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Migliaro M, Ruiz-Contreras AE, Herrera-Solís A, Méndez-Díaz M, Prospéro-García OE. Endocannabinoid system and aggression across animal species. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105375. [PMID: 37643683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review article summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and aggression across multiple vertebrate species. Experimental evidence indicates that acute administration of phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and the pharmacological enhancement of endocannabinoid signaling decreases aggressive behavior in several animal models. However, research on the chronic effects of cannabinoids on animal aggression has yielded inconsistent findings, indicating a need for further investigation. Cannabinoid receptors, particularly cannabinoid receptor type 1, appear to be an important part of the endogenous mechanism involved in the dampening of aggressive behavior. Overall, this review underscores the importance of the ECS in regulating aggressive behavior and provides a foundation for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Migliaro
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico.
| | - Alejandra E Ruiz-Contreras
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Unidad de Investigación en Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Coordinación de Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Andrea Herrera-Solís
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Efectos Terapéuticos de los Cannabinoides, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico
| | - Mónica Méndez-Díaz
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Oscar E Prospéro-García
- Grupo de Neurociencias: Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico
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StepjanoviĆ D, Hall W, Leung J. Illicit drug use and violence. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 197:121-145. [PMID: 37633705 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews evidence on the relationship between illicit drug use and violence, specifically cannabis, stimulant drugs, and opioids. It summarizes findings of systematic reviews of evidence on cannabis, stimulant drugs, and opioids. It also examines evidence from epidemiological studies of drug use among violent offenders and of violence among persons who use drugs, intervention studies, animal studies, human laboratory studies, and human neuroimaging studies. More studies have examined cannabis because of its higher prevalence of use. There is an association between cannabis use and violence, suggestive evidence of a dose-response relationship between the frequency of cannabis use and violence, and a stronger association in persons with psychoses. There is similar emerging evidence on stimulant use and violence, but evidence on opioids is very limited. There is limited and mixed evidence from intervention studies that reducing drug use reduces violence. Animal and human studies provide potential biological explanations for these associations. The association between cannabis use and violence is most consistent but limited by study heterogeneity and lack of control for potential confounders. It is unclear whether these associations are causal or reflect reverse causation or the effects of confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel StepjanoviĆ
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - Janni Leung
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Bouchatta O, Ouhaz Z, Ba-Mhamed S, Kerekes N, Bennis M. Acute and chronic glue sniffing effects and consequences of withdrawal on aggressive behavior. Life Sci 2016; 152:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Ribeiro do Valle J. Pharmacological Approaches to the Study of the Cannabis Problem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10826086909062039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bac P, Pages N, Herrenknecht C, Paris M. Measurement of the three phases of muricidal behavior induced by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in isolated, fasting rats. Physiol Behav 1998; 63:815-20. [PMID: 9618004 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has long been recognized as inducing mouse-killing behavior (muricidal behavior) in starving, isolated rats after a single injection. We showed that when the killing tendency was increased by THC, a preliminary contact with a mouse decreased the probability of muricidal behavior. By quantifying the three phases of the muricidal behavior in either nonkiller or naive THC-treated rats, we showed that the duration of each step was notably increased as compared to untreated natural killer rats, mainly the attack on the dead mouse, indicating increased aggressiveness. Finally, no significant changes were observed in the duration of the three phases in natural killer rats when the muricide assays were repeated every hour. In contrast, in THC-treated rats--either naive or nonkiller--all three phases decreased with the assay repetition to levels comparable to those of natural killer rats, suggesting that the killer behavior was progressively acquired for the six assays. These changes could be a useful model to study the central effects of THC and either its agonists or antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bac
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculté de Pharmacie, Chatenay-Malabry, France
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Sethi BB, Trivedi JK, Kumar P, Gulati A, Agarwal AK, Sethi N. Antianxiety effect of cannabis: involvement of central benzodiazepine receptors. Biol Psychiatry 1986; 21:3-10. [PMID: 3002503 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(86)90003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work, involving clinical, behavioral, and biochemical studies, was undertaken to elucidate the probable mechanism of the observed antianxiety effects of cannabis. The population for the clinical study consisted of 50 male chronic cannabis users who were otherwise healthy and 50 matched controls. When evaluated on Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMA), these subjects had low anxiety scores as compared with the controls. To explore the possible interaction of cannabis with the benzodiazepine receptors, behavioral and biochemical studies in mice were devised, involving acute and chronic cannabis administration. Behavioral study revealed that mice under chronic cannabis treatment scored significantly higher on foot shock-induced aggression, but this was significantly blocked by benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Furthermore, chronic cannabis treatment significantly (p less than 0.001) increased the frequency of licking response periodically punished by shocks. This confirms the antianxiety effect of cannabis, which also appears to be mediated through a benzodiazepine receptor, as it was reduced significantly (p less than 0.001) by a benzodiazepine receptor blocker. Specific 3H-diazepam binding was carried out in frontal cortex to assess both the population and affinity of benzodiazepine receptors. Our results indicate that acute cannabis treatment has no significant effect, whereas chronic cannabis treatment significantly increased 3H-diazepam binding as compared with controls. Scatchard analysis further reveals that increased affinity is responsible for increased binding to these receptors. It is therefore our contention that the antianxiety effect of cannabis is mediated through central benzodiazepine receptors.
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Fujiwara M, Kataoka Y, Hori Y, Ueki S. Irritable aggression induced by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1984; 20:457-62. [PMID: 6324245 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(84)90285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Administration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to grouped rats injected intraventricularly with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) produced violent fighting accompanied by remarkable hyperirritability. This behavior was induced reproducibly from the 10th to 100th postoperative days. It was shown that this irritable aggression could be measured continuously and quantitatively in terms of degree of activity and/or vocalization using a newly designed analyzer. The effect of THC differed markedly from the action of apomorphine and methamphetamine in 6-OHDA pretreated rats. Apomorphine induced irritable aggression but not vigorous vocalization. On the other hand, methamphetamine induced much less irritable aggression than apomorphine-induced aggression. It is assumed that a THC-invoked imbalance in catecholamine agonistic and serotonin antagonistic action brought about by activation of supersensitized catecholaminergic receptor was operating to produce the aggression. Specifically, hypoactivity of serotonergic neurons might play a key role in the occurrence of THC-induced irritable aggression.
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Cherek DR, Thompson T, Kelly T. Chronic delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration and schedule-induced aggression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980; 12:305-9. [PMID: 6246545 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(80)90374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 0.5 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) on key-pecking maintained by a response-initiated fixed interval (FI) schedule of food presentation and schedule-induced aggression in the pigeon were studied. Initially, following the administration of delta 9-THC both the rate of key-pecking and attack responding were markedly reduced. Over sessions, tolerance developed to the suppressant effect on key-pecking, with the rate returning to the predrug level. The suppressing effect of delta 9-THC on the rate of attack remained at or near zero throughout the series of delta 9-THC injections.
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Fujiwara M, Ueki S. The course of aggressive behavior induced by a single injection of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its characteristics. Physiol Behav 1979; 22:535-9. [PMID: 572558 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(79)90022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Drug Effects on Agonistic Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-004702-4.50009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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12
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Chapman LF, Sassenrath EN, Goo GP. Social behavior of rhesus monkeys chronically exposed to moderate amounts of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. ADVANCES IN THE BIOSCIENCES 1978; 22-23:693-712. [PMID: 116882 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-023759-6.50057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Fried PA. Behavioral and electroencephalographic correlates of the chronic use of marijuana--a review. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1977; 21:163-96. [PMID: 334157 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(77)90297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Behavioral Pharmacology of the Tetrahydrocannabinols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-004701-7.50006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Carlini EA, Lindsey CJ, Tufik S. Environmental and drug interference with effects of marihuana. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1976; 281:229-43. [PMID: 190934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb27934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Carder B, Deikel SM. Similarities between delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and reserpine-like drugs. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1976; 17:313-32. [PMID: 971187 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(76)90675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Chambers KC, Sengstake CB. Sexually dimorphic extinction of a conditioned taste aversion in rats. ANIMAL LEARNING & BEHAVIOR 1976; 4:181-5. [PMID: 964443 DOI: 10.3758/bf03214032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Vardaris RM, Weisz DJ, Fazel A, Rawitch AB. Chronic administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol to pregnant rats: studies of pup behavior and placental transfer. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1976; 4:249-54. [PMID: 945578 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(76)90236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tritiated delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was administered orally to female rats throughout pregnancy at a dose level of 2 mg/kg/day. Chemical analysis of rat pup tissues indicated an average drug level near 20 ng/gm was attained via placental transfer. Although there was no teratogenicity, the pups showed both transient and relatively permanent behavioral effects. A deficit in acquisition of a passive avoidance response at 21 days of age was observed. This effect was not apparent during retraining and testing at 90 days of age. Rats whose dams had received the drug forced control animals to back out of a push tube in 67% of the tests at 21 days of age and 94% of the tests at 90 days of age.
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20
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Cutler MG, Mackintosh JH. Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on social behaviour in the laboratory mouse and rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1975; 44:287-9. [PMID: 1239783 DOI: 10.1007/bf00428908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The behavioural effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice and rats have been studied by an ethological analysis of encounters between animals injected with the drug and partners injected with the solvent (Tween-saline). In both species, Immobility was increased and Non-Social Activity reduced after injections of 5 mg/kg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Flight was increased in treated mice but not in treated rats. Aggression was not significantly altered in either species. Thus, in the mouse, the qualitative behavioural effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were similar to those previously reported for crude cannabis resin. Comparison of the dose-response data indicated that some other constituents of cannabis may reduce the Flight reaction from delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol although not interfering with Immobility.
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Neto JP, Nunes JF, Carvalho FV. The effects of chronic cannabis treatment upon brain 5-hydroxytryptamine, plasma corticosterone and aggressive behavior in female rats with different hormonal status. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1975; 42:195-200. [PMID: 1172250 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ovariectomized rats, chronically treated with cannabis extract or control solution, were given different hormonal treatments. Results indicated that both cannabis-treated and estrogen-treated animals were more aggressive than controls. Furthermore, aggressiveness was virtually abolished when cannabis-treated females were made sexually receptive by estrogen and progesterone treatments. After 25 days of cannabis or control solution treatment, all subjects were sacrificed. The levels and turnover rate of brain 5-HT and peripheral plasma corticosterone were then assayed. Data indicated both a significant inverse relationship between plasma corticosterone and whole brain levels of 5-HT(r = -0.742 to -0.985) for all groups and a significant positive relationship between aggressive behavior and plasma corticosterone (r = +0.675 to +0.946) in all groups that were fighting prior to decapitation. Results are tentatively explained, suggesting that the variability of the female response to stress during the different phases of the estrus cycle, permitted them to perform differently after chronic cannabis treatment. 5-HT is apparently involved, either directly in its effects on aggressive behavior or indirectly through the pituitary-adrenocortical axis activation.
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Ely DL, Henry JP, Jarosz CJ. Effects of marihuana (delta9-THC) on behavior patterns and social roles in colonies of CBA mice. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1975; 13:263-76. [PMID: 1168047 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(75)91290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Takahashi RN, Karniol IG. Pharmacologic interaction between cannabinol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1975; 41:277-84. [PMID: 168604 DOI: 10.1007/bf00428937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological activities of delta9-THC [(minus)-delta9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol], CBN (Cannabinol) and mixtures of delta9-THC + CBN were studied in rabbits, rats and mice. CBN, although in general less active, mimicked the effects of delta9-THC in several pharmacological tests: corneal arreflexia in rabbits; climbing rope, open-field, irritability and aggressiveness after REM sleep deprivation in rats; catatonia, analgesia and sleeping time in mice. When the mixture delta9-THC + CBN was used, a synergistic effect occurred on most of the depressant effects. On the other hand CBN did not interfere with or slightly inhibited the excitatory effects of delta9-THC. In the one peripheral test used, CBN did not alter the delta9-THC effect.
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Miczek KA, Barry H. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and aggressive behavior in rats. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1974; 11:261-7. [PMID: 4858807 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(74)90465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Karniol IG, Carlini EA. Pharmacological interaction between cannabidiol and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1973; 33:53-70. [PMID: 4358666 DOI: 10.1007/bf00428793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Palermo Neto J, Carvalho FV. The effects of chronic cannabis treatment on the aggressive behavior and brain 5-hydroxytryptamine levels of rats with different temperaments. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1973; 32:383-92. [PMID: 4796837 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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28
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Kilbey MM, Moore JW. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol induced inhibition of predatory aggression in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1973; 31:157-66. [PMID: 4737311 DOI: 10.1007/bf00419815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Thompson GR, Mason MM, Rosenkrantz H, Braude MC. Chronic oral toxicity of cannabinoids in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1973; 25:373-90. [PMID: 4738002 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(73)90311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Alves CN, Carlini EA. Effects of acute and chronic administration of Cannabis sative extract on the mouse-killing behavior of rats. Life Sci 1973; 13:75-85. [PMID: 4796256 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(73)90279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Fried PA, Husband CA. Depth perception in rats following acute or chronic injections of D1- 9 tetrahydrocannabinol. LIFE SCIENCES. PT. 1: PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1973; 12:289-95. [PMID: 4695123 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(73)90412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Masur J, Märtz RM. Failure of chlorpromazine to protect rats against the effects of shock administration during the second month of life. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1973; 28:301-7. [PMID: 4691002 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Mills L, Brawley P. The psychopharmacology of "cannabis sativa": a review. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1972; 2:201-15. [PMID: 4629765 DOI: 10.1007/bf02087044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ueki S, Fujiwara M, Ogawa N. Mouse-killing behavior (muricide) induced by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat. Physiol Behav 1972; 9:585-7. [PMID: 4677621 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(72)90016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Carlini EA, Gonzales C. Aggressive behaviour induced by marihuana compounds and amphetamine in rats previously made dependent on morphine. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:542-4. [PMID: 5064811 DOI: 10.1007/bf01931867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Carlini EA, Hamaoui A, Märtz RM. Factors influencing the aggressiveness elicited by marihuana in food-deprived rats. Br J Pharmacol 1972; 44:794-804. [PMID: 5064930 PMCID: PMC1666002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb07317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Aggressive behaviour was elicited in rats that had been deprived of food for 20 h daily (starved), by chronic administration of Cannabis sativa extract or (-)-Delta(9)-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol.2. The influence of intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral glucose administration, cold environment, acidosis, and corn, and protein-free diets on this aggressiveness was studied.3. Intraperitoneal injections of glucose (100-1,600 mg/kg) did not alter the aggressiveness induced by marihuana in starved rats; glucose given orally, however, blocked this behaviour.4. Low temperature (14 degrees C) strongly potentiated the aggressive behaviour induced by marihuana in the starved rats.5. Lactic acid in doses capable of potentiating thiopental anaesthesia, failed to alter the marihuana-aggressiveness of starved rats or to facilitate this effect of marihuana in rats fed ad libitum. The same negative results were obtained with ammonium chloride.6. In rats fed ad libitum with protein-free or corn diets, marihuana administered chronically did not elicit aggressive behaviour. However, aggressiveness appeared when rats were fed for only 2 h daily on those diets.7. The results suggest that the stress of hunger (and not hypoglycaemia, acidosis or lack of specific nutrients due to starvation) is the factor that facilitates the development of aggressive behaviour by chronic administration of marihuana.
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41
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González SC, Karniol IG, Carlini EL. Effects of Cannabis sativa extract on conditioned fear. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1972; 7:83-94. [PMID: 5043706 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(72)80191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Palermo Neto J, Carlini EA. Aggressive behaviour elicited in rats by Cannabis sativa: effects of p-chlorophenylalanine and DOPA. Eur J Pharmacol 1972; 17:215-20. [PMID: 4260322 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(72)90161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Masur J, Martz RM, Bieniek D, Korte F. Influence of (-) 9 -trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and mescaline on the behavior of rats submitted to food competition situations. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1971; 22:187-94. [PMID: 5124191 DOI: 10.1007/bf00403627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Stolk JM, Conner RL, Barchas JD. Rubidium-induced increase in shock-elicited aggression in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1971; 22:250-60. [PMID: 5167209 DOI: 10.1007/bf00401787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Brown H. Some anticholinergic-like behavioural effects of trans (-)- 8 tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1971; 21:294-301. [PMID: 5095418 DOI: 10.1007/bf00403868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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