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Ivarsson J, Ferrara F, Vallese A, Guiotto A, Colella S, Pecorelli A, Valacchi G. Comparison of Pollutant Effects on Cutaneous Inflammasomes Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16674. [PMID: 38068996 PMCID: PMC10706824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the outermost layer of the body and, therefore, is exposed to a variety of stressors, such as environmental pollutants, known to cause oxinflammatory reactions involved in the exacerbation of several skin conditions. Today, inflammasomes are recognized as important modulators of the cutaneous inflammatory status in response to air pollutants and ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. In this study, human skin explants were exposed to the best-recognized air pollutants, such as microplastics (MP), cigarette smoke (CS), diesel engine exhaust (DEE), ozone (O3), and UV, for 1 or 4 days, to explore how each pollutant can differently modulate markers of cutaneous oxinflammation. Exposure to environmental pollutants caused an altered oxidative stress response, accompanied by increased DNA damage and signs of premature skin aging. The effect of specific pollutants being able to exert different inflammasomes pathways (NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP6, and NLRC4) was also investigated in terms of scaffold formation and cell pyroptosis. Among all environmental pollutants, O3, MP, and UV represented the main pollutants affecting cutaneous redox homeostasis; of note, the NLRP1 and NLRP6 inflammasomes were the main ones modulated by these outdoor stressors, suggesting their role as possible molecular targets in preventing skin disorders and the inflammaging events associated with environmental pollutant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ivarsson
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceuticals and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Andrea Vallese
- Department of Animal Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (A.V.); (A.G.); (A.P.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Guiotto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (A.V.); (A.G.); (A.P.)
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sante Colella
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Department of Animal Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (A.V.); (A.G.); (A.P.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (A.V.); (A.G.); (A.P.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 26723, Republic of Korea
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2
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Farris PK, Valacchi G. Ultraviolet Light Protection: Is It Really Enough? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1484. [PMID: 36009203 PMCID: PMC9405175 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of the pathogenesis of skin aging includes the role of ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared, pollution, cigarette smoke and other environmental exposures. The mechanism of action common to these exposures is the disruption of the cellular redox balance by the directly or indirectly increased formation of reactive oxygen species that overwhelm the intrinsic antioxidant defense system, resulting in an oxidative stress condition. Altered redox homeostasis triggers downstream pathways that contribute to tissue oxinflammation (cross-talk between inflammation and altered redox status) and accelerate skin aging. In addition, both ultraviolet light and pollution increase intracellular free iron that catalyzes reactive oxygen species generation via the Fenton reaction. This disruption of iron homeostasis within the cell further promotes oxidative stress and contributes to extrinsic skin aging. More recent studies have demonstrated that iron chelators can be used topically and can enhance the benefits of topically applied antioxidants. Thus, an updated, more comprehensive approach to environmental or atmospheric aging protection should include sun protective measures, broad spectrum sunscreens, antioxidants, chelating agents, and DNA repair enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K. Farris
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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3
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Aghaei M, Dastghaib S, Aftabi S, Aghanoori MR, Alizadeh J, Mokarram P, Mehrbod P, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Sohal SS, Sharma P, Zeki AA, Ghavami S. The ER Stress/UPR Axis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Life (Basel) 2020; 11:1. [PMID: 33374938 PMCID: PMC7821926 DOI: 10.3390/life11010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular protein homeostasis in the lungs is constantly disrupted by recurrent exposure to various external and internal stressors, which may cause considerable protein secretion pressure on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in the survival and differentiation of these cell types to meet the increased functional demands. Cells are able to induce a highly conserved adaptive mechanism, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), to manage such stresses. UPR dysregulation and ER stress are involved in numerous human illnesses, such as metabolic syndrome, fibrotic diseases, and neurodegeneration, and cancer. Therefore, effective and specific compounds targeting the UPR pathway are being considered as potential therapies. This review focuses on the impact of both external and internal stressors on the ER in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and discusses the role of the UPR signaling pathway activation in the control of cellular damage and specifically highlights the potential involvement of non-coding RNAs in COPD. Summaries of pathogenic mechanisms associated with the ER stress/UPR axis contributing to IPF and COPD, and promising pharmacological intervention strategies, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.A.); (S.A.); (J.A.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (S.D.); (P.M.)
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Sajjad Aftabi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.A.); (S.A.); (J.A.)
- Medical Physics Department, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Mohamad-Reza Aghanoori
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.A.); (S.A.); (J.A.)
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (S.D.); (P.M.)
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia; (K.D.M.); (M.S.E.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia; (K.D.M.); (M.S.E.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia; (K.D.M.); (M.S.E.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Amir A. Zeki
- Davis School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, UC Davis Lung Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; (M.A.); (S.A.); (J.A.)
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
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4
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Chia SB, Elko EA, Aboushousha R, Manuel AM, van de Wetering C, Druso JE, van der Velden J, Seward DJ, Anathy V, Irvin CG, Lam YW, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Dysregulation of the glutaredoxin/ S-glutathionylation redox axis in lung diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C304-C327. [PMID: 31693398 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00410.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is a major redox buffer, reaching millimolar concentrations within cells and high micromolar concentrations in airways. While glutathione has been traditionally known as an antioxidant defense mechanism that protects the lung tissue from oxidative stress, glutathione more recently has become recognized for its ability to become covalently conjugated to reactive cysteines within proteins, a modification known as S-glutathionylation (or S-glutathiolation or protein mixed disulfide). S-glutathionylation has the potential to change the structure and function of the target protein, owing to its size (the addition of three amino acids) and charge (glutamic acid). S-glutathionylation also protects proteins from irreversible oxidation, allowing them to be enzymatically regenerated. Numerous enzymes have been identified to catalyze the glutathionylation/deglutathionylation reactions, including glutathione S-transferases and glutaredoxins. Although protein S-glutathionylation has been implicated in numerous biological processes, S-glutathionylated proteomes have largely remained unknown. In this paper, we focus on the pathways that regulate GSH homeostasis, S-glutathionylated proteins, and glutaredoxins, and we review methods required toward identification of glutathionylated proteomes. Finally, we present the latest findings on the role of glutathionylation/glutaredoxins in various lung diseases: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi B Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Evan A Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Reem Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Allison M Manuel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Joseph E Druso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jos van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Charles G Irvin
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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5
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Hjelmeland A, Zhang J. Metabolic, autophagic, and mitophagic activities in cancer initiation and progression. Biomed J 2016; 39:98-106. [PMID: 27372165 PMCID: PMC5514543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease marked by uncontrolled cell growth and invasion. These processes are driven by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that promote cancer initiation and progression. Contributing to genome changes are the regulation of oxidative stress and reactive species-induced damage to molecules and organelles. Redox regulation, metabolic plasticity, autophagy, and mitophagy play important and interactive roles in cancer hallmarks including sustained proliferation, activated invasion, and replicative immortality. However, the impact of these processes can differ depending on the signaling pathways altered in cancer, tumor type, tumor stage, and/or the differentiation state. Here, we highlight some of the representative studies on the impact of oxidative and nitrosative activities, mitochondrial bioenergetics, metabolism, and autophagy and mitophagy in the context of tumorigenesis. We discuss the implications of these processes for cellular activities in cancer for anti-cancer-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Hjelmeland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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6
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Pritsos CA, Muthumalage T. The impact of commonly used air filters in eliminating the exposure to secondhand smoke constituents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:543-551. [PMID: 25586051 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00479e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) also known as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been well established scientifically as a human health hazard. Despite this and warnings from health agencies, concerns over the economic impact of smoke-free bans have limited political resolve to enact these regulations. Arguments against smoke-free bans include the contention that air filters can eliminate the health risks from SHS exposure. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of air filters (MERV 4 and MERV 8) commonly used in homes and businesses in reducing the concentrations of total suspended particulates, fine particles and carbon monoxide from SHS as a measure of their potential to reduce the toxicity associated with SHS exposure. Our results demonstrate that these filters are not effective at reducing carbon monoxide levels or PM 2.5, which have been correlated with human health toxicity/disease. Thus, our findings, from a public health perspective, do not support the use of common air filters as a viable alternative to smoke-free bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, MS 0202, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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7
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Numan MS, Brown JP, Michou L. Impact of air pollutants on oxidative stress in common autophagy-mediated aging diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2289-305. [PMID: 25690002 PMCID: PMC4344726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120202289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution-induced cellular oxidative stress is probably one of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in most of the common autophagy-mediated aging diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's, disease, as well as Paget's disease of bone with or without frontotemporal dementia and inclusion body myopathy. Oxidative stress has serious damaging effects on the cellular contents: DNA, RNA, cellular proteins, and cellular organelles. Autophagy has a pivotal role in recycling these damaged non-functional organelles and misfolded or unfolded proteins. In this paper, we highlight, through a narrative review of the literature, that when autophagy processes are impaired during aging, in presence of cumulative air pollution-induced cellular oxidative stress and due to a direct effect on air pollutant, autophagy-mediated aging diseases may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Saber Numan
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Jacques P Brown
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Department of Rheumatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Laëtitia Michou
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Centre, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Department of Rheumatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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8
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Kaur R, Kaur J, Mahajan J, Kumar R, Arora S. Oxidative stress--implications, source and its prevention. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:1599-1613. [PMID: 24170504 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been a major predicament of present day living. It has been the product of imbalance between the processes involved in free radical generation and their neutralization by enzymatic and non-enzymatic defence mechanisms. The oxidative stress has been contributed by numerous factors including heavy metals, organic compound-rich industrial effluents, air pollutants and changing lifestyle pattern focussing mainly on alcohol consumption, dietary habits, sun exposure, nuclear emissions, etc. The most common outcome of oxidative stress is the increased damage of lipid, DNA and proteins that resulted in the development of different pathologies. Among these pathologies, cancer is the most devastating and linked to multiple mutations arising due to oxidative DNA and protein damage that ultimately affect the integrity of the genome. The chemopreventive agents particularly nutraceuticals are found to be effective in reducing cancer incidences as these components have immense antioxidative, antimutagenic and antiproliferative potentials and are an important part of our dietary components. These secondary metabolites, due to their unique chemical structure, facilitate cell-to-cell communication, repair DNA damage by the downregulation of transcription factors and inhibit the activity of protein kinases and cytochrome P450-dependent mixed function oxidases. These phytochemicals, therefore, are most appropriate in combating oxidative stress-related disorders due to their tendency to exert better protective effect without having any distinct side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajbir Kaur
- Department of Botany, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, Sri Anandpur Sahib, Ropar, 140118, Punjab, India.
| | - Jasmit Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Mahajan
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
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Neuroprotective effects of Cyperus rotundus on SIN-1 induced nitric oxide generation and protein nitration: ameliorative effect against apoptosis mediated neuronal cell damage. Neurotoxicology 2012; 34:150-9. [PMID: 23174672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosylation of tyrosine (3-nitro tyrosine, 3-NT) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various disorders particularly neurodegenerative conditions and aging. Cyperus rotundus rhizome is being used as a traditional folk medicine to alleviate a variety of disorders including neuronal stress. The herb has recently found applications in food and confectionary industries also. In current study, we have explored the protective effects of C. rotundus rhizome extract (CRE) through its oxido-nitrosative and anti apoptotic mechanism to attenuate peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) induced neurotoxicity using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Our results elucidate that pre-treatment of neurons with CRE ameliorates the mitochondrial and plasma membrane damage induced by 500 μM SIN-1 to 80% and 24% as evidenced by MTT and LDH assays. CRE inhibited NO generation by downregulating i-NOS expression. SIN-1 induced depletion of antioxidant enzyme status was also replenished by CRE which was confirmed by immunoblot analysis of SOD and CAT. The CRE pre-treatment efficiently potentiated the SIN-1 induced apoptotic biomarkers such as bcl-2 and caspase-3 which orchestrate the proteolytic damage of the cell. The ONOO(-) induced damage to cellular, nuclear and mitochondrial integrity was also restored by CRE. Furthermore, CRE pre-treatment also regulated the 3-NT formation which shows the potential of plant extract against tyrosine nitration. Taken together, our findings suggest that CRE might be developed as a preventive agent against ONOO(-) induced apoptosis.
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10
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Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a review with a focus on molecular mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11718-11752. [PMID: 23109880 PMCID: PMC3472772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling disease of the central nervous system commonly affecting young adults. Pathologically, there are patches of inflammation (plaques) with demyelination of axons and oligodendrocyte loss. There is a global latitude gradient in MS prevalence, and incidence of MS is increasing (particularly in females). These changes suggest a major role for environmental factors in causation of disease. We have reviewed the evidence and potential mechanisms of action for three exposures: vitamin D, Epstein Barr virus and cigarette smoking. Recent advances supporting gene-environment interactions are reviewed. Further research is needed to establish mechanisms of causality in humans and to explore preventative strategies.
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11
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Abstract
Acrolein is a respiratory irritant that can be generated during cooking and is in environmental tobacco smoke. More plentiful in cigarette smoke than polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), acrolein can adduct tumor suppressor p53 (TP53) DNA and may contribute to TP53-mutations in lung cancer. Acrolein is also generated endogenously at sites of injury, and excessive breath levels (sufficient to activate metalloproteinases and increase mucin transcripts) have been detected in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Because of its reactivity with respiratory-lining fluid or cellular macromolecules, acrolein alters gene regulation, inflammation, mucociliary transport, and alveolar-capillary barrier integrity. In laboratory animals, acute exposures have lead to acute lung injury and pulmonary edema similar to that produced by smoke inhalation whereas lower concentrations have produced bronchial hyperreactivity, excessive mucus production, and alveolar enlargement. Susceptibility to acrolein exposure is associated with differential regulation of cell surface receptor, transcription factor, and ubiquitin-proteasome genes. Consequent to its pathophysiological impact, acrolein contributes to the morbidly and mortality associated with acute lung injury and COPD, and possibly asthma and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiflai Bein
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3130, USA.
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12
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Campos C, Guzmán R, López-Fernández E, Casado Á. Urinary biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress in healthy smokers. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:148-56. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.554460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Zavorsky GS, Blood AB, Power GG, Longo LD, Artal R, Vlastos EJ. CO and NO pulmonary diffusing capacity during pregnancy: Safety and diagnostic potential. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 170:215-25. [PMID: 20149901 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the scientific evidence for the safety of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) inhalation to measure pulmonary diffusing capacity (DL(CO) and DL(NO)) in pregnant women and their fetuses. In eight earlier studies, 650 pregnant women had DL(CO) measurements performed at various times during pregnancy, with a minimum of two to four tests per session. Both pregnant subjects that were healthy and those with medical complications were tested. No study reported adverse maternal, fetal, or neonatal outcomes from the CO inhalation in association with measuring DL(CO). Eleven pregnant women, chiefly with pulmonary hypertension, and 1105 pre-term neonates, mostly with respiratory failure, were administered various dosages of NO (5-80ppm for 4 weeks continuously in pregnant women, and 1-20ppm for 15min to 3 weeks for the neonates). NO treatment was found to be an effective therapy for pregnant women with pulmonary hypertension. In neonates with respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension, NO therapy improved oxygenation and survival and has been associated with only minor, transient adverse effects. In conclusion, maternal carboxyhemoglobin ([Hb(CO)]) levels can safely increase to 5% per testing session when the dose-exposure limit is 0.3% CO inhalation for <or=3min, and for NO, 80ppm for <or=3min. The risk of late fetal or neonatal death from increased Hb(CO) from diffusion testing is considerably less than the risk of death from all causes reported by the Centers for Disease Control, and is therefore considered "minimal risk".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald S Zavorsky
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Mary's Health Center, 6420 Clayton Road, Suite 290, Saint Louis, MO 63117, USA.
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14
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Perry J, Shin D, Getzoff E, Tainer J. The structural biochemistry of the superoxide dismutases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1804:245-62. [PMID: 19914407 PMCID: PMC3098211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of superoxide dismutases (SODs), which convert superoxide radicals to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, has been termed the most important discovery of modern biology never to win a Nobel Prize. Here, we review the reasons this discovery has been underappreciated, as well as discuss the robust results supporting its premier biological importance and utility for current research. We highlight our understanding of SOD function gained through structural biology analyses, which reveal important hydrogen-bonding schemes and metal-binding motifs. These structural features create remarkable enzymes that promote catalysis at faster than diffusion-limited rates by using electrostatic guidance. These architectures additionally alter the redox potential of the active site metal center to a range suitable for the superoxide disproportionation reaction and protect against inhibition of catalysis by molecules such as phosphate. SOD structures may also control their enzymatic activity through product inhibition; manipulation of these product inhibition levels has the potential to generate therapeutic forms of SOD. Markedly, structural destabilization of the SOD architecture can lead to disease, as mutations in Cu,ZnSOD may result in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a relatively common, rapidly progressing and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. We describe our current understanding of how these Cu,ZnSOD mutations may lead to aggregation/fibril formation, as a detailed understanding of these mechanisms provides new avenues for the development of therapeutics against this so far untreatable neurodegenerative pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.J.P. Perry
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, Kerala 690525, India
| | - D.S. Shin
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - E.D. Getzoff
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J.A. Tainer
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Life Sciences Division, Department of Molecular Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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15
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Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Oxidative risk for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1673-706. [PMID: 19751821 PMCID: PMC2797369 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the vasculature, reactive oxidant species, including reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or halogenating species, and thiyl, tyrosyl, or protein radicals may oxidatively modify lipids and proteins with deleterious consequences for vascular function. These biologically active free radical and nonradical species may be produced by increased activation of oxidant-generating sources and/or decreased cellular antioxidant capacity. Once formed, these species may engage in reactions to yield more potent oxidants that promote transition of the homeostatic vascular phenotype to a pathobiological state that is permissive for atherothrombogenesis. This dysfunctional vasculature is characterized by lipid peroxidation and aberrant lipid deposition, inflammation, immune cell activation, platelet activation, thrombus formation, and disturbed hemodynamic flow. Each of these pathobiological states is associated with an increase in the vascular burden of free radical species-derived oxidation products and, thereby, implicates increased oxidant stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Leopold
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Balazy M, Chemtob S. Trans-arachidonic acids: new mediators of nitro-oxidative stress. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 119:275-90. [PMID: 18606454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A reaction of arachidonic acid with the nitrogen dioxide radical (*NO2) or its precursors (peroxynitrite, nitrous acid, nitrogen trioxide) generates a group of nitro lipids named nitroeicosanoids. A distinct feature of this reaction is abundant formation of four trans isomers of arachidonic acid (TAA) via reversible addition of the NO2 radical to the arachidonic acid cis double bonds. This cis-trans isomerization is biologically relevant because many pathologies that involve NO formation such as inflammation, hyperoxia, hypercapnia or exposure to cigarette smoke increase the TAA levels in cells, tissues and in the systemic circulation. Inflammatory conditions have been known to stimulate formation of a variety of oxidized lipids from unsaturated fatty acid precursors via lipid peroxidation mechanisms; however, nitration-dependent cis-trans-isomerization of arachidonic acid is a characteristic process for *NO2. TAA are likely to function as specific and selective biomarkers of the pathologic conditions that define nitro-oxidative stress. Diet independent biosynthesis of trans fatty acids as a result of disease is our new observation. In the past, experimental feeding and clinical studies have supported the concerns that dietary trans fatty acids are cardiovascular risk factors, however, clinical consequences of the endogenous formation of trans fatty acids are not known but potentially important given available studies on TAA. This review aims to summarize the emerging role of TAA as a unique group of biomarkers that target microcirculation and other systems. A biological mechanism that generates endogenous trans fatty acids poses new challenges for pharmacologic intervention and we suggest approaches that may limit TAA effects.
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17
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Bryan NS, Grisham MB. Methods to detect nitric oxide and its metabolites in biological samples. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:645-57. [PMID: 17664129 PMCID: PMC2041919 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) methodology is a complex and often confusing science and the focus of many debates and discussion concerning NO biochemistry. NO is involved in many physiological processes including regulation of blood pressure, immune response, and neural communication. Therefore its accurate detection and quantification are critical to understanding health and disease. Due to the extremely short physiological half-life of this gaseous free radical, alternative strategies for the detection of reaction products of NO biochemistry have been developed. The quantification of NO metabolites in biological samples provides valuable information with regard to in vivo NO production, bioavailability, and metabolism. Simply sampling a single compartment such as blood or plasma may not always provide an accurate assessment of whole body NO status, particularly in tissues. Therefore, extrapolation of plasma or blood NO status to specific tissues of interest is no longer a valid approach. As a result, methods continue to be developed and validated which allow the detection and quantification of NO and NO-related products/metabolites in multiple compartments of experimental animals in vivo. The methods described in this review is not an exhaustive or comprehensive discussion of all methods available for the detection of NO but rather a description of the most commonly used and practical methods which allow accurate and sensitive quantification of NO products/metabolites in multiple biological matrices under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S. Bryan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas-Houston Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew B. Grisham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
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18
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An Z, Wang H, Song P, Zhang M, Geng X, Zou MH. Nicotine-induced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits fatty acid synthase in 3T3L1 adipocytes: a role for oxidant stress. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26793-26801. [PMID: 17635921 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703701200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a major energy sensor and regulator in adipose tissues. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of AMPK in nicotine-induced lipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3L1 adipocytes. Exposure of 3T3L1 adipocytes to smoking-related concentrations of nicotine increased lipolysis and inhibited fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The effects of nicotine on FAS activity were accompanied by phosphorylation of both AMPK (Thr(172)) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC; Ser(79)). Nicotine-induced AMPK phosphorylation appeared to be mediated by reactive oxygen species based on the finding that nicotine significantly increased superoxide anions and 3-nitrotyrosine-positive proteins, exogenous peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) mimicked the effects of nicotine on AMPK, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) abolished nicotine-enhanced AMPK phosphorylation. Inhibition of AMPK using either pharmacologic (insulin, compound C) or genetic means (overexpression of dominant negative AMPK; AMPK-DN) abolished FAS inhibition induced by nicotine or ONOO(-). Conversely, activation of AMPK by pharmacologic (nicotine, ONOO(-), metformin, and AICAR) or genetic (overexpression of constitutively active AMPK) means inhibited FAS activity. Notably, AMPK activation increased threonine phosphorylation of FAS, and this effect was blocked by adenovirus encoding dominant negative AMPK. Finally, AMPK-dependent FAS phosphorylation was confirmed by (32)P incorporation into FAS in adipocytes. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that nicotine, via ONOO(-) activates AMPK, resulting in enhanced threonine phosphorylation and consequent inhibition of FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo An
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37922
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Ping Song
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Miao Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Xuemei Geng
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37922
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37922; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104.
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Abstract
Vitamin E is comprised of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, and functions as a lipophilic chain-breaking antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation. Although it is well recognized that cigarette smoke is source of oxidative stress, relatively little is known regarding how oxidative stress alters vitamin E utilization in humans. Therefore, this review will highlight the recent knowledge regarding how cigarette smoking alters vitamin E (as alpha- and gamma-tocopherols) utilization in humans. Specifically, we will discuss the mechanisms by which cigarette smoking increases the turnover of plasma vitamin E, decreases the P450-mediated metabolism of vitamin E, and increases the nitration of gamma-tocopherol to result in the formation of 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol. In addition, the interrelationship between oxidative stress and vitamin C will also be emphasized as it relates to vitamin E utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bruno
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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20
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Abstract
Vitamin E is a lipophilic chain-breaking antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation. Although cigarette smoke is a potent source of oxidative stress that depletes vitamin E in vitro, it is unclear whether it has a similar effect in vivo, particularly in humans. Therefore, this review will discuss the role of cigarette smoke on gamma-tocopherol (gamma-T) nitration, its effect on alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) biokinetics in smokers, and the changes in the synthesis, plasma concentrations, and urinary excretion of the vitamin E metabolite (CEHC; carboxy-ethyl-hydroxy-chroman). Last, the possibility of CEHC as a biomarker of vitamin E status will be assessed as will the question whether smokers have increased dietary requirements of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bruno
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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21
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Horváth I, Donnelly LE, Kiss A, Balint B, Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Exhaled nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in asthmatic smokers. Respiration 2005; 71:463-8. [PMID: 15467323 DOI: 10.1159/000080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) production and increased oxidative stress in the airways. Exhaled NO levels are not higher in asthmatic smokers than in healthy non-smokers, and the value of exhaled NO for diagnosing asthma in smokers has been questioned. OBJECTIVES To compare exhaled NO concentrations between healthy and steroid-naive and steroid-treated asthmatic smokers and non-smokers. To also assess the acute effect of cigarette smoking on exhaled NO and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) levels in asthmatic smokers. METHODS Exhaled NO was measured by chemiluminescence and exhaled H(2)O(2) spectrophotometrically. In 7 steroid-naive asthmatic smokers exhaled NO and H(2)O(2) was measured both before and 15 min after smoking one cigarette. Data are given as median (range). RESULTS Exhaled NO level was significantly higher in steroid-naive asthmatic smokers than in healthy smokers [7.7 (3.4-32.5) ppb vs. 3.2 (2.0-7.2) ppb, p < 0.001]. Exhaled NO values were lower in smokers than in non-smokers both in healthy subjects and in steroid-naive asthmatic patients. Steroid-treated asthmatic smokers had a tendency for lower exhaled NO values [5.4 (1.7-12.0) ppb] compared to steroid-naive asthmatic smokers. Cigarette smoking caused an acute increase in exhaled H(2)O(2) concentrations together with a decrease in exhaled NO concentration. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that an elevation in exhaled NO concentration is associated with asthma in smokers. This difference may be useful for diagnosing the disease in smokers, but its clinical value needs further evaluation. Acute increase in exhaled H(2)O(2) concentrations suggests that smoking increases the oxidative stress in the asthmatic airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Horváth
- Department of Pathology, National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, HU-1529 Budapest, Hungary.
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22
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Liu CS, Chiang TH, Kuo CL, Lii CK, Ou CC, Wei YH, Chen HW. α-tocopherol is important to inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation in smokers. Nutr Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2003.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Reddy S, Finkelstein EI, Wong PSY, Phung A, Cross CE, van der Vliet A. Identification of glutathione modifications by cigarette smoke. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:1490-8. [PMID: 12446206 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been recognized for decades that cigarette smoke (CS) is toxic to respiratory tract tissues, and that glutathione (GSH) and other thiols are able to ameliorate some of the adverse effects of CS, the precise interactions between thiols and critical CS components are only partially characterized. In the present study, we used HPLC and MALDI-MS approaches to more rigorously characterize the products of CS reactions with GSH, the major cellular thiol and an important antioxidant constituent in respiratory tract lining fluids, in an attempt to increase our understanding of mechanisms of CS respiratory tract toxicity. Exposure of solutions of GSH to gas phase CS resulted in its rapid depletion, and about 50% of this depletion could be accounted for by reaction with acrolein and crotonaldehyde, the two major alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes in CS. Similar aldehyde adducts with GSH could also be detected in cells exposed to CS, although the relative yields were limited, presumably because of further reactions of these adducts and/or their excretion. Further characterization of in vivo thiol-aldehyde formation in respiratory tract cells can be expected to provide significant insights into the mechanisms of CS toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Comparative Lung Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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24
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Mullick AE, McDonald JM, Melkonian G, Talbot P, Pinkerton KE, Rutledge JC. Reactive carbonyls from tobacco smoke increase arterial endothelial layer injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H591-7. [PMID: 12124206 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01046.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that reactive carbonyls generated from smoke exposure cause increased arterial low-density lipoprotein (LDL) accumulation and endothelial layer permeability. In addition, we hypothesized that estrogen supplementation was protective against chronic environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure to the artery wall. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy was used to determine artery injury after exposure. For our chronic studies, ovariectomized rats treated with subcutaneous placebo or 17beta-estradiol pellets were exposed to ETS or filtered air for 6 wk. ETS exposure increased carotid artery LDL accumulation more than fourfold compared with filtered air exposure, an effect largely mediated by increased permeability. No protective effect of estradiol was observed. Acute ETS exposure of a buffer solution containing LDL resulted in a more than sixfold increase in the highly reactive carbonyl glyoxal. Perfusion of this solution through carotid arteries resulted in a 105% increase in permeability. Moreover, perfusion of glyoxal alone caused a 50% increase in carotid artery permeability. This endothelial damage and changes in lipid accumulation may serve as an initiating event in atheroma formation in individuals exposed to ETS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Mullick
- Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Nutrition and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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25
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Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (*NO2) is an oxidizing free radical which can initiate a variety of destructive pathways in living systems, and several diseases are suspected to be connected with both exogenously and endogenously formed *NO2. Peroxynitrite (ONOO-/ONOOH) is believed to be an important endogenous source of *NO2 radicals, but other sources, among them enzymatically ones, have been identified recently. It also became clear during the last few years that in vivo formation of 3-nitrotyrosine strictly depends on the availability of *NO2 radicals. Since nitrogen dioxide is a very toxic compound an arsenal of antioxidants (e.g. vitamin C, glutathione, vitamin E, and beta-carotene) must eliminate this harmful radical in vivo. Here the recently identified superoxide (O2*-)-dependent formation of peroxynitrate (O2NOO-) and the central role of vitamin C are of special importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kirsch
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitäts-klinikum, Essen, Germany
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26
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Abstract
Free radicals are a normal feature of cellular oxygen metabolism. However, free radical-associated damage is an important factor in many pathological and toxicological processes. For a long time, lipid peroxidation, mediated by oxygen-derived free radicals, was probably the most extensively investigated process. From more recent studies, it has become evident that proteins are also the targets of free radicals, and this has important implication for their activity, unfolding, and degradation, as well as in cell functioning. After giving a brief overview of the key role of proteins in the overall antioxidant defense, this review examines their role as targets of oxidation reactions, taking into account the reactivity of amino acid residues and some of their oxidation products. In light of recent data, we then consider the specific role of sulfur-containing amino acids in protein degradation and their possible interplay with the reversal of limited oxidative lesions. The participation of proteins in the overall antioxidant defense is also discussed, specifically the role of metallothionein as an intracellular antioxidant and that of albumin as a circulating antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bourdon
- INSERM-INRA, Unité de Nutrition Lipidique, Dijon, France
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27
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Nguyen H, Finkelstein E, Reznick A, Cross C, van der Vliet A. Cigarette smoke impairs neutrophil respiratory burst activation by aldehyde-induced thiol modifications. Toxicology 2001; 160:207-17. [PMID: 11246141 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne pollutants such as tobacco smoke is associated with increased activation of inflammatory-immune processes and is thought to contribute to the incidence of respiratory tract disease. We hypothezised that cigarette smoke (CS) could synergize with activated inflammatory/immune cells to cause oxidative injury or result in the formation of unique reactive oxidants. Isolated human neutrophils were exposed to gas-phase CS, and the production of nitrating and chlorinating oxidants following neutrophil stimulation was monitored using the substrate 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (HPA). Stimulation of neutrophils in the presence of CS resulted in a reduced oxidation and chlorination of HPA, suggesting inhibition of NADPH oxidase or myeloperoxidase (MPO), the two major enzymes involved in inflammatory oxidant formation. Peroxidase assays demonstrated that neutrophil MPO activity was not significantly affected after CS-exposure, leaving the NADPH oxidase as a likely target. The inhibition of neutrophil oxidant formation was found to coincide with depletion of cellular GSH, and a similar modification of critical cysteine residues, such as those in NADPH oxidase components, might be involved in reduced respiratory burst activity. As alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes such as acrolein have been implicated in thiol modifications by CS, we exposed neutrophils to acrolein prior to stimulation, and observed inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation in relation to GSH depletion. Additionally, translocation of the cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase to the membrane, a necessary requirement for enzyme activation, was inhibited. Protein adducts of acrolein (or related aldehydes) could be detected in several neutrophil proteins, including NADPH oxidase components, following neutrophil exposure to either CS or acrolein. Alterations in neutrophil function by exposure to (environmental) tobacco smoke may affect inflammatory/infectious conditions and thereby contribute to tobacco-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nguyen
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, CCRBM, 1121 Surge I, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Naskalski
- Department of Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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29
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Panda K, Chattopadhyay R, Chattopadhyay DJ, Chatterjee IB. Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29:115-24. [PMID: 10980400 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Our recent in vitro results [4] indicate that cigarette smoke induces oxidation of human plasma proteins and extensive oxidative degradation of the guinea pig lung, heart, and liver microsomal proteins, which is almost completely prevented by ascorbic acid. In this paper, we substantiate the in vitro results with in vivo observations. We demonstrate that exposure of subclinical or marginal vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs to cigarette smoke causes oxidation of plasma proteins as well as extensive oxidative degradation of the lung microsomal proteins. Cigarette smoke exposure also results in some discernible damage of the heart microsomal proteins. The oxidative damage has been manifested by SDS-PAGE, accumulation of carbonyl and bityrosine, as well as loss of tryptophan and protein thiols. Cigarette smoke exposure also induces peroxidation of microsomal lipids as evidenced by the formation of conjugated dienes, malondialdehyde, and fluorescent pigment. Cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage of proteins and peroxidation of lipids are accompanied by marked drop in the tissue ascorbate levels. Protein damage and lipid peroxidation are also observed in cigarette smoke-exposed pair-fed guinea pigs receiving 5 mg vitamin C/animal/day. However, complete protection against protein damage and lipid peroxidation occurs when the guinea pigs are fed 15 mg vitamin C/animal/day. Also, the cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage of proteins and lipid is reversed after discontinuation of cigarette smoke exposure accompanied by ascorbate therapy. The results, if extrapolated to humans, indicate that comparatively large doses of vitamin C may protect the smokers from cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage and associated degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Panda
- Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, and the Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University College of Science, Calcutta, India
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30
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Nagler R, Lischinsky S, Diamond E, Drigues N, Klein I, Reznick AZ. Effect of cigarette smoke on salivary proteins and enzyme activities. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 379:229-36. [PMID: 10898939 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of human plasma in vitro to gas-phase cigarette smoke (CS) causes a marked modification of plasma proteins as measured by protein carbonyl assay. Aldehydes present in CS may cause this elevation of protein carbonyls by reacting with sulfhydryl groups of proteins. Saliva is the first body fluid to confront the inhaled CS. Thus, in vitro exposure of saliva to nine "puffs" of CS also showed a distinct increase in protein carbonyls. Ascorbate and desferrioxamine mesylate had little effect on protein carbonyl formation, while GSH and N-acetylcysteine considerably inhibited the accumulation of protein carbonyls due to CS exposure. Following the exposure to CS, the activities of several salivary enzymes-amylase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and acid phosphatase-were found to be significantly reduced (34, 57, and 77%, respectively). However, CS had no effect on the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Addition of 1 mM of GSH and N-acetylcysteine considerably protected LDH and amylase activities, suggesting that sulfhydryl groups are affected in LDH and amylase. On the other hand, addition of 1 mM ascorbate caused a further loss of LDH and amylase activities, which could be partially prevented by the addition of desferrioxamine mesylate, implicating metal-catalyzed oxidation processes. Finally, loss of acid phosphatase activity was completely unaffected by any of the above antioxidants. It is concluded that the loss of salivary enzyme activities may be due to various agents in the CS that affect the enzyme activities via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagler
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, 31096, Israel
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31
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Liu CS, Lii CK, Ou CC, Tsai CH, Wei YH, Chen HW. Autoantibody against oxidized low-density lipoproteins may be enhanced by cigarette smoking. Chem Biol Interact 2000; 127:125-37. [PMID: 10936228 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A total of 59 healthy male subjects (32 smokers and 27 nonsmokers) who had no reported systemic disease and did not take alcohol and vitamin supplementation were included. The levels of autoantibody to oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) in smokers and age-matched nonsmokers were compared. The plasma levels of antioxidants that can affect the formation of ox-LDL were also measured, and correlation analyses between anti ox-LDL IgG and plasma antioxidants, controlling for age and body mass index (BMI), were performed. Plasma alpha-tocopherol and uric acid concentrations of nonsmokers (2.78+/-1.09 microg/mg total lipid and 6.96+/-1.69 mg/dl, respectively) were significantly higher than those of smokers (1.68+/-0.48 microg/mg total lipid and 6.15+/-1.14 mg/dl, respectively) (P<0.05). Although plasma ascorbate and retinol levels were not significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers, smokers older than 45 years old had significantly lower plasma ascorbate levels (0.32+/-0.17 mg/dl) than age-matched nonsmokers (0. 53+/-0.14 mg/dl) (P=0.036). Higher level of plasma anti ox-LDL IgG was noted in the group of smokers compared with nonsmokers (515+/-409 mU/ml vs. 407+/-268 mU/ml, respectively) under the statistic method of Chi-Square test (P=0.049). A significant negative correlation was found between plasma anti ox-LDL IgG and alpha-tocopherol in the combined population as well as in the smoker group (r=-0.26, p=0.047; r=-0.48, p=0.006; respectively). However, there was no correlation between plasma anti ox-LDL IgG and the levels of other antioxidants. These results suggest that reduced concentrations of alpha-tocopherol are associated with cigarette smoking. The significantly negative correlation between plasma anti ox-LDL IgG and alpha-tocopherol in the entire study population as well as in the smoker group suggests that plasma alpha-tocopherol may be partially effective if not totally at protecting LDL from oxidative damage caused by cigarette smoking and dietary supplementation with alpha-tocopherol may provide a protective effect against LDL oxidation, especially in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Liu
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, 500, ROC, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC
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Yamaguchi Y, Kagota S, Haginaka J, Kunitomo M. Peroxynitrite-generating species: good candidate oxidants in aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2000; 82:78-81. [PMID: 10874594 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.82.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor for atherosclerosis, but the mechanism of the adverse biological effect of smoking remains to be established. Cigarette smoke contains high concentrations of free radicals and oxidants. We show here that cigarette smoke extracts (CSE), prepared by bubbling the gas phase of smoke into phosphate-buffered saline, could convert tyrosine to 3-nitrotyrosine. The tyrosine nitration terminated 6 h after incubating tyrosine with CSE at 37 degrees C. These results indicate that the active oxidants in CSE are peroxynitrite-generating species like 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), suggesting that they modify plasma lipoproteins and contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Halliwell B, Zhao K, Whiteman M. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. The ugly, the uglier and the not so good: a personal view of recent controversies. Free Radic Res 1999; 31:651-69. [PMID: 10630688 DOI: 10.1080/10715769900301221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide, a gaseous free radical, is poorly reactive with most biomolecules but highly reactive with other free radicals. Its ability to scavenge peroxyl and other damaging radicals may make it an important antioxidant in vivo, particularly in the cardiovascular system, although this ability has been somewhat eclipsed in the literature by a focus on the toxicity of peroxynitrite, generated by reaction of O2*- with NO* (or of NO- with O2). On balance, experimental and theoretical data support the view that ONOO- can lead to hydroxyl radical (OH*) generation at pH 7.4, but it seems unlikely that OH* contributes much to the cytotoxicity of ONOO-. The cytotoxicity of ONOO- may have been over-emphasized: its formation and rapid reaction with antioxidants may provide a mechanism of using NO* to dispose of excess O2*-, or even of using O2*- to dispose of excess NO*, in order to maintain the correct balance between these radicals in vivo. Injection or instillation of "bolus" ONOO- into animals has produced tissue injury, however, although more experiments generating ONOO- at steady rates in vivo are required. The presence of 3-nitrotyrosine in tissues is still frequently taken as evidence of ONOO- generation in vivo, but abundant evidence now exists to support the view that it is a biomarker of several "reactive nitrogen species". Another under-addressed problem is the reliability of assays used to detect and measure 3-nitrotyrosine in tissues and body fluids: immunostaining results vary between laboratories and simple HPLC methods are susceptible to artefacts. Exposure of biological material to low pH (e.g. during acidic hydrolysis to liberate nitrotyrosine from proteins) or to H2O2 might cause artefactual generation of nitrotyrosine from NO2- in the samples. This may be the origin of some of the very large values for tissue nitrotyrosine levels quoted in the literature. Nitrous acid causes not only tyrosine nitration but also DNA base deamination at low pH: these events are relevant to the human stomach since saliva and many foods are rich in nitrite. Several plant phenolics inhibit nitration and deamination in vitro, an effect that could conceivably contribute to their protective effects against gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Panda K, Chattopadhyay R, Ghosh MK, Chattopadhyay DJ, Chatterjee IB. Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke induced oxidative damage of proteins and increased proteolysis. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 27:1064-79. [PMID: 10569639 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous extract of cigarette smoke (CS) contains some stable oxidants, which oxidize human plasma proteins, bovine serum albumin, amino acid homopolymers, and also cause extensive oxidative degradation of microsomal proteins. Similar observations are made when the aqueous extract of cigarette smoke is replaced by whole phase CS solution or whole phase cigarette smoke. CS-induced microsomal protein degradation is a two step process: (i) oxidation of proteins by the oxidants present in the CS and (ii) rapid proteolytic degradation of the oxidized proteins by proteases present in the microsomes. Using aqueous extract of CS equivalent to that produced from one-twentieth of a cigarette, the observed initial and postcigarette smoke treated values of different parameters of oxidative damage per milligram of microsomal proteins are respectively: 0.24 and 1.74 nmoles for carbonyl formation, 125.4 and 62.8 fluorescence units for tryptophan loss, 10.2 and 33.4 fluorescence units for bityrosine formation, and 58.3 and 12.2 nmoles for loss of protein thiols. When compared with sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles of untreated microsomal proteins, the extent of microsomal protein degradation after treatment with whole phase CS solution or aqueous extract of CS is above 90%. Ascorbate (100 microM) almost completely prevents cigarette smoke-induced protein oxidation and thereby protects the microsomes from subsequent proteolytic degradation. Glutathione is partially effective, but other antioxidants including superoxide dismutase, catalase, vitamin E, probucol, beta-carotene, mannitol, thiourea, and histidine are ineffective. The gas phase cigarette smoke contains unstable reactive oxygen species such as superoxide (O2*-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that can cause substantial oxidation of pure protein like albumin but is unable to produce significant oxidative damage of microsomal proteins. Gas phase cigarette smoke-induced albumin oxidation is not only inhibited by ascorbate and glutathione but also by superoxide dismutase, catalase and mannitol. The stable oxidants in the cigarette smoke are not present in the tobacco and are apparently produced by the interaction of O2*-/H2O2/OH* of the gas phase with some components of the tar phase during/following the burning of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Panda
- Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology and the Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Calcutta, India
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Nakaki T, Fujii T. Nitration modifying function of proteins, hormones and neurotransmitters. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1999; 79:125-9. [PMID: 10202847 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.79.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have been accumulated for occurrence of nitration in vivo. In this brief review, we summarized nitration studies on functional changes of proteins, hormones and neurotransmitters, before as well as after the discovery of peroxynitrite. Most of nitrated molecules exhibit less active properties than the parental compounds. It is still unknown whether nitration is merely a footprint of oxidative stress, an important pathway of nitric oxide metabolisms or a part of integral processes for maintaining cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Chapter 13 Inhibition of Vectorial Na+ Transport across Alveolar Epithelial Cells by Nitrogen-Oxygen Reactive Species. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang YJ, Ho YS, Pan MH, Lin JK. Mechanisms of cell death induced by nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in Calu-1 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1998; 6:35-44. [PMID: 21781879 DOI: 10.1016/s1382-6689(98)00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/1997] [Revised: 02/25/1998] [Accepted: 03/02/1998] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an important physiological redox form of nitric oxide (NO) and serves as an NO-releasing compound. 3-Morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1) produces NO and superoxide anion (O(2)(·-)) which results in the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). We investigate the cytotoxicity, cell death mechanisms and gene expression of NO and ONOO(-) in human lung epithelial cells show NO induced apoptosis and DNA genomic fragmentation. Whereas, ONOO(-) induced cell death more characteristic of necrosis than apoptosis. The concentrations of GSNO and SIN-1 required to cause death in 50% of cells were greater than 1 mM. Several gene products are important in controling the apoptotic and necrotic processes. Of these, bcl-2, bax and hsp 70 were studied. The level of expression of bcl-2 was dramatically decreased in cells treated with SIN-1 or GSNO, while the expression level of bax, the heterodimer of bcl-2, did not significant change. In addition, a roughly two-fold increase of hsp 70 was found in cells treated with SIN-1. There were no significant changes in hsp 70 levels in cells treated with GSNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section. 1, Jen-ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Ellis G, Adatia I, Yazdanpanah M, Makela SK. Nitrite and nitrate analyses: a clinical biochemistry perspective. Clin Biochem 1998; 31:195-220. [PMID: 9646943 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(98)00015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the assays available for measurement of nitrite and nitrate ions in body fluids and their clinical applications. DESIGN AND METHODS Literature searches were done of Medline and Current Contents to November 1997. RESULTS The influence of dietary nitrite and nitrate on the concentrations of these ions in various body fluids is reviewed. An overview is presented of the metabolism of nitric oxide (which is converted to nitrite and nitrate). Methods for measurement of the ions are reviewed. Reference values are summarized and the changes reported in various clinical conditions. These include: infection, gastroenterological conditions, hypertension, renal and cardiac disease, inflammatory diseases, transplant rejection, diseases of the central nervous system, and others. Possible effects of environmental nitrite and nitrate on disease incidence are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Most studies of changes in human disease have been descriptive. Diagnostic utility is limited because the concentrations in a significant proportion of affected individuals overlap with those in controls. Changes in concentration may also be caused by diet, outside the clinical investigational setting. The role of nitrite and nitrate assays (alongside direct measurements of nitric oxide in breath) may be restricted to the monitoring of disease progression, or response to therapy in individual patients or subgroups. Associations between disease incidence and drinking water nitrate content are controversial (except for methemoglobinemia in infants).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ellis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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Khan J, Brennand DM, Bradley N, Gao B, Bruckdorfer R, Jacobs M, Brennan DM. 3-Nitrotyrosine in the proteins of human plasma determined by an ELISA method. Biochem J 1998; 330 ( Pt 2):795-801. [PMID: 9480893 PMCID: PMC1219208 DOI: 10.1042/bj3300795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The modification of tyrosine residues in proteins to 3-nitrotyrosine by peroxynitrite or other potential nitrating agents has been detected in biological systems that are subject to oxidative stress. A convenient semi-quantitative method has been developed to assay nitrated proteins in biological fluids and homogenates using a competitive ELISA developed in our laboratory. This assay selectivity detected 3-nitro-l-tyrosine residues in a variety of peroxynitrite-treated proteins (BSA, human serum albumin (HSA), alpha1-antiprotease inhibitor, pepsinogen and fibrinogen) and also in a nitrated peptide, but had a low affinity for free 3-nitro-L-tyrosine and 3-chloro-L-tyrosine. The IC50 values for the inhibition of antibody binding by different nitrated proteins were in the range 5-100 nM, suggesting that the antibody discriminated between nitrotyrosine residues in different environments. The presence of nitrotyrosine in plasma proteins was detected by Western blot analysis and quantified by the ELISA. A concentration of 0. 12+/-0.01 microM nitro-BSA equivalents was measured in the proteins of normal plasma which was increased in peroxynitrite-treated plasma and was elevated in inflammatory conditions. HSA and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) isolated from plasma contained 0.085+/-0.04 and 0. 03+/-0.006 nmol nitro-BSA equivalents/mg protein, respectively. Comparison of the level of nitration in peroxynitrite-treated HSA and LDL in the presence and absence of plasma indicates that nitration and presumably oxidation is inhibited by plasma antioxidants. The presence of nitrotyrosine in LDL is consistent with previous reports implicating peroxynitrite in the oxidative modification of lipoproteins and the presence of a low concentration of oxidized LDL in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, U.K
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Petruzzelli S, Puntoni R, Mimotti P, Pulerà N, Baliva F, Fornai E, Giuntini C. Plasma 3-nitrotyrosine in cigarette smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:1902-7. [PMID: 9412573 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.6.9702075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxynitrite has been associated with increased oxidative reactions and DNA damage in inflamed tissues as it may cause a reduction of plasma antioxidants as well. Nitration of tyrosine residues of proteins leads to the production of 3-nitrotyrosine (NTYR), which may be considered as a marker of NO.-dependent oxidative damage. We developed a highly sensitive method to detect NTYR in human plasma and tested it in cigarette smokers and in healthy control subjects. Peripheral venous blood (10 ml) was obtained in 20 healthy, asymptomatic cigarette smokers (13 males, 7 females; age: 49 +/- 11 yr) and in 18 healthy nonsmokers (10 males and 8 females; age: 36 +/- 6 yr). In smokers, plasma nicotine, cotinine, and expired CO levels were measured. NTYR was determined with a sequential HPLC/gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis (GC-TEA) technique. The total plasma Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was also measured using metmyoglobin as peroxidase and a phenothiazine as a radical donor. NTYR was detectable (detection limit: 0.02 ng/injection) in 11 smokers (mean +/- SD: 1.60 +/- 1.24 ng/mg protein) and in two nonsmokers (1.10 and 1.20 ng/mg protein, respectively). NTYR was not associated with nicotine and cotinine levels or expired CO in smokers. Plasma TEAC in smokers was significantly lower (0.43 +/- 0.38 mM) than in nonsmokers (1.42 +/- 0.3 mM; p < 0.001) and showed a biphasic, negative relationship with NTYR (r = 0.96, p < 0.001). This highly sensitive HPLC/GC-TEA method for detection and quantitation of plasma NTYR may be used for monitoring oxidative reactions associated with tobacco smoking. This assay might be incorporated into molecular epidemiologic studies for lung chronic inflammatory and neoplastic disorders in which exposure to oxidants may be an important risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Petruzzelli
- Cardiopulmonary Department, University of Pisa, Italy
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Repine JE, Bast A, Lankhorst I. Oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oxidative Stress Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:341-57. [PMID: 9279209 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9611013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J E Repine
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA
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Gunther MR, Hsi LC, Curtis JF, Gierse JK, Marnett LJ, Eling TE, Mason RP. Nitric oxide trapping of the tyrosyl radical of prostaglandin H synthase-2 leads to tyrosine iminoxyl radical and nitrotyrosine formation. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:17086-90. [PMID: 9202025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.27.17086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of protein nitrotyrosine content has become a frequently used technique for the detection of oxidative tissue damage. Protein nitration has been suggested to be a final product of the production of highly reactive nitrogen oxide intermediates (e. g. peroxynitrite) formed in reactions between nitric oxide (NO.) and oxygen-derived species such as superoxide. The enzyme prostaglandin H synthase-2 (PHS-2) forms one or more tyrosyl radicals during its enzymatic catalysis of prostaglandin formation. In the presence of the NO.-generator diethylamine nonoate, the electron spin resonance spectrum of the PHS-2-derived tyrosyl radical is replaced by the spectrum of another free radical containing a nitrogen atom. The magnitude of the nitrogen hyperfine coupling constant in the latter species unambiguously identifies it as an iminoxyl radical, which is likely formed by the oxidation of nitrosotyrosine, a stable product of the addition of NO. to tyrosyl radical. Addition of superoxide dismutase did not alter the spectra, indicating that peroxynitrite was not involved. Western blot analysis of PHS-2 after exposure to the NO.-generator revealed nitrotyrosine formation. The results provide a mechanism for nitric oxide-dependent tyrosine nitration that does not require formation of more highly reactive nitrogen oxide intermediates such as peroxynitrite or nitrogen dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gunther
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Kapiotis S, Hermann M, Held I, Mühl A, Gmeiner B. Tyrosine: an inhibitor of LDL oxidation and endothelial cell cytotoxicity initiated by superoxide/nitric oxide radicals. FEBS Lett 1997; 409:223-6. [PMID: 9202150 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosyl radicals can catalyze LDL oxidation. In addition to their LDL oxidizing ability, superoxide (O2.-)/nitric oxide (NO.) generate phenoxyl radicals when reacting with tyrosine. Therefore we tested if tyrosine can act as a pro-oxidant in O2.-/NO.-initiated LDL oxidation. When LDL was exposed to O2.-/NO., tyrosine exerted a strong inhibitory effect on O2.-/ NO.-initiated LDL oxidation as measured by TBARS formation and alteration in electrophoretic mobility of LDL. Tyrosine was also able to protect human endothelial cells from the cytotoxic effect of O2.-/NO.. Because O2.-/NO. can occur in vivo, the results may indicate that serum-free tyrosine could act as an efficacious physiological antioxidant in case of O2.-/NO.-initiated LDL oxidation and endothelial cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kapiotis
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Austria
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Roberts KA, Rezai AA, Pinkerton KE, Rutledge JC. Effect of environmental tobacco smoke on LDL accumulation in the artery wall. Circulation 1996; 94:2248-53. [PMID: 8901679 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.94.9.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) increases the risk of atherosclerosis. To test the hypothesis that exposure to ETS increases LDL accumulation in the artery wall, we developed a model to measure the rate of LDL accumulation in individually perfused rat carotid arteries after the artery had been perfused with plasma taken from rats exposed to ETS (ETS-plasma). METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were exposed to ETS in a chamber in which steady-state sidestream smoke was continuously circulating. After exposure, blood from the animals was collected. Carotid arteries from unexposed rats were perfused first with normal plasma containing fluorescently labeled LDL. Then the same arteries (10 arteries from five rats) were perfused with ETS-plasma plus fluorescently labeled LDL. Photometric measurements were made during perfusion of the arteries with fluorescently labeled LDL, and rate of LDL accumulation (mV/min) and lumen volume (mV) (volume of fluorescently labeled LDL solution) were determined. Perfusion with ETS-plasma increased the rate of LDL accumulation (mean +/- SEM, 6.9 +/- 1.8 mV/min) compared with control (1.6 +/- 0.40 mV/min, P < or = .02). LDL accumulation was primarily dependent on LDL interaction with ETS-plasma rather than the interaction of ETS-plasma with the artery wall. Also, ETS-plasma significantly increased lumen volume (43.3 +/- 5.1 mV) compared with control (35.1 +/- 4.4 mV, P < or = .005). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to ETS acutely increased LDL accumulation in perfused arteries. Repeated exposure to ETS may represent important early events in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Roberts
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Fiala ES, Sodum RS, Bhattacharya M, Li H. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate, a polyphenolic tea antioxidant, inhibits peroxynitrite-mediated formation of 8-oxodeoxyguanosine and 3-nitrotyrosine. EXPERIENTIA 1996; 52:922-6. [PMID: 8841522 DOI: 10.1007/bf01938881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reaction with peroxynitrite at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C was found to increase the 8-oxodeoxyguanosine levels in calf thymus DNA 35- 38-fold. This oxidation of deoxyguanosine, as well as the peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of tyrosine to 3-nitrotyrosine, was significantly inhibited by ascorbic acid, glutathione and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a polyphenolic antioxidant present in tea. For 50% inhibition of the oxidation of deoxyguanosine to 8-oxodeoxyguanosine, 1.1, 7.6 or 0.25 mM ascorbate, glutathione or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, respectively, was required. For 50% inhibition of tyrosine nitration, the respective concentrations were 1.4, 4.6 or 0.11 mM. Thus, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate is a significantly better inhibitor of both reactions than either ascorbate or glutathione. Reaction of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate with peroxynitrite alone resulted in the formation of a number of products. Ultraviolet spectra of two of these suggest that the tea polyphenol and/or its oxidation products are nitrated by peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Fiala
- American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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46
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Whiteman M, Halliwell B. Protection against peroxynitrite-dependent tyrosine nitration and alpha 1-antiproteinase inactivation by ascorbic acid. A comparison with other biological antioxidants. Free Radic Res 1996; 25:275-83. [PMID: 8889493 DOI: 10.3109/10715769609149052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite, formed by reaction of superoxide and nitric oxide, appears to be an important tissue-damaging species generated at sites of inflammation. In this paper, we compare the abilities of several biological antioxidants to protect against peroxynitrite-dependent inactivation of alpha 1-antiproteinase, and to inhibit tyrosine nitration upon addition of peroxynitrite. GSH and ascorbate protected efficiently in both systems. Uric acid inhibited tyrosine nitration but not alpha 1-antiproteinase inactivation. The possibility that ascorbic acid is an important scavenger of reactive nitrogen species in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Whiteman
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Centre, King's College, London, UK
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47
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Whiteman M, Kaur H, Halliwell B. Protection against peroxynitrite dependent tyrosine nitration and alpha 1-antiproteinase inactivation by some anti-inflammatory drugs and by the antibiotic tetracycline. Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55:383-7. [PMID: 8694578 PMCID: PMC1010190 DOI: 10.1136/ard.55.6.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine in vitro the ability of several drugs to protect against deleterious effects of peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic agent formed by reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide radical, that may be generated in the rheumatoid joint and could cause joint damage. METHODS The ability of several drugs to protect against such possible toxic actions of peroxynitrite as inactivation of alpha 1-antiproteinase and nitration of tyrosine was evaluated. RESULTS Most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were moderately (indomethacin, diclofenac, naproxen, tolmetin) or only weakly (sulindac, ibuprofen, aurothioglucose, flurbiprofen, sulphasalazine, salicylate, penicillamine disulphide) effective in preventing tyrosine nitration and alpha 1-antiproteinase inactivation by peroxynitrite, but 5-aminosalicylate and penicillamine were much more effective, as was the antibiotic tetracycline (but not ampicillin). Phenylbutazone and flufenamic acid protected effectively against tyrosine nitration, but could not be tested in the alpha 1-antiproteinase system. The analgesic paracetamol was highly protective in both assay systems. CONCLUSION Many drugs used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis are unlikely to act by scavenging peroxynitrite. The feasibility of peroxynitrite scavenging as a mechanism of penicillamine, 5-aminosalicylate, and paracetamol action in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Whiteman
- King's College London, Pharmacology Group, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Inhalation of nitric oxide (NO) is an experimental treatment for severe pulmonary hypertension. Being rapidly metabolized by hemoglobin, inhaled NO causes selective vasodilation in the pulmonary vascular bed. In addition to the vascular smooth muscle, other pulmonary structures are exposed to inhaled NO, resulting in suppression of NO synthesis in a variety of pulmonary cells and in potential toxicity. NO is a free radical that interacts with a number of proteins, particularly metalloproteins. Together with superoxide radical, it rapidly forms highly toxic peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite is involved in the killing of microbes by activated phagocytosing macrophages. In severe inflammation, peroxynitrite may be responsible for damaging proteins, lipids, and DNA. Peroxynitrite added to surfactant in vitro is capable of decreasing the surface activity, inducing lipid peroxidation, decreasing the function of surfactant proteins, SP-A and SP-B, and inducing protein-associated nitro-tyrosine. Exposure of animals for prolonged periods (48 to 72 hours) to inhaled NO (80 to 120 ppm) has been associated with a decrease in surface activity. This is caused by binding of surfactant to iron-proteins that are modified by NO (particularly methemoglobin), or by peroxynitrite induced damage of surfactant. In contrast, exposure of isolated surfactant complex to NO during surface cycling strikingly decreases the inactivation of surfactant, preventing the conversion of surfactant to small vesicles that are no longer surface-active, and preventing lipid peroxidation. This finding is consistent with the function of NO as a lipid-soluble chain-braking antioxidant. It is possible that this lipophilic gas has as yet undefined roles in regulation of surfactant metabolism and maintenance of surface activity. Deficiency in pulmonary NO may be present during the early neonatal period in respiratory distress syndrome and in persistent fetal circulation. The premature lung is likely to be sensitive to NO toxicity that may include lung damage, abnormal alveolarization, and mutagenicity. Defining of the indications, the dosage, and the toxicity of inhaled NO therapy remains the challenge for experimental and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hallman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Rahman I, MacNee W. Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1996; 51:348-50. [PMID: 8733482 PMCID: PMC1090665 DOI: 10.1136/thx.51.4.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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50
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Abstract
An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants has been considered in the pathogenesis of smoking-induced lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly emphysema. Recent evidence indicates that increased neutrophil sequestration and activation occurs in the pulmonary microvasculature in smokers and in patients with COPD, with the potential to release reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS generated by airspace phagocytes or inhaled directly from the environment also increase the oxidant burden and may contribute to the epithelial damage. Although much research has focused on the protease/antiprotease theory of the pathogenesis of emphysema, less attention has been paid to the role of ROS in this condition. The injurious effects of the increased oxidant burden in smokers and in patients with COPD are opposed by the lung antioxidant defences. Hence, determining the mechanisms regulating the antioxidant responses is critical to our understanding of the role of oxidants in the pathogenesis of smoking-induced lung disease and to devising future strategies for antioxidant therapy. In this article we have reviewed the evidence for the presence of an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in smoking-induced lung disease and its relevance to therapy in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rahman
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Rayne Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
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