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Ezaki O. Possible Extracellular Signals to Ameliorate Sarcopenia in Response to Medium-Chain Triglycerides (8:0 and 10:0) in Frail Older Adults. Nutrients 2024; 16:2606. [PMID: 39203743 PMCID: PMC11357358 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In frail older adults (mean age 85 years old), a 3-month supplementation with a low dose (6 g/day) of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs; C8:0 and C10:0) given at a meal increased muscle mass and function, relative to supplementation with long-chain triglycerides (LCTs), but it decreased fat mass. The reduction in fat mass was partly due to increased postprandial energy expenditure by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). However, the extracellular signals to ameliorate sarcopenia are unclear. The following three potential extracellular signals to increase muscle mass and function after MCT supplementation are discussed: (1) Activating SNS-the hypothesis for this is based on evidence that a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist acutely (1-24 h) markedly upregulates isoforms of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) mRNAs, promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, and chronically (~1 month) induces muscle hypertrophy. (2) An increased concentration of plasma acyl-ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion. (3) A nitrogen-sparing effect of ketone bodies, which fuel skeletal muscle, may promote muscle protein synthesis and prevent muscle protein breakdown. This review will help guide clinical trials of using MCTs to treat primary (age-related) sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ezaki
- Institute of Women's Health Science, Showa Women's University, Tokyo 154-8533, Japan
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2
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Saviard T, Menard O, Nebbia S, Ossemond J, Henry G, Chacon R, Le Feunteun S, Dupont D, Le Roux L. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of cow's and sheep's dairy products: Impact of species and structure. Food Res Int 2024; 190:114604. [PMID: 38945616 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Sheep's milk (SM) is known to differ from cow's milk (CM) in nutritional composition and physicochemical properties, which may lead to different digestion behaviours. This work aimed to investigate the impact of the species (cow vs sheep) and the structure (milk vs yogurt) on the digestion of dairy products. Using an in vitro static gastrointestinal digestion model, CM, SM, cow's milk yogurt (CY) and sheep's milk yogurt (SY) were compared on particle size evolution, microscopic observations, degree of lipolysis, degree of proteolysis, specific protein degradation and calcium bioaccessibility. Species and structure affected particle size evolution during the gastric phase resulting in smaller particles for yogurts compared to milks as well as for CM products compared to SM products. Species impacted lipid composition and lipolysis, with SM products presenting higher short/medium-chain fatty acids content and higher intestinal degree of lipolysis. Proteolysis was influenced by structure, with milks showing higher intestinal degree of proteolysis compared to yogurts. Caseins were digested faster in CM, ⍺-lactalbumin was digested faster in SM despite its higher concentration, and during gastric digestion β-lactoglobulin was more degraded in CM products compared to SM products and more in yogurts compared to milks. Lastly, SM products released more bioaccessible calcium than CM products. In conclusion, species (cow vs sheep) impacted more the digestion compared to the structure (milk vs yogurt). In fact, SM was different from CM mainly due to a denser protein network that might slow down the accessibility of the enzyme to its substrate which induce a delay of gastric disaggregation and thus lead to slower the digestion of the nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Menard
- STLO, INRAE, L'Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Rennes, France.
| | - Stefano Nebbia
- STLO, INRAE, L'Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Rennes, France.
| | | | - Gwénaële Henry
- STLO, INRAE, L'Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Rennes, France.
| | | | | | - Didier Dupont
- STLO, INRAE, L'Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Rennes, France.
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3
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Tzeravini E, Anastasios T, Alexander K, Nikolaos T, Nikolaos K. Diet induced thermogenesis, older and newer data with emphasis on obesity and diabetes mellitus - A narrative review. Metabol Open 2024; 22:100291. [PMID: 38957623 PMCID: PMC11217690 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2024.100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem with a prevalence increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. There is an urgent need for efficient approaches to weight management. Diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) is the process by which the body increases its energy expenditure in response to a meal. It is estimated to account for approximately 10 % of total energy expenditure and is considered a potentially modifiable component of energy expenditure. The palatability of food, meal's composition in macronutrients, the circadian rhythm and sleep, as well as individual's characteristics such as age, the presence of obesity or diabetes mellitus, and the proportion of physical activity are the main factors that affect DIT. However, studies examining DIT are mostly characterized by small sample size and the methodology varies considerably between studies. It seems that even today there is a lot of contradiction between the relative studies. Inspite of that, future research might lead to the modification of DIT in order to achieve some weight loss in obese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Tzeravini
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine of Athens University Medical School and the Diabetologic Center Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Tentolouris Anastasios
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine of Athens University Medical School and the Diabetologic Center Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Kokkinos Alexander
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine of Athens University Medical School and the Diabetologic Center Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Tentolouris Nikolaos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine of Athens University Medical School and the Diabetologic Center Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Katsilambros Nikolaos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine of Athens University Medical School and the Diabetologic Center Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Cisbani G, Chouinard-Watkins R, Smith ME, Malekanian A, Valenzuela R, Metherel AH, Bazinet RP. Dietary triacetin, but not medium chain triacylglycerides, blunts weight gain in diet-induced rat model of obesity. Lipids 2023; 58:257-270. [PMID: 37997471 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of a Western diet (WD) is known to increase the risk of obesity. Short or medium chain fatty acids influence energy metabolism, and triacetin, a synthetic short chain triacylglyceride, has been shown to lower body fat under normal conditions. This study aimed to investigate if triacetin as part of a WD modifies rat weight and body fat. Male rats were fed a control diet or WD for 8 weeks. At week 8, rats in the WD group were maintained on a WD diet or switched to a WD diet containing 30% energy from medium-chain triacylglyceride (WD-MCT) or triacetin (WD-T) for another 8 weeks. At week 16, rats were euthanized and liver, adipose and blood were collected. Tissue fatty acids (FAs) were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) and hepatic FAs were measured by GC-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry for δ13 C-palmitic acid (PAM)-a novel marker of de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Rats fed WD-T had a body weight not statistically different to the control group, and gained less body weight than rats fed WD alone. Furthermore, WD-T fed rats had a lower fat mass, and lower total liver and plasma FAs compared to the WD group. Rats fed WD-T did not differ from WD in blood ketone or glucose levels, however, had a significantly lower hepatic δ13 C-PAM value than WD fed rats; suggestive of lower DNL. In summary, we show that triacetin has the potential to blunt weight gain and adipose tissue accumulation in a rodent model of obesity, possibly due to a decrease in DNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie E Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arezou Malekanian
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Vetrani C, Verde L, Savastano S, Colao A, Muscogiuri G, Barrea L. Supplementation with medium-chain fatty acids increases body weight loss during very low-calorie ketogenic diet: a retrospective analysis in a real-life setting. J Transl Med 2023; 21:29. [PMID: 36647097 PMCID: PMC9843941 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has shown to significantly reduce body weight and fat mass, as well as inflammation. These effects are supported by nutritional ketosis, which triggers the utilization of the ketone body as an energy source. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCTs) might serve as potential enhancers of ketone bodies production with a greater effect on weight loss. Nevertheless, no clinical studies have evaluated the effect of MCTs supplementation in addition to VLCKD. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate whether the supplementation with MCTs can induce a greater weight reduction during the ketogenic phase of VLCKD. METHODS In this retrospective study, 263 women with overweight/obesity (body mass index, BMI: 35.7 ± 5.3 kg/m2) aged 37.5 ± 14.2 years followed one of these dietary protocols for 45 days: (a) Control group, 83 participants (31.6%) (VLCKD without MCTs), (b) VLCKD + MCTs group, 86 participants (32.7%) (MCTs supplementation - 20 g/day- during VLCKD starting from the first day of the active phase), (c) VLCKD + earlyMCTs, 94 participants (35.7%) (MCTs supplementation - 20 g/day-starting from 5 days before the beginning of the VLCKD active phase. Anthropometric measures, body composition, and c-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were collected at the beginning and at the end (45 days) of the VLCKD intervention. RESULTS MCTs supplementation significantly decreased body weight, BMI, and waist circumference as compared to the control group, with a greater effect in the VLCKD + earlyMCTs group. A two-fold decrease in fat mass and an increase in muscle mass were observed in the VLCKD + earlyMCTs group as compared to the control group. As for inflammation, hs-CRP concentrations (assessed as absolute percent change) were significantly lower in the VLCKD + MCTs group (p = 0.009) and the VLCKD + earlyMCTs group (p = 0.011) than in the control group. A logistic regression model showed that VLCKD + earlyMCTs increase the likelihood of improvement of BMI classes (OR: 1.85, 95% CI 1.02-3.36) also after adjusting for the potential confounding factors. CONCLUSION MCTs supplementation (20 g/day) may be a useful tool to enhance the beneficial effect of VLCKD on the reduction of body weight and fat mass. In particular, MCTs supplementation before the beginning of the VLCKD active phase might facilitate ketosis thus contributing to the effectiveness of the nutritional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vetrani
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Umanistiche, Centro Direzionale, Università Telematica Pegaso, Via Porzio, Isola F2, 80143 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCentro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovica Verde
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCentro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCentro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCentro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XUNESCO Chair “Education for Health and Sustainable Development”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCentro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XUNESCO Chair “Education for Health and Sustainable Development”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Umanistiche, Centro Direzionale, Università Telematica Pegaso, Via Porzio, Isola F2, 80143 Naples, Italy ,grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XCentro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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6
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Metin ZE, Bilgic P, Tengilimoğlu Metin MM, Akkoca M. Comparing acute effects of extra virgin coconut oil and extra virgin olive oil consumption on appetite and food intake in normal-weight and obese male subjects. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274663. [PMID: 36112590 PMCID: PMC9480981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study is to compare acute effects of consuming extra virgin coconut oil (EVCO) as a source of medium chain fatty acids and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) as a source of long chain fatty acids in normal weight and obese subjects. Design Randomised, crossover design. Participants Metabolically healthy twenty male subjects (10 normal weight; 10 obese) aged 19–40 years. Intervention Subjects consumed breakfast meals containing skimmed milk, fat-free white cheese, bread and EVCO (25 g) or EVOO (25 g). Outcome measures Visual analog scale evaluations, resting metabolic rate measurements and selected blood parameters analysis (glucose, triglyceride, insulin and plasma peptide YY) were performed before and after the test breakfast meals. In addition, energy intakes were evaluated by ad libitum lunch meal at 180 min. Results Visual analogue scale values of hunger and desire to eat decreased significantly after EVCO consumption than EVOO consumption in normal weight subjects at 180 min. There was an increase trend in plasma PYY at 30 and 180 min after EVCO breakfast compared to EVOO breakfast. Ad libitum energy intakes after EVCO and EVOO consumption in normal weight subjects were 924 ± 302; 845 ± 158 kcal (p = 0.272), respectively whereas in obese subjects were 859 ± 238; 994 ± 265 kcal (p = 0.069) respectively. Conclusion The results of this study shows that consumption of EVCO compared to EVOO may have suppressive effect on hunger and desire to eat, may affect postprandial PYY levels differently and have no effect on postprandial energy expenditure. Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT04738929.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziya Erokay Metin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gulhane Health Sciences Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Bilgic
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Muzaffer Akkoca
- Department of General Surgery, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey
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Nosaka N, Tsujino S, Kato K. Short-Term Ingestion of Medium-Chain Triglycerides Could Enhance Postprandial Consumption of Ingested Fat in Individuals with a Body Mass Index from 25 to Less than 30: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Crossover Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051119. [PMID: 35268094 PMCID: PMC8912509 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of obesity is essential to maintaining good health. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) inhibit fat accumulation. However, studies examining energy expenditure and fat oxidation with continuous ingestion of MCTs show little association with the elimination of obesity. In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blind crossover clinical trial to investigate the effects of continuous ingestion of MCTs on postprandial energy expenditure and ingested long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) oxidation. A daily 2 g of MCTs were ingested for two weeks by sedentary participants with a body mass index (BMI) from 25 (kg/m2) to less than 30. Ingestion of a meal containing MCTs and isotopic carbon-13-labeled (13C) LCTs increased energy expenditure and consumption of diet-derived LCTs, as determined by postprandial 13C carbon dioxide excretion, compared to canola oil as the placebo control. These results indicate that continuous ingestion of MCTs could enhance postprandial degradation of diet-derived fat and energy expenditure in sedentary, overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Nosaka
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., 1 Shinmori-Cho, Isogo-ku, Yokohama 235-8558, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-757-5461
| | - Shougo Tsujino
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., 1 Shinmori-Cho, Isogo-ku, Yokohama 235-8558, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiko Kato
- Kato Clinic, 1-1-1 Nakaizumi, Komae 201-0012, Japan;
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8
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The Role of Bovine and Non-Bovine Milk in Cardiometabolic Health: Should We Raise the "Baa"? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020290. [PMID: 35057470 PMCID: PMC8780791 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although causality is yet to be confirmed, a considerable volume of research has explored the relationships between cow milk consumption, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Contrastingly, it has not been comprehensively examined whether milk of non-bovine origin can provide cardiometabolic protection. This narrative review outlines the marked differences in macronutrient composition, particularly protein and lipid content, and discusses how whole milk product (and individual milk ingredients) from different species could impact cardiometabolic health. There is some data, although primarily from compositional analyses, animal studies, and acute clinical trials, that non-bovine milk (notably sheep and goat milk) could be a viable substitute to cow milk for the maintenance, or enhancement, of cardiometabolic health. With a high content of medium-chain triglycerides, conjugated linoleic acid, leucine, and essential minerals, sheep milk could assist in the prevention of metabolic-related disorders. Similarly, albeit with a lower content of such functional compounds relative to sheep milk, goat and buffalo milk could be plausible counterparts to cow milk. However, the evidence required to generate nutritional recommendations for ‘non-bovine milk’ is currently lacking. Longer-term randomised controlled trials must assess how the bioactive ingredients of different species’ milks collectively influence biomarkers of, and subsequently incidence of, cardiometabolic health.
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Xia J, Yu P, Zeng Z, Ma M, Yan X, Zhao J, Gong D, Zhang G, Wang J. Medium chain triglycerides improve lipid metabolism in obese rats by increasing the browning of adipose tissue through the sympathetic regulation. Food Funct 2022; 13:8068-8080. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00239f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the mechanism of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) promoting the browning of adipose tissue. High fat diet was fed to the Sprague-Dawley rats to induce obesity,...
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10
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Lundsgaard AM, Fritzen AM, Sjøberg KA, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Kiens B. Small Amounts of Dietary Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Protect Against Insulin Resistance During Caloric Excess in Humans. Diabetes 2021; 70:91-98. [PMID: 33122393 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have in rodents been shown to have protective effects on glucose homeostasis during high-fat overfeeding. In this study, we investigated whether dietary MCFAs protect against insulin resistance induced by a hypercaloric high-fat diet in humans. Healthy, lean men ingested a eucaloric control diet and a 3-day hypercaloric high-fat diet (increase of 75% in energy, 81-83% energy [E%] from fat) in randomized order. For one group (n = 8), the high-fat diet was enriched with saturated long-chain FAs (LCSFA-HFD), while the other group (n = 9) ingested a matched diet, but with ∼30 g (5E%) saturated MCFAs (MCSFA-HFD) in substitution for a corresponding fraction of the saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with femoral arteriovenous balance and glucose tracer was applied after the control and hypercaloric diets. In LCSFA-HFD, whole-body insulin sensitivity and peripheral insulin-stimulated glucose disposal were reduced. These impairments were prevented in MCSFA-HFD, accompanied by increased basal fatty acid oxidation, maintained glucose metabolic flexibility, increased nonoxidative glucose disposal related to lower starting glycogen content, and increased glycogen synthase activity, together with increased muscle lactate production. In conclusion, substitution of a small amount of dietary LCFAs with MCFAs rescues insulin action in conditions of lipid-induced energy excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Bray GA, Bouchard C. The biology of human overfeeding: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13040. [PMID: 32515127 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review has examined more than 300 original papers dealing with the biology of overfeeding. Studies have varied from 1 day to 6 months. Overfeeding produced weight gain in adolescents, adult men and women and in older men. In longer term studies, there was a clear and highly significant relationship between energy ingested and weight gain and fat storage with limited individual differences. There is some evidence for a contribution of a genetic component to this response variability. The response to overfeeding was affected by the baseline state of the groups being compared: those with insulin resistance versus insulin sensitivity; those prone to obesity versus those resistant to obesity; and those with metabolically abnormal obesity versus those with metabolically normal obesity. Dietary components, such as total fat, polyunsaturated fat and carbohydrate influenced the patterns of adipose tissue distribution as did the history of low or normal birth weight. Overfeeding affected the endocrine system with increased circulating concentrations of insulin and triiodothyronine frequently present. Growth hormone, in contrast, was rapidly suppressed. Changes in plasma lipids were influenced by diet, exercise and the magnitude of weight gain. Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle morphology and metabolism are substantially altered by chronic overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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12
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Thomas DD, Stockman MC, Yu L, Meshulam T, McCarthy AC, Ionson A, Burritt N, Deeney J, Cabral H, Corkey B, Istfan N, Apovian CM. Effects of medium chain triglycerides supplementation on insulin sensitivity and beta cell function: A feasibility study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226200. [PMID: 31869355 PMCID: PMC6927614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) have unique metabolic properties which may improve insulin sensitivity (Si) and beta cell function but data in humans are limited. We conducted a 6-week clinical trial of MCT oil supplementation. Methods 22 subjects without diabetes (8 males, 14 females, mean ± standard error age 39±2.9 years, baseline BMI 27.0±1.4 kg/m2) were counseled to maintain their body weight and physical activity (PA) during the trial. Dietary intake, PA data, body composition, and resting energy expenditure (REE) were obtained through dietary recall, international PA questionnaire, dual x-ray absorptiometry, and indirect calorimetry, respectively. MCT prescriptions were given based on REE and PA to replace part of dietary fat with 30 grams of MCT per 2000 kcal daily. Insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed before and after MCT to measure changes in Si, acute insulin response (AIR), disposition index (DI), and glucose effectiveness (Sg). Results MCT were well tolerated and weight remained stable (mean change 0.3 kg, p = 0.39). Fasting REE, respiratory quotient, and body composition were stable during the intervention. There were no significant changes in mean fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, fasting total ketones, Si, AIR, DI, Sg, leptin, fructosamine, and proinsulin. The mean change in Si was 0.5 10−4 min-1 per mU/L (95% CI: -1.4, 2.4), corresponding to a 12% increase from baseline, and the range was -4.7 to 12.9 10−4 min-1 per mU/L. Mean total adiponectin decreased significantly from 22925 ng/mL at baseline to 17598 ng/mL at final visit (p = 0.02). The baseline clinical and laboratory parameters were not significantly associated with the change in Si. Discussion There were a wide range of changes in the minimal model parameters of glucose and insulin metabolism in subjects following 6 weeks of MCT as an isocaloric substitution for part of usual dietary fat intake. Since this was a single-arm non-randomized study without a control group, it cannot be certain whether these changes were due to MCT so further randomized controlled trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan D. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
| | - Mary-Catherine Stockman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition and Weight Management, Nutrition and Weight Management Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Liqun Yu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition and Weight Management, Nutrition and Weight Management Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tova Meshulam
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
| | - Ashley C. McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
| | - Annaliese Ionson
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nathan Burritt
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition and Weight Management, Nutrition and Weight Management Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jude Deeney
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
| | - Howard Cabral
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Barbara Corkey
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
| | - Nawfal Istfan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition and Weight Management, Nutrition and Weight Management Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Apovian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Boston University, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition and Weight Management, Nutrition and Weight Management Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Rial SA, Ravaut G, Malaret TB, Bergeron KF, Mounier C. Hexanoic, Octanoic and Decanoic Acids Promote Basal and Insulin-Induced Phosphorylation of the Akt-mTOR Axis and a Balanced Lipid Metabolism in the HepG2 Hepatoma Cell Line. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092315. [PMID: 30208604 PMCID: PMC6225498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic illnesses such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are in constant increase worldwide. Highly consumed long chain fatty acids (LCFA) are among the most obesogenic and steatogenic nutrients. Hepatic steatosis is associated with several complications such as insulin resistance. Growing evidence points to medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), more efficiently oxidized than LCFA, as a promising dietary alternative against NAFLD. However, reports on the hepatic effects of MCFA are sometimes conflicting. In this study we exposed HepG2 cells, a human hepatocellular model, to 0.25 mM of hexanoic (C6), or octanoic (C8), and decanoic (C10) acids separately or in a C8 + C10 equimolar mix reflecting commercially available MCFA-rich oils. We found that C6, a poorly studied MCFA, as well as C8 and C10 did not provoke the deleterious lipid anabolism runaway typically induced by LCFA palmitate. MCFA tended, instead, to promote a balanced metabolic profile and were generally non-cytotoxic. Accordingly, mitochondrial integrity was mostly preserved following MCFA treatment. However, treatments with C8 induced a mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, suggesting prolonged exposure to this lipid could be problematic. Finally, MCFA treatments maintained optimal insulin sensitivity and even fostered basal and insulin-dependent phosphorylation of the Akt-mTOR pathway. Overall, MCFA could constitute an effective nutritional tool to manage liver steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Ahmed Rial
- Molecular Metabolism of Lipids Laboratory, BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Gaetan Ravaut
- Molecular Metabolism of Lipids Laboratory, BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Tommy B Malaret
- Molecular Metabolism of Lipids Laboratory, BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Karl-F Bergeron
- Molecular Metabolism of Lipids Laboratory, BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Catherine Mounier
- Molecular Metabolism of Lipids Laboratory, BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
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14
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de Moura e Dias M, Pais Siqueira N, Lopes da Conceição L, Aparecida dos Reis S, Xavier Valente F, Maciel dos Santos Dias M, de Oliveira Barbosa Rosa C, Oliveira de Paula S, da Matta SLP, Licursi de Oliveira L, Bressan J, Gouveia Peluzio MDC. Consumption of virgin coconut oil in Wistar rats increases saturated fatty acids in the liver and adipose tissue, as well as adipose tissue inflammation. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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15
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Sung MH, Liao FH, Chien YW. Medium-Chain Triglycerides Lower Blood Lipids and Body Weight in Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetes Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10080963. [PMID: 30049949 PMCID: PMC6115836 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are distinguished from other triglycerides in that each fat molecule consists of 6 to 12 carbons in length. MCTs and long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) are absorbed and utilized in different ways. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing soybean oil with MCT oil, in a low- or high-fat diet, on lipid metabolism in rats with streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There were, thirty-two T2DM Sprague-Dawley rats divided into low-fat-soybean oil (LS), low-fat-MCT oil (LM), high-fat-soybean oil (HS), and high-fat-MCT oil (HM) groups. After 8 weeks, blood sugar, serum lipids, liver lipids, and enzyme activities related to lipid metabolism were measured. Under a high-fat diet condition, replacement of soybean oil with MCT oil lowered serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-esterified fatty acids, and liver total cholesterol; whilst it increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the HDL-C/LDL-C ratio. A low-fat diet with MCT oil resulted in lower body weight and reproductive white adipose tissues compared to the HS groups, and higher hepatic acyl-CoA oxidase activities (the key enzyme in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation) compared to the LS group in T2DM rats. In conclusion, MCTs showed more protective effects on cardiovascular health in T2DM rats fed a high-fat diet, by improving serum lipid profiles and reducing hepatic total cholesterol.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/physiopathology
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/diet therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diet therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Insulin/blood
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Soybean Oil/administration & dosage
- Streptozocin
- Triglycerides/administration & dosage
- Weight Loss
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Sung
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Hsuean Liao
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Wen Chien
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Geriatric Nutrition, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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16
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Kim DS, Kim HS, Lee KT, Hong DL, Cho SR, Pan JH, Park YB, Lee YB, Kim JK, Shin EC. Chemical Characterization and Oxidative Stability of Medium- and Long-Chain Fatty Acid Profiles in Tree-Borne Seed Oils. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:2178684. [PMID: 29805831 PMCID: PMC5901951 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2178684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate chemical characteristics and oxidative stability of tree-borne seed oils. A total of 15 different fatty acids were identified in six tree-borne seed oils, which included seven types of saturated fatty acids, four types of monounsaturated fatty acids, and four types of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Japanese camphor tree (JCT) had a high content of medium-chain fatty acids (97.94 ± 0.04%), in which fatty acid composition was distinct from those of the other five plant seed oils. Overall, contents of tocopherols, a type of fat-soluble vitamin, ranged between 3.82 ± 0.04 mg/100 g and 101.98 ± 1.34 mg/100 g, respectively. Phytosterol contents ranged from 117.77 ± 1.32 mg/100 g to 479.45 ± 4.27 mg/100 g, respectively. Of all tree-borne seed oils, β-sitosterol was the phytosterol at the highest concentration. Contents of unsaponifiables were between 0.13 ± 0.08 and 2.01 ± 0.02, and values of acid, peroxide, and p-anisidine were between 0.79 ± 0.01 and 38.94 ± 0.24 mg KOH/g, 3.53 ± 0.21 and 127.67 ± 1.79 meq/kg, and 2.07 ± 0.51 and 9.67 ± 0.25, respectively. Oxidative stability of tree-borne seed oils was assessed through measurement of oxidation-induction periods. These results should serve as a foundation to identify the potential of tree-borne seed oils in industrial application as well as in providing fundamental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Som Kim
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoe-Sung Kim
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tae Lee
- Southern Forest Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Lee Hong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University of Science and Technology, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University of Science and Technology, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Pan
- School of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Yong Bae Park
- Southern Forest Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Bong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University of Science and Technology, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyeom Kim
- School of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
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17
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Tan SY, Peh E, Lau E, Marangoni AG, Henry CJ. Physical Form of Dietary Fat Alters Postprandial Substrate Utilization and Glycemic Response in Healthy Chinese Men. J Nutr 2017; 147:1138-1144. [PMID: 28490674 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.246728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary fats elicit various physiological responses, with the physical form of fat reported to alter fat digestion and absorption.Objectives: The primary aims were to compare the effects of dietary fat in 2 physical forms (liquid and oleogel) and 2 degrees of saturation (saturated and polyunsaturated) on postprandial energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation, glycemia, and appetite.Methods: The study was a randomized, controlled crossover trial. Sixteen normal-weight, healthy Chinese men completed the study [mean ± SD age: 28 ± 6 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 22.9 ± 3.1]. After an overnight fast, participants had their body weight measured and entered an indirect whole-room calorimeter (WRC). After baseline measurements, participants consumed orange juice and rice porridge alone (control), with 22.25 g coconut oil or sunflower oil or with 25 g coconut oleogel or sunflower oleogel in random order with a 5-d washout period between treatments. EE, substrate oxidation, capillary blood glucose, and appetite were measured over 195 min in a WRC. Participants completed a meal challenge to assess appetite. Test meals effects were compared by using repeated-measures ANOVA.Results: Fat saturation did not affect all study outcomes significantly. When data were pooled based on the physical form of dietary fat, EE did not differ. However, significantly higher carbohydrate oxidation (P = 0.03) and a trend of lower fat oxidation (P = 0.07) were found after the liquid oil than after the oleogel or control treatments. Postprandial capillary glucose was also significantly lower after the liquid oil than after the oleogel or control treatments (P < 0.001). Appetite was not affected by the physical form and the saturation of dietary fats.Conclusions: The saturation of dietary fat did not affect postprandial glucose, EE, substrate oxidation, or appetite. However, oleogel prevented the glycemic-lowering and fat-oxidation effects induced by liquid oil in Chinese men. Future work on oleogel should focus on cardiometabolic risk factors. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02702726.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Yen Tan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Elaine Peh
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Lau
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and National University Health System, Singapore; .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Abstract
This study examined the deposition of dietary bioactive fatty acids (FAs), including medium-chain and essential FAs, in tissues of broiler chickens. Six hundred newly hatched chicks were allotted to 4 treatments, 6 replicates of 25 chicks per treatment. The chicks were fed diets containing 0%, 1.6%, 4.0%, or 6.4% medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) for 36 d. The abdominal fat deposition, fat content, and FA composition of breast meat, thigh meat, and abdominal fat were measured. The accumulation rate (AR) of bioactive FAs in the tissues was estimated as the slope of the linear regression between the FA composition of tissues and diets. Results showed that a diet containing 6.4% MCTs reduced the abdominal fat deposition and fat content of thigh meat (P<0.05). Essential FAs had higher AR than did medium-chain FAs. The AR of C10:0 was higher than that of C8:0. Moreover, C6:0 could not be detected in the tissues of broiler chickens. In conclusion, essential, but not medium-chain, FAs could efficiently deposit in tissues of broiler chickens.
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19
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Valente FX, Cândido FG, Lopes LL, Dias DM, Carvalho SDL, Pereira PF, Bressan J. Effects of coconut oil consumption on energy metabolism, cardiometabolic risk markers, and appetitive responses in women with excess body fat. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1627-1637. [PMID: 28405814 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a medium-chain fatty acid source with popularly attributed benefits on obesity management. However, its role on obesity requires elucidation due to its saturated nature. In the study herein, we investigated acute effects of VCO consumption on energy metabolism, cardiometabolic risk markers, and appetitive responses in women with excess body fat. METHODS Fifteen adult women with excess body fat (37.43 ± 0.83%) participated in this randomized, crossover, controlled study. Two isocaloric mixed breakfasts containing 25 mL of VCO or control (extra-virgin olive oil-C) were evaluated. Resting energy expenditure (REE), fat oxidation rate (FOR), diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) and appetitive subjective responses were assessed at fasting and postprandial periods (up to 240 min). Cardiometabolic risk markers were assessed at fasting and up to 180 min postprandially. RESULTS VCO did not affect REE, FOR, and DIT compared to C. In addition, VCO did not cause deleterious change in triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides/HDL-c ratio, uric acid, glucose and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR) (P time×treatment > 0.05). However, VCO suppressed less hunger (P time×treatment = 0.003), total satiety (P iAUC = 0.021) and total fullness (P iAUC = 0.035) responses than C. CONCLUSIONS VCO consumption did not acutely change energy metabolism and cardiometabolic risk markers when added to a mixed breakfast but promoted less appetitive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Xavier Valente
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n., Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia Galvão Cândido
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n., Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lílian Lelis Lopes
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n., Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Desirrê Morais Dias
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n., Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Samantha Dalbosco Lins Carvalho
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n., Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Feliciano Pereira
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n., Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Josefina Bressan
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n., Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36570-900, Brazil.
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20
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Wood TR, Kelly C. Insulin, glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate responses to a medium-chain triglyceride-based sports supplement: A pilot study. JOURNAL OF INSULIN RESISTANCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4102/jir.v2i1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a current trend in endurance sports to move athletes towards a low-carbohydrate diet or use periods of low carbohydrate consumption to increase both health and performance. As a result, a market is developing for sports supplements to provide nutritional support during training and racing for athletes who follow a low-carbohydrate lifestyle. PHAT FIBRE (PF) is a powdered sports supplement that includes medium-chain triglycerides suspended in a digestion-resistant carbohydrate and is tailored to the needs of low-carb athletes. Eleven healthy participants were administered 25 g of PF after an overnight fast. After 30 minutes, median blood glucose increased by 6 mg/dl from 94 mg/dl to 100 mg/dl (p = 0.002). At the same time points, median blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) increased from 0.3 mmol/L to 0.5 mmol/L. The increase in BHB was significant (p = 0.02) after excluding one outlier who had elevated levels of fasting BHB. Insulin levels did not change significantly at any point during the study. In a single participant, a revised formulation of PF (PFv2) produced a 0.6 mmol/L increase in BHB with no effect on blood glucose. These data suggest that PF can provide a source of energy for the low-carb athlete by supporting ketone production without negatively impacting insulin or blood glucose levels.
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21
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Nielsen SD, Amer B, Blaabjerg K, Dalsgaard TK, Jessen R, Petrat-Melin B, Rasmussen MK, Poulsen HD, Young JF. Whole Milk Increases Intestinal ANGPTL4 Expression and Excretion of Fatty Acids through Feces and Urine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:281-290. [PMID: 28004575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPLT4) protein is involved in lipid metabolism and is known to inhibit lipoprotein lipase in the bloodstream. We investigated the effect of milk on intestinal ANGPTL4 and the metabolic profile of growing pigs and the effect of free fatty acids (FFAs) on ANGPTL4 in ex vivo and in vitro assays. Feeding pigs whole milk increased intestinal ANGPTL4 mRNA and increased fecal excretion of long-chain FFA compared to the control group fed soybean oil (n = 9). Furthermore, FFAs (C4-C8) induced ANGPTL4 gene expression in porcine intestinal tissue mounted in Ussing chambers and ANGPTL4 protein secretion to both the apical and basolateral sides of intestinal Caco-2 cells on permeable membranes. Altogether, these results support an ANGPTL4-induced secretion of fecal FFAs. Urinary levels of FFAs (C4-C12), 3-hydroxyadipic acid, and suberic acid were also increased by milk consumption, indicating higher energy expenditure compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Drud Nielsen
- Department of Food Science and ‡Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University , 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Bashar Amer
- Department of Food Science and ‡Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University , 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Karoline Blaabjerg
- Department of Food Science and ‡Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University , 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Trine K Dalsgaard
- Department of Food Science and ‡Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University , 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Randi Jessen
- Department of Food Science and ‡Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University , 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Petrat-Melin
- Department of Food Science and ‡Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University , 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Martin Krøyer Rasmussen
- Department of Food Science and ‡Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University , 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Hanne D Poulsen
- Department of Food Science and ‡Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University , 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Jette F Young
- Department of Food Science and ‡Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University , 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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SHRESTHA R, HIRANO KI, SUZUKI A, YAMAGUCHI S, MIURA Y, CHEN YF, MIZUTA M, CHIBA H, HUI SP. Change in Plasma Total, Esterified and Non-esterified Capric Acid Concentrations during a Short-term Oral Administration of Synthetic Tricaprin in Dogs. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:1297-1303. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken-ichi HIRANO
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Akira SUZUKI
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Satoshi YAMAGUCHI
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Novel, Non-Invasive, and Nutritional Therapeutics (CNT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | | | - Yi-Fan CHEN
- Laboratory of Advance Data Science, Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University
| | - Masahiro MIZUTA
- Laboratory of Advance Data Science, Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University
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23
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Peters JC, Holcombe BN, Fuller LK, Webb DR. Caprenin 3. Absorption and Caloric Value in Adult Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/10915819109079815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Caprenin is a triglyceride that contains primarily caprylic (C8:0), capric (C10:0), and behenic (C22:0) acids and modest amounts of arachidic (C20:0) and lignoceric (C24:0) acids. Using the fat-balance technique, the absorption of C20:0, C22:0, and C24:0 was measured in 20 healthy adult men and women aged 20–60 years consuming a chocolate-flavored caprenin confection. The absorption values for these very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) were determined based on measurements of their dietary intake and fecal excretion during a 5-day treatment period and a 7-day posttreatment washout period after correcting for baseline excretion of VLCFAs. Each subject consumed 4.7 g C20:0, 52.8 g C22:0, and 0.84 g C24:0 from the test confection during the treatment. Absorption averaged 41.6% ± 3.6% (SEM) for C20:0, 28.8% ± 4.4% for C22:0, and 14.8% ± 3.9% for C24:0. Using a modification of the Atwater method, the physiological fuel value (caloric value) of caprenin was then calculated. This modified method takes into account the partial absorption of VLCFAs and the heat loss due to the metabolism of the medium-chain fatty acids C8:0 and C10:0. The results of this study demonstrate that the caloric value of caprenin is 5 kcal/g compared to the value of 9 kcal/g for other dietary triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Peters
- The Procter & Gamble Company Winton Hill Technical Center 6300 Center Hill Road Cincinnati, OH 45224
| | - B. N. Holcombe
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - L. K. Fuller
- The Procter & Gamble Company Winton Hill Technical Center 6300 Center Hill Road Cincinnati, OH 45224
| | - D. R. Webb
- The Procter & Gamble Company Winton Hill Technical Center 6300 Center Hill Road Cincinnati, OH 45224
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McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ. Lauric acid-rich medium-chain triglycerides can substitute for other oils in cooking applications and may have limited pathogenicity. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000467. [PMID: 27547436 PMCID: PMC4975867 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) containing a large fraction of lauric acid (LA) (C12)-about 30%-have been introduced commercially for use in salad oils and in cooking applications. As compared to the long-chain fatty acids found in other cooking oils, the medium-chain fats in MCTs are far less likely to be stored in adipose tissue, do not give rise to 'ectopic fat' metabolites that promote insulin resistance and inflammation, and may be less likely to activate macrophages. When ingested, medium-chain fatty acids are rapidly oxidised in hepatic mitochondria; the resulting glut of acetyl-coenzyme A drives ketone body production and also provokes a thermogenic response. Hence, studies in animals and humans indicate that MCT ingestion is less obesogenic than comparable intakes of longer chain oils. Although LA tends to raise serum cholesterol, it has a more substantial impact on high density lipoprotein (HDL) than low density lipoprotein (LDL) in this regard, such that the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol decreases. LA constitutes about 50% of the fatty acid content of coconut oil; south Asian and Oceanic societies which use coconut oil as their primary source of dietary fat tend to be at low cardiovascular risk. Since ketone bodies can exert neuroprotective effects, the moderate ketosis induced by regular MCT ingestion may have neuroprotective potential. As compared to traditional MCTs featuring C6-C10, laurate-rich MCTs are more feasible for use in moderate-temperature frying and tend to produce a lower but more sustained pattern of blood ketone elevation owing to the more gradual hepatic oxidation of ingested laurate.
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Rial SA, Karelis AD, Bergeron KF, Mounier C. Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Health: The Potential Beneficial Effects of a Medium Chain Triglyceride Diet in Obese Individuals. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050281. [PMID: 27187452 PMCID: PMC4882694 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic complications, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), are in constant increase around the world. While most obese patients show several metabolic and biometric abnormalities and comorbidities, a subgroup of patients representing 3% to 57% of obese adults, depending on the diagnosis criteria, remains metabolically healthy. Among many other factors, the gut microbiota is now identified as a determining factor in the pathogenesis of metabolically unhealthy obese (MUHO) individuals and in obesity-related diseases such as endotoxemia, intestinal and systemic inflammation, as well as insulin resistance. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that an optimal healthy-like gut microbiota structure may contribute to the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype. Here, we describe how dietary medium chain triglycerides (MCT), previously found to promote lipid catabolism, energy expenditure and weight loss, can ameliorate metabolic health via their capacity to improve both intestinal ecosystem and permeability. MCT-enriched diets could therefore be used to manage metabolic diseases through modification of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Ahmed Rial
- BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada.
| | - Antony D Karelis
- Department of Exercise Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada.
| | - Karl-F Bergeron
- BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada.
| | - Catherine Mounier
- BioMed Research Center, Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada.
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The role of dietary coconut for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: potential mechanisms of action. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1-14. [PMID: 25997382 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Coconut, Cocos nucifera L., is a tree that is cultivated to provide a large number of products, although it is mainly grown for its nutritional and medicinal values. Coconut oil, derived from the coconut fruit, has been recognised historically as containing high levels of saturated fat; however, closer scrutiny suggests that coconut should be regarded more favourably. Unlike most other dietary fats that are high in long-chain fatty acids, coconut oil comprises medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA). MCFA are unique in that they are easily absorbed and metabolised by the liver, and can be converted to ketones. Ketone bodies are an important alternative energy source in the brain, and may be beneficial to people developing or already with memory impairment, as in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Coconut is classified as a highly nutritious 'functional food'. It is rich in dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals; however, notably, evidence is mounting to support the concept that coconut may be beneficial in the treatment of obesity, dyslipidaemia, elevated LDL, insulin resistance and hypertension - these are the risk factors for CVD and type 2 diabetes, and also for AD. In addition, phenolic compounds and hormones (cytokinins) found in coconut may assist in preventing the aggregation of amyloid-β peptide, potentially inhibiting a key step in the pathogenesis of AD. The purpose of the present review was to explore the literature related to coconut, outlining the known mechanistic physiology, and to discuss the potential role of coconut supplementation as a therapeutic option in the prevention and management of AD.
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Bueno NB, de Melo IV, Florêncio TT, Sawaya AL. Dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols versus long-chain triacylglycerols for body composition in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 34:175-83. [PMID: 25651239 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2013.879844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of replacing dietary long-chain triacylglycerols (LCTs) with medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) on body composition in adults. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), to determine whether individuals assigned to replace at least 5 g of dietary LCTs with MCTs for a minimum of 4 weeks show positive modifications on body composition. We systematically searched, through July 2013, the CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS, and MEDLINE databases for RCTs that investigated the effects of MCT intake on body composition in adults. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) were calculated for net changes in the outcomes. We assessed heterogeneity by the Cochran Q test and I(2) statistic and publication bias with the Egger's test. Prespecified sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS In total, 11 trials were included, from which 5 presented low risk of bias. In the overall analysis, including all studies, individuals who replaced dietary LCT with MCT showed significantly reduced body weight (WMD, -0.69 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.1 to -0.28; p = 0.001); body fat (-0.89 kg; 95% CI, -1.27 to -0.51; p < 0.001), and WC (-1.78 cm; 95% CI, -2.4 to -1.1; p < 0.001). The overall quality of the evidence was low to moderate. Trials with a crossover design were responsible for the heterogeneity. CONCLUSION Despite statistically significant results, the recommendation to replace dietary LCTs with MCTs must be cautiously taken, because the available evidence is not of the highest quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassib B Bueno
- a Laboratório de Fisiologia da Nutrição, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Sao Paulo , BRASIL
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St-Onge MP, Mayrsohn B, O'Keeffe M, Kissileff HR, Choudhury AR, Laferrère B. Impact of medium and long chain triglycerides consumption on appetite and food intake in overweight men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:1134-40. [PMID: 25074387 PMCID: PMC4192077 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) enhance thermogenesis and may reduce food intake relative to long chain triglycerides (LCT). The goal of this study was to establish the effects of MCT on appetite and food intake and determine whether differences were due to differences in hormone concentrations. Methods Two randomized, crossover studies were conducted in which overweight men consumed 20 g of MCT or corn oil (LCT) at breakfast. Blood samples were obtained over 3 h. In Study 1 (n=10), an ad lib lunch was served after 3 h. In Study 2 (n=7), a pre-load containing 10 g of test oil was given at 3 h and lunch was served 1 h later. Linear mixed model analyses were performed to determine the effects of MCT and LCT oil on change in hormones and metabolites from fasting, adjusting for body weight. Correlations were computed between differences in hormones just before the test meals and differences in intakes after the two oils for Study 1 only. Results Food intake at the lunch test meal after the MCT pre-load (Study 2) was (mean ± SEM) 532 ± 389 kcal vs. 804 ± 486 kcal after LCT (P < 0.05). MCT consumption resulted in a lower rise in triglycerides (P = 0.014) and glucose (P = 0.066) and a higher rise in peptide YY (P = 0.017) and leptin (P = 0.036) compared to LCT (combined data). Correlations between differences in hormone levels (GLP-1, PYY) and differences in food intake were in the opposite direction to expectations. Conclusions MCT consumption reduced food intake acutely but this does not seem to be mediated by changes in GLP-1, PYY, and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-P St-Onge
- 1] College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA [2] New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Mayrsohn
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M O'Keeffe
- 1] College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA [2] New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - H R Kissileff
- 1] College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA [2] New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - A R Choudhury
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Laferrère
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Goldberg EM, Ryland D, Gibson RA, Aliani M, House JD. Designer laying hen diets to improve egg fatty acid profile and maintain sensory quality. Food Sci Nutr 2013; 1:324-35. [PMID: 24804037 PMCID: PMC3951599 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of eggs is highly reflective of the diet of the laying hen; therefore, nutritionally important fatty acids can be increased in eggs in order to benefit human health. To explore the factors affecting the hen's metabolism and deposition of fatty acids of interest, the current research was divided into two studies. In Study 1, the fatty acid profile of eggs from Bovan White hens fed either 8%, 14%, 20%, or 28% of the omega-6 fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA) (expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids), and an additional treatment of 14% LA containing double the amount of saturated fat (SFA) was determined. Omega-6 fatty acids and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in the yolk were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, and oleic acid (OA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were significantly decreased with an increasing dietary LA content. In Study 2, the fatty acid and sensory profiles were determined in eggs from Shaver White hens fed either (1) 15% or 30% of the omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (of total fatty acids), and (2) low (0.5), medium (1), or high (2) ratios of SFA: LA+OA. Increasing this ratio resulted in marked increases in lauric acid, ALA, EPA, DPA, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with decreases in LA and arachidonic acid. Increasing the dietary ALA content from 15% to 30% (of total fatty acids) did not overcome the DHA plateau observed in the yolk. No significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in aroma or flavor between cooked eggs from the different dietary treatments were observed among trained panelists (n = 8). The results showed that increasing the ratio of SFA: LA+OA in layer diets has a more favorable effect on the yolk fatty acid profile compared to altering the LA content at the expense of OA, all while maintaining sensory quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Goldberg
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Donna Ryland
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Robert A Gibson
- Department of Nutrition and Functional Food Science, University of Adelaide Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Michel Aliani
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - James D House
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada ; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Ronis MJJ, Baumgardner JN, Sharma N, Vantrease J, Ferguson M, Tong Y, Wu X, Cleves MA, Badger TM. Medium chain triglycerides dose-dependently prevent liver pathology in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:151-62. [PMID: 23576797 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is often accompanied by development of hepatic steatosis and less frequently by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) leading to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Replacement of corn oil with medium chain triacylglycerols (MCT) in the diets of alcohol-fed rats has been shown to protect against steatosis and alcoholic liver injury. The current study was designed to determine if a similar beneficial effect of MCT occurs in a rat model of NAFLD. Groups of male rats were isocalorically overfed diets containing 10%, 35% or 70% total energy as corn oil or a 70% fat diet in which corn oil was replaced with increasing concentrations of saturated fat (18:82, beef tallow:MCT oil) from 20% to 65% for 21 days using total enteral nutrition (TEN). As dietary content of corn oil increased, hepatic steatosis and serum alanine amino transferases were elevated (P < 0.05). This was accompanied by greater expression of cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1 (P < 0.05) and higher concentrations of polyunsaturated 18:2 and 20:4 fatty acids (FA) in the hepatic lipid fractions (P < 0.05). Keeping the total dietary fat at 70%, but increasing the proportion of MCT-enriched saturated fat resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in steatosis and necrosis without affecting CYP2E1 induction. There was no incorporation of C8-C10 FAs into liver lipids, but increasing the ratio of MCT to corn oil: reduced liver lipid 18:2 and 20:4 concentrations; reduced membrane susceptibility to radical attack; stimulated FA β- and ω-oxidation as a result of activation of peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)α, and appeared to increase mitochondrial respiration through complex III. These data suggest that replacing unsaturated fats like corn oil with MCT oil in the diet could be utilized as a potential treatment for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J J Ronis
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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The effect of FABP2 promoter haplotype on response to a diet with medium-chain triacylglycerols. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 7:437-45. [PMID: 22270906 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The fatty-acid-binding protein-2 (FABP2) gene has been proposed as a candidate gene for diabetes because the encoded protein is involved in fatty acid absorption and therefore may affect insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. The rare haplotype (B) of its promoter was shown to be associated with a lower risk for type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a polymorphism in the FABP2 promoter does affect the metabolic response to either an medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) or an long-chain triacylglycerol (LCT) diet, which were suggested to differ in transport mechanisms, in affinity to FABP2, in activating transcription factors binding to the FABP2 promoter and in their effects on insulin sensitivity. We studied 82 healthy male subjects varying in the FABP2 promoter (42 homozygous for common haplotype (A), 40 homozygous for the rare haplotype (B)) in an interventional study with either an MCT or LCT diet over 2 weeks to examine gene-nutrient interaction. The saturation grade of MCT was adjusted to that of the LCT fat. We determined glucose, insulin, triacylglycerols (TGs), chylomicron triacylglycerols and cholesterol before and after a standardised mixed meal before and after the intervention. HDL cholesterol increased in all groups, which was most pronounced in subjects homozygous for the common promoter haplotype A who received MCT diet (P = 0.001), but not significant in homozygous rare haplotype B subjects who received MCT fat. Subjects homozygous for FABP2 haplotype A showed a significant decrease in fasting and postprandial glucose (P = 0.01, 0.04, respectively) and a decrease in insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, P = 0.04) during LCT diet. After correction for multiple testing, those effects did not remain significant. Fasting and postprandial triacylglycerols, LDL cholesterol, chylomicron TGs and cholesterol were not affected by genotype or diet. MCT diet increased HDL cholesterol dependent on the FABP2 promoter haplotype. The effects of the promoter haplotype B could be mediated by PPARγ, which is upregulated by medium-chain fatty acids.
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Mills S, Ross R, Hill C, Fitzgerald G, Stanton C. Milk intelligence: Mining milk for bioactive substances associated with human health. Int Dairy J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Clegg ME. Medium-chain triglycerides are advantageous in promoting weight loss although not beneficial to exercise performance. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2010; 61:653-79. [DOI: 10.3109/09637481003702114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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P S, Vasudevan DM, Kamath P. Effect of High Fat Diet Without Cholesterol Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation in New Zealand White Rabbits. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17:213-8. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Page KA, Williamson A, Yu N, McNay EC, Dzuira J, McCrimmon RJ, Sherwin RS. Medium-chain fatty acids improve cognitive function in intensively treated type 1 diabetic patients and support in vitro synaptic transmission during acute hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2009; 58:1237-44. [PMID: 19223595 PMCID: PMC2671041 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides could improve cognition during hypoglycemia in subjects with intensively treated type 1 diabetes and assessed potential underlying mechanisms by testing the effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate and octanoate on rat hippocampal synaptic transmission during exposure to low glucose. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 11 intensively treated type 1 diabetic subjects participated in stepped hyperinsulinemic- (2 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1)) euglycemic- (glucose approximately 5.5 mmol/l) hypoglycemic (glucose approximately 2.8 mmol/l) clamp studies. During two separate sessions, they randomly received either medium-chain triglycerides or placebo drinks and performed a battery of cognitive tests. In vitro rat hippocampal slice preparations were used to assess the ability of beta-hydroxybutyrate and octanoate to support neuronal activity when glucose levels are reduced. RESULTS Hypoglycemia impaired cognitive performance in tests of verbal memory, digit symbol coding, digit span backwards, and map searching. Ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides reversed these effects. Medium-chain triglycerides also produced higher free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels compared with placebo. However, the increase in catecholamines and symptoms during hypoglycemia was not altered. In hippocampal slices beta-hydroxybutyrate supported synaptic transmission under low-glucose conditions, whereas octanoate could not. Nevertheless, octanoate improved the rate of recovery of synaptic function upon restoration of control glucose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Medium-chain triglyceride ingestion improves cognition without adversely affecting adrenergic or symptomatic responses to hypoglycemia in intensively treated type 1 diabetic subjects. Medium-chain triglycerides offer the therapeutic advantage of preserving brain function under hypoglycemic conditions without causing deleterious hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Page
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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St-Onge MP, Bosarge A, Goree LLT, Darnell B. Medium chain triglyceride oil consumption as part of a weight loss diet does not lead to an adverse metabolic profile when compared to olive oil. J Am Coll Nutr 2009; 27:547-52. [PMID: 18845704 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medium chain triglyceride (MCT) consumption may have a beneficial impact on weight management, however, some studies point to a negative impact of MCT oil consumption on cardiovascular disease risk. This study examined the effects of MCT oil consumption, as part of a weight loss diet, on metabolic risk profile compared to olive oil. DESIGN Thirty-one men and women, age 19-50 y and body mass index 27-33 kg/m(2), completed this randomized, controlled, 16-week weight loss program. Oils were consumed at a level of approximately 12% of the subjects' prescribed energy intakes in the form of muffins and liquid oil. RESULTS After controlling for body weight, there was a significant effect of time on fasting serum glucose (P = 0.0177) and total cholesterol (P = 0.0386) concentrations, and on diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.0413), with reductions in these variables occurring over time; there was no time-by-diet interaction for any of the parameters studied. Two of the 3 subjects in the MCT oil group with evidence of the metabolic syndrome at baseline did not have metabolic syndrome at endpoint. In the olive oil group, 6 subjects had the metabolic syndrome at baseline; 2 subjects no longer had metabolic syndrome at endpoint, 1 person developed metabolic syndrome, and 4 subjects did not have any change in their metabolic syndrome status. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that MCT oil can be incorporated into a weight loss program without fear of adversely affecting metabolic risk factors. Distinction should be made regarding chain length when it comes to discussing the effects of saturated fats on metabolic risk factors.
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Roynette CE, Rudkowska I, Nakhasi DK, Jones PJH. Structured medium and long chain triglycerides show short-term increases in fat oxidation, but no changes in adiposity in men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18:298-305. [PMID: 17368874 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) have been suggested as modulators of human energy expenditure (EE) and thus may influence total and regional body fat distribution. OBJECTIVE To investigate in overweight men the effects of structured medium and long chain triglycerides on EE, substrate oxidation and body adiposity, compared to extra virgin olive oil (OO). METHODS In a 6 week single-blind crossover study, 23 overweight men were randomly assigned to consume a standard high-fat diet of which 75% total fat was provided as either structured medium and long chain triglycerides referred to as structured oil (StO), or OO. EE and body composition were measured using indirect calorimetry and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively, at weeks 1 and 6 of each phase. RESULTS Body weight decreased (p<0.01) from baseline to end-point during consumption of both the StO (-1.46+/-0.4k g) and OO (-1.17+/-0.4 kg); however, no significant treatment differences were observed. There were no changes in body composition among treatment groups. No differences between diets for EE measurements were reported. Fat oxidation rates did not differ between oils, but were reduced (p<0.05) in the StO group between baseline (0.0020+/-0.0003 g/kg fat free mass per min) in comparison to after week 6 (0.0013+/-0.0001 g/kg fat free mass per min). No differences in carbohydrate oxidation rate were noted across diets or time. CONCLUSION The present structured medium and long chain triglyceride oil increases short-term fat oxidation but fails to modulate body weight or adiposity through a change in EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Roynette
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Siervo M, Frühbeck G, Dixon A, Goldberg GR, Coward WA, Murgatroyd PR, Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Efficiency of autoregulatory homeostatic responses to imposed caloric excess in lean men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 294:E416-24. [PMID: 18042669 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00573.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity implies a failure of autoregulatory homeostatic responses to caloric excess. We studied the mechanisms, effectiveness, and limits of such responses in six lean (21.9 +/- 1.3 kg/m(2)), healthy men based in a metabolic suite for 17 wk of progressive intermittent overfeeding (OF) (3 wk, baseline; 3 wk, 20% OF; 1 wk, ad libitum; 3 wk, 40% OF; 1 wk, ad libitum; 3 wk, 60% OF; 3 wk, ad libitum). Body composition was assessed by a four-compartment model using dual X-ray absorptiometry, deuterium dilution, and plethysmography. Magnetic resonance imaging assessed subcutaneous/visceral fat at abdominal level at baseline and at the end of 60% OF. Energy intake was assessed throughout, energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation rates were measured repeatedly by whole body calorimetry (calEE), and free-living EE (TEE) was measured by doubly labeled water at baseline and after 60% OF. At the end of 60% OF, calEE and TEE had increased by just 11.4% (P = 0.001) and 16.2% (P = 0.001), respectively. Weight and body fat (fat mass) had increased by 5.98 kg (8.8%, P = 0.001) and 3.31 kg (22.6%, P = 0.01), respectively. The relative increase in visceral fat (32.6%, P = 0.02) exceeded that of subcutaneous fat (13.3%, P = 0.002) in the abdominal region. The computed energy cost of tissue accretion differed from the excess ingested by only 13.1% (using calEE) and 11.6% (using TEE), indicating an absence of effective dissipative mechanisms. We conclude that elevations in EE provide very limited autoregulatory capacity in body weight regulation, and that regulation must be dominated by hypothalamic modulation of energy intake. This result supports present conclusions from genetic studies in which all known causes of human obesity are related to defects in the regulation of appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Siervo
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, UK.
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Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Funayama K, Miyashita K. Effect of medium-chain triacylglycerols on anti-obesity effect of fucoxanthin. J Oleo Sci 2007; 56:615-21. [PMID: 17992001 DOI: 10.5650/jos.56.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary effects of medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT) and fucoxanthin (Fc) on abdominal fat weight were determined using KK-Ay obese mouse. Experimental diet contained MCT(0.9%), Fc (0.1%), or MCT (0.9%) +Fc (0.1%). The abdominal fat weight of mice fed with Fc was significantly lower than that of mice fed with MCT. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a key molecule for metabolic thermogenesis, was clearly expressed in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice fed Fc, but little expression in that of the mice fed MCT. The anti-obesity effect of Fc was increased by mixing Fc with MCT. This increase would be due to the increase in the absorption rate of Fc by MCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Maeda
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Tremblay A, Major G, Doucet É, Trayhurn P, Astrup A. Role of adaptive thermogenesis in unsuccessful weight-loss intervention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.2.6.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Alexandrou E, Herzberg GR, White MD. High-level medium-chain triglyceride feeding and energy expenditure in normal-weight women. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:507-13. [PMID: 17632585 DOI: 10.1139/y07-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess how short-term feeding of high levels of dietary medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) affect energy expenditure and postprandial substrate oxidation rates in normal-weight, premenopausal women. Eight healthy women were fed both a MCT-rich and an isocaloric long-chain triglyceride (LCT)-rich diet for two 1-week periods separated by a minimum of 21 days. The energy intake in each diet was 45% carbohydrates, 40% fat, and 15% protein. The 2 diets had either 60.81% or 1.11% of total fat energy from MCT with the remaining fat energy intake from LCT. On days 1 and 7 of each diet, resting metabolic rate and postprandial energy expenditure (EE) were measured by indirect calorimetry with a ventilated hood. Results indicated on days 1 and 7, there were no significant differences between diets for resting metabolic rate or mean postprandial EE. On both days 1 and 7, fat oxidation for the MCT-rich diet was significantly greater (0.0001 </= p </= 0.04) than that for the LCT-rich diet at different time points across the 5.5 h postprandial period. In conclusion, for premenopausal, normal-weight women consuming a diet with 25% of the energy content from MCT, there were no changes in resting metabolic rate, transient increases in postprandial energy expenditure, and significant increases in postprandial fat oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alexandrou
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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42
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Grego AV, Mingrone G. Dicarboxylic acids, an alternate fuel substrate in parenteral nutrition: an update. Clin Nutr 2007; 14:143-8. [PMID: 16843924 DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(95)80011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/1994] [Accepted: 12/20/1994] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids (DA) are formed from the omega-oxidation of monocarboxylic acids when the beta-oxidation of free fatty acids is impaired. Medium-chain DA have the peculiar characteristic of being water soluble due to the presence of two carboxylic terminal groups in the molecule. Contrary to both long- and medium-chain triglycerides which are administered as emulsions, they can be given by a peripheral vein as inorganic salts. DA are beta-oxidized at level of both peroxisomes and mitochondria via carnitine-independent pathway. The products of beta-oxidation of odd-chain DA are acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, which cannot be oxidized further, are used in lipogenesis. Moreover even-chain DA produce acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA, which is a gluconeogenetic precursor. Azelaic acid (C9), does not show acute or chronic toxicity effects in animals but much of it is lost in urine (more than 50% of the given dose). Sebacic acid (C10) is lost in urine to a smaller extent (about 12% of the administered dose) and its energy density (6.64 kcal/g) is greater than that of C9 (4.97 kcal/g). Dodecanedioic acid (C12) seems to be the best candidate for parenteral nutrition, because it is eliminated in the urine only in minimal amounts (3.90% of the given dose), it is rapidly utilized by tissues, and it has a high energy density (7.20 kcal/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Grego
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Rome, Italy
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43
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Matsuo T, Takeuchi H. Effects of structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols in diets with various levels of fat on body fat accumulation in rats. Br J Nutr 2007; 91:219-25. [PMID: 14756907 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20031041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) in diets containing 50–200 g fat/kg on body fat accumulation were compared with those of long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT) in rats. In rats fedad libitum, weights of intra-abdominal adipose tissues and carcass fat contents were significantly smaller (P<0·05) in rats fed the 150–200 g MLCT/kg diet than in rats fed 150–200 g LCT/kg diet. Serum and liver triacylglycerol contents were significantly greater (P<0·05) in rats fed 200 g MLCT/kg diet, as were hepatic capacities of citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase (P<0·05). The effects of MLCT on body fat were also examined in adult rats fed a limited amount of food (approximately 50 % ofad libitumintake). Reduction of body fat deposition during the food restriction was the same between in LCT and MLCT groups. These results suggest that accumulation of body fat was less efficient during long-term feeding of MLCT than LCT in rats fed high-fat dietsad libitum. The effect of MLCT on body fat might be influenced by the dietary fat content or by energy sufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Matsuo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Kita-gun, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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Ramirez-Zea M. Validation of three predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in adults. Public Health Nutr 2007; 8:1213-28. [PMID: 16277831 DOI: 10.1079/phn2005807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo cross-validate three predictive set of equations for basal metabolic rate (BMR) developed by Schofield (Schofield database), Henry (Oxford database) and Cole (Oxford database) using mean values for age, weight, height and BMR of published studies.DesignLiterature review of studies published from 1985 to March 2002.SettingAll studies selected used appropriate methods and followed conditions that met the criteria established for basal metabolism, were performed in healthy adults, and were not part of the Schofield or Oxford database.SubjectsA total of 261 groups of men and women from 175 studies were selected and categorised in three age groups (18.5–29.9, 30.0–59.9, ≥60 years old) and three body mass index (BMI) groups (normal weight, overweight and obese).ResultsLinear regression and concordance correlation analysis showed that the three sets of equations had the same association and agreement with measured BMR, across gender, age, and BMI groups. The agreement of all equations was moderate for men and poor for women. The lowest mean squared prediction errors (MSPRs) were given by Henry equations in men and Cole equations in women. Henry and Cole equations gave lower values than Schofield equations, except for men over 60 years of age. Henry equations were the most accurate in men. None of the three equations performed consistently better in women.ConclusionThese results support the use of Henry equations in men with a wide range of age and BMI. None of the proposed predictive equations seem to be appropriate to estimate BMR in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ramirez-Zea
- Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
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Abstract
The scale of the obesity epidemic creates a pressing consumer need as well as an enormous business opportunity for successful development and marketing of food products with added benefits for weight control. A number of proposed functional food ingredients have been shown to act post-absorptively to influence substrate utilization or thermogenesis. Characteristics and supporting data on conjugated linoleic acid, diglycerides, medium-chain triglycerides, green tea, ephedrine, caffeine, capsaicin and calcium, are reviewed here, giving examples of how these could act to alter energy expenditure or appetite control. Consideration is also given to other factors, in addition to efficacy, which must be satisfied to get such ingredients into foods. We conclude that, for each of the safe, putatively metabolically active agents, there remain gaps in clinical evidence or knowledge of mechanisms, which need to be addressed in order to specify the dietary conditions and food product compositions where these ingredients could be of most benefit for weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M R Kovacs
- Unilever Health Institute, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands.
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Shinohara H, Ogawa A, Kasai M, Aoyama T. Effect of randomly interesterified triacylglycerols containing medium- and long-chain fatty acids on energy expenditure and hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2006; 69:1811-8. [PMID: 16244428 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In our previous studies, medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT), randomly interesterified triacylglycerols containing medium-chain and long-chain fatty acids in the same glycerol molecule, significantly reduced body fat accumulation in humans and rats. To clarify mechanism(s) for this effect of MLCT, we measured energy expenditure and hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rats by comparison with long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT) or medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT). MLCT, compared with LCT, showed significantly lower body fat accumulation, higher 24-h energy expenditure and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity measured using octanoyl-CoA as a substrate, and similar lipogenic activity. MCT, compared with LCT, showed significantly higher energy expenditure, but fat accumulation was comparable. Additionally, MCT exhibited significantly higher lipogenic activity than the other oils. These data suggest that enhancement of energy expenditure and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) oxidation without activating de novo lipogenesis are responsible at least for the lower body fat accumulation in rats fed MLCT. The activation of hepatic lipogenesis by excessive intake of MCFA might counteract their preventive effects on body fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisami Shinohara
- Division of Healthcare Science, Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Levitsky DA, Obarzanek E, Mrdjenovic G, Strupp BJ. Imprecise control of energy intake: Absence of a reduction in food intake following overfeeding in young adults. Physiol Behav 2005; 84:669-75. [PMID: 15885242 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2003] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to examine the extent to which overfeeding reduces spontaneous food intake in humans. Twelve normal-weight adults participated in the three stage study. During the 14 day baseline period and 21 day recovery period, food intake was consumed ad libitum, beyond a minimum 5 MJ (1200 kcal) basal diet. During the 13 day period of overfeeding, each subject consumed 35% more energy than they consumed at baseline. Overfeeding resulted in a weight gain of 2.3+/-0.37 kg, (p<0.0001), approximately half the weight gain was determined to be fat (1.2+/-0.19 kg, p<0.0001) by underwater densitometry. Following overfeeding, mean daily caloric intake was not significantly suppressed returning immediately to baseline values. Despite normal energy intake, participants lost 1.3+/-0.24 kg of body weight (p<0.0001), of which 0.75+/-0.15 kg (p<0.0001) was fat. These results indicated that (1) the physiological control of eating behavior in humans is not the major mechanism responsible for the recovery of body weight following a period of overfeeding and (2) an increase in energy expenditure of 1.28 MJ (307 kcal)/day or about 14% was required to account for the weight loss following overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Levitsky
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, 112 Savage Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6301, USA.
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SUZUKI Y, NOSAKA N, MAKI H, KASAI M, AOYAMA T, HARUNA H, TODA T, OKAZAKI M, IGARASHI O, KONDO K. Effects of Margarine Containing Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Diet-Induced Thermogenesis. J Oleo Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.54.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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50
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Abstract
Pre-exercise fat ingestion (i.e., long chain triacylglycerol ingestion 1 to 4 h before exercise), medium-chain triacylglycerols, fish oil, and conjugated linoleic acid have been suggested to alter metabolism to achieve weight loss, alter lipid profiles, or improve performance. However, studies have demonstrated that ingestion of meals with long-chain triacylglycerols before exercise has little or no effect on metabolism and does not alter subsequent exercise performance. Also, medium-chain triacylglycerol supplementation before or during exercise has not been shown to be ergogenic, although this could be related to the small amounts of medium-chain triacylglycerol that can be ingested before gastrointestinal discomfort occurs. Fish oil may improve red blood cell deformability, but these effects are likely to be small and do not seem to influence maximum oxygen delivery or exercise performance. Conjugated linoleic acid has been implicated in weight loss, but based on the results of human studies it must be concluded that the effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body weight loss are far less clear than those observed in animal studies. Most studies have not found any evidence for a beneficial effect of conjugated linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asker E Jeukendrup
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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