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Moon S, Javed A, Hard ER, Pratt MR. Methods for Studying Site-Specific O-GlcNAc Modifications: Successes, Limitations, and Important Future Goals. JACS AU 2022; 2:74-83. [PMID: 35098223 PMCID: PMC8791055 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic post-translational modification which affects myriad proteins, cellular functions, and disease states. Its presence or absence modulates protein function via differential protein- and site-specific mechanisms, necessitating innovative techniques to probe the modification in highly selective manners. To this end, a variety of biological and chemical methods have been developed to study specific O-GlcNAc modification events both in vitro and in vivo, each with their own respective strengths and shortcomings. Together, they comprise a potent chemical biology toolbox for the analysis of O-GlcNAcylation (and, in theory, other post-translational modifications) while highlighting the need and space for more facile, generalizable, and biologically authentic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart
P. Moon
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Afraah Javed
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Eldon R. Hard
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Matthew R. Pratt
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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2
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Groenevelt JM, Corey DJ, Fehl C. Chemical Synthesis and Biological Applications of O-GlcNAcylated Peptides and Proteins. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1854-1870. [PMID: 33450137 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
All human cells use O-GlcNAc protein modifications (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine) to rapidly adapt to changing nutrient and stress conditions through signaling, epigenetic, and proteostasis mechanisms. A key challenge for biologists in defining precise roles for specific O-GlcNAc sites is synthetic access to homogenous isoforms of O-GlcNAc proteins, a result of the non-genetically templated, transient, and heterogeneous nature of O-GlcNAc modifications. Toward a solution, this review details the state of the art of two strategies for O-GlcNAc protein modification: advances in "bottom-up" O-GlcNAc peptide synthesis and direct "top-down" installation of O-GlcNAc on full proteins. We also describe key applications of synthetic O-GlcNAc peptide and protein tools as therapeutics, biophysical structure-function studies, biomarkers, and as disease mechanistic probes to advance translational O-GlcNAc biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Groenevelt
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Daniel J Corey
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Charlie Fehl
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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3
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De Leon CA, Lang G, Saavedra MI, Pratt MR. Simple and Efficient Preparation of O- and S-GlcNAcylated Amino Acids through InBr 3-Catalyzed Synthesis of β- N-Acetylglycosides from Commercially Available Reagents. Org Lett 2018; 20:5032-5035. [PMID: 30088936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The facile synthesis of serine, threonine, and cysteine β-glycosides using commercially available peracetylated β- N-acetylglucosamine (β-Ac4GlcNAc) and catalytic amounts of indium bromide (InBr3) is described. This method involves only inexpensive reagents that require no further modification or special handling. The reagents are simply mixed, dissolved, and refluxed to afford the GlcNAcylated amino acids in great yields (70-80%). This operationally simple procedure should facilitate the study of O-GlcNAcylation without necessitating expertise in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry.
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5
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De Leon CA, Levine PM, Craven TW, Pratt MR. The Sulfur-Linked Analogue of O-GlcNAc (S-GlcNAc) Is an Enzymatically Stable and Reasonable Structural Surrogate for O-GlcNAc at the Peptide and Protein Levels. Biochemistry 2017. [PMID: 28627871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic proteins bearing site-specific posttranslational modifications have revolutionized our understanding of their biological functions in vitro and in vivo. One such modification, O-GlcNAcylation, is the dynamic addition of β-N-acetyl glucosamine to the side chains of serine and threonine residues of proteins, yet our understanding of the site-specific impact of O-GlcNAcylation remains difficult to evaluate in vivo because of the potential for enzymatic removal by endogenous O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Thioglycosides are generally perceived to be enzymatically stable structural mimics of O-GlcNAc; however, in vitro experiments with small-molecule GlcNAc thioglycosides have demonstrated that OGA can hydrolyze these linkages, indicating that S-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (S-GlcNAc) on peptides or proteins may not be completely stable. Here, we first develop a robust synthetic route to access an S-GlcNAcylated cysteine building block for peptide and protein synthesis. Using this modified amino acid, we establish that S-GlcNAc is an enzymatically stable surrogate for O-GlcNAcylation in its native protein setting. We also applied nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and computational modeling to find that S-GlcNAc is an good structural mimic of O-GlcNAc. Finally, we demonstrate that site-specific S-GlcNAcylation results in biophysical characteristics that are the same as those of O-GlcNAc within the context of the protein α-synuclein. While this study is limited in focus to two model systems, these data suggest that S-GlcNAc broadly resembles O-GlcNAc and that it is indeed a stable analogue in the context of peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy W Craven
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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6
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Leiria Campo V, Riul TB, Oliveira Bortot L, Martins-Teixeira MB, Fiori Marchiori M, Iaccarino E, Ruvo M, Dias-Baruffi M, Carvalho I. A Synthetic MUC1 Glycopeptide Bearing βGalNAc-Thr as a Tn Antigen Isomer Induces the Production of Antibodies against Tumor Cells. Chembiochem 2017; 18:527-538. [PMID: 28068458 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of the novel protected O-glycosylated amino acid derivatives 1 and 2, containing βGalNAc-SerOBn and βGalNAc-ThrOBn units, respectively, as mimetics of the natural Tn antigen (αGalNAc-Ser/Thr), along with the solid-phase assembly of the glycopeptides NHAcSer-Ala-Pro-Asp-Thr[αGalNAc]-Arg-Pro-Ala-Pro-Gly-BSA (3-BSA) and NHAcSer-Ala-Pro-Asp-Thr[βGalNAc]-Arg-Pro-Ala-Pro-Gly-BSA (4-BSA), bearing αGalNAc-Thr or βGalNAc-Thr units, respectively, as mimetics of MUC1 tumor mucin glycoproteins. According to ELISA tests, immunizations of mice with βGalNAc-glycopeptide 4-BSA induced higher sera titers (1:320 000) than immunizations with αGalNAc-glycopeptide 3-BSA (1:40 000). Likewise, flow cytometry assays showed higher capacity of the obtained anti-glycopeptide 4-BSA antibodies to recognize MCF-7 tumor cells. Cross-recognition between immunopurified anti-βGalNAc antibodies and αGalNAc-glycopeptide and vice versa was also verified. Lastly, molecular dynamics simulations and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) showed that βGalNAc-glycopeptide 4 can interact with a model antitumor monoclonal antibody (SM3). Taken together, these data highlight the improved immunogenicity of the unnatural glycopeptide 4-BSA, bearing βGalNAc-Thr as Tn antigen isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Leiria Campo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café S/N, CEP, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thalita B Riul
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café S/N, CEP, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Oliveira Bortot
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café S/N, CEP, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maristela B Martins-Teixeira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café S/N, CEP, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fiori Marchiori
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café S/N, CEP, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Iaccarino
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy.,Second University of Naples, via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café S/N, CEP, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivone Carvalho
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café S/N, CEP, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Rodriguez MC, Cudic M. Optimization of physicochemical and pharmacological properties of peptide drugs by glycosylation. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1081:107-136. [PMID: 24014437 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-652-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many biological interactions and functions are mediated by glycans, leading to the emerging importance of carbohydrate and glycoconjugate chemistry in the design of novel drug therapeutics. In addition to direct effects on biological activity, sugar addition appears to alter many physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the peptide backbone. Consequently, glycosylation has been often used to improve various less than optimal features of peptide drug leads.In order to study the effects that naturally occurring and/or nonnatural glycans have on peptide drug solubility, conformation, proteolytic resistance, membrane permeability, and toxicity, it is essential to have convenient synthetic access toward synthesis of glycopeptide analogs. The crucial step in the synthesis of glycopeptides is the introduction of the carbohydrate group. The preformed glycosyl amino acid building block is the most commonly employed approach used in glycopeptide synthesis.In this review, we will describe various synthetic approaches to prepare N- and O-glycopeptides bearing simple monosaccharides as a tool to improve peptide therapeutic efficacy by glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Rodriguez
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
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8
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Pudelko M, Bull J, Kunz H. Chemical and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Glycopeptide Selectin Ligands Containing Sialyl Lewis X Structures. Chembiochem 2010; 11:904-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Cudic M, Burstein GD. Preparation of glycosylated amino acids suitable for Fmoc solid-phase assembly. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 494:187-208. [PMID: 18726575 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-419-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Many biological interactions and functions are mediated by glycans, consequently leading to the emerging importance of carbohydrate and glycoconjugate chemistry in the design of novel drug therapeutics. Despite the challenges that carbohydrate moieties bring into the synthesis of glycopeptides and glycoproteins, considerable progress has been made during recent decades. Glycopeptides carrying many simple glycans have been chemically synthesized, enzymatic approaches have been utilized to introduce more complex glycans, and most recently native chemical ligation has enabled synthesis of glycoproteins from well-designed peptide and glycopeptide building blocks. Currently, general synthetic methodology for glycopeptides relies on preformed glycosylated amino acids for the stepwise solid-phase peptide synthesis. The formation of glycosidic bonds is of fundamental importance in the assembly of glycopeptides. As such, every glycosylation has to be regarded as a unique problem, demanding considerable systematic research. In this chapter we will summarize the most common chemical methods for the stereoselective synthesis of N- and O-glycosylated amino acids. The particular emphasis will be given to the preparation of building blocks for use in solid-phase glycopeptide synthesis based on the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protective group strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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10
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Bongat AFG, Demchenko AV. Recent trends in the synthesis of O-glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:374-406. [PMID: 17125757 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new methods for stereoselective glycoside synthesis and convergent oligosaccharide assembly has been critical for the area of glycosciences. At the heart of this account is the discussion of the approaches for stereoselective synthesis of glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars that have emerged during the past two decades. The introductory part provides general background information and describes the key features and challenges for the synthesis of this class of compounds. Subsequently, major approaches to the synthesis of 2-amino-2-deoxyglycosides are categorized and discussed. Each subsection elaborates on the introduction (or protection) of the amino functionality, synthesis of glycosyl donors by introduction of a suitable leaving group, and glycosidation. Wherever applicable, the deprotection of a temporary amino group substituent and the conversion onto the natural acetamido functionality is described. The conclusions part evaluates the current standing in the field and provides a perspective for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen F G Bongat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri--St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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11
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12
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Carvalho I, Scheuerl SL, Ravindranathan Kartha KP, Field RA. Practical synthesis of the 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucosides of Fmoc-serine and Fmoc-threonine and their benzyl esters. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1039-43. [PMID: 12706969 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mercuric bromide-promoted glycosylation of Fmoc-Ser-OBn and Fmoc-Thr-OBn with 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl chloride in refluxing 1,2-dichloroethane gave the corresponding beta-glycosides in good yields (64 and 62%, respectively). Direct coupling of the commercially available Fmoc-Ser-OH and Fmoc-Thr-OH carboxylic acids under similar conditions gave the corresponding beta-glycosides, possessing free carboxyl groups, in moderate yields (50 and 40%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Carvalho
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Comer FI, Vosseller K, Wells L, Accavitti MA, Hart GW. Characterization of a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for O-linked N-acetylglucosamine. Anal Biochem 2001; 293:169-77. [PMID: 11399029 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
beta-O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an abundant posttranslational modification of resident nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins in eukaryotes. Increasing evidence suggests that O-GlcNAc plays a regulatory role in numerous cellular processes. Here we report on the production and characterization of a highly specific mouse monoclonal antibody, MAb CTD110.6, that specifically reacts with O-GlcNAc. The antibody recognizes O-GlcNAc in beta-O-glycosidic linkage to both serine and threonine. We could detect no cross-reactivity with alpha-linked Ser/Thr-O-GlcNAc, alpha-linked Ser-O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (O-GalNAc), or N-linked oligosaccharides on ovalbumin and immunoglobulin G. The monosaccharide GlcNAc, but not GalNAc, abolishes immunoreactivity, further demonstrating specificity toward O-GlcNAc. Furthermore, galactose capping of O-GlcNAc sites also inhibits CTD110.6 immunoreactivity. Enrichment of GlcNAc-containing glycoproteins using the lectin wheat germ agglutinin dramatically enriches for CTD110.6-reactive proteins. The antibody reacts with a large number of proteins from cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts and readily detects in vivo changes in O-GlcNAc modification. These studies demonstrate that CTD110.6 is highly specific toward O-GlcNAc, with no cross-reactivity toward similar carbohydrate antigens or toward peptide determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F I Comer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
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14
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Abstract
Despite the omnipresence of protein glycosylation in nature, little is known about how the attachment of carbohydrates affects peptide and protein activity. One reason is the lack of a straightforward method to access biologically relevant glycopeptides and glycoproteins. The isolation of homogeneous glycopeptides from natural sources is complicated by the heterogeneity of naturally occuring glycoproteins. It is chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis that is meeting the challenge to solve this availability problem, thus playing a key role for the advancement of glycobiology. The current art of glycopeptide synthesis, albeit far from being routine, has reached a level of maturity that allows for the access to homogeneous and pure material for biological and medicinal research. Even the ambitious goal of the total synthesis of an entire glycoprotein is within reach. It is demonstrated that with the help of synthetic glycopeptides the effects of glycosylation on protein structure and function can be studied in molecular detail. For example, in immunology, synthetic (tumour-specific) glycopeptides can be used as immunogens to elicit a tumour-cell-specific immune response. Again, synthetic glycopeptides are an invaluable tool to determine the fine specificity of the immune response that can be mediated by both carbohydrate-specific B and T cells. Furthermore, selected examples for the use of synthetic glycopeptides as ligands of carbohydrate-binding proteins and as enzyme substrates or inhibitors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Seitz
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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15
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St. Hilaire PM, Lowary TL, Meldal M, Bock K. Oligosaccharide Mimetics Obtained by Novel, Rapid Screening of Carboxylic Acid Encoded Glycopeptide Libraries. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja980387u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phaedria M. St. Hilaire
- Contribution from the Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Contribution from the Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Morten Meldal
- Contribution from the Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bock
- Contribution from the Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
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16
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Simanek EE, Huang DH, Pasternack L, Machajewski TD, Seitz O, Millar DS, Dyson HJ, Wong CH. Glycosylation of Threonine of the Repeating Unit of RNA Polymerase II with β-Linked N-Acetylglucosame Leads to a Turnlike Structure. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja982312w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric E. Simanek
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dee-Hua Huang
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Laura Pasternack
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Timothy D. Machajewski
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - David S. Millar
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - H. Jane Dyson
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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17
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Tedebark U, Meldal M, Panza L, Bock K. C-Linked glycosyl azido acid in novel solid-phase C-glycopeptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Meldal M, St Hilaire PM. Synthetic methods of glycopeptide assembly, and biological analysis of glycopeptide products. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1997; 1:552-63. [PMID: 9667891 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(97)80052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The technology of glycopeptide synthesis has recently developed into a fully mature science capable of creating diverse glycopeptides of biological interest, even in combinatorial displays. This has allowed biochemists to investigate substrate specificity in the biosynthetic processing and immunology of various protein glycoforms. The construction of all the mucin core structures and a variety of cancer-related glycopeptides has facilitated detailed analysis of the interaction between MHC-bound glycopeptides and T cell receptors. Novel dendritic neoglycopeptide ligands have been shown to demonstrate high affinity for carbohydrate receptors and these interactions are highly dendrimer specific. Large complex N-linked oligosaccharides have been introduced into glycopeptides using synthetic or chemoenzymatic procedures, both methods affording pure glycopeptides corresponding to a single glycoform in preparative quantities. The improved availability of glycosyl transferases has led to increased use of chemoenzymatic synthesis. Chemical ligation has been introduced as a method of attaching glycans to peptide templates. Combinatorial synthesis and the analysis of resin-bound glycopeptide libraries have been successfully carried out by applying the ladder synthesis principle. Direct quantitative glycosylation of peptide templates on solid phase has paved the way for the synthesis of templated glycopeptide mixtures as libraries of libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meldal
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500, Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Abstract
Modification of Ser and Thr residues by attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucos-amine [Ser(Thr)-O-GlcNAcylation] to eukaryotic nuclear and cytosolic proteins is as dynamic and possibly as abundant as Ser(Thr) phosphorylation. Known O-GlcNAcylated proteins include cytoskeletal proteins and their regulatory proteins; viral proteins; nuclear-pore, heat-shock, tumor-suppressor, and nuclearoncogene proteins; RNA polymerase II catalytic subunit; and a multitude of transcription factors. Although functionally diverse, all of these proteins are also phosphoproteins. Most O-GlcNAcylated proteins form highly regulated multimeric associations that are dependent upon their posttranslational modifications. Evidence is mounting that O-GlcNAcylation is an important regulatory modification that may have a reciprocal relationship with O-phosphorylation and may modulate many biological processes in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine 35294-0005, USA.
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