1
|
Abdel-Mohsen M, Deeks S, Giron L, Hong KY, Goldman A, Zhang L, Huang SSY, Verrill D, Guo S, Selzer L, de Vries CR, Vendrame E, SenGupta D, Wallin JJ, Cai Y. Circulating immune and plasma biomarkers of time to HIV rebound in HIV controllers treated with vesatolimod. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1405348. [PMID: 38979421 PMCID: PMC11229794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1405348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1 treatment has improved lifespan but requires lifelong adherence for people living with HIV (PLWH), highlighting the need for a cure. Evaluation of potential cure strategies requires analytic treatment interruption (ATI) with close monitoring of viral rebound. Predictive biomarkers for HIV-1 rebound and/or duration of control during ATI will facilitate these HIV cure trials while minimizing risks. Available evidence suggests that host immune, glycomic, lipid, and metabolic markers of inflammation may be associated with HIV-1 persistence in PLWH who are treated during chronic HIV-1 infection. Methods We conducted post-hoc analysis of HIV controllers who could maintain low levels of plasma HIV-1 without ART in a phase 1b vesatolimod trial. Baseline and pre-ATI levels of immune, glycomic, lipidomic, and metabolomic markers were tested for association with ATI outcomes (time of HIV-1 rebound to 200 copies/mL and 1,000 copies/mL, duration of HIV-1 RNA ≤400 copies/mL and change in intact proviral HIV-1 DNA during ATI) using Spearman's correlation and Cox proportional hazards model. Results Higher levels of CD69+CD8+ T-cells were consistently associated with shorter time to HIV-1 rebound at baseline and pre-ATI. With few exceptions, baseline fucosylated, non-galactosylated, non-sialylated, bisecting IgG N-glycans were associated with shorter time to HIV rebound and duration of control as with previous studies. Baseline plasma MPA and HPA binding glycans and non-galactosylated/non-sialylated glycans were associated with longer time to HIV rebound, while baseline multiply-galactosylated glycans and sialylated glycans, GNA-binding glycans, NPA-binding glycans, WGA-binding glycans, and bisecting GlcNAc glycans were associated with shorter time to HIV rebound and duration of control. Fourteen bioactive lipids had significant baseline associations with longer time to rebound and duration of control, and larger intact proviral HIV-1 DNA changes; additionally, three baseline bioactive lipids were associated with shorter time to first rebound and duration of control. Conclusion Consistent with studies in HIV non-controllers, proinflammatory glycans, lipids, and metabolites were generally associated with shorter duration of HIV-1 control. Notable differences were observed between HIV controllers vs. non-controllers in some specific markers. For the first time, exploratory biomarkers of ATI viral outcomes in HIV-controllers were investigated but require further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Steven Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Leila Giron
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kai Ying Hong
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aaron Goldman
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Liao Zhang
- Clinical Bioinformatics and Exploratory Analytics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Susie S Y Huang
- Clinical Bioinformatics and Exploratory Analytics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Donovan Verrill
- Statistical Programming, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Susan Guo
- Biostatistics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Lisa Selzer
- Clinical Virology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | | | - Elena Vendrame
- Clinical Development, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Devi SenGupta
- Clinical Development, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Wallin
- Biomarker Sciences and Diagnostics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| | - Yanhui Cai
- Biomarker Sciences and Diagnostics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dirajlal-Fargo S, Sattar A, Yu J, Albar Z, Chaves FC, Riedl K, Kityo C, Bowman E, McComsey GA, Funderburg N. Lipidome association with vascular disease and inflammation in HIV+ Ugandan children. AIDS 2021; 35:1615-1623. [PMID: 33878042 PMCID: PMC8286331 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) have both been linked to dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD). The relationships among the lipidome, immune activation, and subclinical vascular disease in children with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) have not been investigated. METHODS Serum lipid composition, including 13 lipid classes constituting 850 different lipid species were measured by direct infusion-tandem mass spectrometry in samples from 20 ART-treated PHIV and 20 age-matched and sex-matched HIV- Ugandan children. All participants were between 10 and 18 years of age with no other known active infections. PHIVs had HIV-1 RNA level 50 copies/ml or less. In addition, common carotid artery intima--media thickness (IMT), as well as plasma marker of systemic inflammation (hsCRP, IL6, sTNFRa I), monocyte activation (soluble CD14 and CD163), and T-cell activation (expression of CD38 and HLA-DR on CD4+ and CD8+) were evaluated. RESULTS Median age (Q1, Q3) of study participants was 13 years (11, 15), 37% were boys, 75% were on an NNRTI-based ART regimen. The concentrations of cholesterol ester, LCER, phosphatidylcholines, and sphingomyelin lipid classes were significantly increased in serum of PHIV compared with HIV (P≤0.04). Biomarkers associated with CVD risk including hsCRP, sCD163, and T-cell activation were directly correlated with lipid species in PHIV (P ≤ 0.04). Contents of free fatty acids including palmitic (16 : 0), stearic (18 : 0), and arachidic acid (20 : 0) were positively correlated with IMT in PHIV. CONCLUSION Serum lipidome is altered in young virally suppressed PHIV on ART. A direct association between inflammation and lipid species known to be associated with CVD was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahera Dirajlal-Fargo
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center
- Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland
| | | | - Jiao Yu
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland
| | | | - Fabio C Chaves
- Department of Food Science and Technology, and the OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Ken Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, and the OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Cissy Kityo
- Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emily Bowman
- Ohio State University School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Grace A McComsey
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center
- Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland
| | - Nicholas Funderburg
- Ohio State University School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang N, Tang C, Ma Q, Wang W, Shi M, Zhou X, Chen F, Ma C, Li X, Chen G, Gao D. Comprehensive serum metabolic and proteomic characterization on cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:559. [PMID: 33987257 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Given the increased incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the lack of accurate early diagnosis of PD with cognitive impairment (PD-CI), we compared the serum metabolomes and proteomes of 26 patients with PD without cognitive impairment (PD-N) and 31 patients with PD-CI by combining grade-dependent proteomics and metabolomics analyses. Methods Logistic and linear regression analyses were performed for differential metabolic indicators, cognition, and clinical diagnosis. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used to identify metabolites linked to different pathways. Bioinformatics revealed 16 differentially expressed proteins and 32 metabolites. Results The positive metabolic indicators related to the differential proteins were one sphingolipid, five phosphatidylcholines, and five long-chain fatty acids. The obtained metabolic and proteomics IPA network highlighted the central term of this network was inflammation and abnormal lipid metabolism which are prominent in PD-CI. There was a strong negative correlation between the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)score and LPC (18:1). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of LPC (18:1) for PD-N and PD-CI showed that the area under the curve (AUC) value was 0.660 (P=0.039). Conclusions In conclusion, serum LPC (18:1) is inversely linked to cognition in PD and presented its potential clinical value in distinguishing the presence or absence of cognitive impairment in PD. The deeper implication of our discovery indicates abnormal lipid metabolism is associated with changes of cognitive status and suggests the potential for possibility of immune system- inflammatory involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,School of Food (Biology) Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chuanxi Tang
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qiong Ma
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shuyang Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Shuyang, China
| | - Chengcheng Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dianshuai Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Lipids are biologically active molecules involved in a variety of cellular processes and immunological functions, including inflammation. It was recently shown that phospholipids and their derivatives, lysophospholipids, can reactivate latent (dormant) tumor cells, causing cancer recurrence. However, the potential link between lipids and HIV latency, persistence, and viral rebound after cessation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has never been investigated. We explored the links between plasma lipids and the burden of HIV during ART. We profiled the circulating lipidome from plasma samples from 24 chronically HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART who subsequently underwent an analytic treatment interruption (ATI) without concurrent immunotherapies. The pre-ATI viral burden was estimated as time-to-viral-rebound and viral load set points post-ATI. We found that higher pre-ATI levels of lysophospholipids, including the proinflammatory lysophosphatidylcholine, were associated with faster time-to-viral-rebound and higher viral set points upon ART cessation. Furthermore, higher pre-ATI levels of the proinflammatory by-product of intestinal lysophosphatidylcholine metabolism, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), were also linked to faster viral rebound post-ART. Finally, pre-ATI levels of several phosphatidylcholine species (lysophosphatidylcholine precursors) correlated strongly with higher pre-ATI levels of HIV DNA in peripheral CD4+ T cells. Our proof-of-concept data point to phospholipids and lysophospholipids as plausible proinflammatory contributors to HIV persistence and rapid post-ART HIV rebound. The potential interplay between phospholipid metabolism and both the establishment and maintenance of HIV latent reservoirs during and after ART warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bowman E, Funderburg NT. Lipidome Abnormalities and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in HIV Infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 16:214-223. [PMID: 30993515 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with lipid abnormalities that may enhance cardiovascular disease risk (CVD). RECENT FINDINGS Chronic inflammation persists in HIV+ individuals, and complex relationships exist among lipids and inflammation, as immune activation may be both a cause and a consequence of lipid abnormalities in HIV infection. Advances in mass spectrometry-based techniques now allow for detailed measurements of individual lipid species; improved lipid measurement might better evaluate CVD risk compared with the prognostic value of traditional assessments. Lipidomic analyses have begun to characterize dynamic changes in lipid composition during HIV infection and following treatment with ART, and further investigation may identify novel lipid biomarkers predictive of adverse outcomes. Developing strategies to improve management of comorbidities in the HIV+ population is important, and statin therapy and lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise, may help to improve lipid levels and mitigate CVD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bowman
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 453 W. 10th Ave. 535A Atwell Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nicholas T Funderburg
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 453 W. 10th Ave. 535A Atwell Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gebhard C, Rhainds D, He G, Rodés-Cabau J, Lavi S, Spence JD, Title L, Kouz S, L'Allier PL, Grégoire J, Ibrahim R, Cossette M, Guertin MC, Beanlands R, Rhéaume E, Tardif JC. Elevated level of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is associated with reduced coronary atheroma burden. Atherosclerosis 2018; 276:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
7
|
A simple and precise method to detect sterol esterification activity of lecithin/cholesterol acyltransferase by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:1785-1792. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Gater DL, Widatalla N, Islam K, AlRaeesi M, Teo JCM, Pearson YE. Quantification of sterol-specific response in human macrophages using automated imaged-based analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:242. [PMID: 29237459 PMCID: PMC5729278 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transformation of normal macrophage cells into lipid-laden foam cells is an important step in the progression of atherosclerosis. One major contributor to foam cell formation in vivo is the intracellular accumulation of cholesterol. METHODS Here, we report the effects of various combinations of low-density lipoprotein, sterols, lipids and other factors on human macrophages, using an automated image analysis program to quantitatively compare single cell properties, such as cell size and lipid content, in different conditions. RESULTS We observed that the addition of cholesterol caused an increase in average cell lipid content across a range of conditions. All of the sterol-lipid mixtures examined were capable of inducing increases in average cell lipid content, with variations in the distribution of the response, in cytotoxicity and in how the sterol-lipid combination interacted with other activating factors. For example, cholesterol and lipopolysaccharide acted synergistically to increase cell lipid content while also increasing cell survival compared with the addition of lipopolysaccharide alone. Additionally, ergosterol and cholesteryl hemisuccinate caused similar increases in lipid content but also exhibited considerably greater cytotoxicity than cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS The use of automated image analysis enables us to assess not only changes in average cell size and content, but also to rapidly and automatically compare population distributions based on simple fluorescence images. Our observations add to increasing understanding of the complex and multifactorial nature of foam-cell formation and provide a novel approach to assessing the heterogeneity of macrophage response to a variety of factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Gater
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Namareq Widatalla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kinza Islam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- New York University, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maryam AlRaeesi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jeremy C M Teo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yanthe E Pearson
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Belury MA, Bowman E, Gabriel J, Snyder B, Kulkarni M, Palettas M, Mo X, Lake JE, Zidar D, Sieg SF, Rodriguez B, Playford MP, Andrade A, Kuritzkes DR, Mehta NN, Lederman MM, Funderburg NT. Prospective Analysis of Lipid Composition Changes with Antiretroviral Therapy and Immune Activation in Persons Living with HIV. Pathog Immun 2017; 2:376-403. [PMID: 29098203 PMCID: PMC5663243 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v2i3.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid profiles are altered by HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART). Among HIV-uninfected (HIV-) populations the concentrations of various lipid classes (ie, lyso-phosphatidylcholine, LPC) and their saturated (SaFA), mono-unsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition are related to cardiometabolic disease risk. Associations between changes in the lipidome and immune activation in HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals beginning ART have not been described. Methods Plasma lipid concentrations and their fatty acid composition were measured by differential mobility spectroscopy in samples from 35 treatment-naive HIV+ participants beginning raltegravir (RAL)-based ART and from HIV- individuals (n = 13) matched for age and sex. Results The levels of SaFA, including palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acid were enriched in HIV+ participants (pre- and post-ART), and SaFA levels were often positively correlated with levels of immune activation (ie, IL-6, sCD14, and TNFR1) at baseline and week 48. Levels of PUFAs (including 18:3, 20:4, and 20:5) were lower in HIV+ participants at baseline compared to levels in HIV- participants (P < 0.01), and levels of these PUFAs were increased following 48 weeks of ART. Levels of PUFAs were often inversely related to immune activation. Levels of LPC were increased in HIV+ participants, both pre- and post-ART vs HIV- participants, and the composition of LPC was enriched for SaFAs among HIV+ individuals. At week 48, several LPC molecules containing SaFAs were positively correlated with levels of sCD14, D-dimer, and TNFR1 (P < 0.01), and levels of PUFA-containing LPC (18:3, 20:5, 22:5, 22:6) were positively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts and inversely correlated with sCD14 and IL-6 (P < 0.01). Conclusions The composition of the lipidome is altered in HIV infection and changes when ART is administered. Alterations in SaFAs were generally associated with inflammatory markers and may contribute to comorbid disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Belury
- Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emily Bowman
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Janelle Gabriel
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brandon Snyder
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Manjusha Kulkarni
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Marilly Palettas
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jordan E Lake
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David Zidar
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel R Kuritzkes
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Nicholas T Funderburg
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
DOBIÁŠOVÁ M. Atherogenic Impact of Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase and Its Relation to Cholesterol Esterification Rate in HDL (FERHDL) and AIP [log(TG/HDL-C)] Biomarkers: The Butterfly Effect? Physiol Res 2017; 66:193-203. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The atherogenic impact and functional capacity of LCAT was studied and discussed over a half century. This review aims to clarify the key points that may affect the final decision on whether LCAT is an anti-atherogenic or atherogenic factor. There are three main processes involving the efflux of free cholesterol from peripheral cells, LCAT action in intravascular pool where cholesterol esterification rate is under the control of HDL, LDL and VLDL subpopulations, and finally the destination of newly produced cholesteryl esters either to the catabolism in liver or to a futile cycle with apoB lipoproteins. The functionality of LCAT substantially depends on its mass together with the composition of the phospholipid bilayer as well as the saturation and the length of fatty acyls and other effectors about which we know yet nothing. Over the years, LCAT puzzle has been significantly supplemented but yet not so satisfactory as to enable how to manipulate LCAT in order to prevent cardiometabolic events. It reminds the butterfly effect when only a moderate change in the process of transformation free cholesterol to cholesteryl esters may cause a crucial turn in the intended target. On the other hand, two biomarkers – FERHDL (fractional esterification rate in HDL) and AIP [log(TG/HDL-C)] can offer a benefit to identify the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). They both reflect the rate of cholesterol esterification by LCAT and the composition of lipoprotein subpopulations that controls this rate. In clinical practice, AIP can be calculated from the routine lipid profile with help of AIP calculator www.biomed.cas.cz/fgu/aip/calculator.php.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. DOBIÁŠOVÁ
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ossoli A, Pavanello C, Calabresi L. High-Density Lipoprotein, Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyltransferase, and Atherosclerosis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:223-9. [PMID: 27302716 PMCID: PMC4923405 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data clearly show the existence of a strong inverse correlation between plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations and the incidence of coronary heart disease. This relation is explained by a number of atheroprotective properties of HDL, first of all the ability to promote macrophage cholesterol transport. HDL are highly heterogeneous and are continuously remodeled in plasma thanks to the action of a number of proteins and enzymes. Among them, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) plays a crucial role, being the only enzyme able to esterify cholesterol within lipoproteins. LCAT is synthetized by the liver and it has been thought to play a major role in reverse cholesterol transport and in atheroprotection. However, data from animal studies, as well as human studies, have shown contradictory results. Increased LCAT concentrations are associated with increased HDL-C levels but not necessarily with atheroprotection. On the other side, decreased LCAT concentration and activity are associated with decreased HDL-C levels but not with increased atherosclerosis. These contradictory results confirm that HDL-C levels per se do not represent the functionality of the HDL system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ossoli
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Pavanello
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fernandez-Ruiz I, Puchalska P, Narasimhulu CA, Sengupta B, Parthasarathy S. Differential lipid metabolism in monocytes and macrophages: influence of cholesterol loading. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:574-86. [PMID: 26839333 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m062752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the hypercholesterolemia associated with atherosclerosis on monocytes is poorly understood. Monocytes are exposed to high concentrations of lipids, particularly cholesterol and lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC). Indeed, in line with recent reports, we found that monocytes accumulate cholesteryl esters (CEs) in hypercholesterolemic mice, demonstrating the need for studies that analyze the effects of lipid accumulation on monocytes. Here we analyze the effects of cholesterol and lyso-PC loading in human monocytes and macrophages. We found that cholesterol acyltransferase and CE hydrolase activities are lower in monocytes. Monocytes also showed a different expression profile of cholesterol influx and efflux genes in response to lipid loading and a different pattern of lyso-PC metabolism. In monocytes, increased levels of CE slowed the conversion of lyso-PC into PC. Interestingly, although macrophages accumulated glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine was the main water-soluble choline metabolite being generated in monocytes, suggesting a role for mono- and diacylglycerol in the chemoattractability of these cells. In summary, monocytes and macrophages show significant differences in lipid metabolism and gene expression profiles in response to lipid loading. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of atherosclerosis and suggest potentials for targeting monocyte chemotactic properties not only in atherosclerosis but also in other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fernandez-Ruiz
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| | - Patrycja Puchalska
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| | | | - Bhaswati Sengupta
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| | - Sampath Parthasarathy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ossoli A, Simonelli S, Vitali C, Franceschini G, Calabresi L. Role of LCAT in Atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2016; 23:119-27. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.32854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ossoli
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Sara Simonelli
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Cecilia Vitali
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Guido Franceschini
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano
- Division of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences - DeFENS, Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Akerele OA, Cheema SK. Fatty acyl composition of lysophosphatidylcholine is important in atherosclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:754-60. [PMID: 26604024 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of death for mankind. Although the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial process, growing body of evidence has identified phospholipids-mediated signaling as an important factor in the induction and progression of atherosclerosis. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is a major phospholipid in oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and is generally considered to be atherogenic. However, some studies have shown anti-atherogenic properties of LPC. The controversial findings surrounding the pro- or anti-atherogenic properties of LPC appear to be due to the chain length and the degree of saturation of the fatty acyl moiety of LPC. Studies have suggested that the presence of omega (n)-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at the sn-1 position of LPC modulates the inflammatory response thereby making LPC anti-atherogenic. We have recently shown that feeding a diet high in n-3 PUFA resulted in the enrichment of LPC in both plasma and liver of C57BL/6 mice with n-3 PUFA. Others have also shown that supplementation with fish oil leads to preferential incorporation of n-3 PUFA into LPC. We also found that plasma obtained from mice fed a diet high in n-3 PUFA showed higher cholesterol efflux capacity compared to animals fed a low n-3 PUFA diet, despite no changes in high-density lipoprotein concentrations. We are therefore hypothesizing that n-3 PUFA enriched LPC has anti-atherogenic properties by promoting cholesterol efflux from macrophages and by reducing inflammation. Our anticipated long term objective is to establish that the fatty acyl moiety of LPC can be used as a potential biomarker for the risk of developing atherosclerosis. Validating this hypothesis would have a substantial impact on the public health with respect to early diagnosis of cardiovascular risks, and designing dietary based therapeutic strategies for the prevention and management of atherosclerosis and other heart related diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Dullaart RPF, Tietge UJF, Kwakernaak AJ, Dikkeschei BD, Perton F, Tio RA. Alterations in plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and myeloperoxidase in acute myocardial infarction: implications for cardiac outcome. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:185-92. [PMID: 24661908 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cholesterol esterifying enzyme, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), plays a key role in HDL maturation and remodeling. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) may compromise LCAT enzymatic activity. We tested the extent to which plasma LCAT activity is altered in acute myocardial infarction (MI) in conjunction with abnormal MPO levels. We also assessed the impact of LCAT and MPO on newly developed major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). METHODS Two-hundred one consecutive patients referred for acute chest pain of whom 134 had MI (95 with ST-elevation) participated. Forty-five new MACE were ascertained during 1203 (range 13-1745) days of follow-up among 185 patients. Plasma LCAT activity was measured using an exogenous substrate assay. MPO mass was assayed by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. RESULTS Plasma LCAT activity was decreased by 15%, coinciding with 7-fold increased MPO levels in acute MI patients vs. patients with non-cardiac chest pain (p < 0.001 for both; correlation: r = -0.343, p < 0.001). MI at admission was associated independently with both lower plasma LCAT activity and higher MPO (age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio per 1 SD increment: 0.46 (95% CI, 0.31-0.68), p < 0.001 and 7.58 (95% CI, 3.34-17.11), p < 0.001, respectively). In an analysis with LCAT and MPO together these associations were modestly attenuated. MPO mass (hazard ratio: 1.59 (95% CI, 1.15-2.19), p = 0.004), but not LCAT activity (hazard ratio: 0.87 (95% CI, 0.65-1.19), p = 0.39), predicted newly manifest MACE. CONCLUSION In acute MI patients, plasma LCAT activity is decreased coinciding with increased MPO levels. Higher MPO but not lower LCAT activity prospectively predicts adverse cardiac outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J Kwakernaak
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Bert D Dikkeschei
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Isala Klinieken, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Perton
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands; Laboratory Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - René A Tio
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kunnen S, Van Eck M. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase: old friend or foe in atherosclerosis? J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1783-99. [PMID: 22566575 PMCID: PMC3413220 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r024513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of free cholesterol in plasma lipoproteins and plays a critical role in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Deficiency leads to accumulation of nascent preβ-HDL due to impaired maturation of HDL particles, whereas enhanced expression is associated with the formation of large, apoE-rich HDL(1) particles. In addition to its function in HDL metabolism, LCAT was believed to be an important driving force behind macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and, therefore, has been a subject of great interest in cardiovascular research since its discovery in 1962. Although half a century has passed, the importance of LCAT for atheroprotection is still under intense debate. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the insights that have been gained in the past 50 years on the biochemistry of LCAT, the role of LCAT in lipoprotein metabolism and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in animal models, and its impact on cardiovascular disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kunnen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Savel J, Lafitte M, Pucheu Y, Pradeau V, Tabarin A, Couffinhal T. Very low levels of HDL cholesterol and atherosclerosis, a variable relationship--a review of LCAT deficiency. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2012; 8:357-61. [PMID: 22701329 PMCID: PMC3373316 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s29985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated that plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level is a strong inverse predictor of cardiovascular events. HDL is believed to retard the formation of atherosclerotic lesions by removing excess cholesterol from cells and preventing endothelial dysfunction. Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) plays a central role in the formation and maturation of HDL, and in the intravascular stage of reverse cholesterol transport: a major mechanism by which HDL modulates the development and progression of atherosclerosis. A defect in LCAT function would be expected to enhance atherosclerosis, by interfering with the reverse cholesterol transport step. As such, one would expect to find more atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events in LCAT-deficient patients. But this relationship is not always evident. In this review, we describe contradictory reports in the literature about cardiovascular risks in this patient population. We discuss the paradoxical finding of severe HDL deficiency and an absence of subclinical atherosclerosis in LCAT-deficient patients, which has been used to reject the hypothesis that HDL level is important in the protection against atherosclerosis. Furthermore, to illustrate this paradoxical finding, we present a case study of one patient, referred for evaluation of global cardiovascular risk in the presence of a low HDL cholesterol level, who was diagnosed with LCAT gene mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Savel
- Centre d'Exploration, de Prévention et de Traitement de l'Athérosclérose, Hôpital Cardiologique, CHU Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Duivenvoorden R, Holleboom AG, van den Bogaard B, Nederveen AJ, de Groot E, Hutten BA, Schimmel AW, Hovingh GK, Kastelein JJP, Kuivenhoven JA, Stroes ESG. Carriers of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase gene mutations have accelerated atherogenesis as assessed by carotid 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging [corrected]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 58:2481-7. [PMID: 22133847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the role of reduced lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) function on atherogenesis using 3.0-T carotid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and B-mode ultrasound. BACKGROUND The role of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a causal factor in atherogenesis has recently been questioned. LCAT plays a key role in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism. METHODS Carotid 3.0-T MRI and B-mode ultrasound measurements were performed in 40 carriers of LCAT gene mutations and 40 controls, matched for age. Patients with cardiovascular disease were excluded. RESULTS Carriers had 31% lower LCAT activity levels and 38% decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (both p < 0.001 vs. controls). Carriers presented with a 10% higher normalized wall index (0.34 ± 0.07 vs. 0.31 ± 0.04, p = 0.002), a 22% higher mean wall area (17.3 ± 8.5 mm(2) vs. 14.2 ± 4.1 mm(2), p = 0.01), and a 22% higher total wall volume (1,039 ± 508 mm(3) vs. 851 ± 247 mm(3), p = 0.01 vs. controls) as measured by MRI. The prevalence (20 vs. 5, p = 0.002) and the total volume (102 mm(3) vs. 3 mm(3)) of atherosclerotic plaque components on MRI relating to lipid-rich tissue or calcification were also higher in carriers than in controls. All differences retained significance after adjustment for age, sex, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, smoking, and family history of cardiovascular disease. Common carotid intima-media thickness measured with ultrasound was increased in carriers by 12.5% (0.72 ± 0.33 mm vs. 0.64 ± 0.15 mm, p = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS Carriers of LCAT gene mutations exhibit increased carotid atherosclerosis, indicating an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The present findings imply that increasing LCAT activity may be an attractive target in cardiovascular prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Duivenvoorden
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fazio S, Linton MF. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol due to lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase mutations increase carotid atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 58:2488-90. [PMID: 22133848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
20
|
Rousset X, Shamburek R, Vaisman B, Amar M, Remaley AT. Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase: an anti- or pro-atherogenic factor? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 13:249-56. [PMID: 21331766 PMCID: PMC3794709 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-011-0171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) is a plasma enzyme that esterifies cholesterol and raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but its role in atherosclerosis is not clearly established. Studies of various animal models have yielded conflicting results, but studies done in rabbits and non-human primates, which more closely simulate human lipoprotein metabolism, indicate that LCAT is likely atheroprotective. Although suggestive, there are also no biomarker studies that mechanistically link LCAT with cardiovascular disease. Imaging studies of patients with LCAT deficiency have also not yielded a clear answer to the role of LCAT in atherosclerosis. Recombinant LCAT, however, is currently being developed as a therapeutic product for enzyme replacement therapy of patients with genetic disorders of LCAT for the prevention and/or treatment of renal disease, but it may also have value for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Rousset
- Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, 10 Center Dr Bldg. 10/8N224, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Calabresi L, Baldassarre D, Simonelli S, Gomaraschi M, Amato M, Castelnuovo S, Frigerio B, Ravani A, Sansaro D, Kauhanen J, Rauramaa R, de Faire U, Hamsten A, Smit AJ, Mannarino E, Humphries SE, Giral P, Veglia F, Sirtori CR, Franceschini G, Tremoli E. Plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and carotid intima-media thickness in European individuals at high cardiovascular risk. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1569-74. [PMID: 21596929 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p014977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is the enzyme responsible for cholesterol esterification in plasma. LCAT is a major factor in HDL remodeling and metabolism, and it has long been believed to play a critical role in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). The effect of LCAT on human atherogenesis is still controversial. In the present study, the plasma LCAT concentration was measured in all subjects (n = 540) not on drug treatment at the time of enrollment in the multicenter, longitudinal, observational IMPROVE study. Mean and maximum intima-media thickness (IMT) of the whole carotid tree was measured by B-mode ultrasonography in all subjects. In the entire cohort, LCAT quartiles were not associated with carotid mean and maximum IMT (P for trend 0.95 and 0.18, respectively), also after adjustment for age, gender, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides. No association between carotid IMT and LCAT quartiles was observed in men (P=0.30 and P=0.99 for mean and maximum IMT, respectively), whereas carotid IMT increased with LCAT quartiles in women (P for trend 0.14 and 0.019 for mean and maximum IMT, respectively). The present findings support the concept that LCAT is not required for an efficient reverse cholesterol transport and that a low plasma LCAT concentration and activity is not associated with increased atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calabresi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Calabresi L, Franceschini G. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, high-density lipoproteins, and atheroprotection in humans. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2011; 20:50-3. [PMID: 20656215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of cholesteryl esters in human plasma. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase is a critical enzyme in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism, and deficiency of LCAT-mediated cholesterol esterification leads to defective HDL maturation with accumulation of nascent pre-beta HDL. In addition to its function in HDL metabolism, LCAT has also long been believed to play a critical role in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). However, recent findings have shown that human LCAT overexpression in mice does not enhance macrophage RCT in vivo, and conversely, LCAT-deficient mice display a preserved macrophage RCT despite the severe plasma HDL reduction. In agreement with this observation, defective LCAT activity does not result in enhanced atherosclerosis, despite the reduced HDL cholesterol levels. These findings challenge the notion that LCAT is required for effective atheroprotection and suggest that elevating LCAT expression and/or activity is not a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calabresi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tanaka T, Ikeda K, Yamamoto Y, Iida H, Kikuchi H, Morita T, Yamasoba T, Nagai R, Nakajima T. Effects of Serum Amyloid A and Lysophosphatidylcholine on Intracellular Calcium Concentration in Human Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells. Int Heart J 2011; 52:185-93. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.52.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kenichi Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yumiko Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Haruko Iida
- Department of Ischemic Circulatory Physiology, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Toshihiro Morita
- Department of Ischemic Circulatory Physiology, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Ryozo Nagai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Toshiaki Nakajima
- Department of Ischemic Circulatory Physiology, The University of Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alexander ET, Vedhachalam C, Sankaranarayanan S, de la Llera-Moya M, Rothblat GH, Rader DJ, Phillips MC. Influence of apolipoprotein A-I domain structure on macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 31:320-7. [PMID: 21071688 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.216226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine the influence of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) tertiary structure domain properties on the antiatherogenic properties of the protein. Two chimeric hybrids with the N-terminal domains swapped (human-mouse apoA-I and mouse-human apoA-I) were expressed in apoA-I-null mice with adeno-associated virus (AAV) and used to study macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS The different apoA-I variants were expressed in apoA-I-null mice that were injected with [H(3)]cholesterol-labeled J774 mouse macrophages to measure RCT. Significantly more cholesterol was removed from the macrophages and deposited in the feces via the RCT pathway in mice expressing mouse-H apoA-I compared with all other groups. Analysis of the individual components of the RCT pathway demonstrated that mouse-H apoA-I promoted ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated cholesterol efflux more efficiently than all other variants, as well as increasing the rate of cholesterol uptake into liver cells. CONCLUSIONS The structural domain properties of apoA-I affect the ability of the protein to mediate macrophage RCT. Replacement of the N-terminal helix bundle domain in the human apoA-I with the mouse apoA-I counterpart causes a gain of function with respect to macrophage RCT, suggesting that engineering some destabilization into the N-terminal helix bundle domain or increasing the hydrophobicity of the C-terminal domain of human apoA-I would enhance the antiatherogenic properties of the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Alexander
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
High plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity does not predict low incidence of cardiovascular events: Possible attenuation of cardioprotection associated with high HDL cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 2010; 208:537-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Kabarowski JH. G2A and LPC: regulatory functions in immunity. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 89:73-81. [PMID: 19383550 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The G2A receptor was originally identified by virtue of its transcriptional induction in murine B lymphoid cells in response to oncogenic transformation and treatment with various DNA-damaging agents. While preliminary characterization of cellular responses to G2A overexpression in fibroblastic cell lines suggested that this receptor may negatively regulate cell growth under conditions of proliferative and genotoxic stress, subsequent studies driven by the discovery of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) as a regulator of G2A signaling in immunoregulatory cells point to an important role for this receptor in innate and adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz H Kabarowski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rousset X, Vaisman B, Amar M, Sethi AA, Remaley AT. Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase--from biochemistry to role in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:163-71. [PMID: 19306528 PMCID: PMC2910390 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328329233b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We discuss the latest findings on the biochemistry of lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), the effect of LCAT on atherosclerosis, clinical features of LCAT deficiency, and the impact of LCAT on cardiovascular disease from human studies. RECENT FINDINGS Although there has been much recent progress in the biochemistry of LCAT and its effect on high-density lipoprotein metabolism, its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is still not fully understood. Studies from various animal models have revealed a complex interaction between LCAT and atherosclerosis that may be modified by diet and by other proteins that modify lipoproteins. Furthermore, the ability of LCAT to lower apoB appears to be the best way to predict its effect on atherosclerosis in animal models. Recent studies on patients with LCAT deficiency have shown a modest but significant increase in incidence of cardiovascular disease consistent with a beneficial effect of LCAT on atherosclerosis. The role of LCAT in the general population, however, has not revealed a consistent association with cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY Recent research findings from animal and human studies have revealed a potential beneficial role of LCAT in reducing atherosclerosis but additional studies are necessary to better establish the linkage between LCAT and cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Rousset
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
| | - Boris Vaisman
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
| | - Marcelo Amar
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
| | - Amar A. Sethi
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, 10 Center Dr. Bldg. 10/2C-433, Bethesda, MD. 20814, , 301-402-9796
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dullaart RPF, Perton F, Sluiter WJ, de Vries R, van Tol A. Plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity is elevated in metabolic syndrome and is an independent marker of increased carotid artery intima media thickness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4860-6. [PMID: 18782872 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), which esterifies free cholesterol to cholesteryl esters, is required for normal plasma lipoprotein structure and is instrumental in high density lipoprotein (HDL) remodeling, but the relationship of variation in plasma LCAT activity with subclinical atherosclerosis is unclear. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) on plasma LCAT activity and its relationship with carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT). SETTING The study was conducted at the vascular laboratory of a university medical center. METHODS In 74 subjects with MetS and 90 subjects without MetS (National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria), mean carotid artery IMT, plasma lipids, LCAT activity (exogenous substrate method), high-sensitive C-reactive protein, and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA(ir)) were documented. RESULTS IMT was greater (P = 0.01) and plasma LCAT activity was higher (P < 0.001) in subjects with MetS compared to subjects without MetS. Similar increases in IMT and LCAT were found in MetS subjects without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that plasma LCAT activity was independently and positively related to HOMA(ir), plasma triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol (all P < 0.001). After adjustment for age and sex, IMT was positively associated with LCAT activity (P < 0.01), independently of the presence of MetS (or alternatively of plasma lipids), HOMA(ir), and high-sensitive C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS Plasma LCAT activity is elevated in MetS and may be a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. Our findings do not support the contention that strategies to elevate LCAT are necessarily beneficial for cardioprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hovingh GK, Hutten BA, Holleboom AG, Petersen W, Rol P, Stalenhoef A, Zwinderman AH, de Groot E, Kastelein JJP, Kuivenhoven JA. Compromised LCAT Function Is Associated With Increased Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2005; 112:879-84. [PMID: 16061733 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.540427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective epidemiological studies have shown that low plasma levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite nearly 40 years of research, however, it is unclear whether this also holds true for individuals with severely reduced levels of HDL-C due to mutations in the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) gene. Better insight into CVD risk in these individuals may provide clues toward the potential of LCAT as a pharmaceutical target to raise HDL-C levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Lipids, lipoproteins, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) were assessed in 47 heterozygotes for LCAT gene mutations and 58 family controls. Compared with controls, heterozygotes presented with a mean 36% decrease in HDL-C levels (P<0.0001), a 23% increase in triglyceride levels (P<0.0001), and a 2.1-fold increase in CRP levels (P<0.0001). Mean carotid IMT was significantly increased in heterozygotes compared with family controls (0.623+/-0.13 versus 0.591+/-0.08 mm). After adjustment for age, gender, and alcohol use, this difference proved statistically significant (P<0.0015). CONCLUSIONS The data show that heterozygosity for LCAT gene defects is associated with low HDL-C levels and elevated concentration of triglycerides and CRP in plasma. This phenotype underlies increased IMT in carriers versus controls, which suggests that LCAT protects against atherosclerosis. This in turn indicates that targeting LCAT to raise HDL-C may reduce CVD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Safaya R, Chai H, Kougias P, Lin P, Lumsden A, Yao Q, Chen C. Effect of lysophosphatidylcholine on vasomotor functions of porcine coronary arteries. J Surg Res 2005; 126:182-8. [PMID: 15919417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Revised: 01/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is a product of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by phospholipase A(2) and a mediator of the lipid-induced atherosclerotic changes. In this study, we determined the effects of LPC on vasomotor functions, oxidative stress, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in porcine coronary arteries. METHODS Porcine coronary arteries were cut into 5-mm rings and were treated with LPC or antioxidant selenomethionine (SeMet). For the vasomotor studies, we used a myograph tension system. Levels of superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) were detected by the lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence method. The eNOS protein level was studied by immunohistochemistry with avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase procedure. RESULTS Endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to bradykinin was reduced by 36% and 81% for the rings treated with 12.5 and 25 mum of LPC, respectively, as compared with controls (P < 0.05). Endothelium-independent relaxation in response to sodium nitroprusside also was reduced by 63% after treatment with 25 mum LPC (P < 0.05). The O(2)(-) level was increased in the porcine arteries treated with 25 mum of LPC by 41% as compared with controls (P < 0.05). The antioxidant SeMet reversed the effects of LPC on vascular relaxation and O(2)(-) production. Immunoreactivity of eNOS in LPC-treated vessel rings also was reduced substantially. CONCLUSIONS LPC impairs endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasorelaxation. This effect is associated with increased superoxide radical production and decreased eNOS activity and is practically reversed with the use of the antioxidant SeMet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Safaya
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tokumura A, Kanaya Y, Kitahara M, Miyake M, Yoshioka Y, Fukuzawa K. Increased formation of lysophosphatidic acids by lysophospholipase D in serum of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
|
33
|
Santamarina-Fojo S, Lambert G, Hoeg JM, Brewer HB. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase: role in lipoprotein metabolism, reverse cholesterol transport and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2000; 11:267-75. [PMID: 10882342 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200006000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past several years significant advances have been made in our understanding of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) function. LCAT beneficially alters the plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, as well as HDL. In addition, its proposed role in facilitating reverse cholesterol transport and modulating atherosclerosis has been demonstrated in vivo. Analysis of LCAT transgenic animals has established the importance of evaluating HDL function, as well as HDL plasma levels, to predict atherogenic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Santamarina-Fojo
- Molecular Disease Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
It is postulated that cell injury activates "dormant" enzymes to produce lipid hydroperoxides. In a first step, membrane lipids are cleaved by esterases. The unsaturated fatty acids thus produced are converted in a second step by lipoxygenases to lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs). In a third, nonenzymic step, these LOOHs, together with dienoic hydroxy fatty acids produced by enzymic reduction of LOOHs, react with a second oxygen molecule to generate dihydroperoxy-fatty acids and hydroxy-hydroperoxy-fatty acids, which are degraded to alpha-hydroxyladehydic compounds. This last reaction requires production of LO'-radicals by iron ions that also are generated as a result of cell damage. In addition, alpha-hydroxyaldehydes are produced by hydrolysis of plasmalogen epoxides, which are generated by oxidation of plasmalogens with LOO' or by action of epoxidases. We hypothize that alpha-hydroxyaldehydes act as second messengers. The release of lipoxygenase and the consequent lipid hydroperoxidation is postulated to occur in massive cell damage (e.g., myocardial infarction), in chronic diseases such as rheumatism, diabetes and atherosclerosis, in aging, and in control of cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl Organische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Tokumura
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nakano T, Raines EW, Abraham JA, Klagsbrun M, Ross R. Lysophosphatidylcholine upregulates the level of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor mRNA in human monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:1069-73. [PMID: 8302833 PMCID: PMC521455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.3.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine is increased in the plasma of hypercholesterolemic patients, is a component of oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein, and, as such, may play an important role in atherosclerosis. Here we demonstrate that in human monocytes, lysophosphatidylcholine increases the level of mRNA encoding the heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), a potent smooth muscle mitogen. Lysophosphatidylcholine treatment also enhances the release of heparin-binding mitogenic activity by these cells in culture. The anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid dexamethasone inhibits the upregulation of HB-EGF mRNA induced by either lysophosphatidylcholine or bacterial lipopolysaccharide in cultured monocytes. However, the responses induced by lysophosphatidylcholine and by lipopolysaccharide differ in their kinetics. In addition, the response to lysophosphatidylcholine is resistant to the action of cycloheximide, whereas the response to lipopolysaccharide is not, suggesting that the activation mechanisms induced by these two stimuli are different. Since a nuclear run-on assay showed no effect of lysophosphatidylcholine on the transcription of the HB-EGF gene, we speculate that lysophosphatidylcholine may increase the level of HB-EGF mRNA by altering the processing or degradation of primary or mature transcripts. Lysophosphatidylcholine enhancement of monocyte production of HB-EGF may represent an important result of the interactions among oxidized low-density lipoprotein and monocyte-derived macrophages and may play a role in initiation of smooth muscle proliferation in atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Nakano
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport identifies a series of metabolic events resulting in the transport of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are the vehicle of cholesterol in this reverse transport, a function believed to explain the inverse correlation between plasma HDL levels and atherosclerosis. An attempt to stimulate, by the use of drugs, this transport process may hold promise in the prevention and treatment of arterial disease. Among the agents affecting lipoprotein metabolism, only probucol exerts significant effects on reverse cholesterol transport, by stimulating the activity of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein and, consequently, altering HDL subfraction composition/distribution. Another approach to the stimulation of reverse cholesterol transport consists of raising plasma HDL levels; studies in animals, either by exogenous supplementation or by endogenous overexpression, have shown a consistent benefit in terms of atherosclerosis regression and/or non-progression. Thus, it is time to consider different future treatments of atherosclerosis, combining the classical lipid-lowering treatments with innovative methods to promote cholesterol removal from the arterial wall.
Collapse
|
38
|
Desager JP, Horsmans Y, Harvengt C. Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity in familial hypercholesterolemia treated with simvastatin and simvastatin plus low-dose colestipol. J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31:537-42. [PMID: 1880219 DOI: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In 19 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), the effects of simvastatin (S) 20 mg/d, 40 mg/d, and 40 mg/d plus low-dose colestipol (10 g/d) on plasma lipids, plasma lipoproteins, and plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity were investigated after an original dose-range escalation/descalation design. The drug regimen was changed every 8 weeks. A significant reduction in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol was observed, reaching 39% and 54% for the drug combination (week 28), and total apoprotein B and LDL-apoprotein B were reduced by 39% and 50%, respectively. Triglycerides were significantly lowered by S alone (up to 29% with 40 mg/d). HDL-cholesterol increased during therapy but the cholesterol content in HDL2-HDL3 fractions (isolated by ultracentrifugation) did not change significantly during the different steps. The ratio LDL-C/HDL-C fell by 57% at week 28. Plasma LCAT activity expressed as FER was significantly enhanced by S alone (+33%), and a further increase on drug combination regimen (+58%) was observed. This effect could be considered as a consequence of the increased fractional clearance of LDL-C. It tended to be sustained during the descalation part of the study. Biochemical adverse effects were scarce and transient. In conclusion, the combination therapy increased the plasma LCAT/FER activity without a preferential enhancement in HDL2-C concentration. This original design allowed to define the most appropriate individual cholesterol-lowering drug dosage in FH patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Desager
- Laboratoire de Pharmacothérapie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The association between serum lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and demographic and environmental factors, and the correlation of LCAT activity with serum lipids and lipoproteins were studied in a representative series of 1071 9-24-year-old subjects from East and West Finland. LCAT activity was determined by a method involving the use of exogenous substrate. Males had higher LCAT activity than females and subjects from East Finland had significantly higher activity than those from West Finland. LCAT activity tended to be lowest shortly after puberty. Women using oral contraceptives had significantly lower LCAT activity than women not using them. Serum LCAT activity was not associated with body mass index, physical activity index or smoking. Serum LCAT activity correlated positively with most serum lipid and lipoprotein variables. The highest correlation coefficients were found between LCAT activity and total cholesterol. LCAT activity correlated positively with the change in serum total cholesterol which had occurred during the preceding 3 and 6 years in men. Our results suggest that sex hormonal factors are associated with serum LCAT activity. The results are also in accordance with the idea that activity of LCAT increases in response to enhanced demands for cholesterol esterification in plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Rönnemaa
- Rehabilitation Research Centre of the Social Insurance Institution, Turku, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|