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Beulaja Manikandan S, Manikandan R, Arumugam M, Mullainadhan P. An overview on human serum lectins. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04623. [PMID: 32923708 PMCID: PMC7475231 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An extensive literature survey done on the various naturally occurring lectins in human serum upon its salient features such as methods of detection, level and sites of synthesis, binding specificity, cation dependency, modes of isolation, molecular and functional characterization way back from 1930s to till date was presented in a tabulated section. In addition, the generation of lectin and other immune molecules in vertebrates upon treatment with exogenous elicitors has also been framed in a tabular form. Furthermore, ANEW lectin induced in human serum for the very first time by an exogenous elicitor was detected, isolated and characterized by us whose features are also tabulated explicitly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Beulaja Manikandan
- Department of Biochemistry, Annai Veilankanni's College for Women, Saidapet, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600015, India
| | - R. Manikandan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600025, India
| | - M. Arumugam
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600025, India
| | - P. Mullainadhan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600025, India
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Abstract
The significance of CRP and inflammation has increased over time, especially in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population. From a simple marker it now appears that CRP is an active participant in pro-atherosclerotic phenomenon including local pro-inflammatory and thrombotic events. Studies in the general population indicate the usefulness of CRP in prognostication and in monitoring response to therapy. The clinical usefulness of CRP monitoring in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and especially in ESRD deserves closer study. In the meantime, the utility of CRP measurements for monitoring and treatment is on a case-by-case basis. Management of traditional cardiovascular risk factors should be considered. In the interest of optimizing therapy it is prudent to use biocompatible membranes and ultrapure water. A careful search for infectious processes in dialysis patients is recommended, with special attention to vascular access sites, periodontitis, gastritis, and other potentially chronic or covert infections. ACE-inhibitor use should be maximized in all eligible CKD patients. The data on the use of statins in ESRD have been generally positive but await further validation. Individualized use for selected patients is probably beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Lacson
- Fresenius Medical Care-North America, 95 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA 02421, USA.
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Heuertz RM, Tricomi SM, Ezekiel UR, Webster RO. C-reactive protein inhibits chemotactic peptide-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and human neutrophil movement. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:17968-74. [PMID: 10364245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.25.17968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum levels of the acute-phase reactant, C-reactive protein (CRP), increase dramatically during acute inflammatory episodes. CRP inhibits migration of neutrophils toward the chemoattractant, f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) and therefore acts as an anti-inflammatory agent. Since tyrosine kinases are involved in neutrophil migration and CRP has been shown to decrease phosphorylation of some neutrophil proteins, we hypothesized that CRP inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis via inhibition of MAP kinase activity. The importance of p38 MAP kinase in neutrophil movement was determined by use of the specific p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, SB203580. CRP and SB203580 both blocked random and fMLP-directed neutrophil movement in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase (ERK) was not involved in fMLP-induced neutrophil movement as determined by use of the MEK-specific inhibitor, PD98059. Blockade of ERK with PD98059 did not inhibit chemotaxis nor did it alter the ability of CRP or SB203580 to inhibit fMLP-induced chemotaxis. More importantly, CRP inhibited fMLP-induced p38 MAP kinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner as measured by an in vitro kinase assay. Impressively, CRP-mediated inhibition of p38 MAP kinase activity correlated with CRP-mediated inhibition of fMLP-induced chemotaxis (r = -0.7144). These data show that signal transduction through p38 MAP kinase is necessary for neutrophil chemotaxis and that CRP intercedes through this pathway in inhibiting neutrophil movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Heuertz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Zhong W, Zen Q, Tebo J, Schlottmann K, Coggeshall M, Mortensen RF. Effect of Human C-Reactive Protein on Chemokine and Chemotactic Factor-Induced Neutrophil Chemotaxis and Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a unique serum pentraxin and the prototype acute phase reactant. CRP is a ligand for specific receptors on phagocytic leukocytes, and mediates activation reactions of monocytes/macrophages, but inhibits the respiratory burst of neutrophils (PMN). Since CRP selectively accumulates at inflammatory sites in which IL-8 is also produced, we tested the effects of CRP on the responsiveness of PMN to IL-8 and the bacterial chemotactic peptide, FMLP-phenylalanine (FMLPP). Purified human CRP inhibited the chemotactic response of PMN to IL-8 and FMLPP. A mouse IgM mAb that was generated against the leukocyte CRP receptor (CRP-R) also inhibited the chemotactic response. Incubation of purified CRP with activated PMN generated CRP-derived peptides that also inhibited chemotaxis. A synthetic CRP peptide (residues 27–38) that binds to the CRP-R had weak chemotactic activity, whereas two other CRP synthetic peptides (residues 174–185 and 191–205) inhibited chemotaxis of PMNs to both IL-8 and FMLPP. CRP did not alter receptor-specific binding of IL-8, but exerted its effect at the level of signaling. CRP augmented both IL-8- and FMLPP-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2) activity. CRP at acute phase levels increased both agonist-induced and noninduced phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase activity. The results suggest a role for CRP as a regulator of leukocyte infiltration at inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjian Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Qin Zen
- Department of Microbiology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Julie Tebo
- Department of Microbiology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Klaus Schlottmann
- Department of Microbiology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mark Coggeshall
- Department of Microbiology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Richard F. Mortensen
- Department of Microbiology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Ratnam S, Mookerjea S. The regulation of superoxide generation and nitric oxide synthesis by C-reactive protein. Immunol Suppl 1998; 94:560-8. [PMID: 9767445 PMCID: PMC1364235 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activated macrophages utilize both reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive oxynitrogen intermediates for defence against microbes. However, simultaneous generation of superoxide (O- 2;) and nitric oxide (NO) could be harmful to host cells due to the production of peroxynitrite, nitrogen dioxide and hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, the regulation of the production of these molecules is critical to host survival. During periods of inflammation or infection, the level of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) increases in many species. Human and rat CRP have been shown to bind and interact with phagocytic cells. Since many of the interactions of CRP involve the binding to the phosphocholine ligand, we studied the role of CRP in O- 2; and NO generation through the modulation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism in macrophages. This study has shown that, while rat CRP inhibited phorbol myristate acetate- (PMA) induced release of O- 2; by rat macrophages, CRP-treated macrophages released NO in a time- and dose-dependent manner. CRP increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme as well as iNOS mRNA levels in rat macrophages. Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609), an inhibitor to PC phospholipase C (PC-PLC), suppressed iNOS induction but enhanced PMA-induced release of O- 2;. These data indicate that an increased level of CRP during periods of inflammation may result in differential regulation of macrophage NADPH oxidase and iNOS activity. Increased hepatic synthesis of CRP may contribute to the mechanism by which phagocytic cells avoid simultaneous O- 2; and NO synthesis, and this could possibly be mediated through the regulation of PC-PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ratnam
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Romero IR, Morris C, Rodriguez M, Du Clos TW, Mold C. Inflammatory potential of C-reactive protein complexes compared to immune complexes. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 87:155-62. [PMID: 9614930 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1997.4516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase serum protein that binds to phosphocholine (PC) and to components of damaged tissue. CRP resembles antibody in that it binds to ligands and activates the classical complement pathway. To compare the processing of CRP complexes to that of IgG complexes, we have prepared complexes containing the same ligand, PC-conjugated BSA, and IgG antibody to either BSA or CRP. We previously demonstrated similar complement-mediated binding of these complexes to erythrocyte complement receptors. CRP and IgG also bind to receptors on neutrophils (PMN), providing another possible pathway for clearance of ligands. PMN binding of IgG complexes can lead to activation with damaging inflammatory consequences. In the present report we have used CRP and IgG complexes containing PC-BSA to compare binding to PMN and activation of PMN adherence to endothelial cells. The results indicate that CRP complexes do not activate PMN whereas IgG complexes do. Binding assays indicate that there is substantially greater binding of IgG than CRP complexes to PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Romero
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, USA
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Vigushin DM, Pepys MB, Hawkins PN. Metabolic and scintigraphic studies of radioiodinated human C-reactive protein in health and disease. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:1351-7. [PMID: 8473487 PMCID: PMC288106 DOI: 10.1172/jci116336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma and whole-body turnover studies of human C-reactive protein (CRP), isolated from a single normal healthy donor and labeled with 125I, were undertaken in 8 healthy control subjects and 35 hospitalized patients including cases of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, infections, and neoplasia. Plasma clearance of 125I-CRP closely approximated to a monoexponential function and was similar in the control and all patient groups. There was no evidence for accelerated clearance or catabolism of CRP in any of the diseases studied. The 19-h half-life was more rapid than that of most human plasma proteins studied previously, and the fractional catabolic rate was independent of the plasma CRP concentration. The synthesis rate of CRP is thus the only significant determinant of its plasma level, confirming the validity of serum CRP measurement as an objective index of disease activity in disorders associated with an acute-phase response. Approximately 90% of injected radioactivity was recovered in the urine after 7 d, and scintigraphic imaging studies with 123I-labeled CRP in 10 patients with different focal pathology showed no significant localization of tracer. The functions of CRP are thus likely to be effected predominantly in the fluid phase rather than by major deposition at sites of tissue damage or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Vigushin
- Department of Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Dobrinich R, Spagnuolo PJ. Binding of C-reactive protein to human neutrophils. Inhibition of respiratory burst activity. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1991; 34:1031-8. [PMID: 1650222 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780340813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the binding of highly purified soluble human C-reactive protein (CRP) to human neutrophils. Binding of CRP to neutrophils was rapid (50% of maximal binding occurred within 15 seconds), and complete within 5 minutes. Binding was inhibitable by excess unlabeled CRP, and nonspecific binding in the presence of a 200-fold excess of unlabeled CRP was 10% of total binding. Binding was not affected by other proteins, including albumin, fibronectin, rabbit IgG, or normal human plasma. Maximal binding required both calcium (0.5 mM) and magnesium (0.24 mM) ions. Calcium phosphorylcholine (10 micrograms/ml) or sodium citrate (10 micrograms/ml) completely dissociated bound CRP. Binding was saturable and most consistent with a 2-site model, demonstrating both a high-affinity receptor (1.4 x 10(4) sites/cell; Kd 3.7 x 10(-10) M) and a low-affinity receptor (4.2 x 10(5) sites/cell; Kd 2.5 x 10(-8) M). CRP at concentrations of 50 micrograms/ml inhibited the neutrophil superoxide production induced by phorbol ester. At concentrations of 100 micrograms/ml or greater, CRP also inhibited superoxide production in a cell-free xanthine oxidase-acetaldehyde system. These data suggest that CRP can down-regulate neutrophil oxidative capacity through interaction with receptors on neutrophils as well as by direct antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dobrinich
- Department of Medicine, Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio
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