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Liu S, Chowdhury EA, Xu V, Jerez A, Mahmood L, Ly BQ, Le HK, Nguyen A, Rajwade A, Meno-Tetang G, Shah DK. Whole-Body Disposition and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Adeno-Associated Viruses and the Transgene Product. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:141-157. [PMID: 37805073 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate model-informed drug development (MIDD) of adeno-associated virus (AAV) therapy, here we have developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for AAVs following preclinical investigation in mice. After 2E11 Vg/mouse dose of AAV8 and AAV9 encoding a monoclonal antibody (mAb) gene, whole-body disposition of both the vector and the transgene mAb was evaluated over 3 weeks. At steady-state, the following tissue-to-blood (T/B) concentration ratios were found for AAV8/9: ∼50 for liver; ∼10 for heart and muscle; ∼2 for brain, lung, kidney, adipose, and spleen; ≤1 for bone, skin, and pancreas. T/B values for mAb were compared with the antibody biodistribution coefficients, and five different clusters of organs were identified based on their transgene expression profile. All the biodistribution data were used to develop a novel AAV PBPK model that incorporates: (i) whole-body distribution of the vector; (ii) binding, internalization, and intracellular processing of the vector; (iii) transgene expression and secretion; and (iv) whole-body disposition of the secreted transgene product. The model was able to capture systemic and tissue PK of the vector and the transgene-produced mAb reasonably well. Pathway analysis of the PBPK model suggested that liver, muscle, and heart are the main contributors for the secreted transgene mAb. Unprecedented PK data and the novel PBPK model developed here provide the foundation for quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) investigations of AAV-mediated gene therapies. The PBPK model can also serve as a quantitative tool for preclinical study design and preclinical-to-clinical translation of AAV-based gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ekram Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Vivian Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Anthony Jerez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Leeha Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Bao Quoc Ly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Huyen Khanh Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Anne Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Aneesh Rajwade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Guy Meno-Tetang
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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Korosec CS, Farhang-Sardroodi S, Dick DW, Gholami S, Ghaemi MS, Moyles IR, Craig M, Ooi HK, Heffernan JM. Long-term durability of immune responses to the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines based on dosage, age and sex. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21232. [PMID: 36481777 PMCID: PMC9732004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 are a widely adopted multi vaccination public health strategy to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical trial data has described the immunogenicity of the vaccine, albeit within a limited study time frame. Here, we use a within-host mathematical model for LNP-formulated mRNA vaccines, informed by available clinical trial data from 2020 to September 2021, to project a longer term understanding of immunity as a function of vaccine type, dosage amount, age, and sex. We estimate that two standard doses of either mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2, with dosage times separated by the company-mandated intervals, results in individuals losing more than 99% humoral immunity relative to peak immunity by 8 months following the second dose. We predict that within an 8 month period following dose two (corresponding to the original CDC time-frame for administration of a third dose), there exists a period of time longer than 1 month where an individual has lost more than 99% humoral immunity relative to peak immunity, regardless of which vaccine was administered. We further find that age has a strong influence in maintaining humoral immunity; by 8 months following dose two we predict that individuals aged 18-55 have a four-fold humoral advantage compared to aged 56-70 and 70+ individuals. We find that sex has little effect on the immune response and long-term IgG counts. Finally, we find that humoral immunity generated from two low doses of mRNA-1273 decays at a substantially slower rate relative to peak immunity gained compared to two standard doses of either mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2. Our predictions highlight the importance of the recommended third booster dose in order to maintain elevated levels of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chapin S Korosec
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Suzan Farhang-Sardroodi
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manitoba, 186 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David W Dick
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sameneh Gholami
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Mohammad Sajjad Ghaemi
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 222 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3J1, Canada
| | - Iain R Moyles
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Morgan Craig
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal & Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Centre, 3175, ch. Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Hsu Kiang Ooi
- Digital Technologies Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 222 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3J1, Canada
| | - Jane M Heffernan
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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3
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Kotagiri P, Mescia F, Hanson AL, Turner L, Bergamaschi L, Peñalver A, Richoz N, Moore SD, Ortmann BM, Dunmore BJ, Morgan MD, Tuong ZK, Göttgens B, Toshner M, Hess C, Maxwell PH, Clatworthy MR, Nathan JA, Bradley JR, Lyons PA, Burrows N, Smith KGC. The impact of hypoxia on B cells in COVID-19. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103878. [PMID: 35189575 PMCID: PMC8856886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prominent early features of COVID-19 include severe, often clinically silent, hypoxia and a pronounced reduction in B cells, the latter important in defence against SARS-CoV-2. This presentation resembles the phenotype of mice with VHL-deficient B cells, in which Hypoxia-Inducible Factors are constitutively active, suggesting hypoxia might drive B cell abnormalities in COVID-19. METHODS Detailed B cell phenotyping was undertaken by flow-cytometry on longitudinal samples from patients with COVID-19 across a range of severities (NIHR Cambridge BioResource). The impact of hypoxia on the transcriptome was assessed by single-cell and whole blood RNA sequencing analysis. The direct effect of hypoxia on B cells was determined through immunisation studies in genetically modified and hypoxia-exposed mice. FINDINGS We demonstrate the breadth of early and persistent defects in B cell subsets in moderate/severe COVID-19, including reduced marginal zone-like, memory and transitional B cells, changes also observed in B cell VHL-deficient mice. These findings were associated with hypoxia-related transcriptional changes in COVID-19 patient B cells, and similar B cell abnormalities were seen in mice kept in hypoxic conditions. INTERPRETATION Hypoxia may contribute to the pronounced and persistent B cell pathology observed in acute COVID-19 pneumonia. Assessment of the impact of early oxygen therapy on these immune defects should be considered, as their correction could contribute to improved outcomes. FUNDING Evelyn Trust, Addenbrooke's Charitable Trust, UKRI/NIHR, Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanti Kotagiri
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Mescia
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Aimee L Hanson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lorinda Turner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bergamaschi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Peñalver
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
| | - Nathan Richoz
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton. United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Moore
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Brian M Ortmann
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Dunmore
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Morgan
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom; EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton. United Kingdom
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Wellcome & MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Toshner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Heart and Lung Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Hess
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick H Maxwell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton. United Kingdom
| | - James A Nathan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Burrows
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge.
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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EBI2-expressing B cells in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with AQP4-IgG: Association with acute attacks and serum cytokines. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577637. [PMID: 34229205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) is important in regulating B cell activation. We investigated whether EBI2 expression on B cells is associated with acute attacks in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with aquaporin-4 IgG (AQP4-IgG(+) NMOSD). Blood samples were collected from patients with AQP4-IgG(+) NMOSD, multiple sclerosis (MS), and patients without inflammatory demyelinating diseases (non-IDD controls). CD19+ B cells and CD4+ T cells were analyzed for surface expression of EBI2. Serum cytokine levels were also analyzed. The EBI2+CD19+ to EBI2-CD19+ cell ratio was significantly higher in patients with AQP4-IgG(+) NMOSD enrolled within 2 months of an attack than in those with non-IDDs (p = 0.007) and MS (p = 0.003). Patients with AQP4-IgG(+) NMOSD enrolled within 2 months of an attack had a higher EBI2+CD19+ cell frequency than patients with AQP4-IgG(+) NMOSD enrolled 2 months after a recent attack (p = 0.001). The EBI2+CD19+ cell frequency was positively correlated with interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. EBI2 expression on B cells could be associated with acute attacks of AQP4-IgG(+) NMOSD, possibly through IL-6- or IL-10-related pathways.
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5
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DiSano KD, Gilli F, Pachner AR. Memory B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: Emerging Players in Disease Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676686. [PMID: 34168647 PMCID: PMC8217754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Once thought to be primarily driven by T cells, B cells are emerging as central players in MS immunopathogenesis. Interest in multiple B cell phenotypes in MS expanded following the efficacy of B cell-depleting agents targeting CD20 in relapsing-remitting MS and inflammatory primary progressive MS patients. Interestingly, these therapies primarily target non-antibody secreting cells. Emerging studies seek to explore B cell functions beyond antibody-mediated roles, including cytokine production, antigen presentation, and ectopic follicle-like aggregate formation. Importantly, memory B cells (Bmem) are rising as a key B cell phenotype to investigate in MS due to their antigen-experience, increased lifespan, and rapid response to stimulation. Bmem display diverse effector functions including cytokine production, antigen presentation, and serving as antigen-experienced precursors to antibody-secreting cells. In this review, we explore the cellular and molecular processes involved in Bmem development, Bmem phenotypes, and effector functions. We then examine how these concepts may be applied to the potential role(s) of Bmem in MS pathogenesis. We investigate Bmem both within the periphery and inside the CNS compartment, focusing on Bmem phenotypes and proposed functions in MS and its animal models. Finally, we review how current immunomodulatory therapies, including B cell-directed therapies and other immunomodulatory therapies, modify Bmem and how this knowledge may be harnessed to direct therapeutic strategies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista D. DiSano
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine & Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
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6
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Rajendiran S, Boyer SW, Forsberg EC. A quantitative hematopoietic stem cell reconstitution protocol: Accounting for recipient variability, tissue distribution and cell half-lives. Stem Cell Res 2020; 50:102145. [PMID: 33486300 PMCID: PMC8239062 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation is the paradigm for stem cell therapies. The protocol described here enables quantitative assessment of the body-wide HSPC reconstitution of different mature hematopoietic cells in mice based on their presence in circulating blood. The method determines donor-derived mature cell populations per mouse, over time, by quantitatively obtaining their absolute numbers in the peripheral blood and utilizing previously assessed tissue-distribution factors. A Markov-based birth/death computational model accounts for the drastic differences in mature cell half-lives. By quantifying the number of cells produced and eliminating host variability, the protocol can be used to directly compare the lineage output of different types of HSPCs on a per cell basis, thereby clarifying the lineage potential and expansion capacity of different cell populations. These protocols were developed for hematopoiesis, but can readily be extended to other contexts by simply replacing the cell types and distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi Rajendiran
- Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Scott W Boyer
- Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - E Camilla Forsberg
- Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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7
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Miura A, Shimbo T, Kitayama T, Ouchi Y, Yamazaki S, Nishida M, Takaki E, Yamamoto R, Wijaya E, Tamai K. Contribution of PDGFRα lineage cells in adult mouse hematopoiesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:186-192. [PMID: 33309273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) is a dominant marker of mesodermal mesenchymal cells in mice. Previous studies demonstrated that PDGFRα-positive (PDGFRα+) mesodermal cells develop not only into mesenchymal cells but also into a subset of total hematopoietic cells (HCs) in the limited period during mouse embryogenesis. However, the precise characteristics of the PDGFRα lineage positive (PDGFRα Lin+) HCs in adult mouse hematopoiesis are largely unknown. In this study, we systematically evaluated the characteristics of PDGFRα Lin+ HCs in the bone marrow and peripheral blood using PDGFRα-CRE; ROSAtdTomato mice. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that PDGFRα Lin+ HCs accounted for approximately 20% of total HCs in both the bone marrow and peripheral blood in adult mice. Compositions of myeloid and lymphoid subpopulations among CD45+ mononuclear cells were almost identical in both PDGFRα Lin+ and PDGFRα Lin- cells. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis also demonstrated that the transcriptomic signatures of the PDGFRα Lin+ HCs in the peripheral blood largely overlapped with those of the PDGFRα Lin- HCs, suggesting equivalent functions of the PDGFRα Lin+ and PDGFRα Lin- HCs. Although pathophysiological activities of the PDGFRα Lin + HCs were not evaluated, our data clearly demonstrate a significant role of the PDGFRα Lin + HCs in physiological hematopoiesis in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaka Miura
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimbo
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan; StemRIM Institute of Regeneration-Inducing Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kitayama
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan; StemRIM Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yuya Ouchi
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan; StemRIM Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Sho Yamazaki
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan; StemRIM Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Mami Nishida
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan; StemRIM Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Eiichi Takaki
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan; StemRIM Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Ryoma Yamamoto
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan; StemRIM Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Edward Wijaya
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan; StemRIM Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Katsuto Tamai
- Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
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8
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Rhodes SJ, Guedj J, Fletcher HA, Lindenstrøm T, Scriba TJ, Evans TG, Knight GM, White RG. Using vaccine Immunostimulation/Immunodynamic modelling methods to inform vaccine dose decision-making. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:36. [PMID: 30245860 PMCID: PMC6141590 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike drug dose optimisation, mathematical modelling has not been applied to vaccine dose finding. We applied a novel Immunostimulation/Immunodynamic mathematical modelling framework to translate multi-dose TB vaccine immune responses from mice, to predict most immunogenic dose in humans. Data were previously collected on IFN-γ secreting CD4+ T cells over time for novel TB vaccines H56 and H1 adjuvanted with IC31 in mice (1 dose groups (0.1-1.5 and 15 μg H56 + IC31), 45 mice) and humans (1 dose (50 μg H56/H1 + IC31), 18 humans). A two-compartment mathematical model, describing the dynamics of the post-vaccination IFN-γ T cell response, was fitted to mouse and human data, separately, using nonlinear mixed effects methods. We used these fitted models and a vaccine dose allometric scaling assumption, to predict the most immunogenic human dose. Based on the changes in model parameters by mouse H56 + IC31 dose and by varying the H56 dose allometric scaling factor between mouse and humans, we established that, at a late time point (224 days) doses of 0.8-8 μg H56 + IC31 in humans may be the most immunogenic. A 0.8-8 μg of H-series TB vaccines in humans, may be as, or more, immunogenic, as larger doses. The Immunostimulation/Immunodynamic mathematical modelling framework is a novel, and potentially revolutionary tool, to predict most immunogenic vaccine doses, and accelerate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J. Rhodes
- TB Modelling Group, CMMID, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jeremie Guedj
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Helen A. Fletcher
- Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Gwenan M. Knight
- TB Modelling Group, CMMID, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Richard G. White
- TB Modelling Group, CMMID, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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9
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Nakaoka S, Iwami S, Sato K. Dynamics of HIV infection in lymphoid tissue network. J Math Biol 2015; 72:909-938. [PMID: 26507442 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-015-0940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a fast replicating ribonucleic acid virus, which can easily mutate in order to escape the effects of drug administration. Hence, understanding the basic mechanisms underlying HIV persistence in the body is essential in the development of new therapies that could eradicate HIV infection. Lymphoid tissues are the primary sites of HIV infection. Despite the recent progress in real-time monitoring technology, HIV infection dynamics in a whole body is unknown. Mathematical modeling and simulations provide speculations on global behavior of HIV infection in the lymphatic system. We propose a new mathematical model that describes the spread of HIV infection throughout the lymphoid tissue network. In order to represent the volume difference between lymphoid tissues, we propose the proportionality of several kinetic parameters to the lymphoid tissues' volume distribution. Under this assumption, we perform extensive numerical computations in order to simulate the spread of HIV infection in the lymphoid tissue network. Numerical computations simulate single drug treatments of an HIV infection. One of the important biological speculations derived from this study is a drug saturation effect generated by lymphoid network connection. This implies that a portion of reservoir lymphoid tissues to which drug is not sufficiently delivered would inhibit HIV eradication despite of extensive drug injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Nakaoka
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Shingo Iwami
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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10
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Jones DD, Wilmore JR, Allman D. Cellular Dynamics of Memory B Cell Populations: IgM+ and IgG+ Memory B Cells Persist Indefinitely as Quiescent Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4753-9. [PMID: 26438523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite their critical role in long-term immunity, the life span of individual memory B cells remains poorly defined. Using a tetracycline-regulated pulse-chase system, we measured population turnover rates and individual t1/2 of pre-established Ag-induced Ig class-switched and IgM-positive memory B cells over 402 d. Our results indicate that, once established, both IgG-positive and less frequent IgM-positive memory populations are exceptionally stable, with little evidence of attrition or cellular turnover. Indeed, the vast majority of cells in both pools exhibited t1/2 that appear to exceed the life span of the mouse, contrasting dramatically with mature naive B cells. These results indicate that recall Ab responses are mediated by stable pools of extremely long-lived cells, and suggest that Ag-experienced B cells employ remarkably efficient survival mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joel R Wilmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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11
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Liao KL, Bai XF, Friedman A. Mathematical modeling of Interleukin-35 promoting tumor growth and angiogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110126. [PMID: 25356878 PMCID: PMC4214702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-35 (IL-35), a cytokine from the Interleukin-12 cytokine family, has been considered as an anti-inflammatory cytokine which promotes tumor progression and tumor immune evasion. It has also been demonstrated that IL-35 is secreted by regulatory T cells. Recent mouse experiments have shown that IL-35 produced by cancer cells promotes tumor growth via enhancing myeloid cell accumulation and angiogenesis, and reducing the infiltration of activated CD8[Formula: see text] T cells into tumor microenvironment. In the present paper we develop a mathematical model based on these experimental results. We include in the model an anti-IL-35 drug as treatment. The extended model (with drug) is used to design protocols of anti-IL-35 injections for treatment of cancer. We find that with a fixed total amount of drug, continuous injection has better efficacy than intermittent injections in reducing the tumor load while the treatment is ongoing. We also find that the percentage of tumor reduction under anti-IL-35 treatment improves when the production of IL-35 by cancer is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ling Liao
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xue-Feng Bai
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Avner Friedman
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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12
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Oropallo MA, Goenka R, Cancro MP. Spinal cord injury impacts B cell production, homeostasis, and activation. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:421-7. [PMID: 25443579 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Complex interactions govern the interplay of central nervous and immune systems, including the generation, homeostatic maintenance, and activation of B cells. Accordingly, spinal cord injury will likely impact all of these processes. Several laboratories have recently explored this possibility, and their observations in aggregate reveal both acute and chronic consequences that can vary based on the injury location. Acute effects include a transient cessation of bone marrow B lymphopoiesis, with a corresponding drop in the peripheral follicular and transitional B cell subsets, whereas the marginal zone subset is preserved. Despite recovery of B lymphopoiesis by 28 days post injury, follicular B cell numbers remain depressed; this may reflect reduced levels of the homeostatic cytokine BLyS. In general, the ability to mount T dependent antibody responses after injury are intact, as are pre-existing memory B cell pools and antibody levels. In contrast, T-independent responses are chronically compromised. Both glucocorticoid-dependent and -independent processes mediate these effects, but a detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved awaits further study. Nonetheless, these observations in toto strengthen the growing appreciation for bidirectional interactions between the CNS and immune system, highlighting the need for further basic and translational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Oropallo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 284 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Radhika Goenka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 284 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 284 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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13
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Contractile forces sustain and polarize hematopoiesis from stem and progenitor cells. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 14:81-93. [PMID: 24268694 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells depend on asymmetric division and polarized motility processes that in other cell types are modulated by nonmuscle myosin-II (MII) forces and matrix mechanics. Here, mass spectrometry-calibrated intracellular flow cytometry of human hematopoiesis reveals MIIB to be a major isoform that is strongly polarized in hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors (HSC/Ps) and thereby downregulated in differentiated cells via asymmetric division. MIIA is constitutive and activated by dephosphorylation during cytokine-triggered differentiation of cells grown on stiff, endosteum-like matrix, but not soft, marrow-like matrix. In vivo, MIIB is required for generation of blood, while MIIA is required for sustained HSC/P engraftment. Reversible inhibition of both isoforms in culture with blebbistatin enriches for long-term hematopoietic multilineage reconstituting cells by 5-fold or more as assessed in vivo. Megakaryocytes also become more polyploid, producing 4-fold more platelets. MII is thus a multifunctional node in polarized division and niche sensing.
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14
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A mathematical model representing cellular immune development and response to Salmonella of chicken intestinal tissue. J Theor Biol 2013; 330:75-87. [PMID: 23603730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to create a dynamic mathematical model of the development of the cellular branch of the intestinal immune system of poultry during the first 42 days of life and of its response towards an oral infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. The system elements were grouped in five important classes consisting of intra- and extracellular S. Enteritidis bacteria, macrophages, CD4+, and CD8+ cells. Twelve model variables were described by ordinary differential equations, including 50 parameters. Parameter values were estimated from literature or from own immunohistochemistry data. The model described the immune development in non-infected birds with an average R² of 0.87. The model showed less accuracy in reproducing the immune response to S. Enteritidis infection, with an average R² of 0.51, although model response did follow observed trends in time. Evaluation of the model against independent data derived from several infection trials showed strong/significant deviations from observed values. Nevertheless, it was shown that the model could be used to simulate the effect of varying input parameters on system elements response, such as the number of immune cells at hatch. Model simulations allowed one to study the sensitivity of the model outcome for varying model inputs. The initial number of immune cells at hatch was shown to have a profound impact on the predicted development in the number of systemic S. Enteritidis bacteria after infection. The theoretical contribution of this work is the identification of responses in system elements of the developing intestinal immune system of poultry obtaining a mathematical representation which allows one to explore the relationships between these elements under contrasting environmental conditions during different stages of intestinal development.
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15
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Liao KL, Bai XF, Friedman A. The role of CD200-CD200R in tumor immune evasion. J Theor Biol 2013; 328:65-76. [PMID: 23541619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD200 is a cell membrane protein that interacts with CD200 receptor (CD200R) of myeloid lineage cells. During tumor initiation and progression, CD200-positive tumor cells can interact with M1 and M2 macrophages through CD200-CD200R-compex, and downregulate IL-10 and IL-12 productions secreted primarily by M2 and M1 macrophages, respectively. In the tumor microenvironment, IL-10 inhibits the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), while IL-12 enhances CTL activation. In this paper, we used a system approach to determine the combined effect of CD200-CD200R interaction on tumor proliferation by developing a mathematical model. We demonstrate that blocking CD200 on tumor cells may have opposite effects on tumor proliferation depending on the "affinity" of the macrophages to form the CD200-CD200R-complex with tumor cells. Our results help understanding the complexities of tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ling Liao
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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16
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Thomas N, Matejovicova L, Srikusalanukul W, Shawe-Taylor J, Chain B. Directional migration of recirculating lymphocytes through lymph nodes via random walks. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45262. [PMID: 23028891 PMCID: PMC3447944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive T lymphocytes exhibit extensive antigen-independent recirculation between blood and lymph nodes, where they may encounter dendritic cells carrying cognate antigen. We examine how long different T cells may spend in an individual lymph node by examining data from long term cannulation of blood and efferent lymphatics of a single lymph node in the sheep. We determine empirically the distribution of transit times of migrating T cells by applying the Least Absolute Shrinkage & Selection Operator (LASSO) or regularised S-LASSO to fit experimental data describing the proportion of labelled infused cells in blood and efferent lymphatics over time. The optimal inferred solution reveals a distribution with high variance and strong skew. The mode transit time is typically between 10 and 20 hours, but a significant number of cells spend more than 70 hours before exiting. We complement the empirical machine learning based approach by modelling lymphocyte passage through the lymph node insilico. On the basis of previous two photon analysis of lymphocyte movement, we optimised distributions which describe the transit times (first passage times) of discrete one dimensional and continuous (Brownian) three dimensional random walks with drift. The optimal fit is obtained when drift is small, i.e. the ratio of probabilities of migrating forward and backward within the node is close to one. These distributions are qualitatively similar to the inferred empirical distribution, with high variance and strong skew. In contrast, an optimised normal distribution of transit times (symmetrical around mean) fitted the data poorly. The results demonstrate that the rapid recirculation of lymphocytes observed at a macro level is compatible with predominantly randomised movement within lymph nodes, and significant probabilities of long transit times. We discuss how this pattern of migration may contribute to facilitating interactions between low frequency T cells and antigen presenting cells carrying cognate antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wichat Srikusalanukul
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - John Shawe-Taylor
- Department of Computer Science, UCL, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benny Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Oropallo MA, Held KS, Goenka R, Ahmad SA, O'Neill PJ, Steward O, Lane TE, Cancro MP. Chronic spinal cord injury impairs primary antibody responses but spares existing humoral immunity in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5257-66. [PMID: 22523388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in immune depression. To better understand how injury inhibits humoral immunity, the effects of chronic thoracic SCI on B cell development and immune responses to thymus-independent type 2 and thymus-dependent Ags were determined. Mice received complete crush injury or control laminectomy at either thoracic level 3, which disrupts descending autonomic control of the spleen, or at thoracic level 9, which conserves most splenic sympathetic activity. Although mature B cell numbers were only mildly reduced, bone marrow B cell production was transiently but profoundly depressed immediately after injury. Despite the return of normal B cell production 4 wk after SCI, mice receiving thoracic level 3 injury showed a significant reduction in their ability to mount primary thymus-independent type 2 or thymus-dependent immune responses. The latter were marked by decreases in germinal center B cells as well as class-switched high-affinity Ab-secreting cells. Importantly, injury did not affect affinity maturation per se, pre-existing B cell memory, or secondary humoral immune responses. Taken together, these findings show that chronic high thoracic SCI impairs the ability to mount optimal Ab responses to new antigenic challenges, but spares previously established humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Oropallo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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18
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Parsons RF, Redfield RR, Rodriguez E, Mustafa MM, Vivek K, Murayama M, Naji A, Noorchashm H. Primary B cell repertoire remodeling to achieve humoral transplantation tolerance. Semin Immunol 2011; 24:109-14. [PMID: 21978627 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current mainstay of immunotherapy in clinical transplantation is T lymphocyte directed. However, it has long been appreciated that the emergence of an alloimmune response mounted by the B lymphocyte compartment and detectable as donor-specific antibodies is a critical challenge to long-term graft survival. Thus, achieving robust transplantation tolerance will require induction of tolerance in both the T- and B-cell compartments. Here we propose that the natural developmental propensity of the B-lymphocyte compartment acquisition of tolerance to self-antigens can be recapitulated to achieve humoral transplantation tolerance. It is our contention B-lymphocyte directed induction immunotherapy would be an important component of emerging strategies for induction of Transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald F Parsons
- Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Parsons RF, Vivek K, Redfield RR, Migone TS, Cancro MP, Naji A, Noorchashm H. B-lymphocyte homeostasis and BLyS-directed immunotherapy in transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2010; 24:207-21. [PMID: 20655723 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Current strategies for immunotherapy after transplantation are primarily T-lymphocyte directed and effectively abrogate acute rejection. However, the reality of chronic allograft rejection attests to the fact that transplantation tolerance remains an elusive goal. Donor-specific antibodies are considered the primary cause of chronic rejection. When naive, alloreactive B-cells encounter alloantigen and are activated, a resilient "sensitized" state, characterized by the presence of high-affinity antibody, is established. Here, we will delineate findings that support transient B-lymphocyte depletion therapy at the time of transplantation to preempt sensitization by eliminating alloreactive specificities from the recipient B-cell pool (ie, "repertoire remodeling"). Recent advances in our understanding of B-lymphocyte homeostasis provide novel targets for immunomodulation in transplantation. Specifically, the tumor necrosis factor-related cytokine BLyS is the dominant survival factor for "tolerance-susceptible" transitional and "preimmune" mature follicular B-cells. The transitional phenotype is the intermediate through which all newly formed B-cells pass before maturing into the follicular subset, which is responsible for mounting an alloantigen-specific antibody response. Systemic BLyS levels dictate the stringency of negative selection during peripheral B-cell repertoire development. Thus, targeting BLyS will likely provide an opportunity for repertoire-directed therapy to eliminate alloreactive B-cell specificities in transplant recipients, a requirement for the achievement of humoral tolerance and prevention of chronic rejection. In this review, the fundamentals of preimmune B-cell selection, homeostasis, and activation will be described. Furthermore, new and current B-lymphocyte-directed therapy for antibody-mediated rejection and the highly sensitized state will be discussed. Overall, our objective is to propose a rational approach for induction of humoral transplantation tolerance by remodeling the primary B-cell repertoire of the allograft recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald F Parsons
- Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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The BLyS family: toward a molecular understanding of B cell homeostasis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2008; 53:1-16. [PMID: 19034695 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-008-9036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The B Lymphocyte Stimulator (BLyS) family of ligands and receptors regulates humoral immunity by controlling B lymphocyte survival and differentiation. Herein, we review the ligands and receptors of this family, their biological functions, and the biochemical processes through which they operate. Pre-immune B lymphocytes rely on BLyS signaling for their survival, whereas antigen experienced B lymphocytes generally interact more avidly with a homologous cytokine, A Proliferation Inducing Ligand (APRIL). The molecular basis for signaling via the three BLyS family receptors reveals complex interplay with other B lymphocyte signaling systems, affording the integration of selective and homeostatic processes. As our understanding of this system advances, molecular targets for manipulating humoral immunity in both health and disease should be revealed.
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21
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Treml LS, Quinn WJ, Treml JF, Scholz JL, Cancro MP. Manipulating B cell homeostasis: a key component in the advancement of targeted strategies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2008; 56:153-64. [PMID: 18512030 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-008-0017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the homeostatic mechanisms governing lymphocyte pools achieves critical importance as lymphocyte-targeted therapies expand in use and scope. The primacy of B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) family ligands and receptors in governing B lymphocyte homeostasis has become increasingly clear in recent years, affording insight into novel opportunities and potential pitfalls for targeted B cell therapeutics. Interclonal competition for BLyS-BR3 interactions determines the size of naïve B cell pools and can regulate the stringency of selection applied as cells complete maturation. Thus one of the predicted consequences of ablative therapies targeting primary pools is relaxed negative selection. This suggests that BLyS levels and B cell reconstitution rates may serve useful prognostic roles and that BLyS itself might be targeted to circumvent relapse. Alternatively, manipulations that allow rare, minimally autoreactive specificities to survive and mature may lead to opportunities in cases where antibody-based vaccine development has heretofore been unsuccessful. BLyS family ligands and receptors also play a role in activated and memory B cell pools, suggesting they might likewise be targeted to promote or delete particular antigen-experienced subpopulations in a similar way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Treml
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
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22
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Klaus GG, Kunkl A. The role of germinal centres in the generation of immunological memory. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 84:265-80. [PMID: 7023874 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720660.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centres are areas of B lymphocytes proliferation that appear in primary lymphoid follicles after immunization. The results summarized here implicate these structures in the establishment of immunological memory for antibody production. It appears that after primary immunization antigen-antibody-complement complexes become trapped on the membrane of specialized dendritic cells in lymphoid follicles, and these complexes provide the stimulus for germinal centre formation. In support of this, immunization with preformed antigen-antibody complexes, rather than with antigen, leads to the earlier appearance of germinal centres and memory cells, and also accelerates the selective triggering of precursors capable of producing high affinity antibodies.
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23
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Cahill RN, Heron I, Poskitt DC, Trnka Z. Lymphocyte recirculation in the sheep fetus. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 71:145-66. [PMID: 6989565 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720547.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The numbers of circulating thymus-derived and surface Ig-bearing lymphocytes in the fetal lamb increase exponentially over the last third of gestation. Experiments in which [3H]thymidine was continuously infused into fetal lambs have established that these cells are long-lived in the fetus. The migration of 51Cr-labelled autologous lymphocytes from intestinal or prescapular lymph was compared in fetal lambs and adult sheep. A subpopulation of thymus-derived lymphocytes present in intestinal lymph of adults which migrated preferentially to the small intestine was not found in fetal intestinal lymph. There were marked differences in the migration of fetal and adult lymphocytes to the lungs and liver. In spite of the absence of circulating antibodies or immunoglobulins and of extrinsic antigen in the immunologically virgin sheep fetus, the circulation of lymphocytes through the spleen and lymph nodes of fetal lambs was more intense than in the adult, indicating that the pathways of recirculation and the capacity of cells to recirculate arise as a physiological process independently of antigenic stimulation.
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24
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Abstract
In vitro studies indicate that Cul4A ubiquitin ligases target for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis regulators of cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, development, and DNA repair. In hematopoietic cell lines, studies by our group and others showed that Cul4A ligases regulate proliferation and differentiation in maturing myeloid and erythroid cells. In vivo, Cul4A-deficient embryos die in utero. Cul4A haploinsufficient mice are viable but have fewer erythroid and primitive myeloid progenitors. Yet, little more is known about Cul4A function in vivo. To examine Cul4A function in adults, we generated mice with interferon-inducible deletion of Cul4A. Cul4A deficiency resulted in DNA damage and apoptosis of rapidly dividing cells, and mutant mice died within 3 to 10 days after induction with dramatic atrophy of the intestinal villi, bone marrow, and spleen, and with hematopoietic failure. Cul4A deletion in vivo specifically increased cellular levels of the Cul4A ligase targets Cdt1 and p27(Kip1) but not other known targets. Bone marrow transplantation studies with Cul4A deletion in engrafted cells specifically isolated analysis of Cul4A function to hematopoietic cells and resulted in hematopoietic failure. These recipients died within 9 to 11 days, demonstrating that in hematopoietic cells, Cul4A is essential for survival.
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25
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Abstract
Naive T cells have long been thought to recirculate exclusively between secondary lymphoid organs via the lymph and blood. Evidence is now emerging that this view may be too simplistic and that naive T cells routinely traffic through non-lymphoid organs in a manner similar to that of memory T cells, albeit in lower numbers. This represents a fundamental shift in the current paradigm of T-cell migration through different types of tissue. This review summarizes these recent findings, along with the similarities and differences in migratory properties of naive and memory T cells, and discusses how and why naive T cells might access non-lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Cose
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom.
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26
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Kirschner DE, Chang ST, Riggs TW, Perry N, Linderman JJ. Toward a multiscale model of antigen presentation in immunity. Immunol Rev 2007; 216:93-118. [PMID: 17367337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A functioning immune system and the process of antigen presentation in particular encompass events that occur at multiple length and time scales. Despite a wealth of information in the biological literature regarding each of these scales, no single representation synthesizing this information into a model of the overall immune response as it depends on antigen presentation is available. In this article, we outline an approach for integrating information over relevant biological and temporal scales to generate such a representation for major histocompatibility complex class II-mediated antigen presentation. In addition, we begin to address how such models can be used to answer questions about mechanisms of infection and new strategies for treatment and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in immune induction. Not only do they collect antigens in peripheral tissues, and transport and process them for presentation to lymphocytes in draining lymph nodes, but they also regulate the immune response by modulating T-cell differentiation. Intestinal and hepatic DCs migrating in lymph can be collected from rats under near-physiological conditions. Initially, the mesenteric or celiac lymph nodes are removed from young rats (30 min). The afferent and efferent lymph vessels subsequently heal, permitting DCs to enter the thoracic duct. After at least 6 wk, the duct is cannulated (40 min). Lymph can be collected for up to 48 h. DCs can subsequently be identified, enriched and sorted to high degrees of purity. This two-stage technique generates large numbers of immunologically relevant DCs under near-physiological conditions. Lymph collection requires 2-3 h per animal over 6 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W F Milling
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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28
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Bimczok D, Rothkötter HJ. Lymphocyte migration studies. Vet Res 2006; 37:325-38. [PMID: 16611551 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For maintenance of immunity and tolerance, the organs and tissues of the organism are connected by migrating lymphoid cells. Understanding lymphocyte migration is essential for many disorders and diseases-- especially in the mucosa-lined organs. Detailed analyses of migrating lymphocytes have been performed in many species, especially in laboratory animals. However, important experiments in lymphocyte migration have been carried out in large animals, for example sheep, cattle and pigs. These species allow experimental procedures like in situ-organ labelling, lymphocyte retransfusion studies or lymph vessel cannulations. Such studies have made an important contribution to the understanding of the overall principles of lymphocyte migration especially in the mucosal immune system. Major results on the specific migration of naïve and memory T cells through lymphoid organs, the re-distribution of gamma/delta T cells in the intestinal immune system and the emigration of newly produced B cells from the ileal Peyer's patches have been obtained in large animals. Since there are growing numbers of markers for large animals, and molecular biology methods are available in these species, experiments in large animals will be an essential tool for the understanding of lymphocyte migration especially in mucosal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bimczok
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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29
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Milićević NM, Nohroudi K, Milićević Z, Hedrich HJ, Westermann J. T cells are required for the peripheral phase of B-cell maturation. Immunology 2005; 116:308-17. [PMID: 16236120 PMCID: PMC1802424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocyte maturation is considered to be independent of the thymus. However, there is circumstantial evidence suggesting that it may be impaired in nude animals that lack the thymus. Our study shows that the proportion of immature B-lymphocyte subsets (CD90(high) IgM(high) and CD90(high) IgM(low)) was significantly increased, whereas that of mature B-lymphocyte subsets (CD90- IgM(low) and CD90- IgM(high)) was decreased in the blood and lymph nodes of nude rats. In addition, the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, CD44 and l-selectin was significantly down-regulated both on immature and mature B-lymphocyte subsets. After implantation of thymic tissue under the kidney capsule of nude rats the block in B-lymphocyte maturation was alleviated and the expression of surface molecules was normalized. Comparable effects were seen after the adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes. Thus, we show that in nude rats B cells do not mature properly because of the lack of T-cell help and that T lymphocytes are required for the peripheral phase of B-lymphocyte maturation, as well as for the appropriate expression of surface molecules. This should be considered when treating patients with T-cell deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novica M Milićević
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade Medical School, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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30
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Quinn WJ, Scholz JL, Cancro MP. Dwindling competition with constant demand: Can homeostatic adjustments explain age-associated changes in peripheral B cell selection? Semin Immunol 2005; 17:362-9. [PMID: 15970442 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The close relationship between specificity-based selection and homeostatic processes in maintaining peripheral B cell pools has become increasingly evident. Thus, age-associated changes observed within these pools may reflect homeostatic responses to proximal primary lesions. Marked shifts in the size and dynamics of most B lymphocyte subsets and their progenitors occur with age: perturbations in B lineage precursors result in reduced production of immature B lymphocytes in the bone marrow and transitional pools in the periphery, but these effects appear to be offset by compensatory homeostatic processes at the marrow-periphery interface. We propose a model whereby these "distal" homeostatic adjustments relax the stringency of specificity based selection, affording a potential explanation for the increased frequency of autoreactive specificities with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Quinn
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 284 John Morgan Building, 36th And Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-8062, USA
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31
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Abstract
Immature B cells undergo key maturation and selection events after migrating to peripheral lymphoid organs. We will review recent advances in our understanding of the cell populations and molecular interactions underlying the differentiation of immature peripheral B cells into mature marginal zone (MZ) and follicular B cells, and discuss potential mechanisms by which numbers of MZ and follicular B cells are maintained. We will also discuss current controversies over the identity of precursor cells for MZ and follicular B cells, and propose a potentially unifying model for precursor-product relationships in peripheral B cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Srivastava
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
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32
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Crowley JE, Treml LS, Stadanlick JE, Carpenter E, Cancro MP. Homeostatic niche specification among naïve and activated B cells: A growing role for the BLyS family of receptors and ligands. Semin Immunol 2005; 17:193-9. [PMID: 15826824 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocyte homeostasis encompasses the establishment and maintenance of independently regulated niches, within which cells compete for viability promoting resources. The BLyS/BLyS receptor family controls the size and composition of these niches, by governing the selection and survival of most peripheral B cells. Moreover, different receptor-ligand sets from this family dominate the regulation of various B cell subsets. These observations suggest a model whereby the regulation of BLyS receptors by differentiative and stimulatory cues yield characteristic BLyS receptor signatures, thus specifying homeostatic niche and competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni E Crowley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 284 John Morgan Building, 36th And Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-8062, USA
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33
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Abstract
Lymphocyte homeostasis encompasses a continuum of processes that together determine the production, turnover, composition, and representation of lymphocyte pools. These processes include commitment to lymphoid lineages, expansion of progenitor pools, successful transit through intermediate maturation stages, negative and positive selection based on receptor specificity, steady-state maintenance of peripheral lymphocytes, and regulation of antigen-driven activation. Understanding the impact of aging on lymphocyte homeostasis thus requires appreciation of not only the mechanisms responsible for generating and sustaining antigen-reactive B and T cells but also how age-related events can subvert these. Even under the influence of normally operating homeostatic mechanisms, lesions yielding perturbations outside of evolutionarily anticipated boundaries will yield aberrant lymphoid function and representation both upstream and downstream of the primary defect. Accordingly, determining the relative contribution of lineage-intrinsic versus compensatory homoeostatic processes throughout the continuum of lymphoid system development, selection, and maintenance are critical first steps towards understanding age-associated alterations in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Cancro
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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34
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Cancro MP. The BLyS family of ligands and receptors: an archetype for niche-specific homeostatic regulation. Immunol Rev 2005; 202:237-49. [PMID: 15546397 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Discovery and characterization of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family member B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) has opened a novel chapter in the role of TNF family members in the homeostatic control of lymphocyte populations. BLyS and its sister cytokine APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) act primarily as soluble trimers and serve to regulate the steady-state numbers of nearly all B-cell compartments. This homeostatic regulation is accomplished through the regulation of B-cell production rates, selection thresholds, and lifespan. Differential expression of the three BLyS receptors during differentiation and activation provides related yet distinct homeostatic niches for follicular, marginal zone, and memory B-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA.
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35
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Marino S, Kirschner DE. The human immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in lung and lymph node. J Theor Biol 2004; 227:463-86. [PMID: 15038983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2003.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2003] [Revised: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A key issue for the study of tuberculosis is to understand why individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) experience different clinical outcomes. To better understand the dynamics of Mtb infection and immunity, we have previously developed a temporal mathematical model that qualitatively and quantitatively characterizes the cellular and cytokine control network during infection. In this work we extend that model to a two compartmental model to capture the important processes of cellular activation and priming that occur between the lung and the nearest draining lymph node. We are able to reproduce typical disease progression scenarios including primary infection, latency or clearance. Then we use the model to predict key processes determining these different disease trajectories (i.e. identify bifurcation parameters), suggesting directions for further basic science study and potential new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeone Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 6730 Medical Science Building II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, USA.
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36
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Cancro MP, Kearney JF. B Cell Positive Selection: Road Map to the Primary Repertoire? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:15-9. [PMID: 15210753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that positive selection events mediate differentiation, lineage commitment, and longevity of B lymphocytes. The BCR plays a central role, dictating the likelihood that newly formed cells will complete maturation, as well as whether cells persist within mature pools. Competition among B cells for limited, life span-promoting resources, which include self-ligands, lineage-specific cytokines, and innate receptor ligands, underlie these selective processes. Together, these observations suggest that positive selection is a critical feature in the establishment and maintenance of all lymphocyte pools, prompting re-evaluation of the underlying biological rationale for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, John Morgan Building Room 284, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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37
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Abstract
B cells complete maturation after migrating to the periphery, where they transit several intermediate developmental stages prior to recruitment into the long-lived primary pool. Because B-lineage commitment is not regulated by peripheral pool size and most peripheral B cells are quiescent, the primary factors governing steady-state numbers are the proportion of immature B cells surviving transit through later developmental stages and the longevity of mature B cells themselves. Substantial evidence indicates that the B-cell receptor (BCR) plays an essential role in all these processes, but recent findings suggest a central role for the recently described tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family member, B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS). Signaling through one of the BLyS receptors, BLyS receptor 3 (BR3), controls B-cell numbers in two ways: by varying the proportion of cells that complete transitional B-cell development and by serving as the primary determinant of mature B-cell longevity. The recent discovery that BCR signaling is selectively coupled to BR3 expression in a developmentally regulated fashion links BCR- and BLyS-mediated events, suggesting that specificity-based selection and survival may be mechanistically similar processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota at Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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39
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Berard M, Tough DF. Qualitative differences between naïve and memory T cells. Immunology 2002; 106:127-38. [PMID: 12047742 PMCID: PMC1782715 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2002] [Accepted: 04/17/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Berard
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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40
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Bajaria SH, Webb G, Cloyd M, Kirschner D. Dynamics of naive and memory CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV-1 disease progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 30:41-58. [PMID: 12048362 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-200205010-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of naive and memory CD4+ T cells in the immune response to HIV-1 infection can help elucidate typical disease progression patterns observed in HIV-1 patients. Although infection markers such as CD4+ T-cell count and viral load are monitored in patient blood, the lymphatic tissues (LT) have been shown to be an important viral reservoir. Here, we introduce the first comprehensive theoretical model of disease progression based on T-cell subsets and virus circulating between the two compartments of LT and blood. We use this model to predict several trademarks observed in adult HIV-1 disease progression such as the establishment of a setpoint in the asymptomatic stage. Our model predicts that both host and viral elements play a role in determining different disease progression patterns. Viral factors include viral infectivity and production rates, whereas host factors include elements of specific immunity. We also predict the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy and treatment cessation on cellular and viral dynamics in both blood and LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema H Bajaria
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0620, USA
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41
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Harless SM, Lentz VM, Sah AP, Hsu BL, Clise-Dwyer K, Hilbert DM, Hayes CE, Cancro MP. Competition for BLyS-mediated signaling through Bcmd/BR3 regulates peripheral B lymphocyte numbers. Curr Biol 2001; 11:1986-9. [PMID: 11747827 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Striking cell losses occur during late B lymphocyte maturation, reflecting BcR-mediated selection coupled with requisites for viability promoting signals. How selection and survival cues are integrated remains unclear, but a key role for B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS(TM); trademark of Human Genome Sciences, Inc.) is suggested by its marked effects on B cell numbers and autoantibody formation as well as the B lineage-specific expression of BLyS receptors. Our analyses of the B cell-deficient A/WySnJ mouse have established Bcmd as a gene controlling follicular B cell life span, and recent reports show Bcmd encodes a novel BLyS receptor. Here we show that A/WySnJ B cells are unresponsive to BLyS, affording interrogation of how Bcmd influences B cell homeostasis. Mixed marrow chimeras indicate A/WySnJ peripheral B cells compete poorly for peripheral survival. Moreover, in vivo BrdU labeling shows that (A/WySnJ x BALB/c)F(1) B cells have an intermediate but uniform life span, indicating viability requires continuous signaling via this pathway. Together, these findings establish the BLyS/Bcmd pathway as a dominant mediator of B cell survival, suggesting competition for BLyS/Bcmd signals regulates follicular B cell numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Harless
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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42
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Abstract
To study homeostasis of peripheral B lymphocytes in the absence of B cell influx from the bone marrow, we generated a mouse mutant in which the recombination-activating gene (RAG)-2 can be inducibly deleted. When RAG-2 was deleted at the age of 8-10 wk, splenic naive follicular B cells were gradually lost over a year of observation, with a half-life of approximately 4.5 mo. By contrast, the pool of marginal zone B cells in the spleen and of B-1 cells in the peritoneal cavity were kept at normal level. In lymph nodes, approximately 90% of the B cells were lost within 4 mo, and B cell numbers remained constant thereafter. Mice in which RAG-2 was deleted at birth maintained a small population of activated B cells with an increased proportion of marginal zone B cells. Additionally, an increase of the pool of IgM secreting cells and B-1a cells was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyue Hao
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
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43
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Abstract
In this study treating mice with the 'correct' dose of busulphan did not necessarily destroy all haematopoietic stem cells. In certain circumstances host stem cells survived undetected and subsequently resumed haemopoiesis. This may apply to the use of busulphan clinically. We found that the following conditions determined the deletion of mouse stem cells using busulphan: (1) graft size--grafting more than 106 marrow cells ( approximately 0.3% of the animal's stem cells) concealed the survival of stem cells; (2) dose of busulphan--insufficient busulphan did not kill all host stem cells; (3) old or improperly stored busulphan failed to delete all host stem cells; furthermore (4) the survival of host stem cells should be assessed by typing many kinds of circulating cells; and (5) tests should be carried out to determine if busulphan has killed all host stem cells by typing circulating blood cells at appropriate intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jopling
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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44
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Wigginton JE, Kirschner D. A model to predict cell-mediated immune regulatory mechanisms during human infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:1951-67. [PMID: 11160244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A key issue for the study of tuberculosis infection (TB) is to understand why individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis experience different clinical outcomes. Elaborating the immune mechanisms that determine whether an infected individual will suffer active TB or latent infection can aid in developing treatment and prevention strategies. To better understand the dynamics of M. tuberculosis infection and immunity, we have developed a virtual human model that qualitatively and quantitatively characterizes the cellular and cytokine control network operational during TB infection. Using this model, we identify key regulatory elements in the host response. In particular, factors affecting cell functions, such as macrophage activation and bactericidal capabilities, and effector T cell functions such as cytotoxicity and cytokine production can each be determinative. The model indicates, however, that even if latency is achieved, it may come at the expense of tissue damage if the response is not properly regulated. A balance in Th1 and Th2 immune responses governed by IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-4 facilitate this down-regulation. These results are further explored through virtual deletion and depletion experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Wigginton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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45
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46
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Kirschner D, Webb GF, Cloyd M. Model of HIV-1 disease progression based on virus-induced lymph node homing and homing-induced apoptosis of CD4+ lymphocytes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000; 24:352-62. [PMID: 11015152 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200008010-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Several proposed theories have described the progression of HIV infection. Even so, no concrete evidence supports any as comprehensive, including, for example, why the CD4+ T-cell counts fall from 1000/mm3 of blood to roughly 100/mm3 over an average 10-year period, whereas concomitant viral loads are relatively constant, increasing by several orders of magnitude in late-stage disease. Here, we develop and validate a theoretical model that altered lymphocyte circulation patterns between the lymph system and blood due to HIV-induced enhanced lymph-node homing and subsequent apoptosis of resting CD4+ T cells can explain many aspects of HIV-1 disease progression. These results lead to a recalculation of the CD4+ lymphocyte dynamics during highly active antiretroviral therapy, and also suggest new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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47
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Model of HIV-1 Disease Progression Based on Virus-Induced Lymph Node Homing and Homing-Induced Apoptosis of CD4+ Lymphocytes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000. [DOI: 10.1097/00042560-200008010-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Abstract
The immune system relies on cell death to maintain lymphoid homeostasis and avoid disease. Recent evidence has indicated that the caspase family of cysteine proteases is a central effector in apoptotic cell death and is absolutely responsible for many of the morphological features of apoptosis. Cell death, however, can occur through caspase-independent and caspase-dependent pathways. In the case of cells that are irreversibly neglected or damaged, death occurs even in the absence of caspase activity. In contrast, healthy cells require caspase activation to undergo cell death induced by surface receptors. This review summarizes the current understanding of these two pathways of cell death in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rathmell
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Department of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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49
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Albright JW, Mease RC, Lambert C, Albright JF. Effects of aging on the dynamics of lymphocyte organ distribution in mice: use of a radioiodinated cell membrane probe. Mech Ageing Dev 1998; 101:197-211. [PMID: 9622224 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(97)00145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have employed a derivatized aminostyrylpyridinium dye, [125I]I2P-Di-6-ASP, to provide a relatively stable tag on mixed mouse splenocytes and purified B and T cells for the purpose of tracking the distribution of those cells among the organs of normal young (4 months) and aged (> 26 months) recipient mice. Cells from both young and aged donor spleens were studied. Special emphasis was placed on localization of donor cells in the spleens of the recipients because the majority of circulating lymphocytes localize in the spleen and the spleen is the principal organ of primary immune response. There was a profound difference in the efficiency of splenic acquisition of donor cells between young and aged recipients, a difference not found in the liver, lungs, kidneys or heart. In contrast young and old donor lymphocytes lodged equally well in the spleens of recipients of the same age. It was clear that the competence of the splenic microenvironment to serve as a lodging site for circulating lymphocytes deteriorated with age. Such a change could contribute significantly to the deficient immune response of aged subjects. We suggest that aging results in significant change in the splenic extracellular matrix to serve as an adhesive substratum for lymphocytes. Our data point to a need for detailed studies on age-related changes in components of the extracellular matrix within lymphoid tissues. The novel compound which we employed for cell labeling is both radioactive and fluorescent and should be quite suitable for such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Albright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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50
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Cancro MP, Allman DM, Hayes CE, Lentz VM, Fields RG, Sah AP, Tomayko M. B cell maturation and selection at the marrow-periphery interface. Immunol Res 1998; 17:3-11. [PMID: 9479562 DOI: 10.1007/bf02786425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
More than 95% of newly formed B cells die in the short interval spanning sIgM acquisition in the bone marrow and entry into the long-lived pool, suggesting that selective events dictating B cell longevity occur at this stage. These likely include both ligand-induced deletion as well as discrete events that mediate recruitment to the long-lived recirculating pool. We are probing these events through the examination of normal B cell differentiation during this critical period: the characterization of a natural mutation that blocks late maturation, an irradiation/autoreconstitution model of marrow-derived B cell differentiation, and the identification of life span regulatory genes whose expression changes within this window.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Cancro
- Dept. of Pathol., Univ. of Penn., Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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