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Blanckaert P, Vanquekelberghe S, Coopman V, Risseeuw MD, Van Calenbergh S, Cordonnier J. Identification and characterization of 4-chloromethamphetamine (4-CMA) in seized ecstacy — a risk to public health. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 288:173-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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2
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Yang IC, Pan JT. Effects of serotonin depletion by p-chlorophenylalanine, p-chloroamphetamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on central dopaminergic neurons: focus on tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons and serum prolactin. J Biomed Sci 1999; 6:183-93. [PMID: 10343167 DOI: 10.1007/bf02255902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxins, p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 125 and 250 mg/kg, i.p.), p-chloroamphetamine (PCA, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 200 microg/rat, i.c.v.) were used to examine whether depletion of central 5-HT has an effect on central dopaminergic (DA) neuronal activities or on prolactin (PRL) secretion. Adult ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats primed with estrogen (polyestradiol phosphate, 0.1 mg/rat, s.c.) were treated with one of three neurotoxins and then decapitated in the morning after 3-7 days. Blood sample and brain tissues were collected. The acute effect of PCA (from 30 to 180 min) was also determined. The concentrations of 5-HT, DA and their metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, in the median eminence, striatum and nucleus accumbens were determined by HPLC-electrochemical detection. All three toxins significantly depleted central 5-HT stores by 11-20%. Except for PCPA, neither PCA nor 5,7-DHT had any significant effect on basal DA neuronal activities or PRL secretion. PCA also exhibited an acute effect on the release and reuptake of 5-HT and DA. In summary, depletion of central 5-HT stores to a significant extent for 3-7 days did not seem to affect basal DA neuronal activity and PRL secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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3
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Benmansour S, Brunswick DJ. The MAO-B inhibitor deprenyl, but not the MAO-A inhibitor clorgyline, potentiates the neurotoxicity of p-chloroamphetamine. Brain Res 1994; 650:305-12. [PMID: 7953696 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of co-administration of MAO inhibitors together with a low dose of the neurotoxic amphetamine p-chloroamphetamine (pCA) on neurotoxicity was examined. Neurotoxicity was assessed by measuring decreases in the binding of [3H]cyanoimipramine to serotonin uptake sites using quantitative autoradiography. By itself, a low dose of pCA (2 mg/kg) did not produce any alterations in radioligand binding, measured 7 days after drug administration. However, co-administration of the MAO-B selective inhibitor deprenyl (1 mg/kg) or the non-selective inhibitor pargyline (50 mg/kg) produced significant decreases in radioligand binding. Measurements of the effects of these drugs on body temperature ruled out the possibility that deprenyl and pargyline were increasing neurotoxicity by producing a drug-induced hyperthermia. In contrast to the effects of deprenyl and pargyline, co-administration of the MAO-A selective inhibitor clorgyline (1 mg/kg) did not alter binding. By themselves none of the MAO inhibitors produced neurotoxic effects. There are a number of possible explanations for these results. Administration of deprenyl or pargyline, together with pCA, itself a MAO-A inhibitor, will lead to inhibition of both MAO-A and MAO-B activities. This will likely lead to an enhanced release of dopamine and serotonin compared with the release following administration of pCA alone or pCA together with clorgyline. Elevation of the extracellular levels of either or both of these monoamines could lead to enhanced neurotoxicity. Whatever the mechanism involved, our results show that the co-administration of a type-B MAOI enhances the neurotoxic effects of pCA on serotonin neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benmansour
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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4
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Martín F, Artigas F. Simultaneous effects of p-chloroamphetamine, d-fenfluramine, and reserpine on free and stored 5-hydroxytryptamine in brain and blood. J Neurochem 1992; 59:1138-44. [PMID: 1379630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acute treatment with p-chloramphetamine, d-fenfluramine, and reserpine on intracellular (brain tissue and whole blood) and extracellular (CSF and platelet-free plasma) compartments of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the brain and blood of the same rats have been examined. These treatments affected 5-HT in brain tissue and whole blood similarly (r = 0.823). Reserpine significantly reduced both intracellular pools at 2 and 24 h. p-Chloroamphetamine and d-fenfluramine were more effective on brain tissue 5-HT. The concentration of 5-HT in CSF was significantly increased by all treatments. p-Chloroamphetamine induced a dramatic 70-fold increase of CSF 5-HT, paralleling a 42% decrease in brain tissue. d-Fenfluramine significantly increased CSF 5-HT to 212% of controls and reduced whole brain 5-HT (-23%). The effects of p-chloroamphetamine and d-fenfluramine on 5-HIAA in brain, CSF, and plasma were nonsignificant. Individual values of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in CSF and brain were highly correlated (r = 0.855), indicating that CSF 5-HIAA reflects well the concentration of 5-HIAA in brain tissue. Yet the intra- and extracellular concentrations of 5-HIAA were unrelated to the 5-HT changes. This indicates that CSF 5-HIAA does not reflect the active (extracellular) compartment of 5-HT in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martín
- Department of Neurochemistry, C.S.I.C., Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Berger UV, Grzanna R, Molliver ME. The neurotoxic effects of p-chloroamphetamine in rat brain are blocked by prior depletion of serotonin. Brain Res 1992; 578:177-85. [PMID: 1511276 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) causes degeneration of serotonergic (5-HT) axons, but recent data indicate that this drug itself is not neurotoxic when applied directly to 5-HT axons. The present study was designed to test whether the toxic effects of PCA in the brain are dependent on release of endogenous 5-HT and to identify which stores of 5-HT are involved. The long-term effects of PCA on brain levels of 5-HT and on central 5-HT axons were determined in rats that had been initially depleted of 5-HT by administration of p-chlorophenylalanine and reserpine. The results show that transient depletion of 5-HT provides substantial protection against subsequent PCA-induced degeneration of 5-HT axon terminals; the neurotoxicity induced by PCA thus appears to be dependent on the presence of endogenous stores of 5-HT. In addition, the protective effect of 5-HT depletion is found only after pretreatment regimens that deplete peripheral as well as central stores of 5-HT. We interpret this finding as evidence that release of 5-HT from peripheral storage sites may be necessary for the expression of PCA-induced toxicity. Based on these results, we propose that central neurotoxicity is not induced by a direct action of PCA alone but may require or be augmented by a toxic metabolite of 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- U V Berger
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Baltimore, MD 21205
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6
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Axt KJ, Seiden LS. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine partially attenuates p-chloroamphetamine-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine depletions in the rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990; 35:995-7. [PMID: 1971723 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT) partially attenuates the long-term p-chloroamphetamine (pCA)-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) depletions. Pretreatment of rats with the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor AMT before treatment with the serotonin neurotoxin pCA decreased the extent of 5-HT depletion in the two brain regions examined. In these experiments, rats were administered AMT (150 mg/kg) 1 and 5 hours prior to an injection of pCA (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg). AMT reduced the pCA-induced 5-HT depletions in the striatum and to a lesser extent in the hippocampus. Furthermore, the attenuation of neurotoxicity was dependent on dose of pCA, with greater AMT effects at higher doses of pCA. AMT-pretreated rats were still significantly depleted of brain 5-HT following all doses of pCA. However, at the higher doses of pCA, the AMT-pretreated rats were significantly less depleted than saline-pretreated, pCA-treated rats. These results suggest that the neurotoxic effects of high doses of pCA on 5-HT-containing nerve terminals may be in part dependent on the availability of newly synthesized dopamine (DA).
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Axt
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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7
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Berger UV, Grzanna R, Molliver ME. Depletion of serotonin using p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and reserpine protects against the neurotoxic effects of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) in the brain. Exp Neurol 1989; 103:111-5. [PMID: 2521470 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(89)90071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study attempts to determine whether the neurotoxicity of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) is dependent on a releasable pool of serotonin (5-HT). Rats treated with PCA alone or with reserpine and PCA exhibit a profound loss of 5-HT innervation in cerebral cortex after a 2-week survival period. However, depletion of 5-HT by combined treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and reserpine provides substantial protection against the neurotoxic effects of PCA. These results indicate that release of 5-HT is a necessary step in the neurotoxicity of PCA and that a peripheral source of 5-HT is involved. We suggest that 5-HT release from platelets into the peripheral circulation may result in the formation of a neurotoxic 5-HT metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- U V Berger
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Commins DL, Axt KJ, Vosmer G, Seiden LS. Endogenously produced 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine may mediate the neurotoxic effects of para-chloroamphetamine. Brain Res 1987; 419:253-61. [PMID: 2445423 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) has been used to deplete brain serotonin (5-HT) in numerous studies of serotonergic involvement in various behaviors and physiological functions. PCA is believed to cause long-lasting depletions of 5-HT by causing the selective degeneration of serotonergic nerve terminals, but the mechanism by which it exerts this neurotoxic effect is not understood. In this experiment, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT), a serotonergic neurotoxin, was detected by high performance liquid chromatography in the rat hippocampus 0.5-4 h after a single 15 mg/kg i.p. injection of PCA. 5,6-DHT was also detected in the somatosensory cortex following PCA administration, but much less frequently than in the hippocampus. Degenerating nerve terminals were observed in the striatum and somatosensory cortex in silver-stained brain sections from rats injected with PCA 1 or 2 days prior to sacrifice. Laminae III and IV of the somatosensory cortex also contained degenerating neuronal perikarya. The neurochemical and histological effects of PCA are very similar to those produced by a large dose of methylamphetamine (MA) in that both drugs are toxic to serotonergic nerve terminals and neuronal perikarya in the somatosensory cortex. We hypothesize that the formation of 5,6-DHT, perhaps from endogenous 5-HT, may mediate the toxic effects of PCA, MA and other amphetamine-related drugs on serotonergic neurons and on a subpopulation of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Commins
- University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, IL 60637
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9
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Abstract
The dextrorotatory enantiomer of fluoxetine was slightly more potent than the levorotatory enantiomer in antagonizing the depletion of brain serotonin by p-chloroamphetamine in rats. The time course of the depletion of brain serotonin at times out to 24 hr after the injection of p-chloroamphetamine was determined with or without simultaneous administration of one of the fluoxetine enantiomers. The dextrorotatory enantiomer prevented the depletion of brain serotonin at any time after p-chloroamphetamine. The levorotatory enantiomer prevented the initial depletion of brain serotonin at 2 and 4 hr, but by 8 hr brain serotonin concentration was decreased and by 24 hr the depletion of serotonin was almost as great as in rats treated with p-chloroamphetamine alone. The elevation of serum corticosterone that occurred acutely after injection of a low dose of p-chloroamphetamine was significantly antagonized by both enantiomers of fluoxetine, the dextrorotatory enantiomer being slightly more potent. In contrast, the lowering of DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) concentration in rat brain by p-chloroamphetamine was not antagonized by either enantiomer of fluoxetine, indicating this effect is not secondary to serotonin release by p-chloroamphetamine. The results are consistent with other evidence that both enantiomers of fluoxetine are potent inhibitors of serotonin uptake, the dextrorotatory enantiomer being longer-acting than the levorotatory enantiomer in rats.
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Humphries CR, O'Brien M, Paxinos G. PCA: effects on ejaculation, thermoregulation, salivation, and irritability in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980; 12:851-4. [PMID: 7190701 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(80)90443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The short term monoamine releaser p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) was injected intraperitoneally in male rats housed at 20 degrees C. Within 2 hr of PCA injections (2.5, 5.0, 8.0 or 10.0 mg/kg), rats showed ejaculation, decreased colonic temperature, increased salivation, and increased irritability. Ejaculation and salivation scores were considerably lower in the 2.5 mg/kg than in the higher dose groups, but otherwise were not dose dependent at the doses used. Hypothermia was of similar magnitude in all groups, but lasted longer in the higher dose groups. Irritability increased with dose size. In order to study the role of ambient temperature in PCA-induced behavioral changes, observations were made on an additional group or rats housed at the higher ambient temperature of 25 degrees C. In these rats an increase, rather than a decrease, in mean colonic temperature was observed following PCA injection (5 mg/kg). Ejaculation and irritability scores were similar to those observed at the lower ambient temperature, but salivation was enhanced. It is suggested that PCA induces ejaculation, salivation, irritability and, depending on the ambient temperature, either hypothermia or hyperthermia.
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11
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Green AL, El Hait MA. p-Methoxyamphetamine, a potent reversible inhibitor of type-A monoamine oxidase in vitro and in vivo. J Pharm Pharmacol 1980; 32:262-6. [PMID: 6103055 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb12909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
p-Methoxyamphetamine is over 20 times as potent as (+)-amphetamine as an inhibitor of 5-HT oxidation by monoamine oxidase in mouse brain in vitro, with a Ki value of 0.22 microM. It is highly selective towards A-type monoamine oxidase and possesses only weak activity against the B-type enzyme (Ki value about 500 microM with benzylamine as substrate and solubilized rat liver mitochondria as enzyme source). It is 10 times more active than (+)-amphetamine in protecting mouse brain monoamine oxidase from inhibition by phenelzine in vivo. o-Methoxy- and m-methoxyamphetamines inhibit monoamine oxidase both in vitro and in vivo with potencies comparable with, or less than that of (+)-amphetamine.
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12
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Kutscher CL, Yamamoto BK. A frequency analysis of behavior components of the serotonin syndrome produced by p-chloroamphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1979; 11:611-6. [PMID: 575425 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(79)90251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A time-sampling frequency analysis was made of criterion behaviors following injection of 2.5--10 mg/kg dosages of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). Stereotypic behaviors (forepaw treading, circling, head weaving and inching) increased with increasing dosages and normal behaviors (grooming, rearing, and instances of inactivity) decreased. Composite scores of stereotypic behavior were a positive, linear function of PCA dosage. Composite scores of normal behavior showed near maximal inhibition at 5 mg/kg. Splayed hindlimbs is a reliable and sensitive indicator of PCA action, but vocalization, tremors, diarrhea and autonomic signs are not. Preinjection of PCA strongly attenuated the PCA-induec syndrome, as expected, since the preinjection should deplete brain serotonin and reduce the amount released by the second PCA injection.
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14
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Abstract
p-Chloroamphetamine and various analogs influence brain serotonin neurons through multiple actions. Comparison of these compounds has permitted the distinction between short-term and long-term depletion of serotonin and among inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylation, release of serotonin, inhibition of serotonin reuptake, and inhibition of monoamine oxidase as mechanisms involved in the actions of these agents on serotonin neurons.
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16
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Steranka LR, Sanders-Bush E, Barrett RJ. Tolerance to p-chloroamphetamines effects on Sidman avoidance performance and catecholamine metabolism. Neuropharmacology 1977; 16:761-9. [PMID: 22829 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(77)90134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Ross SB, Ogren SO, Renyi AL. Substituted amphetamine derivatives. I. Effect on uptake and release of biogenic monoamines and on monoamine oxidase in the mouse brain. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 1977; 41:337-52. [PMID: 579062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1977.tb02673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Fuller RW, Wong DT, Snoddy HD, Bymaster FP. Comparison of the effects of 6-chloro-2-aminotetralin and of Org 6582, a related chloroamphetamine analog, on brain serotonin metabolism in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(77)90094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Menon K, Bieger D, Hornykiewicz O. Pharmacological evidence for a selective antidopaminergic action of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1976; 39:177-86. [PMID: 978199 DOI: 10.1007/bf01256508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
D-Amphetamine (Amph) and p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) induced dose-dependent increases in oropharyngeal myocloniform twitch activity (MTA) in rats anesthetized with urethane. In doses of 80-120 mg/kg, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) blocked Amph-induced MTA. The blockade was readily surmountable. Pretreatment with reserpine markedly enhanced the myoclonigenic effect of Amph and rendered it insensitive blockade by GHB, 160 mg/kg. PCA and tryptamine also effectively stimulated MTA, but unlike Amph were antagonized by low doses of the serotonin (5-HT) antagonist methysergide. In doses which blocked Amph, GHB failed to antagonize the myoclonigenic effect of PCA. It is concluded that: (a) the actions of Amph and PCA on MTA is less sensitive to GHB blockade than DA-mediated MTA; and (c) the GHB-Amph antagonism may be of a functional nature, i.e. result from a depression of the firing activity of DA neurons produced by GHB. Since reserpinization abolished the GHB effect on Amph-induced MTA, the functional integrity of granular DA binding and releasing mechanisms appears to be a pre-requisite for the antagonism between GHB and Amph.
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20
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Green AR, Kelly PH. Evidence concerning the involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the locomotor activity produced by amphetamine or tranylcypromine plus L-DOPA. Br J Pharmacol 1976; 57:141-7. [PMID: 1276533 PMCID: PMC1667008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1976.tb07664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
1 Pretreatment of rats with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 2 X 200 mg/kg) decreased the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the brain. It also decreased the locomotor activity produced by tranylcypromine plus L-DOPA administration 24 h after the second dose of PCPA. 2 Pretreatment with p-chloroamphetamine, which produced a similar decrease in brain 5-HT concentrations did not decrease the locomotor response to tranylcypromine and L-DOPA. 3 PCPA pretreatment decreased the rise in the concentration of DOPA and dopamine in the brain following tranylcypromine and L-DOPA, suggesting its effect on the dopamine-induced locomotor activity was the result of this drug diminishing dopamine formation in the brain, probably by inhibiting L-DOPA uptake. 4 The locomotor activity produced by tranylcypromine and L-DOPA was not decreased by pretreatment 6 h earlier with disulfiram (400 mg/kg). This argues against the locomotor activity being due to noradrenergic stimulation. 5 PCPA pretreatment did not alter amphetamine-induced stereotypy or the circling behaviour in unilateral nigro-striatal lesioned rats.
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21
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Leonard BE. Acute and chronic effects of 4-chloroamphetamine on monoamine metabolism in the rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1976; 46:11-8. [PMID: 1257360 DOI: 10.1007/bf00421543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The acute administration of 4-chloroamphetamine caused a marked reduction in the concentration of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and a rise in dopamine in the rat brain. Following the injection of 3H-tyrosine and 3H-tryptophane into rats treated with 4-chloroamphetamine, there was a reduction in brain levels of 3H-dopamine and 3H-serotonin. Although the endogenous concentration of noradrenaline was not affected by 4-chloroamphetamine, there is evidence that its reuptake into neurones was reduced and its release increased by the drug. Following the administration of 4-chloroamphetamine for 10 days, the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was reduced; no other changes in amine metabolism were apparent. From this investigation, and those of others, it appears that following acute administration, 4-chloroamphetamine has a neurochemical profile which has a similarity to that of many tricyclic antidepressants. However, there is a marked discrepancy between the acute and chronic effects of 4-CA on brain amine metabolism. Such findings are difficult to reconcile with the widely accepted theory that antidepressant drugs counteract the symptoms of depression by increasing the concentration of noradrenaline and/or serotonin at receptor sites within the brain.
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22
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Koe BK, Corkey RF. Inhibition of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylation with p-chloroamphetamine. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25:31-5. [PMID: 1252254 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Fuller RW, Baker JC, Perry KW, Molloy BB. Comparison of 4-chloro-, 4-bromo- and 4-fluoroamphetamine in rats: drug levels in brain and effects on brain serotonin metabolism. Neuropharmacology 1975; 14:739-46. [PMID: 1196472 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(75)90099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Sulser F, Sanders-Bush E. Halogen substitution of amphetamine biochemical and pharmacological consequences. Biochem Pharmacol 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Fuller RW, Snoddy HD, Roush BW, Molloy BB. Further structure-activity studies on the lowering of brain 5-hydroxyindoles by 4-chloramphetamine. Neuropharmacology 1973; 12:33-42. [PMID: 4687274 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(73)90129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Fuller RW, Schaffer RJ, Roush BW, Molloy BB. Drug disposition as a factor in the lowering of brain serotonin by chloroamphetamines in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1972; 21:1413-7. [PMID: 5029422 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(72)90365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Sanders-Bush E, Bushing JA, Sulser F. p-Chloroamphetamine--inhibition of cerebral tryptophan hydroxylase. Biochem Pharmacol 1972; 21:1501-10. [PMID: 4260485 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(72)90375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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29
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Wong DT, van Frank RM, Horng JS, Fuller RW. Accumulation of amphetamine and p-chloroamphetamine into synaptosomes of rat brain. J Pharm Pharmacol 1972; 24:171-3. [PMID: 4401979 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1972.tb08958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Morgan D, Löfstrandh S, Costa E. Amphetamine analogues and brain amines. LIFE SCIENCES. PT. 1: PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1972; 11:83-96. [PMID: 4653194 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(72)90166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Korf J, van Praag HM. Action of p-chloroamphetamine on cerebral serotonin metabolism: an hypothesis. Neuropharmacology 1972; 11:141-4. [PMID: 4110561 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(72)90065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Costa E, Naimzada KM, Revuelta A. Effect of phenmetrazine, aminorex and ( ) p-chloramphetamine on the motor activity and turnover rate of brain catecholamines. Br J Pharmacol 1971; 43:570-9. [PMID: 5157723 PMCID: PMC1665804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1971.tb07187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The minimal doses (mumol/kg i.v.) of phenmetrazine, (+/-)-p-chloramphetamine, and aminorex which increase motor activity are 5.6, 3.5, and 1.5, respectively. We detected stereotype behaviour neither in rats receiving intravenous doses 3 times greater nor in animals injected intraperitoneally with 44, 62 and 112 mumol/kg of (+/-)-p-chloramphetamine, aminorex and phenmatrazine, respectively.2. The latter doses of the three amphetamine congeners were tested for their action on tissue monoamine content. Only (+/-)-p-chloramphetamine decreased the concentration of tel-diencephalon 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and this decrease lasted longer than 24 hours. This and the other two amphetamine congeners failed to affect the concentration of noradrenaline (NA) in brain, heart and lung.3. Aminorex (1.5 mumol/kg i.v.) and (+/-)-p-chloramphetamine (3.5 mumol/kg i.v.) decreased the turnover time of striatum dopamine (DM) but failed to change the turnover time of tel-diencephalon and brainstem NA. Phenmetrazine (5.6 mumol/kg i.v.) changed neither the turnover time of striatum DM nor that of NA in the two brain areas assayed.
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Strada SJ, Sulser F. Comparative effects of P-chloroamphetamine and amphetamine on metabolism and in vivo release of 3 H-norepinephrine in the hypothalamus. Eur J Pharmacol 1971; 15:45-51. [PMID: 5161340 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(71)90077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Meek JL, Fuxe K, Carlsson A. Blockade of p-chloromethamphetamine induced 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion by chlorimipramine, chlorpheniramine and meperidine. Biochem Pharmacol 1971; 20:707-9. [PMID: 5150165 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Meek JL, Fuxe K. Serotonin accumulation after monoamine oxidase inhibition. Effects of decreased impulse flow and of some anti-depressants and hallucinogens. Biochem Pharmacol 1971; 20:693-706. [PMID: 5150164 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Strada SJ, Sanders-Bush E, Sulser F. p-Chloroamphetamine. Temporal relationship between psychomotor stimulation and metabolism of brain norepinephrine. Biochem Pharmacol 1970; 19:2621-9. [PMID: 5478286 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(70)90012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fuller RW, Hines CW. Inhibition by p-chloroamphetamine of the conversion of 5-hydroxytryptamine to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in rat brain. J Pharm Pharmacol 1970; 22:634-5. [PMID: 4394546 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1970.tb10589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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