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Chan JL, Cerón S, Horiuchi SM, Yap JP, Chihuahua EG, Tsan AT, Kamau E, Yang S. Development of a Rapid and High-Throughput Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma Species. J Mol Diagn 2023; 25:838-848. [PMID: 37683891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial commensals of the human genitourinary tract, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species (parvum and urealyticum) can be sexually transmitted, and may cause nongonococcal urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility. Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species may also cause severe invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. Current culture-based methods for Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma identification are costly and laborious, with a turnaround time between 1 and 2 weeks. We developed a high-throughput, real-time multiplex PCR assay for the rapid detection of M. hominis and Ureaplasma species in urine, genital swab, body fluid, and tissue. In total, 282 specimens were tested by PCR and compared with historic culture results; a molecular reference method was used to moderate discrepancies. Overall result agreement was 99% for M. hominis (97% positive percentage agreement and 100% negative percentage agreement) and 96% for Ureaplasma species (96% positive percentage agreement and 97% negative percentage agreement). Specimen stability was validated for up to 7 days at room temperature. This multiplex molecular assay was designed for implementation in a high-complexity clinical microbiology laboratory. With this method, >90 samples can be tested in one run, with a turnaround time of 4 to 5 hours from specimen extraction to reporting of results. This PCR test is also more labor effective and cheaper than the conventional culture-based test, thus improving laboratory efficiency and alleviating labor shortages.
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Affiliation(s)
- June L Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stacey Cerón
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephanie M Horiuchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jewell P Yap
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erika G Chihuahua
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Allison T Tsan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edwin Kamau
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shangxin Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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2
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Wylam ME, Kennedy CC, Hernandez NM, Peters SG, Maleszewski JJ, Cassivi SD, Scott JP. Fatal hyperammonaemia caused by Mycoplasma hominis. Lancet 2013; 382:1956. [PMID: 24315178 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Wylam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Mäntyjärvi RA. Growth of simian adenovirus SA7 during arginine starvation. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 80:117-22. [PMID: 4623078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Green M, Loewenstein PM. Human adenoviruses: propagation, purification, quantification, and storage. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2008; Chapter 14:Unit 14C.1. [PMID: 18770578 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc14c01s00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Detailed protocols are described for the propagation of adenoviruses (Ads) and adenovirus (Ad) vectors and their purification by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. A discussion of monolayer and spinner cell culture techniques suitable, respectively, for small- and large-scale growth of adenoviruses is provided. Protocols for cloning into and growth of Ad replication-deficient vectors using a convenient commercially available system are described. Lastly, time-tested plaque titration protocols for the accurate and convenient measurement of the infectivity of adenoviruses and adenovirus vectors are provided in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Green
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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5
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Izzo F, Montella M, Orlando AP, Nasti G, Beneduce G, Castello G, Cremona F, Ensor CM, Holtzberg FW, Bomalaski JS, Clark MA, Curley SA, Orlando R, Scordino F, Korba BE. Pegylated arginine deiminase lowers hepatitis C viral titers and inhibits nitric oxide synthesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:86-91. [PMID: 17201887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The arginine-degrading enzyme, arginine deiminase conjugated to polyethylene glycol (ADI-SS PEG 20,000 mw), reduces extracellular arginine, has minimal toxicity, decreases tumor burden and improves liver function in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) and inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Reduced extracellular arginine inhibits viral replication through unknown mechanisms. It is hypothesized that ADI-SS PEG 20,000 mw reduces HCV viral titers through nitric oxide (NO)-dependent effects. METHODS The effects of ADI-SS PEG 20,000 mw (dose, 160 IU/m2; three cycles of four once-weekly i.m. injections) on HCV titers, serum NO and plasma arginine, were evaluated using archived plasma from patients with HCC and HCV and in vitro cell model measurements of HCV replication. RESULTS ADI-SS PEG 20,000 mw selectively inhibited HCV replication in vitro (IC50 = 0.027 IU/mL). Fifteen HCC/HCV patients completed treatment. The HCV titers were reduced by up to 99% in five out of 10 (50%) HCV-serotype 1b patients (P = 0.0093). These patients also experienced significant improvements in liver function (P = 0.0091). There were concomitant reductions of plasma arginine and serum NO levels. The HCV titer was not reduced in HCV-type 2c patients. CONCLUSION Reduction of extracellular arginine by ADI-SS PEG 20,000 mw in HCC patients reduces HCV viral titers and improves liver function, possibly through suppression of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Izzo
- National Cancer Institute G Pascale Foundation, Naples, Italy.
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6
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Maggs DJ, Collins BK, Thorne JG, Nasisse MP. Effects of L-lysine and L-arginine on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus type-1. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:1474-8. [PMID: 11131583 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of various concentrations of L-lysine and L-arginine on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1). SAMPLE POPULATION Cultured Crandell-Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells and FHV-1 strain 727. PROCEDURE Uninfected CRFK cells or CRFK cells infected with FHV-1 were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium or in 1 of 7 test media containing various concentrations of lysine and arginine. Viral titer and CRFK growth rate were assessed in each medium. RESULTS Media depleted of arginine almost completely inhibited viral replication, whereas 2.5 or 5.0 microg of arginine/ml of media was associated with a significant increase in FHV-1 replication. In media with 2.5 microg of arginine/ml, supplementation with 200 or 300 microg of lysine/ml reduced viral replication by 34.2 and 53.9%, respectively. This effect was not seen in media containing 5.0 microg of arginine/ml. Growth rates of CRFK cells also were suppressed in media containing these concentrations of amino acids, but they were not significantly different from each other. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Arginine exerts a substantial growth-promoting effect on FHV-1. Supplementation of viral culture medium with lysine attenuates this growth-promoting effect in media containing low concentrations of arginine. Analysis of data from this study indicates that high concentrations of lysine reduce in vitro replication of FHV-1 but only in media containing low concentrations of arginine. Clinical trials will be necessary to determine whether supplemental administration of lysine, with or without arginine restriction, will be useful in the management of cats with FHV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Maggs
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
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Abstract
Tankersley, Robert W., Jr. (Medical College of Virginia, Richmond). Amino acid requirements of herpes simplex virus in human cells. J. Bacteriol. 87:609-613. 1964.-Progressive infection of human cells minimally infected with herpes simplex virus requires 11 of the amino acids of Eagle's medium, and glutamine. Lysine is not required, but rather exerts a partially inhibitory effect upon virus multiplication. Infected cells deprived of arginine support neither cytopathogenic effects nor virus replication; when arginine is replaced, a prompt and extensive infection follows. The effect of nutritional deficiencies on virus infection is discussed.
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ARMSTRONG D, HENLE G, SOMERSON NL, HAYFLICK L. CYTOPATHOGENIC MYCOPLASMAS ASSOCIATED WITH TWO HUMAN TUMORS. I. ISOLATION AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS. J Bacteriol 1996; 90:418-24. [PMID: 14329455 PMCID: PMC315660 DOI: 10.1128/jb.90.2.418-424.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Armstrong, D. (The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.), G. Henle, N. L. Somerson, and L. Hayflick. Cytopathogenic mycoplasmas associated with two human tumors. I. Isolation and biological aspects. J. Bacteriol. 90:418-424. 1965.-Mycoplasmas were isolated from cell cultures of two benign human tumors. The first isolate contained two mycoplasmas, one a well-known human species (Mycoplasma hominis type I) and frequent tissue culture contaminant, and the other a recently reported new type. The second isolate was a mycoplasma of the newly described type. The mycoplasmas could be reisolated, after one or more passages through tissue culture, from extracts of the original tumor tissue. The relationship of the organisms to the neoplasms remains obscure. Both isolates produce cytopathic effect (CPE) and acidification of medium in a variety of tissue cultures. The CPE may be diminished, but not abolished, by increasing concentrations of arginine in the tissue culture media. Infection of various tissue cultures with the mycoplasmas did not result in interference to super-infection with vesicular stomatitis virus.
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NEWNHAM AG, CHU HP. AN IN VITRO COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF SOME ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS ON VARIOUS STRAINS OF MYCOPLASMA (PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS: P.P.L.O.). J Hyg (Lond) 1996; 63:1-23. [PMID: 14271924 PMCID: PMC2134632 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400044922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A study was made in liquid medium over 7 days at 37° C. of the inhibitory action of nineteen antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal drugs on twenty strains ofM. gallisepticum, eight other avian mycoplasmata, six mammalian mycoplasmata, two saprophytic mycoplasmata and the L-form ofStreptobacillus moniliformis(L–1).The twenty strains ofM. gallisepticumfrom Britain and other countries showed a similar range of drug sensitivity except where resistant strains were included. Tylosin and demethylchlortetracycline appeared to have the highest inhibitory action, followed by erythromycin, spiramycin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and ethidium bromide. A ‘Zone Phenomenon’ frequently occurred with sodium aurothiomalate, inhibition often being observed between 0·1 and 2·0 μg./ml. Polymixin and nystatin had no inhibitory effect on the growth of any mycoplasmata tested. With the exception of erythromycin and streptomycin in some cases, the pattern of sensitivity observed with the mycoplasmata of diverse origin was similar to that ofM. gallisepticum, most strains, however, being somewhat more resistant thanM. gallisepticumto many of the drugs.
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HUMMELER K, ARMSTRONG D, TOMASSINI N. CYTOPATHOGENIC MYCOPLASMAS ASSOCIATED WITH TWO HUMAN TUMORS. II. MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS. J Bacteriol 1996; 90:511-6. [PMID: 14329467 PMCID: PMC315672 DOI: 10.1128/jb.90.2.511-516.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hummeler, K. (The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.), D. Armstrong, and N. Tomassini. Cytopathogenic mycoplasmas associated with two human tumors. II. Morphological aspects. J. Bacteriol. 90:511-516. 1965.-Cytopathic effects (CPE) produced in HeLa cell cultures by two strains of mycoplasmas (F-11 and F-12) were studied by light and electron microscopy. CPE, which was marked by cytoplasmic vacuolization, did not appear to depend on intracellular mycoplasma infection. The cytopathogenic mycoplasmas appeared to be similar, both morphologically and in their intra- and extracellular distribution, to noncytopathogenic mycoplasmas previously studied by others. The probability that the CPE is related to depletion of essential nutrients is discussed, and the fine structure of the mycoplasmas is described.
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11
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Chastel C. Links and interactions between mycoplasmas and viruses: past confusions and present realities. Arch Virol 1995; 140:811-26. [PMID: 7605196 PMCID: PMC7087232 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/1994] [Accepted: 01/30/1995] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Links between mycoplasmas and viruses are ancient, multiple and complex, from past confusions during the first decades of the virus era to present realities illustrated by the possible implication of mycoplasmas as co-factors in natural infections of AIDS. Mycoplasma viruses (phages) may also be responsible for modifying the pathogenic power of mycoplasmas, at least for plants and insects. In addition, several mycoplasmas are able to act as undesirable cell culture contaminants that induce erroneous results in both applied and general virology. These problems are examined within a historical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chastel
- Virus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Brest, France
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12
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Everitt E, Varga MJ. A capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for virus infectivity titrations as exemplified in an adenovirus system. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOASSAY 1993; 14:1-19. [PMID: 8315025 DOI: 10.1080/15321819308019837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), employing a capturing antihexon monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing free hexons, was developed for quantitative infectivity titration of adenovirus in a microscale titration assay. The method is based on the quantitative assessment of the total excess production of the major structural protein late in infection in samples consisting of 10(5) virus-infected HeLa cells maintained as stationary suspension cultures. Results are obtained with a coefficient of variation of 10% within 50 hours after virus infection. The method was designed for monitoring substances interfering with viral replication, e.g., neutralizing antibodies or antiviral drugs. Since it measured the total antigen content associated with cells as well as antigens possibly released into the growth medium the general approach should be applicable to any viral system where a structural protein is synthesized in excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Everitt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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Grabow WO, Puttergill DL, Bosch A. Propagation of adenovirus types 40 and 41 in the PLC/PRF/5 primary liver carcinoma cell line. J Virol Methods 1992; 37:201-7. [PMID: 1317878 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(92)90047-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of cell cultures to adenovirus types 40 and 41 (Ad40/41) was compared by means of cell culture infectious dose (ID50) assays using monolayer cultures in microtitre plates. The PLC/PRF/5 cell line derived from a primary human hepatocellular carcinoma was 100 times more sensitive to a laboratory strain of Ad41, and 10 times more sensitive to a laboratory strain of Ad40 and two Ad41 stool isolates, than Graham 293 and Chang conjunctival cells commonly used for the propagation of these viruses. In microtitre plate titration assays PLC/PRF/5 cells retained an optimal condition for longer and displayed cytopathogenic effects earlier and more clearly than the other cell lines. In contrast to previously used cells, PLC/PRF/5 cells also proved successful for the quantitation of Ad41, but not Ad40, by conventional plaque assays. The reason for the exceptional susceptibility of PLC/PRF/5 cells has not been elucidated, but the findings open attractive new doors for research on Ad40/41.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Grabow
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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14
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Miyaki C, Pral MM, Gallina NM, de Rizzo E. [Mycoplasma as a contaminant of cell cultures maintained in laboratories of private and official institutions]. Rev Saude Publica 1989; 23:39-44. [PMID: 2814309 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89101989000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma is one of the most serious contaminants of cell cultures. Its detection is very important in virology, as well as its eradication. The aim of this study was to verify the incidence of mycoplasma in cell lines maintained in seven laboratories of private, government and college institutions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, for the purposes of research, production of reagents for diagnosis and production of biologicals for human and animal use. Of the 29 cell lines, eight were derived from human tissues and 21 from other animal species (dog, rabbit, mouse, hamster, monkey, pig, chicken and ox). Using the direct method with specific liquid and solid media for detection of mycoplasma, 48 out of the 106 cell samples tested were positive, corresponding to a contamination index of 45.28%. The incidence of contamination among the 35 cell samples of human origin was 51.43% (18 positive). Of the 71 samples originated from other species, 30 were positive (42.25%). The high incidence of contamination found calls for the adoption of measures for the prevention of this hazard: the elimination of mouth pipetting, the use of aseptic techniques and a rigid control of trypsin, serum and other components of cell culture media. The substitution of mycoplasma-free cultures for all contaminated ones and the performance of periodical tests for mycoplasma detection must also be carried out to prevent and avoid the dissemination of these organisms. Data obtained showed that contamination appeared in the 2nd (72.92%), in the 3rd (20.83%) and in the 4th passage (6.25%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Cockley KD, Shiraki K, Rapp F. A human cytomegalovirus function inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus. J Virol 1988; 62:188-95. [PMID: 2824846 PMCID: PMC250518 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.1.188-195.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic lung (HEL) cells infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) restricted the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). A delay in HSV replication of 15 h as well as a consistent, almost 3 log inhibition of HSV replication in HCMV-infected cell cultures harvested 24 to 72 h after superinfection were observed compared with controls infected with HSV alone. Treatment of HCMV-infected HEL cells with cycloheximide (100 micrograms/ml) for 3 or 24 h, conditions known to result in accumulation of HCMV immediate-early and early mRNA, was demonstrated effective in blocking HCMV protein synthesis, as shown by immunoprecipitation with HCMV antibody-positive polyvalent serum. Cycloheximide treatment of HCMV-infected HEL cells and removal of the cycloheximide block before superinfection inhibited HSV-1 replication more efficiently than non-drug-treated superinfected controls. HCMV DNA-negative temperature-sensitive mutants restricted HSV as efficiently as wild-type HCMV suggesting that immediate-early and/or early events which occur before viral DNA synthesis are sufficient for inhibition of HSV. Inhibition of HSV-1 in HCMV-infected HEL cells was unaffected by elevated temperature (40.5 degrees C). However, prior UV irradiation of HCMV removed the block to HSV replication, demonstrating the requirement for an active HCMV genome. HSV-2 replication was similarly inhibited in HCMV-infected HEL cells. However, replication of adenovirus, another DNA virus, was not restricted in these cells under the same conditions. Superinfection of HCMV-infected HEL cells with HSV-1 labeled with [3H]thymidine provided evidence that the labeled virus could penetrate to the nucleus of cells after superinfection. Evidence for penetration of superinfecting HSV into HCMV-infected cells was also provided by blot hybridization of HSV DNA synthesized in cells infected with HSV alone versus superinfected cell cultures at 0 and 48 h after superinfection. In addition, superinfection with vesicular stomatitis virus ruled out a role for interferon in restriction of HSV replication in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Cockley
- Department of Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033
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Fina LR, Hassouna N, Horacek GL, Lambert JP, Lambert JL. Viricidal capability of resin-triiodide demand-type disinfectant. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 44:1370-3. [PMID: 6297389 PMCID: PMC242198 DOI: 10.1128/aem.44.6.1370-1373.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyoma, Newcastle disease virus, and adenovirus, as well as two coliphages, lambda and T4, were inactivated by strong base quaternary ammonium anion-exchange resin-triiodide. Organic matter interfered with viral inactivation capability of the resin-triiodide. The viruses, as they were being inactivated by the resin disinfectant beads, were not retained or filtered by the beads.
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Dubes GR, Al-Moslih MI, Sambol AR. Differential effect of limitation in oxygen supply on plaquing and multiplication of adenovirus and poliovirus. Arch Virol 1981; 70:247-54. [PMID: 6275817 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus and poliovirus were grown and plaqued in KB cell sheet cultures under nutrient agar medium in Petri dishes in a desiccator continuously flushed with atmospheres containing O2 at various concentrations. Virus multiplication and plaquing were determined in the central half of the culture, where the depth of the agar overlay was uniform. Under 3 percent O2 relative to the control under 19 percent O2, adenovirus plating efficiency was less than 1 percent in the central half, and the average diameter of the few plaques discernible there was only 20 percent of the average control plaque diameter, whereas relative plating efficiency of poliovirus did not differ significantly from 100 percent and average plaque diameter under 3 percent O2 was 60 percent of average control plaque diameter. Multiplication curves determined under 3, 5, 10 and 19 percent O2 was 60 percent of average control plaque diameter. Multiplication curves determined under 3, 5, 10 and 19 percent O2 for each virus at total imput of 10,000 PFU per cell sheet showed that the capacity of poliovirus to multiply under the hypoaerobic conditions of 3 and 5 percent O2 was much stronger than that of adenovirus. Under these conditions, poliovirus completed its eclipse phase in less than 0.5 day and multiplied to high titer, whereas adenovirus was still lin eclipse 5 days postinoculation.
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Soboll H, Fenyves A, Strupp L. Oncogenicity of heat-inactivated simian adenovirus SA7. Arch Virol 1981; 69:189-96. [PMID: 7295040 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Simian adenovirus SA7 heated for 30 minutes at 70 degrees C retained part of its ability to induce tumors in newborn hamsters. Tumors were also induced by DNA extracted from the heated virus. However, neither residual replicating, i.e. cytopathogenic, nor transforming and T-antigen-inducing activities could be detected in vitro in CV-1 and hamster embryo cells inoculated with the heated virus. The results are discussed in terms of a possible release of viral nucleic acid at the high temperature. They also show that current tests for effective virus inactivation based exclusively on the recognition of replicating virus should be reevaluated.
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Larsson E, Westermark B, Pontén J. Interaction of feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) and mycoplasma. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION A, PATHOLOGY 1981; 89:209-14. [PMID: 6274139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1981.tb00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A factor present in the supernatant of an established human glioma cell line U-251 MG strongly suppresses feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) focus forming activity on feline embryo fibroblasts. The factor was identified as mycoplasma arginini. The enriched mycoplasma fraction had no cytpathogenic effect on the glioma cells or on the embryonic feline indicator cells. An antiserum prepared against this strain of mycoplasma abolished the inhibition. The exact mechanism is not known but arginine depletion in the medium seems to be an important factor.
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Larsson E, Brunk UT. TEM and SEM findings in cat fibroblasts cultivated in vitro with and without Mycoplasma. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION A, PATHOLOGY 1981; 89:9-15. [PMID: 7223430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1981.tb00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination of cultured cells may cause considerable interference with their behaviour and metabolism. Whether or not mycoplasma are actually taken up by cells in vitro has long been a matter of dispute. In the present study mycoplasma were shown to phagocytosed by feline lung fibroblasts and to end up in the lysosomal vacuome of the cells, where the organisms were only partially degraded by the hydrolytic enzymes leading to a rapid (within a few days) accumulation of secondary lysosomes of the residual body variety. It is thus obvious that studies on the structure and function of the lysosomal vacuome in cultured cells are possible only if precautions are taken to avoid that the cultures become contaminated by mycoplasma.
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Sasao F, Igarashi A, Fukai K. Amino acid requirements for the growth of Aedes albopictus clone C6/36 cells and for the production of dengue and Chikungunya viruses in the infected cells. Microbiol Immunol 1980; 24:915-24. [PMID: 7464570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1980.tb02897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid requirements for the growth of Aedes albopictus, clone C6/36, cells and for the production of dengue (DEN) and Chikungunya (CHIK) viruses were examined by growing the cells or the viruses in media which were deprived of one of the 20 amino acids. Cell growth was markedly inhibited when cystine was omitted from the medium, and to a lesser extent by arginine deprivation. On the other hand, omission of alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid at the same time did not affect cell growth. Marked accumulation of alanine was observed in the medium when the cells were grown for 8 days in complete medium, with concomitant depletion of aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The production of CHIK virus was inhibited markedly by omission of cystine from the medium after virus infection, while the production of DEN viruses was more affected by glycine deprivation, although cystine deprivation also inhibited virus production to a lesser extent. On the other hand, production of CHIK and DEN viruses was not affected when alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were omitted from the medium at the same time.
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Matsumoto M, Mukai M, Tagaya I. Variation in susceptibility of HeLa cell lines to coxsackievirus A9. Arch Virol 1979; 59:213-22. [PMID: 222235 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the course of serial passages for several years a line of uncloned HeLa cells (A line) showed a gradual decrease in plaquing efficiency by coxsackievirus A9 (CA9 virus), while subcultures prepared from the same line kept frozen at an early passage level (A original line) did not show any change. However, it was observed later that the plaque-forming ability of the A original line (A orig. line) also decreased after serial passages as was observed with the A line. Comparing the characteristics of the same cell line at two different passage levels, it was found that the efficiency of adsorption of virus to cells was nearly the same, while virus yield at 8 hours after infection was different. The activity of alkaline phosphatase of cells was also different between these two passage levels, suggesting that a high enzymatic activity is associated with the susceptibility of cell cultures to CA9 virus. Magnesium chloride at 25 mM enhanced plaque formation by CA9 virus in highly passaged less susceptible cell cultures, and a possible role of the chemical as a stabilizer of alkaline phosphatase was discussed.
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Maeno K, Yoshii S, Mita K, Hamaguchi M, Yoshida T, Iinuma M, Nagai Y, Matsumoto T. Analysis of the inhibitory effect of canavanine on the replication of influenza RI/5+ virus. I. Inhibition of assembly of RNP. Virology 1979; 94:128-37. [PMID: 442528 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Van Roy F, Fiers W. Mycoplasma in African green monkey kidney cell cultures: biochemical detection and effects in virus-infected cells. IN VITRO 1977; 13:357-65. [PMID: 195895 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among a number of techniques for the detection of mycoplasmal contamination in African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cell lines, the assay of uridine phosphorylase activity is unsuitable because of the presence of high levels of endogenous enzymatic activity. A thymidine phosphorylase test, however, based on the chromatographic analysis of radiolabeled thymidine breakdown, turned out to be a simple and sensitive mycoplasma detection method. We found, using the latter technique, that 0.22-micrometer-filtered virus inocula could still transfer mycoplasma unless treated with diethyl ether. The effect of mycoplasmal contamination on the synthesis of simian virus 40 and adenovirus in AGMK cells was negligible under the conditions used (no depletion of arginine). Incorporation of radioactive thymidine in viral macromolecules, however, was inhibited severely by the presence of mycoplasma.
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Menvík J, Pospísil Z, Suchánková A, Cepicá A, Rozkosný V, Machatková M. Activation of latent infectious bovine rhinotracheitis after experimental infection with parainfluenza 3 virus in young calves. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1976; 23:854-64. [PMID: 189532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1976.tb00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Arginine has been considered as the major energy source of nonglycolytic arginine-utilizing mycoplasmata. When three strains of Mycoplasma arginini, and one strain each of Mycoplasma arthritidis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma gallinarum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma hominis were grown in the medium with high arginine concentration (34 mM) compared with low arginine (4 mM), both the protein content of the organisms and the specific activity of arginine deiminase increased. M. fermentans, the one arginine-utilizing species included in the survey which is also glycolytic, showed an increase in protein content but no increase in specific activity of the enzyme. The glycolytic non-arginine-utilizing M. gallisepticum did not show an increase in either parameter. The Km for arginine deiminase from crude cell extracts was 1.66 X 10(-4)M. The enzyme demonstrated a hyperbolic activation curve subject to substrate inhibition and was not affected by the presence of L-histidine. When mycoplasmic protein and arginine deiminase were determined for M. hominis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, aerobically grown cells exhibited no detectable enzymatic increases until late in log phase. Higher levels of arginine deiminase were observed earlier in the anaerobic growth cycle. The rate of 14CO2 evolution from [guanido-14C]arginine was not altered in arginine-supplemented cells compared with cells grown in low arginine. In addition, CO2 production did not parallel increased arginine deiminase activity. These observations argue that arginine is used only as an alternate energy source in these organisms.
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Chantler JK, Stevely WS. The absence of one class of virus-induced protein in arginine-deprived cells infected with pig herpesvirus. Virology 1976; 70:88-96. [PMID: 176814 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Prage LV, Rouse H. Effects of arginine starvation on macromolecular synthesis in infection with type 2 adenovirus. III. Immunofluorescence studies of the synthesis of the hexon and the major viral core antigen (AAP). Virology 1976; 69:352-6. [PMID: 1108416 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Garnett HM. The effect of arginine deprivation on the cytopathogenic effect and replication of human cytomegalovirus. Arch Virol 1975; 48:131-45. [PMID: 167690 DOI: 10.1007/bf01318146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arginine is necessary for the development of the cytopathogenic effect of human cytomegalovirus in human embryonic fibroblasts. It is also required, though in greater concentrations, for the production of infective virions, the requirement being at an early stage of replication. Inhibitor studies suggested that this block in replication caused by arginine deficiency was prior to the formation of viral DNA. Withdrawal of arginine from the medium 24 or 48 hours after infection resulted in a decline in virus production indicating that the continued presence of the amino acid is necessary for constant virus production. Infected cultures deprived of arginine could be stimulated to produce cytopathic effects and infective virions by replacement of the amino acid even eight days after inoculation, demonstrating that the information for cytomegalovirus replication remains intact within the cell. This establishment of latency in vitro may be related to the ability of the virus to establish a similar state in vivo.
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Schneider EL, Stanbridge EJ. Comparison of methods for the detection of Mycoplasmal contamination of cell cultures: a review. IN VITRO 1975; 11:20-34. [PMID: 1092606 DOI: 10.1007/bf02615318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Several reviews in recent years have emphasized the problems created by mycoplasmal contamination of cultured cells (1-5). Because of the hazards of interpreting data derived from mycoplasma contaminated cells, most cell biologists routinely screen their cultures for the presence of these organisms. In recent years, the limitations of standard microbiological testing for mycoplasmas have become increasingly apparent and have led to the development of several new biochemical techniques for detection of these organisms. The aim of this review is to describe and compare available detection techniques and to evaluate their relative efficacy. Those properties of mycoplasmas that are relevant to their role as cell culture contaminants will be briefly discussed.
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Burlingham BT, Brown DT, Doerfler W. Incomplete particles of adenovirus. I. Characteristics of the DNA associated with incomplete adenovirions of types 2 and 12. Virology 1974; 60:419-30. [PMID: 4844422 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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34
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Hahn RG, Kenny GE. Differences in arginine requirement for growth among arginine-utilizing Mycoplasma species. J Bacteriol 1974; 117:611-8. [PMID: 4855781 PMCID: PMC285552 DOI: 10.1128/jb.117.2.611-618.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The essentiality of arginine for initiation of growth of arginine-utilizing, nonglycolytic Mycoplasma species from small populations was studied by growing the organisms in a semisynthetic medium proven to be free from arginine by chemical and biological assays. Initiation of growth of two strains of M. arginini did not require arginine, whereas another strain of M. arginini required 4 mM arginine, as did M. gallinarum. M. hominis grew in 0.4 mM arginine. A species which utilizes both arginine and glucose, N. fermentans, did not require arginine but did require glucose for growth. When mycoplasmata were grown in human heteroploid cell cultures employing medium free from arginine but supplemented with citrulline, similar results were obtained: two M. arginini strains grew in the absence of arginine, whereas growth of M. gallinarum and M. hominis and a third M. arginini strain was dependent on arginine even though mammalian cells were present. The arginine deiminases were heterogeneous serologically: antisera to M. hominis and M. arginini showed reciprocal inhibition of their enzymes but did not inhibit arginine deiminase from M. gallinarum. Antiserum to M. gallinarum inhibited only M. gallinarum enzyme.
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Romano N, Scarlata G. Amino acids requirements of measles virus in HeLa cells. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1973; 43:359-66. [PMID: 4788152 DOI: 10.1007/bf01556153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Barile MF, Hopps HE, Grabowski MW, Riggs DB, DelGiudice RA. THE IDENTIFICATION AND SOURCES OF MYCOPLASMAS ISOLATED FROM CONTAMINATED CELL CULTURES. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb45654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chantler JK, Stevely WS. Virus-induced proteins in pseudorabies-infected cells. I. Acid-extractable proteins of the nucleus. J Virol 1973; 11:815-22. [PMID: 4351456 PMCID: PMC355187 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.6.815-822.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Three basic proteins have been identified in chromatin preparations from pseudorabies virus-infected cells. They appear to be virus specified and are similar in size and charge to host histones; one difference however is that they contain tryptophan. All are produced by 3 h postinfection, and two (IP II and III) seem to be arginine rich. Three similar proteins are also found in herpes simplex MP 17-infected cells, and two of these co-electrophorese with two of the pseudorabies proteins. Partially purified preparations of pseudorabies virus contain low amounts of all three proteins.
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Slack PM, Taylor-Robinson D. The influence of mycoplasmas on the cytopathic effect of varicella virus. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1973; 42:88-95. [PMID: 4356124 DOI: 10.1007/bf01250510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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Iinuma M, Maeno K, Matsumoto T. Studies on the assembly of Newcastle disease virus: an arginine-dependent step in virus replication. Virology 1973; 51:205-15. [PMID: 4567742 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Chapter 6: Cell Culture Contaminants. Methods Cell Biol 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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43
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Carmichael LE. Identification of a canine adenovirus (infectious canine hepatitis virus) inhibitor in dog liver extracts as arginase. Infect Immun 1972; 6:348-54. [PMID: 4344396 PMCID: PMC422540 DOI: 10.1128/iai.6.3.348-354.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracts of canine liver inhibited growth of infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) virus, a canine adenovirus. Purified extracts from mammalian, but not avian, liver tissue contained the inhibitor, and evidence is presented that the inhibitory factor is the enzyme arginase (arginine ureohydrolase). This study further emphasized the need for arginine in adenovirus growth and may explain some of the difficulties in isolating small amounts of ICH virus from suspensions of liver.
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DePauli FJ, Sabina LR. Studies of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. 3. Amino acid requirements for viral replication. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1972; 36:380-90. [PMID: 4336498 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Rouse HC, Schlesinger RW. The effects of arginine starvation on macromolecular synthesis in infection with type 2 adenovirus. I. Synthesis and utilization of structural proteins. Virology 1972; 48:463-71. [PMID: 4337030 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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46
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Raska K, Prage L, Schlesinger RW. Effect of arginine starvation on macromolecular synthesis in infection with type 2 adenovirus. II. Synthesis of virus-specific RNA and DNA. Virology 1972; 48:472-84. [PMID: 4337031 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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47
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Sethi KK, Teschner M. Mycoplasma interactions with cell cultures, uncultured living cells and the problems posed by their presence in tissue cultures. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1972; 50:226-33. [PMID: 4554923 DOI: 10.1007/bf01486526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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48
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Raska K, Frohwirth DH, Schlesinger RW. Transfer ribonucleic acid in KB cells infected with adenovirus type 2. J Virol 1970; 5:464-9. [PMID: 5452503 PMCID: PMC376028 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.5.4.464-469.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations of transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) extracted from control and type 2 adenovirus (Ad2)-infected KB cells were compared. No consistent differences in acceptor activity for 11 amino acids were observed. Comparison of methylated albumin-kieselguhr (MAK) elution profiles of arginyl-tRNA from control and infected cells revealed a minor modification in that the proportion of arginyl-tRNA eluting at high salt concentration was somewhat greater in infected cells. No similar differences were observed in MAK elution profiles of aspartyl-, isoleucyl-, leucyl-, phenylalanyl-, seryl-, tyrosyl-, and valyl-tRNA. Hybridization of 4S RNA from infected cells labeled by incorporation of (3)H-uridine with Ad2 deoxyribonucleic acid revealed the presence of a complementary species of RNA in this preparation. Hybridization of (3)H-arginyl-tRNA and of (3)H-aminoacyl-tRNA labeled by charging with (3)H-arginine or a (3)H-mixture of amino acids, respectively, failed to detect the presence of virus-specific tRNA in Ad2-infected cells.
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