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Calabrese EJ. Addiction and Dose Response: The Psychomotor Stimulant Theory of Addiction Reveals That Hormetic Dose Responses Are Dominant. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:599-617. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440802026315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mertens J, Müller-Deile J. The value of fentanyl/diazepam anesthesia for experimental operations and recordings of compound action potentials in the guinea pig cochlea. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1991; 248:402-5. [PMID: 1747248 DOI: 10.1007/bf01463563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fentanyl/diazepam anesthesia is an appropriate combination for surgical operations on the guinea pig, since it ensures definitive anesthesia and analgesia without respiratory depression. Comparative investigations with pentobarbital and urethane were carried out to check their applicability for electrocochleographic recordings. We found that fentanyl/diazepam combination anesthesia is more suitable for electrocochleographic investigations than pentobarbital. We were thereby able to prove that pentobarbital has an attenuating effect on electrocochleographic recordings in contrast to the findings reported in the available literature. For this reason, and because the lowest rates of animal morbidity occurred with fentanyl/diazepam, this combination anesthesia should be used preferentially for electrophysiological experiments in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mertens
- ENT Department, University of Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
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Zuniga JR, Joseph SA, Knigge KM. The effects of nitrous oxide on the central endogenous pro-opiomelanocortin system in the rat. Brain Res 1987; 420:57-65. [PMID: 2823975 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that nitrous oxide stimulates the central pro-opiomelanocortin system in vivo was explored in this study. A concentration-dependent stimulation of central pro-opiomelanocortin neuropeptides was demonstrated after exposures to variable concentrations of nitrous oxide with oxygen. Rats exposed to 60% and 80% nitrous oxide with oxygen demonstrated an elevation of beta-endorphin concentration along the neuraxis involved with analgesia; no similar effect was observed in alpha-MSH concentration, neither duration of exposure nor acclimation to the enclosed environment altered this stimulation. The discontinuation of nitrous oxide exposure resulted in the diminution of beta-endorphin concentration to pre-exposure levels in 15-30 min. With an ACTH1-39 antisera, a semiquantitative increase in opiocortin immunoreactivity after exposures to nitrous oxide was demonstrated. In conclusion, the increase in beta-endorphin concentration and immunoreactive ACTH1-39 staining in the cells of origin, areas of fiber projection and terminal fields suggest that nitrous oxide stimulates the central pro-opiomelanocortin system in vivo in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Zuniga
- Neuroendocrine Unit, University of Rochester, NY 14642
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Shapiro SM, Møller AR, Shiu GK. Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials in rats with high-dose pentobarbital. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1984; 58:266-76. [PMID: 6205858 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(84)90112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) are relatively resistant to alteration by barbiturate drugs, but the effects of the high doses that are used clinically to produce deep barbiturate coma for the treatment of intracranial hypertension and postischemic anoxic encephalopathy on BAEPs are unknown. We gave high-dose pentobarbital infusions to mechanically ventilated rats while recording serial BAEPs from the scalp. Pentobarbital progressively suppressed and then abolished all peaks. First the later waves, then all but the first wave, and finally all waves were abolished at intravenous doses of 120, 220, and 260 mg/kg, respectively, in addition to the initial anesthetic dose of 60 mg/kg i.p. The changes were at least partially reversible; peaks returned in reverse order of their disappearance. Peak latencies increased with dose. The results show a significant effect of pentobarbital on BAEPs in the rat, suggesting that BAEPs may be useful in assessing the depth of and recovery from barbiturate coma.
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Caille D, Foutz AS, Vibert JF, Hugelin A. Gallamine and vagotomy enhance respiratory modulation of reticular units. Brain Res 1984; 299:79-89. [PMID: 6722570 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Respiration related units ( RRU ) were recorded in the brainstem of cats with spinal transection at the C7-Th 1 level and breathing N2O. The proportion of RRU in several structures was compared in control and in 3 experimental groups: (1) paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide; (2) vagotomized; and (3) both vagotomized and paralyzed. After gallamine, RRU percentage was multiplied by 3 in the bulbo-pontine reticular formation (RF) and as much as 20 in the mesencephalic RF. Vagotomy multiplied RRU proportions by 2 in the bulbo-pontine RF, by 12 in the mesencephalic RF and by 3 in the pneumotaxic complex (nucleus parabrachialis medialis ( NPBM ) and K olliker -Fuse (KF) nucleus). The effects of gallamine and vagotomy were not additive. Gallamine still increased proportion of RRU in the RF after vagotomy showing that the gallamine effect is not vagally mediated; this was in contrast to the previously reported suppression by vagotomy of phrenic discharge facilitation induced by gallamine. The total number of firing units in the RF was not modified by gallamine or vagotomy. It is concluded that the respiratory modulation of reticular neurons is selectively enhanced by gallamine and vagotomy through two independent mechanisms.
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Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP) and several behaviorally active or inactive structural analogs were administered i.v. to urethane-anesthetized rats in order to determine their effects on CA1 pyramidal cell discharges elicited by contralateral CA3 (cCA3) stimulation. PCP and the behaviorally active m-amino derivative (m-NH2 PCP) depressed, in a dose-dependent manner, the amplitude of the population spike evoked in CA1 by a cCA3 stimulation (ED 50s: 0.9 mg/kg for PCP, 0.5 mg/kg for m-NH2 PCP). However, the behaviorally inactive derivatives m-nitro (m-NO2 PCP) and PCP methyliodide (PCP CH3I) were ineffective up to 10 mg/kg. PCP (0.1-0.3 mg/kg i.v.) also decreased the duration of inhibition of CA1 discharges in a paired-stimulus paradigm; this was in contrast to the effects of thiopental and diazepam. In midcollicular-transected, urethane-anesthetized rats, the inhibitory effect of PCP on cCA3-CA1 transmission was not observed but the drug was still as effective as in intact rats in the paired-stimulus paradigm. In animals subjected to 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the hippocampal noradrenergic innervation (average 85%) decrease in NE content), the potency of PCP in inhibiting cCA3-CA1 transmission was the same as in a group of sham-operated controls. These results suggest the following conclusions: (i) PCP exerts at least 2 separate types of effects in CA1, both of which result from a central action of the drug; (ii) PCP decreases the monosynaptic excitation of CA1 pyramidal cells and this action requires the integrity of brainstem afferents; (iii) PCP may decrease recurrent inhibition or afterhyperpolarization in CA1 via a mechanism which is independent of these connections and, therefore, could result from a direct action of the drug at the level of the hippocampus; (iv) finally, no evidence was found to suggest that the noradrenergic innervation of the hippocampus is critically involved in the action of PCP on CA1 discharges.
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Narkoseeinfl�sse auf akustisch evozierte Potentiale aus dem Colliculus inferior und dem auditiven Cortex beim Meerschweinchen. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00459912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gaudy JH, Dauthier C, Boitier JF, Ferracci F. [Respiratory effects of increasing doses of alfathesin in the dog]. CANADIAN ANAESTHETISTS' SOCIETY JOURNAL 1982; 29:600-11. [PMID: 6814735 DOI: 10.1007/bf03007748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In 10 dogs the authors studied the effect of increasing doses of alfathesin on ventilation (VE, frequency, VT, blood gases), on the ventilatory pattern (TI, TE, TI/Ttot), on the neurological initiation of ventilation (VT/TI, occlusion pressure at 0.5 seconds), and on the Hering-Beurer reflex (duration of apnoea after occlusion of the airway at the end of inspiration). The results were compared with normal values taken from the literature. The correlation between the dose of alfathesin and the measured or calculated parameters was examined. Ventilation was stimulated by low doses of alfathesin, a stimulation, characterized by tachypnoea without change in tidal volume. Deepening of anaesthesia was accompanied by progressively increasing depression of respiration (diminution of VE, of frequency, of VT/TI and increase of PaCO2 and of the duration of apnoea). The mechanisms of the initial stimulation of ventilation and of respiratory depression are discussed. The authors conclude that the action of alfathesin on the central nervous system is biphasic, with stimulation during light anaesthesia followed by depression with associated depression of ventilation, despite increasing hypoxia and hypercapnia.
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Abstract
Choralose, a widely used anesthetic in neurophysiology, produces a unique pattern of anesthesia characterized by both an excitant (myoclonic jerks and startle response) and depressant (sedation and anesthesia) action. We investigated the influence of chloralose on the rate of regional brain glucose metabolism to determine if chloralose produces anesthesia by hyperexciting certain brain regions. That is, does chloralose act as an 'epileptoid anesthetic'. Rats were anesthetized with either 60 or 120 mg/kg chloralose and regional brain glucose utilization rates quantitated by the 2-deoxyglucose method. In chloralose-anesthesized rats, glucose consumption rates decreased in the frontal and auditory cortex, reticular nucleus of thalamus, superior colliculus, medial geniculate body, midbrain reticular formation and hippocampus. Rates of glucose use were not decreased in the lateral lemniscus and a zone in the vicinity of the oculomotor nucleus, medial longitudinal fasciculus and surrounding reticular formation. Since chloralose did not induce any discernible focal points of high activity, chloralose appears not to be an epileptogen. Rather, chloralose appears to act as a general depressant except in certain gray areas of the midbrain and lower brain stem. Retained and possibly increased functional activity in the vicinity of the oculomotor nucleus and medial longitudinal fasciculus may represent active reflex pathways involved in mediating the paradoxical startle response and myoclonic activity observed in chloralose-anesthetized animals.
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Tomemori N, Shingu K, Komatsu T, Urabe N, Mori K. Antianalgesic action of thiamylal sodium in cats. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1981; 25:523-5. [PMID: 6287788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1981.tb01698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of thiamylal on the nociceptor-driven neural activity in the spinal cord were studied in decerebrate, non-anesthetized cats. Noxious stimulation was induced by the injection of bradykinin into the femoral artery and the neutral response in the lateral funiculus was measured by the multi-unit activity technique. The effects of thiamylal on the bradykinin-induced response were compared before and after the spinal cord transection, above the recording site. Thiamylal, 5 mg/kg i.v., potentiated the response significantly before the cord transection and depressed it after the transection. These findings indicate that the antianalgesic action of thiamylal is induced at the spinal cord level: although this anesthetic agent does have a direct intraspinal depressant action, the multisynaptic neural network of the supraspinal pain inhibition system is more susceptible to the actions of anesthetics, and the depression of this descending system by thiamylal results in a release of spinal cord nociceptive neural mechanisms from the supraspinal control.
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Komatsu T, Shingu K, Tomemori N, Urabe N, Mori K. Nitrous oxide activates the supraspinal pain inhibition system. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1981; 25:519-22. [PMID: 7347080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1981.tb01697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects th groups the changes in CO and SV were due mainly to a reduced demand of oxygen transport and expected changes in sympatho-adrenergic tone rather than to myocardial depression.
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Mori K, Komatsu T, Tomemori N, Shingu K, Urabe N, Seo N, Hatano Y. Pentobarbital-anesthetized and decerebrate cats reveal different neurological responses in anesthetic-induced analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1981; 25:349-54. [PMID: 7315183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1981.tb01665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cats were used to assess the significance of differences in animal preparations in the study of anesthetic-induced analgesia. Comparison was made between pentobarbital-anesthetized and decerebrate non-anesthetized cats. Bradykinin dissolved in normal saline was injected into the femoral artery as a noxious stimulus, and the neural response in the spinal cord lateral funiculus was recorded using the multi-unit activity technique. The magnitude of the neural response and the changes in spontaneous firing were compared before and after cervical cord transection at C1. Before the transection, the response was greater in anesthetized than in decerebrate cats. The cord transection potentiated the response in both preparations, but the degree of potentiation was greater in decerebrate than in anesthetized cats. These studies confirmed the presence of a descending pain inhibition system acting tonically on the nociceptive neural mechanisms in the spinal cord, and indicated the susceptibility of this system to pentobarbital. We conclude that pretreatment with pentobarbital induces pharmacologically a state of partial spinal cord transection and reduces the effects of drugs acting through supraspinal CNS structures.
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Tomemori N, Komatsu T, Shingu K, Urabe N, Seo N, Mori K. Activation of the supraspinal pain inhibition system by ketamine hydrochloride. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1981; 25:355-9. [PMID: 7315184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1981.tb01666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The neurophysiologic mechanism of ketamine-induced analgesia was studied in cats under conditions of electrolytic decerebration or pentobarbital anesthesia. Injection of bradykinin into the femoral artery served as the noxious stimulus and the neural response in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord was recorded by the multi-unit activity technique. Ketamine depressed the bradykinin-induced response more markedly in decerebrate, non-anesthetized cats than in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. The depressant action disappeared following cervical cord transection at C1, in both decerebrate non-anesthetized and pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. Thus the analgesic action of ketamine is probably exerted mainly through activation of the supraspinal pain inhibition system and a direct action on the spinal cord nociceptive neural mechanism, if any, is slight. The excitatory action of ketamine on the supraspinal pain inhibition system is susceptible to the depressant action of pentobarbital.
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Rosenthal M, Adams MR, LaManna JC. Nitrous oxide alters oxidative metabolic activities of rat neocortex in situ. Brain Res 1981; 213:405-14. [PMID: 6265027 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide was shown by dual wavelength reflection spectrophotometry to decrease the ratio of reduction/oxidation of cytochrome a,a3 and to increase local blood volume in the cerebral cortex of rats in situ. These changes were in contrast to the decreased local blood volume and increased reduction of cytochrome a,a3 produced by pentobarbital. These effects of nitrous oxide were similar to those produced by respiration of 95% O2 with 5% CO2 except that such inspiration resulted in hemoglobin oxygenation while N2O produced some disoxygenation of hemoglobin. We conclude that the N2O effect on metabolism is likely due to increased energy demand. These results also provide some indication that changes in oxidative functioning in brain tissues may occur without alteration in the concentrations of high energy phosphate compounds.
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Dum N, Schmidt U, von Wedel H. Age-dependence of the neural auditory thresholds of albino and pigmented guinea pigs. ARCHIVES OF OTO-RHINO-LARYNGOLOGY 1980; 229:191-9. [PMID: 7469943 DOI: 10.1007/bf02565521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Short-latency brain-stem responses of albino and pigmented guinea pigs were examined for evidence of age-dependence of the auditory threshold. Both groups exhibited a loss of hearing correlated with age. Moreover, albinos had significantly lower auditory thresholds than pigmented guinea pigs of the corresponding age group. A further difference between the two groups lay in the degree of which sensitivity declined with age; hearing loss in albinos was only about half that in pigmented animals.
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Legatt AD, Arezzo J, Vaughan HG. Averaged multiple unit activity as an estimate of phasic changes in local neuronal activity: effects of volume-conducted potentials. J Neurosci Methods 1980; 2:203-17. [PMID: 6771471 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(80)90061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A technique for the derivation of digitally-averaged multiple unit activity (MUA) is described. The use of signal averaging instead of analog integration improves the temporal resolution and thus provides a clearer picture of the instantaneous MUA level. MUA recordings have been used in the identification of regions active in the generation of event-related potentials, based in part on the limited volume within which a semi-microelectrode 'sees' action potentials. However, averaged MUA waveforms may be affected by time-locked activity volume-conducted to the electrode site. A theoretical analysis of the magnitude of this effect is presented, along with experimental data in support of its assumptions and predictions. The most important factor is not the absolute size of the volume-conducted potentials, but their magnitude relative to that of the locally-generated MUA. When full-wave rectification is used, volume-conducted activity which is a considerable fraction of the MUA level will not significantly affect the averaged MUA waveform. Half-wave rectification should not be used, as it leads to a much larger effect from small far-field potentials.
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Winters WD, Kott KS. Continuum of sedation, activation and hypnosis or hallucinosis: a comparison of low dose effects of pentobarbital, diazepam or gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the cat. Neuropharmacology 1979; 18:877-84. [PMID: 575917 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(79)90085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ashorobi RB, Guha D, Pradhan SN. Electrophysiological correlates of the behavioral effects of tubocurarine in conscious cats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1979; 64:349-53. [PMID: 116279 DOI: 10.1007/bf00427523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of tubocurarine on behavior, electrical activity, and auditory evoked potentials were studied in restrained conscious cats. Tubocurarine hydrochloride (doses of 0.05--1 micrograms intraventricularly) produced various central stimulatory effects characterized by EEG desynchronization, decrease in both low (7--9 Hz) and high (10--14 Hz) alpha waves, and decrease in the amplitude and area of the surface positive (P1) wave of auditory evoked potentials. Concomitant with the alterations in brain electrical activity tubocurarine hydrochloride produced generalized behavioral arousal phenomena and the cats became restless and exhibited miaowing and increased movement of the head and ears. Almost all parameters except behavior showed a distinct dose-response relationship. A correlation between the behavioral effects and the EEG analog was thus demonstrated.
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Tsuchiya T, Kitagawa S. Effects of benzodiazepines and pentobarbital on the evoked potentials in the cat brain. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1976; 26:411-8. [PMID: 12387 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.26.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sites of action of benzodiazepines, diazepam and ID-540 [7-chloro-5-(o-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one) on the central nervous system were examined and compared with those of pentobarbital using evoked potentials recorded on the limbic system and hypothalamus in the cat brain. Benzodiazepines affected the various neuronal connections of the intra-limbic, limbic-hypothalamic and midbrain-limbic systems; especially the amygdala (AMYG)-, ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)- and central gray matter (SGC)-hippocampal (HIPP) evoked potentials were attenuated, whereas the AMYG-VMH, VMH-AMYG and the septum (SP)-VMH evoked potentials were facilitated. Pentobarbital selectively attenuated the SGC-, VMH- and AMYG-HIPP evoked potentials, or facilitated the VMH-AMYG and the SP-HIPP evoked potentials. Both benzodiazepines and pentobarbital affected three afferent hippocampal neuronal connections, areas of the reticulo-hypothalamic systems regulating hippocampal activity, while only benzodiazepines affected the neuronal influence of the amygdaloid and septal areas on the hypothalamus.
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Pertschuk LP, Ford DH, Rainford EA, Brigati DJ. Localization of phenobarbital in mouse central system by immunofluorescence. Acta Neurol Scand 1976; 53:325-34. [PMID: 773083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1976.tb04352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing antibarbiturate serum in an indirect immunofluorescence system, phenobarbital has been detected in the central nervous system of mice given an overdose of drugs. Localizaiton was primarily within neurons of the limbic system, caudate nucleus, cerebellum, cervical spinal cord and trigeminal ganglion. The technic may be of value in acquiring additional information about the barbiturates as well as being of value to the forensic pathologist.
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Guha D, Pradhan SN. Effects of nicotine on EEG and evoked potentials and their interactions with autonomic drugs. Neuropharmacology 1976; 15:225-32. [PMID: 934433 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(76)90068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gabriel M, Saltwick SE, Miller JD. Conditioning and reversal of short-latency multiple-unit responses in the rabbit medial geniculate nucleus. Science 1975; 189:1108-9. [PMID: 1162365 DOI: 10.1126/science.1162365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabbits were conditioned to avoid shock signaled by a tone. A second tone was randomly interspersed but did not signal shock. Neuronal activity 5 to 40 milliseconds after tone onset was greater to the shock-signaling tone than to the other tone. This difference reversed when the signal value of the tones was reversed.
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Syka J, Popelár J, Radil-Weiss T. Influence of increasing doses of pentobarbital on the mesencephalic reticular formation in rats. Spontaneous firing of neuronal pairs and activity evoked by polarization. Brain Res 1975; 88:263-79. [PMID: 1148826 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In rats immobilized by D-tubocurarine the spontaneous activity in pairs of mesencephalic reticular neurons was recorded by means of one microelectrode and differentiated by amplitude discriminators. Spontaneous activity of neuronal pairs and activity evoked by electrical polarization of cells (5-235 nA) through the recording microelectrode was evaluated in the curarized state and after cumulative doses of 15 mg/kg pentobarbital. No correlation between mean interspike interval duration in pairs of adjacent neurons was found in the unanesthetized state. After pentobarbital a slight dependence was observed between the values. Furthermore, it is probable that adjacent neurons will both cease firing at the same dose of pentobarbital. Cross-correlation of the spike trains of two adjacent neurons was found in the range of minus 10 msec to plus 10 msec (which is probably an expression of direct interaction or of a common input) in 6 of 50 pairs analyzed in the unanesthetized state. This dependence fully disappeared after 15-30 mg/kg of pentobarbital. After 15 mg/kg of pentobarbital in 17 recorded pairs (out of 50 analyzed) peaks in the cross-correlograms appeared in a range of about 100 msec and at a distance of 150-300 msec. Such a relationship was already present in 4 pairs of neurons in the unanesthetized state. The similarity of autocorrelation and cross-correlation histograms in this case favors the hypothesis that spontaneous activity of many mesencephalic reticular neurons is synchronized after pentobarbital administration. In many reticular neurons the firing may be evoked by direct cell polarization through the recording microelectrode even at cumulative doses of pentobarbital much higher than those sufficient to block spontaneous activity.
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Guha D, Pradhan SN. Effects of mescaline, [delta9]-tetrahydrocannabinol and pentobarbital on the auditory evoked responses in the cat. Neuropharmacology 1974; 13:755-62. [PMID: 4444761 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(74)90022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Porter AL. An analytical review of the effects of non-hydrogen-bonding anesthetics on memory processing. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1972; 7:291-309. [PMID: 4625111 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(72)80102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Winters WD, Ferrar-Allado T, Guzman-Flores C, Alcaraz M. The cataleptic state induced by ketamine: a review of the neuropharmacology of anesthesia. Neuropharmacology 1972; 11:303-15. [PMID: 5065715 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(72)90016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Webster WR, Aitkin LM. Evoked potential and single unit studies of neural mechanisms underlying the effects of repetitive stimulation in the auditory pathway. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1971; 31:581-92. [PMID: 4111481 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(71)90074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Korányi L, Beyer C, Guzmán-Flores C. Multiple unit activity during habituation, sleep-wakefulness cycle and the effect of ACTH and corticosteroid treatment. Physiol Behav 1971; 7:321-9. [PMID: 4329573 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(71)90309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Golovchinsky VB, Plehotkina SI. Difference in the sensitivity of the cerebral cortex and midbrain reticular formation to the action of diethylether and thialbarbital. Brain Res 1971; 30:37-47. [PMID: 5092630 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Jacobs BL, Farel PB. Motivated behaviors produced by increased arousal in the presence of goal objects. Physiol Behav 1971; 6:473-6. [PMID: 5170001 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(71)90191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mori K, Mitani H, Fujita M. Epileptogenic properties of diethyl ether on the cat central nervous system. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1971; 30:345-9. [PMID: 4103507 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(71)90118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Marcus RJ, Winters WD, Roberts E, Simonsen DG. Neuropharmacological studies of imidazole-4-acetic acid actions in the mouse and rat. Neuropharmacology 1971; 10:203-15. [PMID: 5106567 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(71)90041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Herz MJ, Spooner CE, Cherkin A. Effects of the amnesic agent flurothyl on EEG and multiple-unit activity in the chick. Exp Neurol 1970; 27:227-37. [PMID: 4393198 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(70)90216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wallach MB, Winters WD, Mandell AJ, Spooner CE. A correlation of EEG, reticular multiple unit activity and gross behavior following various antidepressant agents in the cat. IV. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1969; 27:563-73. [PMID: 4188780 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(69)90067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Winters WD, Mori K, Wallach MB, Marcus RJ, Spooner CE. Reticular multiple unit activity during a progression of states induced by CNS excitants. 3. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1969; 27:514-22. [PMID: 4187037 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(69)90191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Buchwald JS, Weber DS, Holstein SB, Grover FS, Schwafel JA. Quantified unit background activity in the waking cat during paralysis, anesthesia and cochlear destruction. Brain Res 1969; 15:465-82. [PMID: 5344377 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(69)90168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Holstein SB, Buchwald JS, Schwafel JA. Tone response patterns of the auditory nuclei during normal wakefulness, paralysis, and anesthesia. Brain Res 1969; 15:483-99. [PMID: 5344378 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(69)90169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mori K, Winters WD, Spooner CE. Comparison of reticular and cochlear multiple unit activity with auditory evoked responses during various stages induced by anesthetic agents. II. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1968; 24:242-8. [PMID: 4170217 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(68)90004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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