1
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Zhang J, Han T, Sun H, Han Z, Shi X, Gao J, Liu X, Zhang H. A self-immolative near-infrared fluorescent probe for identification of cancer cells and facilitating its apoptosis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1529-1540. [PMID: 38342788 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a significant role in the onset and progression of cancer. It has led to increased interest in its potential as a diagnostic tool owing to its overexpression in cancer. However, research into the anti-cancer activity of H2S, particularly its ability to promote apoptosis, is hindered by the lack of effective detection tools. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the targeted efficacy of H2S in promoting cancer cell apoptosis, we designed and synthesized a self-immolative near-infrared fluorescent diagnostic probe, named YH-NO2. The activation of this self-immolative reaction is dependent on the presence of nitroreductase (NTR) overexpressed in tumor cells. The design of YH-NO2 involves releasing fluorophores through the activated self-immolative reaction for detection, while simultaneously releasing H2S-loaded self-immolative spacers to promote cancer cell apoptosis. Consequently, YH-NO2 achieves a seamless integration of recognizing and promoting cancer cell apoptosis through its self-immolative structure. This dual function allows YH-NO2 to recognize NTR activity in cells under varying hypoxia levels and differentiate between normal cells and cancer cells using imaging technology. Notably, YH-NO2 exhibits remarkable stability in cellular environments, providing controlled and selective H2S release, thereby targeting the elimination of cancer cells through the promotion of apoptosis. Furthermore, in vivo experiments have demonstrated that YH-NO2 can accurately identify tumor tissue and effectively reduce its size by utilizing its apoptosis-promoting properties. These findings not only provide further evidence for the anti-cancer activity of H2S but also offer valuable tools for understanding the complex relationship between H2S and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Taihe Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Huipeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zehua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xuezhao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jun Gao
- GanSu Analysis and Research Center, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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2
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Su M, Ji X, Liu F, Li Z, Yan D. Chemical Strategies Toward Prodrugs and Fluorescent Probes for Gasotransmitters. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:300-329. [PMID: 37102481 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230427152234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Three gaseous molecules are widely accepted as important gasotransmitters in mammalian cells, namely NO, CO and H2S. Due to the pharmacological effects observed in preclinical studies, these three gasotransmitters represent promising drug candidates for clinical translation. Fluorescent probes of the gasotransmitters are also in high demand; however, the mechanisms of actions or the roles played by gasotransmitters under both physiological and pathological conditions remain to be answered. In order to bring these challenges to the attention of both chemists and biologists working in this field, we herein summarize the chemical strategies used for the design of both probes and prodrugs of these three gasotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Su
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou University, China
| | - Xingyue Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Suzhou University, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Suzhou University, China
| | - Zhang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou University, China
| | - Duanyang Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou University, China
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3
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Zhang J, Mu S, Wang W, Sun H, Li S, Shi X, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhang H. Design strategy for an analyte-compensated fluorescent probe to reduce its toxicity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9136-9139. [PMID: 35881542 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02789e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During biological detection, the toxicity caused by probes to living organisms is neglected. In this study, an analyte-compensated fluorescent probe (NP-SN3) was constructed for the detection of H2S. Through experiments with HepG2 cells and zebrafish embryos and larvae, the NP-SN3 probe showed no significant difference in imaging performance compared with the traditional probe (NP-N3) but exhibited lower detection-induced toxicity in the imaging of liver fibrosis in activated HSC-T6 cells. During the development of zebrafish embryos and continuous administration in rats, NP-SN3 showed a lower death rate, higher hatchability and lower malformation in zebrafish embryos and milder pathological symptoms in stained rat tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Shuai Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Weilin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huipeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Shuangqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xuezhao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yunbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Haixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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4
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Bora P, Sathian MB, Chakrapani H. Enhancing cellular sulfane sulfur through β-glycosidase-activated persulfide donors: mechanistic insights and oxidative stress mitigation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2987-2990. [PMID: 35147153 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfane sulfur species such as persulfides and polysulfides along with hydrogen sulfide protect cells from oxidative stress and are key members of the cellular antioxidant pool. Here, we report perthiocarbamate-based prodrugs that are cleaved by β-glycosidases to produce persulfide and relatively innocuous byproducts. The β-glucosidase-activated persulfide donor enhances cellular sulfane sulfur and protects cells against lethality induced by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerona Bora
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Manjima B Sathian
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India.
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5
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Magli E, Perissutti E, Santagada V, Caliendo G, Corvino A, Esposito G, Esposito G, Fiorino F, Migliaccio M, Scognamiglio A, Severino B, Sparaco R, Frecentese F. H 2S Donors and Their Use in Medicinal Chemistry. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1899. [PMID: 34944543 PMCID: PMC8699746 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a ubiquitous gaseous signaling molecule that has an important role in many physiological and pathological processes in mammalian tissues, with the same importance as two others endogenous gasotransmitters such as NO (nitric oxide) and CO (carbon monoxide). Endogenous H2S is involved in a broad gamut of processes in mammalian tissues including inflammation, vascular tone, hypertension, gastric mucosal integrity, neuromodulation, and defense mechanisms against viral infections as well as SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results suggest that the modulation of H2S levels has a potential therapeutic value. Consequently, synthetic H2S-releasing agents represent not only important research tools, but also potent therapeutic agents. This review has been designed in order to summarize the currently available H2S donors; furthermore, herein we discuss their preparation, the H2S-releasing mechanisms, and their -biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Frecentese
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (E.M.); (E.P.); (V.S.); (G.C.); (A.C.); (G.E.); (G.E.); (F.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (B.S.); (R.S.)
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6
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Khodade VS, Aggarwal SC, Pharoah BM, Paolocci N, Toscano JP. Alkylsulfenyl thiocarbonates: precursors to hydropersulfides potently attenuate oxidative stress. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8252-8259. [PMID: 34194717 PMCID: PMC8208316 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01550h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of the prevalence of hydropersulfides (RSSH) species in biological systems suggests their potential roles in cell regulatory processes. However, the reactive and transient nature of RSSH makes their study difficult, and dependent on the use of donor molecules. Herein, we report alkylsulfenyl thiocarbonates as a new class of RSSH precursors that efficiently release RSSH under physiologically relevant conditions. RSSH release kinetics from these precursors are tunable through electronic modification of the thiocarbonate carbonyl group's electrophilicity. In addition, these precursors also react with thiols to release RSSH with a minor amount of carbonyl sulfide (COS). Importantly, RSSH generation by these precursors protects against oxidative stress in H9c2 cardiac myoblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of these precursors to increase intracellular RSSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak S Khodade
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218 USA
| | - Sahil C Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218 USA
| | - Blaze M Pharoah
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218 USA
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland 21205 USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - John P Toscano
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218 USA
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7
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Trends in H 2S-Donors Chemistry and Their Effects in Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030429. [PMID: 33799669 PMCID: PMC8002049 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter recently emerged as an important regulatory mediator of numerous human cell functions in health and in disease. In fact, much evidence has suggested that hydrogen sulfide plays a significant role in many physio-pathological processes, such as inflammation, oxidation, neurophysiology, ion channels regulation, cardiovascular protection, endocrine regulation, and tumor progression. Considering the plethora of physiological effects of this gasotransmitter, the protective role of H2S donors in different disease models has been extensively studied. Based on the growing interest in H2S-releasing compounds and their importance as tools for biological and pharmacological studies, this review is an exploration of currently available H2S donors, classifying them by the H2S-releasing-triggered mechanism and highlighting those potentially useful as promising drugs in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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8
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Khodade VS, Pharoah BM, Paolocci N, Toscano JP. Alkylamine-Substituted Perthiocarbamates: Dual Precursors to Hydropersulfide and Carbonyl Sulfide with Cardioprotective Actions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4309-4316. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak S. Khodade
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Blaze M. Pharoah
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - John P. Toscano
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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9
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Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-a potent gaseous signaling molecule-has emerged as a critical regulator of cardiovascular homeostasis. H2S is produced enzymatically by 3 constitutively active endogenous enzymes in all mammalian species. Within the past 2 decades, studies administering H2S-donating agents and the genetic manipulation of H2S-producing enzymes have revealed multiple beneficial effects of H2S, including vasodilation, activation of antiapoptotic and antioxidant pathways, and anti-inflammatory effects. More recently, the heightened enthusiasm in this field has shifted to the development of novel H2S-donating agents that exert favorable pharmacological profiles. This has led to the discovery of novel H2S-mediated signaling pathways. This review will discuss recently developed H2S therapeutics, introduce signaling pathways that are influenced by H2S-dependent sulfhydration, and explore the dual-protective effect of H2S in cardiorenal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- From the Cardiovascular Center of Excellence and Department of Pharmacology, LSU Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - David J Polhemus
- From the Cardiovascular Center of Excellence and Department of Pharmacology, LSU Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - David J Lefer
- From the Cardiovascular Center of Excellence and Department of Pharmacology, LSU Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
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10
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Levinn CM, Cerda MM, Pluth MD. Development and Application of Carbonyl Sulfide-Based Donors for H 2S Delivery. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2723-2731. [PMID: 31390174 PMCID: PMC7047812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In addition to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recently recognized as an important biological signaling molecule with implications in a wide variety of processes, including vasodilation, cytoprotection, and neuromodulation. In parallel to the growing number of reports highlighting the biological impact of H2S, interest in developing H2S donors as both research tools and potential therapeutics has led to the growth of different H2S-releasing strategies. Many H2S investigations in model systems use direct inhalation of H2S gas or aqueous solutions of NaSH or Na2S; however, such systems do not mimic endogenous H2S production. This stark contrast drives the need to develop better sources of caged H2S. To address these limitations, different small organosulfur donor compounds have been prepared that release H2S in the presence of specific activators or triggers. Such compounds, however, often lack suitable control compounds, which limits the use of these compounds in probing the effects of H2S directly. To address these needs, our group has pioneered the development of carbonyl sulfide (COS) releasing compounds as a new class of H2S donor motifs. Inspired by a commonly used carbamate prodrug scaffold, our approach utilizes self-immolative thiocarbamates to access controlled release of COS, which is rapidly converted to H2S by the ubiquitous enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). In addition, this design enables access to key control compounds that release CO2/H2O rather than COS/H2S, which enables delineation of the effects of COS/H2S from the organic donor byproducts. In this Account, we highlight a library of first-generation COS/H2S donors based on self-immolative thiocarbamates developed in our lab and also highlight challenges related to H2S donor development. We showcase the release of COS in the presence of specific triggers and activators, including biological thiols and bio-orthogonal reactants for targeted applications. We also demonstrate the design and development of a series of H2O2/reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered donors and show that such compounds can be activated by endogenous levels of ROS production. Utilizing approaches in bio-orthogonal activation, we establish that donors functionalized with an o-nitrobenzyl photocage can enable access to light-activated donors. Similar to endogenous production by cysteine catabolism, we also prepared a cysteine-selective COS donor activated by a Strongin ligation mechanism. In efforts to help delineate potential differences in the chemical biology of COS and H2S, we also report a simple esterase-activated donor, which demonstrated fast COS-releasing kinetics and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in BEAS-2B cells. Additional investigations revealed that COS release rates and cytotoxicity correlated directly within this series of compounds with different ester motifs. In more recent and applied applications of this H2S donation strategy, we also highlight the development of donors that generate either a colorimetric or fluorescent optical response upon COS release. Overall, the work described in this Account outlines the development and initial application of a new class of H2S donors, which we anticipate will help to advance our understanding of the rapidly emerging chemical biology of H2S and COS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael D. Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, USA
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11
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Xu S, Hamsath A, Neill DL, Wang Y, Yang C, Xian M. Strategies for the Design of Donors and Precursors of Reactive Sulfur Species. Chemistry 2018; 25:4005-4016. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Xu
- Department of ChemistryWashington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Akil Hamsath
- Department of ChemistryWashington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Deshka L. Neill
- Department of ChemistryWashington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of ChemistryWashington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Chun‐tao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutics ScienceGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 P. R. China
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of ChemistryWashington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
- School of Pharmaceutics ScienceGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 P. R. China
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12
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Štacko P, Muchová L, Vítek L, Klán P. Visible to NIR Light Photoactivation of Hydrogen Sulfide for Biological Targeting. Org Lett 2018; 20:4907-4911. [PMID: 30062897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and photochemical properties of H2S-releasing BODIPY thiocarbamate photocage scaffolds activatable by visible-to-NIR (up to 700 nm) light to release carbonyl sulfide (COS), which is transformed to H2S using either isolated or natural carbonic anhydrase, is reported. The excellent uncaging cross section and high H2S release yields in in vitro experiments, including live-cell imaging, suggest that these photocages can serve as a platform for the bio-orthogonal phototriggered release within the tissue-transparent window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Štacko
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Muchová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Na Bojišti 3 , 121 08 Praha 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Libor Vítek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Na Bojišti 3 , 121 08 Praha 2 , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Kamenice 5 , 625 00 , Brno , Czech Republic
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13
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Steiger AK, Zhao Y, Pluth MD. Emerging Roles of Carbonyl Sulfide in Chemical Biology: Sulfide Transporter or Gasotransmitter? Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1516-1532. [PMID: 28443679 PMCID: PMC5930797 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is the most prevalent sulfur-containing gas in the Earth's atmosphere, and it plays important roles in the global sulfur cycle. COS has been implicated in origin of life peptide ligation, is the primary energy source for certain bacteria, and has been detected in mammalian systems. Despite this long and intertwined history with terrestrial biology, limited attention has focused on potential roles of COS as a biological mediator. Recent Advances: Although bacterial COS production is well documented, definitive sources of mammalian COS production have not been confirmed. Enzymatic COS consumption in mammals, however, is well documented and occurs primarily by carbonic anhydrase (CA)-mediated conversion to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). COS has been detected in ex vivo mammalian tissue culture, as well as in exhaled breath as a potential biomarker for different disease pathologies, including cystic fibrosis and organ rejection. Recently, chemical tools for COS delivery have emerged and are poised to advance future investigations into the role of COS in different biological contexts. CRITICAL ISSUES Possible roles of COS as an important biomolecule, gasotransmitter, or sulfide transport intermediate remain to be determined. Key advances in both biological and chemical tools for COS research are needed to further investigate these questions. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further evaluation of the biological roles of COS and disentangling the chemical biology of COS from that of H2S are needed to further elucidate these interactions. Chemical tools for COS delivery and modulation may provide a first avenue of investigative tools to answer many of these questions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1516-1532.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Steiger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon
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14
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Powell CR, Dillon KM, Matson JB. A review of hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) donors: Chemistry and potential therapeutic applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 149:110-123. [PMID: 29175421 PMCID: PMC5866188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a ubiquitous small gaseous signaling molecule, playing an important role in many physiological processes and joining nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the group of signaling agents termed gasotransmitters. Endogenous concentrations of H2S are generally low, making it difficult to discern precise biological functions. As such, probing the physiological roles of H2S is aided by exogenous delivery of the gas in cell and animal studies. This need for an exogenous source of H2S provides a unique challenge for chemists to develop chemical tools that facilitate the study of H2S under biological conditions. Compounds that degrade in response to a specific trigger to release H2S, termed H2S donors, include a wide variety of functional groups and delivery systems, some of which mimic the tightly controlled endogenous production in response to specific, biologically relevant conditions. This review examines a variety of H2S donor systems classified by their H2S-releasing trigger as well as their H2S release profiles, byproducts, and potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadwick R Powell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Kearsley M Dillon
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - John B Matson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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15
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Steiger AK, Zhao Y, Choi WJ, Crammond A, Tillotson MR, Pluth MD. Investigations into the carbonic anhydrase inhibition of COS-releasing donor core motifs. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 149:124-130. [PMID: 29132976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) releasing scaffolds are gaining popularity as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donors through exploitation of the carbonic anhydrase (CA)-mediated hydrolysis of COS to H2S. The majority of compounds in this emerging class of donors undergo triggerable decomposition (often referred to as self-immolation) to release COS, and a handful of different COS-releasing structures have been reported. One benefit of this donation strategy is that numerous caged COS-containing core motifs are possible and are poised for development into self-immolative COS/H2S donors. Because the intermediate release of COS en route to H2S donation requires CA, it is important that the COS donor motifs do not inhibit CA directly. In this work, we investigate the cytotoxicity and CA inhibition properties of different caged COS donor cores, as well as caged CO2 and CS2 motifs and non-self-immolative control compounds. None of the compounds investigated exhibited significant cytotoxicity or enhanced cell proliferation at concentrations up to 100 μM in A549 cells, but we identified four core structures that function as CA inhibitors, thus providing a roadmap for the future development of self-immolative COS/H2S donor motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Steiger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Won Jin Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Alder Crammond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - McKinna R Tillotson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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16
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Zhao Y, Henthorn HA, Pluth MD. Kinetic Insights into Hydrogen Sulfide Delivery from Caged-Carbonyl Sulfide Isomeric Donor Platforms. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16365-16376. [PMID: 29056039 PMCID: PMC6022369 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a biologically important small gaseous molecule that exhibits promising protective effects against a variety of physiological and pathological processes. To investigate the expanding roles of H2S in biology, researchers often use H2S donors to mimic enzymatic H2S synthesis or to provide increased H2S levels under specific circumstances. Aligned with the need for new broad and easily modifiable platforms for H2S donation, we report here the preparation and H2S release kinetics from a series of isomeric caged-carbonyl sulfide (COS) compounds, including thiocarbamates, thiocarbonates, and dithiocarbonates, all of which release COS that is quickly converted to H2S by the ubiquitous enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Each donor is designed to release COS/H2S after the activation of a trigger by activation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In addition to providing a broad palette of new, H2O2-responsive donor motifs, we also demonstrate the H2O2 dose-dependent COS/H2S release from each donor core, establish that release profiles can be modified by structural modifications, and compare COS/H2S release rates and efficiencies from isomeric core structures. Supporting our experimental investigations, we also provide computational insights into the potential energy surfaces for COS/H2S release from each platform. In addition, we also report initial investigations into dithiocarbamate cores, which release H2S directly upon H2O2-mediated activation. As a whole, the insights on COS/H2S release gained from these investigations provide a foundation for the expansion of the emerging area of responsive COS/H2S donor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Hillary A. Henthorn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Michael D. Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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17
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Powell CR, Foster JC, Okyere B, Theus MH, Matson JB. Therapeutic Delivery of H 2S via COS: Small Molecule and Polymeric Donors with Benign Byproducts. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13477-13480. [PMID: 27715026 PMCID: PMC5074078 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
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Carbonyl
sulfide (COS) is a gas that may play important roles in mammalian
and bacterial biology, but its study is limited by a lack of suitable
donor molecules. We report here the use of N-thiocarboxyanhydrides
(NTAs) as COS donors that release the gas in a sustained manner under
biologically relevant conditions with innocuous peptide byproducts.
Carbonic anhydrase converts COS into H2S, allowing NTAs
to serve as either COS or H2S donors, depending on the
availability of the enzyme. Analysis of the pseudo-first-order H2S release rate under biologically relevant conditions revealed
a release half-life of 75 min for the small molecule NTA under investigation.
A polynorbornene bearing pendant NTAs made by ring-opening metathesis
polymerization was also synthesized to generate a polymeric COS/H2S donor. A half-life of 280 min was measured for the polymeric
donor. Endothelial cell proliferation studies revealed an enhanced
rate of proliferation for cells treated with the NTA over untreated
controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadwick R Powell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.,Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Foster
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.,Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Benjamin Okyere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine , Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Michelle H Theus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine , Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - John B Matson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.,Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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18
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Rumbeiha W, Whitley E, Anantharam P, Kim DS, Kanthasamy A. Acute hydrogen sulfide-induced neuropathology and neurological sequelae: challenges for translational neuroprotective research. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:5-16. [PMID: 27442775 PMCID: PMC5063677 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), the gas with the odor of rotten eggs, was formally discovered in 1777, over 239 years ago. For many years, it was considered an environmental pollutant and a health concern only in occupational settings. Recently, however, it was discovered that H2 S is produced endogenously and plays critical physiological roles as a gasotransmitter. Although at low physiological concentrations it is physiologically beneficial, exposure to high concentrations of H2 S is known to cause brain damage, leading to neurodegeneration and long-term neurological sequelae or death. Neurological sequelae include motor, behavioral, and cognitive deficits, which are incapacitating. Currently, there are concerns about accidental or malicious acute mass civilian exposure to H2 S. There is a major unmet need for an ideal neuroprotective treatment, for use in the field, in the event of mass civilian exposure to high H2 S concentrations. This review focuses on the neuropathology of high acute H2 S exposure, knowledge gaps, and the challenges associated with development of effective neuroprotective therapy to counteract H2 S-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Rumbeiha
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
| | | | - Poojya Anantharam
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Dong-Suk Kim
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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19
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Steiger AK, Pardue S, Kevil CG, Pluth MD. Self-Immolative Thiocarbamates Provide Access to Triggered H2S Donors and Analyte Replacement Fluorescent Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7256-9. [PMID: 27218691 PMCID: PMC4911618 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
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Hydrogen sulfide
(H2S) is an important biological signaling
molecule, and chemical tools for H2S delivery and detection
have emerged as important investigative methods. Key challenges in
these fields include developing donors that are triggered to release
H2S in response to stimuli and developing probes that do
not irreversibly consume H2S. Here we report a new strategy
for H2S donation based on self-immolation of benzyl thiocarbamates
to release carbonyl sulfide, which is rapidly converted to H2S by carbonic anhydrase. We leverage this chemistry to develop easily
modifiable donors that can be triggered to release H2S.
We also demonstrate that this approach can be coupled with common
H2S-sensing motifs to generate scaffolds which, upon reaction
with H2S, generate a fluorescence response and also release
caged H2S, thus addressing challenges of analyte homeostasis
in reaction-based probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Steiger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Sibile Pardue
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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20
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Protoschill-Krebs G, Wilhelm C, Kesselmeier J. Consumption of Carbonyl Sulphide byChlamydomonas reinhardtiiwith Different Activities of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) Induced by Different CO2Growing Regimes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Protoschill-Krebs G, Kesselmeier J. Enzymatic Pathways for the Consumption of Carbonyl Sulphide (COS) by Higher Plants*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1992.tb00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Human impairment from living near confined animal (hog) feeding operations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 2012:565690. [PMID: 22496706 PMCID: PMC3306954 DOI: 10.1155/2012/565690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Problem. To determine whether neighbors around manure lagoons and massive hog confinement buildings who complained of offensive odors and symptoms had impaired brain and lung functions. Method. We compared near hog manure neighbors of lagoons to people living beyond 3 kilometers in Ohio and to unexposed people controls in a nearby state for neurophysiological, cognitive, recall and memory functions, and pulmonary performance. Results. The 25 exposed subjects averaged 4.3 neurobehavioral abnormalities, significantly different from 2.5 for local controls and 2.3 for Tennessee controls. Exposed subjects mean forced vital capacity and expiratory volume in 1 sec were reduced significantly compared to local and regional controls. Conclusions. Near neighbors of hog enclosures and manure lagoon gases had impaired neurobehavioral functions and pulmonary functions and these effects extended to nearby people thought to be controls. Hydrogen sulfide must be abated because people living near lagoons cannot avoid rotten egg gas.
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23
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Sulfurous gases as biological messengers and toxins: comparative genetics of their metabolism in model organisms. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:394970. [PMID: 22131987 PMCID: PMC3216388 DOI: 10.1155/2011/394970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gasotransmitters are biologically produced gaseous signalling molecules. As gases with potent biological activities, they are toxic as air pollutants, and the sulfurous compounds are used as fumigants. Most investigations focus on medical aspects of gasotransmitter biology rather than toxicity toward invertebrate pests of agriculture. In fact, the pathways for the metabolism of sulfur containing gases in lower organisms have not yet been described. To address this deficit, we use protein sequences from Homo sapiens to query Genbank for homologous proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In C. elegans, we find genes for all mammalian pathways for synthesis and catabolism of the three sulfur containing gasotransmitters, H2S, SO2 and COS. The genes for H2S synthesis have actually increased in number in C. elegans. Interestingly, D. melanogaster and Arthropoda in general, lack a gene for 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, an enzym for H2S synthesis under reducing conditions.
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24
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Yi Z, Wang X, Sheng G, Zhang D, Zhou G, Fu J. Soil uptake of carbonyl sulfide in subtropical forests with different successional stages in south China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Notni J, Schenk S, Protoschill-Krebs G, Kesselmeier J, Anders E. The Missing Link in COS Metabolism: A Model Study on the Reactivation of Carbonic Anhydrase from its Hydrosulfide Analogue. Chembiochem 2007; 8:530-6. [PMID: 17304603 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is known to react with carbonyl sulfide, an atmospheric trace gas, whereby H(2)S is formed. It has been shown that, in the course of this reaction, the active catalyst, the His(3)ZnOH structural motif, is converted to its hydrosulfide form: His(3)ZnOH+COS-->His(3)ZnSH+CO(2). In this study, we elucidate the mechanism of reactivation of carbonic anhydrase (CA) from its hydrosulfide analogue by using density functional calculations, a model reaction and in vivo experimental investigation. The desulfuration occurs according to the overall equation His(3)ZnSH+H(2)O right harpoon over left harpoon His(3)ZnOH+H(2)S. The initial step is a protonation equilibrium at the zinc-bound hydrosulfide. The hydrogen sulfide ligand thus formed is then replaced by a water molecule, which is subsequently deprotonated to yield the reactivated catalytic centre of CA. Such a mechanism is thought to enable a plant cell to expel H(2)S or rapidly metabolise it to cysteine via the cysteine synthase complex. The proposed mechanism of desulfuration of the hydrosulfide analogue of CA can thus be regarded as the missing link between COS consumption of plants and their sulfur metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Notni
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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26
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Herr DW, Graff JE, Moser VC, Crofton KM, Little PB, Morgan DL, Sills RC. Inhalational Exposure to Carbonyl Sulfide Produces Altered Brainstem Auditory and Somatosensory-Evoked Potentials in Fischer 344N Rats. Toxicol Sci 2006; 95:118-35. [PMID: 17079700 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonyl sulfide (COS), a chemical listed by the original Clean Air Act, was tested for neurotoxicity by a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Toxicology Program and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collaborative investigation. Previous studies demonstrated that COS produced cortical and brainstem lesions and altered auditory neurophysiological responses to click stimuli. This paper reports the results of expanded neurophysiological examinations that were an integral part of the previously published experiments (Morgan et al., 2004, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 200, 131-145; Sills et al., 2004, Toxicol. Pathol. 32, 1-10). Fisher 334N rats were exposed to 0, 200, 300, or 400 ppm COS for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks, or to 0, 300, or 400 ppm COS for 2 weeks using whole-body inhalation chambers. After treatment, the animals were studied using neurophysiological tests to examine: peripheral nerve function, somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) (tail/hindlimb and facial cortical regions), brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAERs), and visual flash-evoked potentials (2-week study). Additionally, the animals exposed for 2 weeks were examined using a functional observational battery (FOB) and response modification audiometry (RMA). Peripheral nerve function was not altered for any exposure scenario. Likewise, amplitudes of SEPs recorded from the cerebellum were not altered by treatment with COS. In contrast, amplitudes and latencies of SEPs recorded from cortical areas were altered after 12-week exposure to 400 ppm COS. The SEP waveforms were changed to a greater extent after forelimb stimulation than tail stimulation in the 2-week study. The most consistent findings were decreased amplitudes of BAER peaks associated with brainstem regions after exposure to 400 ppm COS. Additional BAER peaks were affected after 12 weeks, compared to 2 weeks of treatment, indicating that additional regions of the brainstem were damaged with longer exposures. The changes in BAERs were observed in the absence of altered auditory responsiveness in FOB or RMA. This series of experiments demonstrates that COS produces changes in brainstem auditory and cortical somatosensory neurophysiological responses that correlate with previously described histopathological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Herr
- Neurotoxicology Division, MD B105-05, NHEERL, ORD, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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27
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Bartholomaeus AR, Haritos VS. Review of the toxicology of carbonyl sulfide, a new grain fumigant. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:1687-701. [PMID: 16139940 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2005] [Revised: 06/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a new grain fumigant which has been developed to replace methyl bromide, being phased out due to its ozone depletion properties, and to supplement phosphine gas which is experiencing increased insect resistance. Treatment of commodities with COS, a highly effective fumigant, results in residues that are near or indistinguishable to natural background levels of this compound. COS is a naturally occurring gas, being the predominant sulfur moiety in the atmosphere, occurs naturally in food and is a normal by-product of mammalian aerobic metabolism. COS has low acute inhalational toxicity but with a steep dose response curve; COS is neither genotoxic nor a developmental toxicant but does reversibly impair male fertility. Prolonged, repeated exposure to COS is likely to present similar neurotoxicity hazards to that of the structurally and toxicologically related compound carbon disulfide. Although the occupational risks presented by COS as a fumigant of bulk grain are significant, these are, as they have been for a considerable time for phosphine and methyl bromide, manageable by good occupational safety practices. Consideration may need to be given to scrubbing of ventilated COS and its breakdown product hydrogen sulfide, at the completion of fumigation to minimise worker and bystander exposure. In terms of classical regulatory toxicology studies, the available database for COS is deficient in many aspects and registration in most jurisdictions will depend on sound scientific argument built upon the totality of the existing scientific data as there are strong arguments supporting the registration of this compound.
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28
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Sills RC, Morgan DL, Herr DW, Little PB, George NM, Ton TV, Love NE, Maronpot RR, Johnson GA. Contribution of magnetic resonance microscopy in the 12-week neurotoxicity evaluation of carbonyl sulfide in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Pathol 2005; 32:501-10. [PMID: 15603534 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490493918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this carbonyl sulfide (COS) study, magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) and detailed light microscopic evaluation effectively functioned in parallel to assure that the distribution and degree of pathology in the brain was accurately represented. MRM is a powerful imaging modality that allows for excellent identification of neuroanatomical structures coupled with the ability to acquire 200 or more cross-sectional images of the brain, and the ability to display them in multiple planes. F344 rats were exposed to 200-600 ppm COS for up to 12 weeks. Prior to MRM, rats were anesthetized and cardiac perfused with McDowell Trump's fixative containing a gadolinium MR contrast medium. Fixed specimens were scanned at the Duke Center for In Vivo Microscopy on a 9.4 Tesla magnetic resonance system adapted explicitly for microscopic imaging. An advantage of MRM in this study was the ability to identify lesions in rats that appeared clinically normal prior to sacrifice and the opportunity to identify lesions in areas of the brain which would not be included in conventional studies. Other advantages include the ability to examine the brain in multiple planes (transverse, dorsal, sagittal) and obtain and save the MRM images in a digital format that allows for postexperimental data processing and manipulation. MRM images were correlated with neuroanatomical and neuropathological findings. All suspected MRM images were compared to corresponding H&E slides. An important aspect of this study was that MRM was critical in defining our strategy for sectioning the brain, and for designing mechanistic studies (cytochrome oxidase evaluations) and functional assessments (electrophysiology studies) on specifically targeted anatomical sites following COS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Sills
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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29
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Haritos VS, Dojchinov G. Carbonic anhydrase metabolism is a key factor in the toxicity of CO2 and COS but not CS2 toward the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum [Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae]. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 140:139-47. [PMID: 15792633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The analogues carbon dioxide (CO(2)), carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS(2)) have been useful as substrate probes for enzyme activities. Here we explored the affinity of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase for its natural substrate CO(2), as well as COS and CS(2) (1) by in vitro kinetic metabolism studies using pure enzyme and (2) through mortality bioassay of insects exposed to toxic levels of each of the gases during carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Hydrolysis of COS to form hydrogen sulfide was catalysed rapidly showing parameters K(m) 1.86 mM and K(cat) 41 s(-1) at 25 degrees C; however, the specificity constant (K(cat)/K(m)) was 4000-fold lower than the reported value for carbonic anhydrase-catalysed hydration of CO(2). Carbonic anhydrase-mediated CS(2) metabolism was a further 65,000-fold lower than COS. Both results demonstrate the deactivating effect toward the enzyme of sulfur substitution for oxygen in the molecule. We also investigated the role of carbonic anhydrases in CO(2), COS and CS(2) toxicity using a specific inhibitor, acetazolamide, administered to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae via the diet. CO(2) toxicity was greatly enhanced by up to seven-fold in acetazolamide-treated larvae indicating that carbonic anhydrases are a key protective enzyme in elevated CO(2) concentrations. Conversely, mortality was reduced by up to 12-fold in acetazolamide-treated larvae exposed to COS due to reduced formation of toxic hydrogen sulfide. CS(2) toxicity was unaffected by acetazolamide. These results show that carbonic anhydrase has a key role in toxicity of the substrates CO(2) and COS but not CS(2), despite minor differences in chemical formulae.
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Morgan DL, Little PB, Herr DW, Moser VC, Collins B, Herbert R, Johnson GA, Maronpot RR, Harry GJ, Sills RC. Neurotoxicity of carbonyl sulfide in F344 rats following inhalation exposure for up to 12 weeks. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 200:131-45. [PMID: 15476866 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl sulfide (COS), a high-priority Clean Air Act chemical, was evaluated for neurotoxicity in short-term studies. F344 rats were exposed to 75-600 ppm COS 6 h per day, 5 days per week for up to 12 weeks. In rats exposed to 500 or 600 ppm for up to 4 days, malacia and microgliosis were detected in numerous neuroanatomical regions of the brain by conventional optical microscopy and magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM). After a 2-week exposure to 400 ppm, rats were evaluated using a functional observational battery. Slight gait abnormality was detected in 50% of the rats and hypotonia was present in all rats exposed to COS. Decreases in motor activity, and forelimb and hindlimb grip strength were also detected. In rats exposed to 400 ppm for 12 weeks, predominant lesions were in the parietal cortex area 1 (necrosis) and posterior colliculus (neuronal loss, microgliosis, hemorrhage), and occasional necrosis was present in the putamen, thalamus, and anterior olivary nucleus. Carbonyl sulfide specifically targeted the auditory system including the olivary nucleus, nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and posterior colliculus. Consistent with these findings were alterations in the amplitude of the brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) for peaks N3, P4, N4, and N5 that represented changes in auditory transmission between the anterior olivary nucleus to the medial geniculate nucleus in animals after exposure for 2 weeks to 400 ppm COS. A concentration-related decrease in cytochrome oxidase activity was detected in the posterior colliculus and parietal cortex of exposed rats as early as 3 weeks. Cytochrome oxidase activity was significantly decreased at COS concentrations that did not cause detectable lesions, suggesting that disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain may precede these brain lesions. Our studies demonstrate that this environmental air contaminant has the potential to cause a wide spectrum of brain lesions that are dependent on the degree and duration of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Morgan
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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31
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Geng C. Carbonyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide exchange between lawn and the atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Studer SM, Orens JB, Rosas I, Krishnan JA, Cope KA, Yang S, Conte JV, Becker PB, Risby TH. Patterns and significance of exhaled-breath biomarkers in lung transplant recipients with acute allograft rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20:1158-66. [PMID: 11704475 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(01)00343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) remains one of the leading causes of death in lung transplant recipients after 2 years, and acute rejection (AR) of lung allograft is a major risk factor for OB. Treatment of AR may reduce the incidence of OB, although diagnosis of AR often requires bronchoscopic lung biopsy. In this study, we evaluated the utility of exhaled-breath biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of AR. METHODS We obtained breath samples from 44 consecutive lung transplant recipients who attended ambulatory follow-up visits for the Johns Hopkins Lung Transplant Program. Bronchoscopy within 7 days of their breath samples showed histopathology in 21 of these patients, and we included them in our analysis. We measured hydrocarbon markers of pro-oxidant events (ethane and 1-pentane), isoprene, acetone, and sulfur-containing compounds (hydrogen sulfide and carbonyl sulfide) in exhaled breath and compared their levels to the lung histopathology, graded as stable (non-rejection) or AR. None of the study subjects were diagnosed with OB or infection at the time of the clinical bronchoscopy. RESULTS We found no significant difference in exhaled levels of hydrocarbons, acetone, or hydrogen sulfide between the stable and AR groups. However, we did find significant increase in exhaled carbonyl sulfide (COS) levels in AR subjects compared with stable subjects. We also observed a trend in 7 of 8 patients who had serial sets of breath and histopathology data that supported a role for COS as a breath biomarker of AR. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated elevations in exhaled COS levels in subjects with AR compared with stable subjects, suggesting a diagnostic role for this non-invasive biomarker. Further exploration of breath analysis in lung transplant recipients is warranted to complement fiberoptic bronchoscopy and obviate the need for this procedure in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Studer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Kuhn U, Kesselmeier J. Environmental variables controlling the uptake of carbonyl sulfide by lichens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kesselmeier J, Teusch N, Kuhn U. Controlling variables for the uptake of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide by soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lorimer GH, Pierce J. Carbonyl sulfide: an alternate substrate for but not an activator of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Chengelis CP, Neal RA. Oxidative metabolism of carbon disulfide by isolated rat hepatocytes and microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:363-8. [PMID: 3814176 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative metabolism of carbon disulfide (CS2) was investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes and liver microsomes. In microsomes, CS2 metabolism was increased by phenobarbital pretreatment of the rats and decreased with pretreatment of the rats with cobaltous chloride. In both microsomes and hepatocytes, CS2 metabolism was inhibited by SKF-525A. Carbon dioxide (CO2) was the major volatile metabolite of CS2 in hepatocytes, and carbonyl sulfide (COS) was the major volatile metabolite in microsomal incubations. Addition of cytosol to microsomal incubations shifted the predominant volatile metabolite from COS to CO2 but did not change total volatile metabolite formation. Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, significantly decreased COS metabolism but not CS2 metabolism in isolated hepatocytes or microsomes fortified with dialyzed cytosol. When [18O]H2O was included in incubations of microsomes and CS2, a substantial portion of the resulting COS was [18O] enriched, indicating that the oxygen atom was derived from water. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that CS2 is oxidized predominantly by the cytochrome P-450 containing monooxygenase system, and the product of this reaction is an unstable intermediate which reacts with water to form monothiocarbonate and reactive sulfur species. Monothiocarbonate is the hydrated form of COS. In intact hepatocytes, it is metabolized predominantly to CO2 and hydrogen sulfide. Unmetabolized monothiocarbonate can be dehydrated to COS. The majority of the reactive sulfur species and hydrogen sulfide are oxidized to nonvolatile sulfur compounds, including sulfate, but by different mechanisms.
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Beauchamp RO, Bus JS, Popp JA, Boreiko CJ, Andjelkovich DA. A critical review of the literature on hydrogen sulfide toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 1984; 13:25-97. [PMID: 6378532 DOI: 10.3109/10408448409029321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The information available on the biological activity of hydrogen sulfide has been examined for present status of critical results pertaining to the toxicity of hydrogen sulfide. This review of the literature is intended as an evaluative report rather than an annotated bibliography of all the source material examined on hydrogen sulfide. The information was selected as it might relate to potential toxic effects of hydrogen sulfide to man and summarized, noting information gaps that may require further investigation. Several recommendations are listed for possible consideration for either toxicological research or additional short- and long-term tests. Two bibliographies have been provided to assist in locating references considered in this report: (1) literature examined but not cited and (2) reference citations. The majority of the references in the first bibliography were considered peripheral information and less appropriate for inclusion in this report.
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Faiman MD, Artman L, Maziasz T. Diethyldithiocarbamic acid-methyl ester distribution, elimination, and LD50 in the rat after intraperitoneal administration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1983; 7:307-11. [PMID: 6312830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1983.tb05466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Following the intraperitoneal administration of S35 diethyldithiocarbamic acid-methyl ester (S35 DDTC-Me) to male rats, maximal total radioactivity (S35) in most tissues was found 1 hr after dosing. Twelve hr after intraperitoneal S35 DDTC-Me, most of the total radioactivity was found in urine. The feces accounted for approximately 15% of the total radioactivity. No radioactivity was detected in the breath. The kidney exhibited the greatest uptake of radioactivity, while the least uptake was found in the brain and heart. Most of the radioactivity in the tissues was due to the inorganic sulfate. S35 DDTC-glucuronide was found in the gastrointestinal tract and feces. The LD50 for DDTC-Me given intraperitoneally to male rats and mice was 167 and 263 mg/kg, respectively. Symptoms of toxicity preceding death of the animals resembled those symptoms observed with disulfiram toxicity.
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Beauchamp RO, Bus JS, Popp JA, Boreiko CJ, Goldberg L. A critical review of the literature on carbon disulfide toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 1983; 11:169-278. [PMID: 6349939 DOI: 10.3109/10408448309128255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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