects. LamOVA EPIT via laser‐generated micropores is safe and equally effective compared to SCIT with alum, without the need for adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktoria Schießl
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | | | - Mario Schubert
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Elfriede Dall
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | | | - Helen Strandt
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Theresa Neuper
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Muamera Sarajlic
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Renate Bauer
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - David Joedicke
- Research and Development University of Applied Biosciences Upper Austria Hagenberg Austria
| | - Sabrina Wildner
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Susanne Schaller
- Research and Development University of Applied Biosciences Upper Austria Hagenberg Austria
| | - Stephan Winkler
- Research and Development University of Applied Biosciences Upper Austria Hagenberg Austria
| | | | | | - Richard Weiss
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
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21
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Usoltseva RV, Belik AA, Kusaykin MI, Malyarenko OS, Zvyagintsevа TN, Ermakova SP. Laminarans and 1,3-β-D-glucanases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1010-1025. [PMID: 32663561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The laminarans are biologically active water-soluble polysaccharide (1,3;1,6-β-D-glucans) of brown algae. These polysaccharides are an attractive object for research due to its relatively simple structure, low toxicity, and various biological effects. 1,3-β-D-glucanases are an effective tool for studying the structure of laminarans, and can also be used to obtain new biologically active derivatives. This review is to outline what is currently known about laminarans and enzymes that catalyze of their transformation. We focused on information about sources, structure and properties of laminarans and 1,3-β-D-glucanases, methods of obtaining and structural elucidation of laminarans, and biological activity of laminarans and products of their enzymatic transformation. It has an increased focus on the immunomodulating and anticancer activity of laminarans and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza V Usoltseva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022, 159, 100 Let Vladivostoku prosp., Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Aleksei A Belik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022, 159, 100 Let Vladivostoku prosp., Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail I Kusaykin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022, 159, 100 Let Vladivostoku prosp., Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Olesya S Malyarenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022, 159, 100 Let Vladivostoku prosp., Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Tatiana N Zvyagintsevа
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022, 159, 100 Let Vladivostoku prosp., Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Svetlana P Ermakova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022, 159, 100 Let Vladivostoku prosp., Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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22
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Liu Z, Sun X. A Critical Review of the Abilities, Determinants, and Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Seaweed Polysaccharides Antioxidants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7774. [PMID: 33096625 PMCID: PMC7589308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induces various cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and cancer diseases, caused by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is attributed to the lack of sufficient antioxidant defense capacity to eliminate unnecessary ROS. Seaweeds are largely cultivated for their edible and commercial purposes. Excessive proliferation of some seaweeds has occurred in coastal areas, causing environmental and economic disasters, and even threating human health. Removing and disposing of the excess seaweeds are costly and labor-intensive with few rewards. Therefore, improving the value of seaweeds utilizes this resource, but also deals with the accumulated biomass in the environment. Seaweed has been demonstrated to be a great source of polysaccharides antioxidants, which are effective in enhancing the antioxidant system in humans and animals. They have been reported to be a healthful method to prevent and/or reduce oxidative damage. Current studies indicate that they have a good potential for treating various diseases. Polysaccharides, the main components in seaweeds, are commonly used as industrial feedstock. They are readily extracted by aqueous and acetone solutions. This study attempts to review the current researches related to seaweed polysaccharides as an antioxidant. We discuss the main categories, their antioxidant abilities, their determinants, and their possible molecular mechanisms of action. This review proposes possible high-value ways to utilize seaweed resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Xian Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 511458, China
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
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23
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Abstract
Laminarin, a β-(1,3)-glucan from the seaweed Laminaria digitata, is a polysaccharide which provides anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Its influence on both human dermal fibroblasts adult (HDFa) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) has not been established yet. Herein, laminarin effects were examined on skin cells’ mitochondrial and antioxidant activities. Cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and procollagen type I secretions and interaction mechanisms were explored after a maximum of 72 h treatment with laminarin. Our results demonstrated a decrease in mitochondrial activities with 72 h treatment with laminarin from 500 µg.mL−1 for NHEK cells and from 100 µg.mL−1 for HDFa cells without cytotoxicity. No variation of hyaluronic acid or type I procollagen was observed for all laminarin concentrations, while an antioxidant effect was found against reactive oxygen species (ROS) from 1 µg.mL−1 for HDFa cells in both H2O2 and UVA radiation conditions, and from 10 µg.mL−1 and 1 µg.mL−1 for NHEK cells in both H2O2 and UVA radiation conditions, respectively. Laminarin treatment modulated both cells surface glycosylation and cytokine secretions of skin cells. Overall, our data suggest a positive effect of β-(1,3)-glucan on skin cells on oxidative stress and inflammation induced by environmental factors. Of note, these effects are through the modulation of glycan and receptors interactions at the skin cells surface.
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24
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Mahony J, Frantzen C, Vinogradov E, Sadovskaya I, Theodorou I, Kelleher P, Chapot-Chartier MP, Cambillau C, Holo H, van Sinderen D. The CWPS Rubik's cube: Linking diversity of cell wall polysaccharide structures with the encoded biosynthetic machinery of selected Lactococcus lactis strains. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:582-596. [PMID: 32515029 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthetic machinery for cell wall polysaccharide (CWPS) production in lactococci is encoded by a large gene cluster, designated cwps. This locus displays considerable variation among lactococcal genomes, previously prompting a classification into three distinct genotypes (A-C). In the present study, the cwps loci of 107 lactococcal strains were compared, revealing the presence of a fourth cwps genotype (type D). Lactococcal CWPSs are comprised of two saccharidic structures: a peptidoglycan-embedded rhamnan backbone polymer to which a surface-exposed, poly/oligosaccharidic side-chain is covalently linked. Chemical structures of the side-chain of seven lactococcal strains were elucidated, highlighting their diverse and strain-specific nature. Furthermore, a link between cwps genotype and chemical structure was derived based on the number of glycosyltransferase-encoding genes in the cwps cluster and the presence of conserved genes encoding the presumed priming glycosyltransferase. This facilitates predictions of several structural features of lactococcal CWPSs including (a) whether the CWPS possesses short oligo/polysaccharide side-chains, (b) the number of component monosaccharides in a given CWPS structure, (c) the order of monosaccharide incorporation into the repeating units of the side-chain (for C-type strains), (d) the presence of Galf and phosphodiester bonds in the side-chain, and (e) the presence of glycerol phosphate substituents in the side-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mahony
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cyril Frantzen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NULS), Ås, Norway
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Biological Sciences, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Irina Sadovskaya
- Equipe BPA, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, Institut Charles Violette EA 7394 USC Anses, Boulogne-sur-mer, France
| | - Ilias Theodorou
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
| | - Philip Kelleher
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Christian Cambillau
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland.,Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - Helge Holo
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NULS), Ås, Norway
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Analysis of the susceptibility of reducing disaccharides composed of d-glucose to glycation using the Maillard reaction and a novel sensitive method that measures the percentage of the open-ring form. Carbohydr Res 2020; 493:108019. [PMID: 32413590 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility to glycation of all d-glucose-containing reducing disaccharides (kojibiose, sophorose, nigerose, laminaribiose, maltose, cellobiose, isomaltose, and gentiobiose) was evaluated by Maillard browning and the percentages of their acyclic forms estimated using a novel method to evaluate reactivity toward oxime formation were compared for the first time. This new method is facile and applicable to non-labeled carbohydrates, and it is extremely sensitive, more so than any other previously reported methods. The disaccharides linked by 1-6 bonds displayed both high browning intensity and oxime formation reactivity, and they had the greatest amount of the acyclic form. On the other hand, the proportion of acyclic form was generally very low when glucoses were linked by 1-2, 1-3 and 1-4 bonds. The stability of the 1-3 linkage was drastically reduced when basicity was increased due to β-elimination and the production of a highly reactive dehydrated hexose. The 1-4-linked structures, involved in the formation of amylose and cellulose, respectively, were found to be advantageous due to their relatively low susceptibility to glycation.
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26
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Xue CX, Zhang H, Lin HY, Sun Y, Luo D, Huang Y, Zhang XH, Luo H. Ancestral niche separation and evolutionary rate differentiation between sister marine flavobacteria lineages. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3234-3247. [PMID: 32390223 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Marine flavobacteria are specialists for polysaccharide degradation. They dominate in habitats enriched with polysaccharides, but are also prevalent in pelagic environments where polysaccharides are less available. These niches are likely occupied by distinct lineages, but evolutionary processes underlying their niche differentiation remain elusive. Here, genomic analyses and physiological assays indicate that the sister flavobacteria lineages Leeuwenhoekiella and Nonlabens likely explore polysaccharide-rich macroalgae and polysaccharide-poor pelagic niches respectively. Phylogenomic analyses inferred that the niche separation likely occurred anciently and coincided with increased sequence evolutionary rate in Nonlabens compared with Leeuwenhoekiella. Further analyses ruled out the known mechanisms likely driving evolutionary rate acceleration, including reduced selection efficiency, decreased generation time and increased mutation rate. In particular, the mutation rates were determined using an unbiased experimental method, which measures the present-day populations and may not reflect ancestral populations. These data collectively lead to a new hypothesis that an ancestral and transient mutation rate increase resulted in evolutionary rate increase in Nonlabens. This hypothesis was supported by inferring that gains and losses of genes involved in SOS response, a mechanism known to drive transiently increased mutation rate, coincided with evolutionary rate acceleration. Our analyses highlight the evolutionary mechanisms underlying niche differentiation of flavobacteria lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xu Xue
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hao Zhang
- Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - He-Yu Lin
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Danli Luo
- Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yongjie Huang
- Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Haiwei Luo
- Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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27
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Complete Structure of the Enterococcal Polysaccharide Antigen (EPA) of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis V583 Reveals that EPA Decorations Are Teichoic Acids Covalently Linked to a Rhamnopolysaccharide Backbone. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00277-20. [PMID: 32345640 PMCID: PMC7188991 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00277-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are opportunistic pathogens responsible for hospital- and community-acquired infections. All enterococci produce a surface polysaccharide called EPA (enterococcal polysaccharide antigen) required for biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and pathogenesis. Despite the critical role of EPA in cell growth and division and as a major virulence factor, no information is available on its structure. Here, we report the complete structure of the EPA polymer produced by the model strain E. faecalis V583. We describe the structure of the EPA backbone, made of a rhamnan hexasaccharide substituted by Glc and GlcNAc residues, and show that teichoic acids are covalently bound to this rhamnan chain, forming the so-called “EPA decorations” essential for host colonization and pathogenesis. This report represents a key step in efforts to identify the structural properties of EPA that are essential for its biological activity and to identify novel targets to develop preventive and therapeutic approaches against enterococci. All enterococci produce a complex polysaccharide called the enterococcal polysaccharide antigen (EPA). This polymer is required for normal cell growth and division and for resistance to cephalosporins and plays a critical role in host-pathogen interaction. The EPA contributes to host colonization and is essential for virulence, conferring resistance to phagocytosis during the infection. Recent studies revealed that the “decorations” of the EPA polymer, encoded by genetic loci that are variable between isolates, underpin the biological activity of this surface polysaccharide. In this work, we investigated the structure of the EPA polymer produced by the high-risk enterococcal clonal complex Enterococcus faecalis V583. We analyzed purified EPA from the wild-type strain and a mutant lacking decorations and elucidated the structure of the EPA backbone and decorations. We showed that the rhamnan backbone of EPA is composed of a hexasaccharide repeat unit of C2- and C3-linked rhamnan chains, partially substituted in the C3 position by α-glucose (α-Glc) and in the C2 position by β-N-acetylglucosamine (β-GlcNAc). The so-called “EPA decorations” consist of phosphopolysaccharide chains corresponding to teichoic acids covalently bound to the rhamnan backbone. The elucidation of the complete EPA structure allowed us to propose a biosynthetic pathway, a first essential step toward the design of antimicrobials targeting the synthesis of this virulence factor.
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28
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Theodorou I, Courtin P, Sadovskaya I, Palussière S, Fenaille F, Mahony J, Chapot-Chartier MP, van Sinderen D. Three distinct glycosylation pathways are involved in the decoration of Lactococcus lactis cell wall glycopolymers. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5519-5532. [PMID: 32169901 PMCID: PMC7170526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracytoplasmic sugar decoration of glycopolymer components of the bacterial cell wall contributes to their structural diversity. Typically, the molecular mechanism that underpins such a decoration process involves a three-component glycosylation system (TGS) represented by an undecaprenyl-phosphate (Und-P) sugar-activating glycosyltransferase (Und-P GT), a flippase, and a polytopic glycosyltransferase (PolM GT) dedicated to attaching sugar residues to a specific glycopolymer. Here, using bioinformatic analyses, CRISPR-assisted recombineering, structural analysis of cell wall-associated polysaccharides (CWPS) through MALDI-TOF MS and methylation analysis, we report on three such systems in the bacterium Lactococcus lactis On the basis of sequence similarities, we first identified three gene pairs, csdAB, csdCD, and csdEF, each encoding an Und-P GT and a PolM GT, as potential TGS component candidates. Our experimental results show that csdAB and csdCD are involved in Glc side-chain addition on the CWPS components rhamnan and polysaccharide pellicle (PSP), respectively, whereas csdEF plays a role in galactosylation of lipoteichoic acid (LTA). We also identified a potential flippase encoded in the L. lactis genome (llnz_02975, cflA) and confirmed that it participates in the glycosylation of the three cell wall glycopolymers rhamnan, PSP, and LTA, thus indicating that its function is shared by the three TGSs. Finally, we observed that glucosylation of both rhamnan and PSP can increase resistance to bacteriophage predation and that LTA galactosylation alters L. lactis resistance to bacteriocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Theodorou
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Pascal Courtin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Irina Sadovskaya
- Équipe BPA, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Institut Régional Charles Violette EA 7394, USC Anses-ULCO, 62202 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Simon Palussière
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INRAE, Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (MTS), MetaboHUB, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jennifer Mahony
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | | | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
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29
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Yamanaka D, Takatsu K, Kimura M, Swamydas M, Ohnishi H, Umeyama T, Oyama F, Lionakis MS, Ohno N. Development of a novel β-1,6-glucan-specific detection system using functionally-modified recombinant endo-β-1,6-glucanase. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5362-5376. [PMID: 32132174 PMCID: PMC7170528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
β-1,3-d-Glucan is a ubiquitous glucose polymer produced by plants, bacteria, and most fungi. It has been used as a diagnostic tool in patients with invasive mycoses via a highly-sensitive reagent consisting of the blood coagulation system of horseshoe crab. However, no method is currently available for measuring β-1,6-glucan, another primary β-glucan structure of fungal polysaccharides. Herein, we describe the development of an economical and highly-sensitive and specific assay for β-1,6-glucan using a modified recombinant endo-β-1,6-glucanase having diminished glucan hydrolase activity. The purified β-1,6-glucanase derivative bound to the β-1,6-glucan pustulan with a KD of 16.4 nm We validated the specificity of this β-1,6-glucan probe by demonstrating its ability to detect cell wall β-1,6-glucan from both yeast and hyphal forms of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, without any detectable binding to glucan lacking the long β-1,6-glucan branch. We developed a sandwich ELISA-like assay with a low limit of quantification for pustulan (1.5 pg/ml), and we successfully employed this assay in the quantification of extracellular β-1,6-glucan released by >250 patient-derived strains of different Candida species (including Candida auris) in culture supernatant in vitro We also used this assay to measure β-1,6-glucan in vivo in the serum and in several organs in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. Our work describes a reliable method for β-1,6-glucan detection, which may prove useful for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
| | - Kazushiro Takatsu
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (DC2), Koujimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Muthulekha Swamydas
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Hiroaki Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takashi Umeyama
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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30
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Ding F, Ishiwata A, Zhou S, Zhong X, Ito Y. Unified Strategy toward Stereocontrolled Assembly of Various Glucans Based on Bimodal Glycosyl Donors. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5536-5558. [PMID: 32212661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymers of glucose, the most abundant and one of the biologically important natural products, named glucans are widely present in fungi, bacteria, mammals, and plants with various anomeric configurations and glycosidic linkages. Because of their structural diversity, the unified strategy for the assembly of pure glucans is yet to be developed. Herein, we describe a general strategy that is applicable to construction of all types of glucans by exploiting a bimodal glycosyl donor equipped with C2-o-TsNHbenzyl ether (TAB), which enables stereocontrolled synthesis of both α- and β-glycosides by switching reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.,Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishiwata
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Siai Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xuemei Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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31
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Déjean G, Tamura K, Cabrera A, Jain N, Pudlo NA, Pereira G, Viborg AH, Van Petegem F, Martens EC, Brumer H. Synergy between Cell Surface Glycosidases and Glycan-Binding Proteins Dictates the Utilization of Specific Beta(1,3)-Glucans by Human Gut Bacteroides. mBio 2020; 11:e00095-20. [PMID: 32265336 PMCID: PMC7157763 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00095-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota (HGM) has far-reaching impacts on human health and nutrition, which are fueled primarily by the metabolism of otherwise indigestible complex carbohydrates commonly known as dietary fiber. However, the molecular basis of the ability of individual taxa of the HGM to address specific dietary glycan structures remains largely unclear. In particular, the utilization of β(1,3)-glucans, which are widespread in the human diet as yeast, seaweed, and plant cell walls, had not previously been resolved. Through a systems-based approach, here we show that the symbiont Bacteroides uniformis deploys a single, exemplar polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL) to access yeast β(1,3)-glucan, brown seaweed β(1,3)-glucan (laminarin), and cereal mixed-linkage β(1,3)/β(1,4)-glucan. Combined biochemical, enzymatic, and structural analysis of PUL-encoded glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and surface glycan-binding proteins (SGBPs) illuminates a concerted molecular system by which B. uniformis recognizes and saccharifies these distinct β-glucans. Strikingly, the functional characterization of homologous β(1,3)-glucan utilization loci (1,3GUL) in other Bacteroides further demonstrated that the ability of individual taxa to utilize β(1,3)-glucan variants and/or β(1,3)/β(1,4)-glucans arises combinatorially from the individual specificities of SGBPs and GHs at the cell surface, which feed corresponding signals to periplasmic hybrid two-component sensors (HTCSs) via TonB-dependent transporters (TBDTs). These data reveal the importance of cooperativity in the adaptive evolution of GH and SGBP cohorts to address individual polysaccharide structures. We anticipate that this fine-grained knowledge of PUL function will inform metabolic network analysis and proactive manipulation of the HGM. Indeed, a survey of 2,441 public human metagenomes revealed the international, yet individual-specific, distribution of each 1,3GUL.IMPORTANCEBacteroidetes are a dominant phylum of the human gut microbiota (HGM) that target otherwise indigestible dietary fiber with an arsenal of polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs), each of which is dedicated to the utilization of a specific complex carbohydrate. Here, we provide novel insight into this paradigm through functional characterization of homologous PULs from three autochthonous Bacteroides species, which target the family of dietary β(1,3)-glucans. Through detailed biochemical and protein structural analysis, we observed an unexpected diversity in the substrate specificity of PUL glycosidases and glycan-binding proteins with regard to β(1,3)-glucan linkage and branching patterns. In combination, these individual enzyme and protein specificities support taxon-specific growth on individual β(1,3)-glucans. This detailed metabolic insight, together with a comprehensive survey of individual 1,3GULs across human populations, further expands the fundamental roadmap of the HGM, with potential application to the future development of microbial intervention therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Déjean
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kazune Tamura
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adriana Cabrera
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Namrata Jain
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicholas A Pudlo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gabriel Pereira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexander Holm Viborg
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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32
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Jönsson M, Allahgholi L, Sardari RR, Hreggviðsson GO, Nordberg Karlsson E. Extraction and Modification of Macroalgal Polysaccharides for Current and Next-Generation Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E930. [PMID: 32093097 PMCID: PMC7070867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine macroalgal (seaweed) polysaccharides are highly promising for next-generation applications in several industries. However, despite the reported comprehensive potential of these polysaccharides, commercial products are scarce on the market. Seaweed cultivations are increasing in number and production quantity, owing to an elevated global trend of utilization interest in seaweed. The extraction of polysaccharides from seaweed generally generates low yields, but novel methods are being developed to facilitate and improve the extraction processes. Current areas of applications for seaweed polysaccharides mainly take advantage of the physicochemical properties of certain polysaccharides, such as gelling, thickening and emulsifying. However, many of the numerous bioactivities reported are still only at research level and lack clinical evidence for commercialization. It has been suggested the construction of smaller units may generate better defined molecules that are more suitable for biomedical applications. Enzymatic modification is a promising tool for the generation of more defined, targeted biomolecules. This review covers; structural differences between the most predominant marine algal polysaccharides, extraction processes, modification alternatives, as well as a summary of current and potential next-generation application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Jönsson
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.J.); (L.A.)
| | - Leila Allahgholi
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.J.); (L.A.)
| | - Roya R.R. Sardari
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.J.); (L.A.)
| | - Guðmundur O. Hreggviðsson
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland;
- Matis Ohf, Vinlandsleid 12, IS-113 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eva Nordberg Karlsson
- Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (M.J.); (L.A.)
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Badur AH, Ammar EM, Yalamanchili G, Hehemann JH, Rao CV. Characterization of the GH16 and GH17 laminarinases from Vibrio breoganii 1C10. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:161-171. [PMID: 31754764 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Laminarin is an abundant glucose polymer used as an energy reserve by micro- and macroalgae. Bacteria digest and consume laminarin with laminarinases. Their genomes frequently contain multiple homologs; however, the biological role for this replication remains unclear. We investigated the four laminarinases of glycoside hydrolase families GH16 and GH17 from the marine bacterium Vibrio breoganii 1C10, which can use laminarin as its sole carbon source. All four laminarinases employ an endolytic mechanism and specifically cleave the β-1,3-glycosidic bond. Two primarily produce low-molecular weight laminarin oligomers (DP 3-4) whereas the others primarily produce high-molecular weight oligomers (DP > 8), which suggests that these enzymes sequentially degrade laminarin. The results from this work provide an overview of the laminarinases from a single marine bacterium and also provide insights regarding how multiple laminarinases are used to degrade laminarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet H Badur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ehab M Ammar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, El Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Geethika Yalamanchili
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- MARUM MPG Bridge Group Marine Glycobiology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christopher V Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Tiwari UP, Singh AK, Jha R. Fermentation characteristics of resistant starch, arabinoxylan, and β-glucan and their effects on the gut microbial ecology of pigs: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2019; 5:217-226. [PMID: 31528722 PMCID: PMC6737498 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibers (DF) contain an abundant amount of energy, although the mammalian genome does not encode most of the enzymes required to degrade them. However, a mutual dependence is developed between the host and symbiotic microbes, which has the potential to extract the energy present in these DF. Dietary fibers escape digestion in the foregut and are fermented in the hindgut, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) that alter the microbial ecology in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Most of the carbohydrates are fermented in the proximal part, allowing protein fermentation in the distal part, resulting in colonic diseases. The structures of resistant starch (RS), arabinoxylan (AX), and β-glucan (βG) are complex; hence, makes their way into the hindgut where these are fermented and provide energy substrates for the colonic epithelial cells. Different microbes have different preferences of binding to different substrates. The RS, AX and βG act as a unique substrate for the microbes and modify the relative composition of the gut microbial community. The granule dimension and surface area of each substrate are different, which influences the penetration capacity of microbes. Arabinose and xylan are 2 different hemicelluloses, but arabinose is substituted on the xylan backbone and occurs in the form of AX. Fermentation of xylan produces butyrate primarily in the small intestine, whereas arabinose produces butyrate in the large intestine. Types of RS and forms of βG also exert beneficial effects by producing different metabolites and modulating the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, it is important to have information of different types of RS, AX and βG and their roles in microbial modulation to get the optimum benefits of fiber fermentation in the gut. This review provides relevant information on the similarities and differences that exist in the way RS, AX, and βG are fermented, and their positive and negative effects on SCFA production and gut microbial ecology of pigs. These insights will help nutritionists to develop dietary strategies that can modulate specific SCFA production and promote beneficial microbiota in the GIT of swine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI 96822, USA
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35
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Xin Z, Cai X, Chen S, Luo Z, Bian L, Li Z, Ge L, Chen Z. A Disease Resistance Elicitor Laminarin Enhances Tea Defense against a Piercing Herbivore Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda. Sci Rep 2019; 9:814. [PMID: 30692583 PMCID: PMC6349920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) suffers heavily from a harmful piercing pest, the tea green leafhopper (TLH) Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii Matsuda. In the present study, we studied the effect of an efficient elicitor of plant disease resistance, the β-1,3-glucan laminarin, on the induced defense against TLH in tea plants. Defense responses elicited by laminarin in tea include the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and WRKY, the burst of H2O2, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid, and the accumulation of direct-defense chemicals (including chitinase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, callose, polyphenol oxidase, and flavonol synthase), as well as the production of volatile compounds. The laminarin-treated tea plants reduced the performance of TLH and enhanced the attractiveness to the egg parasitoid wasp of TLH, Stethynium empoascae Subba Rao. In the field experiment, laminarin application effectively reduced the number of TLH by attracting parasitoids. These results suggest that laminarin can induce protection against TLH by regulating signaling pathways in tea plant. Our study also proposes an environment friendly strategy for the integrated management of an economically important piercing pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Xin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Shenglong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Zongxiu Luo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Lei Bian
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Zhaoqun Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Lingang Ge
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Zongmao Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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36
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Maes E, Sadovskaya I, Lévêque M, Elass-Rochard E, Payré B, Grard T, Théodorou V, Guérardel Y, Mercier-Bonin M. Structure and biological activities of a hexosamine-rich cell wall polysaccharide isolated from the probiotic Lactobacillus farciminis. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:39-55. [PMID: 30637506 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-09854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus farciminis CIP 103136 is a bacterial strain with recognized probiotic properties. However, the mechanisms underlying such properties have only been partially elucidated. In this study, we isolated and purified a cell-wall associated polysaccharide (CWPS), and evaluated its biological role in vitro. The structure of CWPS and responses from stimulation of (i) human macrophage-like THP-1 cells, (ii) human embryonal kidney (HEK293) cells stably transfected with Toll-like receptors (TLR2 or TLR4) and (iii) human colonocyte-like T84 intestinal epithelial cells, upon exposure to CWPS were studied. The structure of the purified CWPS from L. farciminis CIP 103136 was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), MALDI-TOF-TOF MS, and methylation analyses in its native form and following Smith degradation. It was shown to be a novel branched polysaccharide, composed of linear backbone of trisaccharide repeating units of: [→6αGlcpNAc1 → 4βManpNAc1 → 4βGlcpNAc1→] highly substituted with single residues of αGlcp, αGalp and αGlcpNAc. Subsequently, the lack of pro- or anti-inflammatory properties of CWPS was established on macrophage-like THP-1 cells. In addition, CWPS failed to modulate cell signaling pathways dependent of TLR2 and TLR4 in transfected HEK-cells. Finally, in T84 cells, CWPS neither influenced intestinal barrier integrity under basal conditions nor prevented TNF-α/IFN-γ cytokine-mediated epithelium impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Maes
- CNRS UMR 8576, UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ Lille, 59 000, Lille, France
| | - Irina Sadovskaya
- Equipe Biochimie des Produits Aquatiques BPA, Institut Régional Charles Violette EA 7394, USC Anses-ULCO, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, Bassin Napoléon, 62327, Boulogne-sur-mer cedex, France
| | - Mathilde Lévêque
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Elass-Rochard
- CNRS UMR 8576, UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ Lille, 59 000, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Payré
- Faculté de Médecine Rangueil, Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie (CMEAB), Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Grard
- Equipe Biochimie des Produits Aquatiques BPA, Institut Régional Charles Violette EA 7394, USC Anses-ULCO, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, Bassin Napoléon, 62327, Boulogne-sur-mer cedex, France
| | - Vassilia Théodorou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Guérardel
- CNRS UMR 8576, UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ Lille, 59 000, Lille, France
| | - Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Yoon HA, Nakouzi A, Chang CC, Kuniholm MH, Carreño LJ, Wang T, Ndung’u T, Lewin SR, French MA, Pirofski LA. Association Between Plasma Antibody Responses and Risk for Cryptococcus-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:420-428. [PMID: 30010905 PMCID: PMC6325352 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals with cryptococcal meningitis places them at risk for Cryptococcus-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (C-IRIS). The relationship between antibody immunity and C-IRIS risk has not been investigated. Methods We compared plasma levels of immunoglobulins, C. neoformans glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) capsule-specific and laminarin (Lam)-binding IgM and IgG, and percentages of peripheral blood total and memory B cells between 27 HIV-infected patients with CM who developed C-IRIS and 63 who did not, and evaluated associations of these parameters with risk of C-IRIS. Results Prior to initiation of ART, plasma IgM, Lam-binding IgM (Lam-IgM), Lam-IgG, and GXM-IgM levels were significantly lower in patients who developed C-IRIS than those who did not. Multivariate analysis revealed significant inverse associations between C-IRIS and IgM (P = .0003), Lam-IgM (P = .0005), Lam-IgG (P = .002), and GXM-IgM (P = .002) independent of age, sex, HIV viral load, CD4+ T-cell count, and cerebrospinal fluid fungal burden. There were no associations between C-IRIS and total or memory B cells. Discussion Antibody profiles that include plasma IgM, Lam-IgM, Lam-IgG, and/or GXM-IgM may have value in furthering our understanding of C-IRIS pathogenesis and hold promise as candidate biomarkers of C-IRIS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Antonio Nakouzi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Christina C Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark H Kuniholm
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York
| | - Leandro J Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital
| | - Martyn A French
- University of Western Australia Medical School and School of Biomedical Sciences, Perth, Australia
| | - Liise-anne Pirofski
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
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Dulal HP, Adachi Y, Ohno N, Yamaguchi Y. β-Glucan-induced cooperative oligomerization of Dectin-1 C-type lectin-like domain. Glycobiology 2018; 28:612-623. [PMID: 29897456 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dectin-1 is a C-type lectin-like pattern recognition receptor that recognizes β(1-3)-glucans present on non-self pathogens. It is of great importance in innate immunity to understand the mechanism whereby Dectin-1 senses β(1-3)-glucans and induces intracellular signaling. In this study, we characterize the ligand binding and ligand-induced oligomerization of murine Dectin-1 using its C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD). Interaction of CTLD with laminarin, a β-glucan ligand, induced a tetramer of CTLD, as evidenced by size exclusion chromatography and multi-angle light scattering. Component analysis suggested a stoichiometry of four CTLD molecules bound to four laminarin molecules. Dimers and trimers of CTLD were not detected suggesting cooperative oligomerization. In order to map the amino acid residues of CTLD involved in β-glucan binding and domain oligomerization, we performed site-directed mutagenesis on surface-exposed and most conserved amino acid residues. Among the mutants examined, W221A, H223A and Y228A abolished oligomer formation. Since these residues are spatially arranged to form a hydrophobic groove, it is likely that W221, H223 and Y228 are directly involved in β-glucan binding. Interestingly, mutation of the residues on the other side of the hydrophobic groove, including Y141, R145 and E243, also exhibited reduced oligomer formation, suggesting involvement in protein-protein interactions guided by laminarin. Ligand titration using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence revealed that wild-type CTLD binds laminarin cooperatively with a Hill coefficient of ~3, while the oligomer-reducing mutations, inside and outside the putative binding site abolish or decrease cooperativity. We suggest that the ligand-induced cooperative oligomer formation of Dectin-1 is physiologically relevant in sensing exogenous β-glucan and triggering intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari P Dulal
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Vogler BW, Brannum J, Chung JW, Seger M, Posewitz MC. Characterization of the Nannochloropsis gaditana storage carbohydrate: A 1,3-beta glucan with limited 1,6-branching. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Natsuka S, Tachibana A, Sumiyoshi W, Nakakita SI, Suzuki N. Preparation of a Molecular Library of Branched β-Glucan Oligosaccharides Derived from Laminarin. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2018; 65:45-49. [PMID: 34354512 PMCID: PMC8056915 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2018_004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the structure of β-glucans, we developed a separation method and molecular library of β-glucan oligosaccharides. The oligosaccharides were prepared by partial acid hydrolysis from laminarin, which is a β-glucan of Laminaria digitata. They were labeled with the 2-aminopyridine fluorophore and separated to homogeneity by size-fractionation and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Branching structures of all isomeric oligosaccharides from trimers to pentamers were determined, and a two-dimensional (2D)-HPLC map of the β-glucan oligosaccharides was made based on the data. Next, structural analysis of the longer β-glucan oligosaccharide was performed using the 2D-HPLC map. A branched decamer oligosaccharide was isolated from the β-glucan and cleaved to smaller oligosaccharides by partial acid hydrolysis. The structure of the longer oligosaccharide was successfully elucidated from the fragment structures determined by the 2D-HPLC map. The molecular library and the 2D-HPLC map described in this study will be useful for the structural analysis of β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Natsuka
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University
| | - Aki Tachibana
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University.,2 Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
| | | | | | - Noriko Suzuki
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University
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Mystkowska AA, Robb C, Vidal-Melgosa S, Vanni C, Fernandez-Guerra A, Höhne M, Hehemann JH. Molecular recognition of the beta-glucans laminarin and pustulan by a SusD-like glycan-binding protein of a marine Bacteroidetes. FEBS J 2018; 285:4465-4481. [PMID: 30300505 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Marine bacteria catabolize carbohydrate polymers of algae, which synthesize these structurally diverse molecules in ocean surface waters. Although algal glycans are an abundant carbon and energy source in the ocean, the molecular details that enable specific recognition between algal glycans and bacterial degraders remain largely unknown. Here we characterized a surface protein, GMSusD from the planktonic Bacteroidetes-Gramella sp. MAR_2010_102 that thrives during algal blooms. Our biochemical and structural analyses show that GMSusD binds glucose polysaccharides such as branched laminarin and linear pustulan. The 1.8 Å crystal structure of GMSusD indicates that three tryptophan residues form the putative glycan-binding site. Mutagenesis studies confirmed that these residues are crucial for laminarin recognition. We queried metagenomes of global surface water datasets for the occurrence of SusD-like proteins and found sequences with the three structurally conserved residues in different locations in the ocean. The molecular selectivity of GMSusD underscores that specific interactions are required for laminarin recognition. In conclusion, our findings provide insight into the molecular details of β-glucan binding by GMSusD and our bioinformatic analysis reveals that this molecular interaction may contribute to glucan cycling in the surface ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Anna Mystkowska
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Craig Robb
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Silvia Vidal-Melgosa
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Chiara Vanni
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Antonio Fernandez-Guerra
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias Höhne
- Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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42
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Kappelmann L, Krüger K, Hehemann JH, Harder J, Markert S, Unfried F, Becher D, Shapiro N, Schweder T, Amann RI, Teeling H. Polysaccharide utilization loci of North Sea Flavobacteriia as basis for using SusC/D-protein expression for predicting major phytoplankton glycans. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 13:76-91. [PMID: 30111868 PMCID: PMC6298971 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Marine algae convert a substantial fraction of fixed carbon dioxide into various polysaccharides. Flavobacteriia that are specialized on algal polysaccharide degradation feature genomic clusters termed polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs). As knowledge on extant PUL diversity is sparse, we sequenced the genomes of 53 North Sea Flavobacteriia and obtained 400 PULs. Bioinformatic PUL annotations suggest usage of a large array of polysaccharides, including laminarin, α-glucans, and alginate as well as mannose-, fucose-, and xylose-rich substrates. Many of the PULs exhibit new genetic architectures and suggest substrates rarely described for marine environments. The isolates’ PUL repertoires often differed considerably within genera, corroborating ecological niche-associated glycan partitioning. Polysaccharide uptake in Flavobacteriia is mediated by SusCD-like transporter complexes. Respective protein trees revealed clustering according to polysaccharide specificities predicted by PUL annotations. Using the trees, we analyzed expression of SusC/D homologs in multiyear phytoplankton bloom-associated metaproteomes and found indications for profound changes in microbial utilization of laminarin, α-glucans, β-mannan, and sulfated xylan. We hence suggest the suitability of SusC/D-like transporter protein expression within heterotrophic bacteria as a proxy for the temporal utilization of discrete polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Krüger
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jens Harder
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Markert
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Unfried
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute for Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Schweder
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. .,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Rudolf I Amann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Hanno Teeling
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
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43
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Endo-β-1,3-glucanase digestion combined with the HPAEC-PAD-MS/MS analysis reveals the structural differences between two laminarins with different bioactivities. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 194:339-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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44
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Vinogradov E, Sadovskaya I, Courtin P, Kulakauskas S, Grard T, Mahony J, van Sinderen D, Chapot-Chartier MP. Determination of the cell wall polysaccharide and teichoic acid structures from Lactococcus lactis IL1403. Carbohydr Res 2018; 462:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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45
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Wang X, Wang X, Jiang H, Cai C, Li G, Hao J, Yu G. Marine polysaccharides attenuate metabolic syndrome by fermentation products and altering gut microbiota: An overview. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:601-612. [PMID: 29805017 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine polysaccharides (MPs), including plant, animal, and microbial-derived polysaccharides, can alleviate metabolic syndrome (MetS) by different regulation mechanisms. MPs and their derivatives can attenuate MetS by vary cellular signal pathways, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α. Also, most of MPs cannot be degraded by human innate enzymes, but they can be degraded and fermented by human gut microbiota. The final metabolic products of these polysaccharides are usually short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which can change the gut microbiota ecology by altering the existing percentage of special microorganisms. In addition, the SCFAs and changed gut microbiota can regulate enteroendocrine hormone secretion, blood glucose, lipid metabolism levels, and other MetS symptoms. Here, we summarize the up-to-date findings on the effects of MPs, particularly marine microbial-derived polysaccharides, and their metabolites on attenuating MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Obstetrics Department (Work Number 002312), Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Group), Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jiejie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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46
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Krzyzaniak Y, Negrel J, Lemaitre-Guillier C, Clément G, Mouille G, Klinguer A, Trouvelot S, Héloir MC, Adrian M. Combined enzymatic and metabolic analysis of grapevine cell responses to elicitors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:141-148. [PMID: 29241147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Elicitors trigger plant defense responses, including phytoalexin production and cell-wall reinforcement. Primary metabolism plays an important role in these responses as it fuels the associated energetic costs and provides precursors for the synthesis of the numerous secondary metabolites involved in defenses against pathogens. In this context, we aimed to determine whether oligosaccharidic elicitors differing in their capacity to activate defense-associated secondary metabolism in grapevine would differently impact primary metabolism. To answer this question, cell suspensions were treated with two elicitors: an oligogalacturonide, and the β-glucan laminarin. Enzymatic activity assays together with targeted (HPLC) and global (GC-MS) analyses of metabolites were next performed to compare their impact on plant primary or secondary metabolism. The results showed that the oligogalacturonide, which induced the highest level of the phytoalexin resveratrol and the highest activity of stilbene synthase, also induced the highest activity of shikimate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of lignin. The oligogalacturonide-induced defenses had a significant impact on primary metabolism 24 h following elicitor treatment, with a reduced abundance of pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate, together with an increase of a set of metabolites including carbohydrates and amino acids. Interestingly, an accumulation of galacturonate and gentiobiose was observed in the oligogalacturonide- and laminarin-treated cells, respectively, suggesting that both elicitors are rapidly hydrolyzed in grapevine cell suspension cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Krzyzaniak
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Jonathan Negrel
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | | | - Gilles Clément
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France.
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France.
| | - Agnès Klinguer
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Marie-Claire Héloir
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Marielle Adrian
- UMR Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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NAKASHIMA A, YAMADA K, IWATA O, SUGIMOTO R, ATSUJI K, OGAWA T, ISHIBASHI-OHGO N, SUZUKI K. β-Glucan in Foods and Its Physiological Functions. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2018; 64:8-17. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.64.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Sweeney T, Meredith H, Vigors S, McDonnell MJ, Ryan M, Thornton K, O’Doherty JV. Extracts of laminarin and laminarin/fucoidan from the marine macroalgal species Laminaria digitata improved growth rate and intestinal structure in young chicks, but does not influence Campylobacter jejuni colonisation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Another Brick in the Wall: a Rhamnan Polysaccharide Trapped inside Peptidoglycan of Lactococcus lactis. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01303-17. [PMID: 28900021 PMCID: PMC5596347 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01303-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are ubiquitous components of the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall. In Lactococcus lactis, a polysaccharide pellicle (PSP) forms a layer at the cell surface. The PSP structure varies among lactococcal strains; in L. lactis MG1363, the PSP is composed of repeating hexasaccharide phosphate units. Here, we report the presence of an additional neutral polysaccharide in L. lactis MG1363 that is a rhamnan composed of α-l-Rha trisaccharide repeating units. This rhamnan is still present in mutants devoid of the PSP, indicating that its synthesis can occur independently of PSP synthesis. High-resolution magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) analysis of whole bacterial cells identified a PSP at the surface of wild-type cells. In contrast, rhamnan was detected only at the surface of PSP-negative mutant cells, indicating that rhamnan is located underneath the surface-exposed PSP and is trapped inside peptidoglycan. The genetic determinants of rhamnan biosynthesis appear to be within the same genetic locus that encodes the PSP biosynthetic machinery, except the gene tagO encoding the initiating glycosyltransferase. We present a model of rhamnan biosynthesis based on an ABC transporter-dependent pathway. Conditional mutants producing reduced amounts of rhamnan exhibit strong morphological defects and impaired division, indicating that rhamnan is essential for normal growth and division. Finally, a mutation leading to reduced expression of lcpA, encoding a protein of the LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) family, was shown to severely affect cell wall structure. In lcpA mutant cells, in contrast to wild-type cells, rhamnan was detected by HR-MAS NMR, suggesting that LcpA participates in the attachment of rhamnan to peptidoglycan.IMPORTANCE In the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, the peptidoglycan sacculus is considered the major structural component, maintaining cell shape and integrity. It is decorated with other glycopolymers, including polysaccharides, the roles of which are not fully elucidated. In the ovococcus Lactococcus lactis, a polysaccharide with a different structure between strains forms a layer at the bacterial surface and acts as the receptor for various bacteriophages that typically exhibit a narrow host range. The present report describes the identification of a novel polysaccharide in the L. lactis cell wall, a rhamnan that is trapped inside the peptidoglycan and covalently bound to it. We propose a model of rhamnan synthesis based on an ABC transporter-dependent pathway. Rhamnan appears as a conserved component of the lactococcal cell wall playing an essential role in growth and division, thus highlighting the importance of polysaccharides in the cell wall integrity of Gram-positive ovococci.
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50
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Bonfim-Mendonça PDS, Capoci IRG, Tobaldini-Valerio FK, Negri M, Svidzinski TIE. Overview of β-Glucans from Laminaria spp.: Immunomodulation Properties and Applications on Biologic Models. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1629. [PMID: 28878139 PMCID: PMC5618472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucans are a group of glucose polymers that are found in bacteria, algae, fungi, and plants. While their properties are well known, their biochemical and solubility characteristics vary considerably, and glucans obtained from different sources can have different applications. Research has described the bioactivity of β-glucans extracted from the algae of the Laminaria genus, including in vivo and in vitro studies assessing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, vaccine production, inhibition of cell proliferation, and anti- and pro-oxidant activity. Thus, the objective of this article was to review the potential application of β-glucans from Laminaria spp. in terms of their immunomodulatory properties, microorganism host interaction, anti-cancer activity and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Isis Regina Grenier Capoci
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Kelly Tobaldini-Valerio
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Pathophysiology, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Melyssa Negri
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil.
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