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Neog S, Vinjamuri SR, Vijayan K, Kumar S, Trivedi V. NDV targets the invasion pathway in malaria parasite through cell surface sialic acid interaction. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23856. [PMID: 39092913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400004rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Merozoites utilize sialic acids on the red blood cell (RBC) cell surface to rapidly adhere to and invade the RBCs. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) displays a strong affinity toward membrane-bound sialic acids. Incubation of NDV with the malaria parasites dose-dependently reduces its cellular viability. The antiplasmodial activity of NDV is specific, as incubation with Japanese encephalitis virus, duck enteritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and influenza virus did not affect the parasite propagation. Interestingly, NDV is reducing more than 80% invasion when RBCs are pretreated with the virus. Removal of the RBC surface proteins or the NDV coat proteins results in disruption of the virus binding to RBC. It suggests the involvement of specific protein: ligand interaction in virus binding. We established that the virus engages with the parasitized RBCs (PRBCs) through its hemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) protein by recognizing sialic acid-containing glycoproteins on the cell surface. Blocking of the HN protein with free sialic acid or anti-HN antibodies abolished the virus binding as well as its ability to reduce parasite growth. Interestingly, the purified HN from the virus alone could inhibit the parasite's growth in a dose-dependent manner. NDV binds strongly to knobless murine parasite strain Plasmodium yoelii and restricted the parasite growth in mice. Furthermore, the virus was found to preferentially target the PRBCs compared to normal erythrocytes. Immunolocalization studies reveal that NDV is localized on the plasma membrane as well as weakly inside the PRBC. NDV causes neither any infection nor aggregation of the human RBCs. Our findings suggest that NDV is a potential candidate for developing targeted drug delivery platforms for the Plasmodium-infected RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Neog
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Sandeep Reddy Vinjamuri
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Kamalakannan Vijayan
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati, India
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Hu Y, Jiang L, Wang G, Song Y, Shan Z, Wang X, Deng G, Shi J, Tian G, Zeng X, Liu L, Chen H, Li C. M6PR interacts with the HA2 subunit of influenza A virus to facilitate the fusion of viral and endosomal membranes. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:579-595. [PMID: 38038885 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) commandeers numerous host cellular factors for successful replication. However, very few host factors have been revealed to be involved in the fusion of viral envelope and late endosomal membranes. In this study, we identified cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) as a crucial host factor for the replication of IAV. We found that siRNA knockdown of M6PR expression significantly reduced the growth titers of different subtypes of IAV, and that the inhibitory effect of M6PR siRNA treatment on IAV growth was overcome by the complement of exogenously expressed M6PR. When A549 cells were treated with siRNA targeting M6PR, the nuclear accumulation of viral nucleoprotein (NP) was dramatically inhibited at early timepoints post-infection, indicating that M6PR engages in the early stage of the IAV replication cycle. By investigating the role of M6PR in the individual entry and post-entry steps of IAV replication, we found that the downregulation of M6PR expression had no effect on attachment, internalization, early endosome trafficking, or late endosome acidification. However, we found that M6PR expression was critical for the fusion of viral envelope and late endosomal membranes. Of note, M6PR interacted with the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of IAV, and further studies showed that the lumenal domain of M6PR and the ectodomain of HA2 mediated the interaction and directly promoted the fusion of the viral and late endosomal membranes, thereby facilitating IAV replication. Together, our findings highlight the importance of the M6PR-HA interaction in the fusion of viral and late endosomal membranes during IAV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Guangwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Yangming Song
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Zhibo Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xuyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Liling Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
| | - Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
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Lotke R, Petersen M, Sauter D. Restriction of Viral Glycoprotein Maturation by Cellular Protease Inhibitors. Viruses 2024; 16:332. [PMID: 38543698 PMCID: PMC10975521 DOI: 10.3390/v16030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The human genome is estimated to encode more than 500 proteases performing a wide range of important physiological functions. They digest proteins in our food, determine the activity of hormones, induce cell death and regulate blood clotting, for example. During viral infection, however, some proteases can switch sides and activate viral glycoproteins, allowing the entry of virions into new target cells and the spread of infection. To reduce unwanted effects, multiple protease inhibitors regulate the proteolytic processing of self and non-self proteins. This review summarizes our current knowledge of endogenous protease inhibitors, which are known to limit viral replication by interfering with the proteolytic activation of viral glycoproteins. We describe the underlying molecular mechanisms and highlight the diverse strategies by which protease inhibitors reduce virion infectivity. We also provide examples of how viruses evade the restriction imposed by protease inhibitors. Finally, we briefly outline how cellular protease inhibitors can be modified and exploited for therapeutic purposes. In summary, this review aims to summarize our current understanding of cellular protease inhibitors as components of our immune response to a variety of viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Liu M, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. Gradual adaptation of animal influenza A viruses to human-type sialic acid receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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Kiseleva I, Rudenko LG. DEVELOPMENT OF REASSORTANT INFLUENZA VACCINES: CLASSICAL REASSORTMENT OR REVERSE GENETICS? RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2023. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-dor-2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
An important feature of influenza vaccines, which distinguishes them from other immunobiological preparations, is that they have no fixed composition. Due to the constant influenza virus antigenic variability, production facilities require timely supply with relevant vaccine strains undoable due to the lack of proper method for the convenient, rapid and uninterrupted development of vaccine strains. Among the licensed influenza vaccines, classical inactivated and live influenza vaccines hold a special place. They are based on reassortant vaccine strains obtained by crossing currently circulating influenza virus with the so-called donor strain (cold-adapted attenuation donor for live influenza vaccines or high yield donor for inactivated vaccines). Vaccine strains for licensed live attenuated influenza vaccines are reassortants with the so-called 6:2 genome formula two genes encoding hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (HA and NA) belong to the current epidemic virus, and six genes encoding internal proteins (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M and NS) to cold-adapted master donor virus. There is a very limited number of donors of attenuation. In Russia, there are cold-adapted viruses A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) and B/USSR/60/69; in the USA (MedImmune) there are viruses A/Ann Arbor/6/60ca (H2N2) and B/Ann Arbor/1/66ca. MedImmune produces vaccine strains using reverse genetics technique. For other countries, this approach for obtaining vaccines is limited due to the need to purchase a license from the patent holders. In Russia, genetic manipulations with strains for the seasonal live influenza vaccine are not yet allowed; reassortants for the Russian live influenza vaccine are created only by classical reassortment in embryonated chicken eggs. Vaccine candidates for the inactivated influenza vaccine are prepared by the classical reassortment method, the requirements for them are more flexible and allow to use diverse genes combinations from wild type virus and master donor virus. High-yielding viruses such as A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), A/Texas/1/77 (H3N2), B/Lee/40 and some others are used as donors of internal genes. Unfortunately, the classical reassortment method does not always allow to promptly obtain a reassortant virus with a 6:2 genome formula. This is hindered by a number of reasons, ranging from the unique properties of a certain epidemic virus ending up with the constellation of genes. The reverse genetics method based on plasmids is an alternative approach to create reassortant vaccine strains allowing to reliably and quickly obtain reassortant viruses of a set 6:2 genome formula. However, this method also has certain weaknesses. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of development of conventional influenza vaccine candidates by reverse genetics and classical reassortment in developing chick embryos.
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Scheibner D, Salaheldin AH, Bagato O, Zaeck LM, Mostafa A, Blohm U, Müller C, Eweas AF, Franzke K, Karger A, Schäfer A, Gischke M, Hoffmann D, Lerolle S, Li X, Abd El-Hamid HS, Veits J, Breithaupt A, Boons GJ, Matrosovich M, Finke S, Pleschka S, Mettenleiter TC, de Vries RP, Abdelwhab EM. Phenotypic effects of mutations observed in the neuraminidase of human origin H5N1 influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011135. [PMID: 36745654 PMCID: PMC9934401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Global spread and regional endemicity of H5Nx Goose/Guangdong avian influenza viruses (AIV) pose a continuous threat for poultry production and zoonotic, potentially pre-pandemic, transmission to humans. Little is known about the role of mutations in the viral neuraminidase (NA) that accompanied bird-to-human transmission to support AIV infection of mammals. Here, after detailed analysis of the NA sequence of human H5N1 viruses, we studied the role of A46D, L204M, S319F and S430G mutations in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo. Although H5N1 AIV carrying avian- or human-like NAs had similar replication efficiency in avian cells, human-like NA enhanced virus replication in human airway epithelia. The L204M substitution consistently reduced NA activity of H5N1 and nine other influenza viruses carrying NA of groups 1 and 2, indicating a universal effect. Compared to the avian ancestor, human-like H5N1 virus has less NA incorporated in the virion, reduced levels of viral NA RNA replication and NA expression. We also demonstrate increased accumulation of NA at the plasma membrane, reduced virus release and enhanced cell-to-cell spread. Furthermore, NA mutations increased virus binding to human-type receptors. While not affecting high virulence of H5N1 in chickens, the studied NA mutations modulated virulence and replication of H5N1 AIV in mice and to a lesser extent in ferrets. Together, mutations in the NA of human H5N1 viruses play different roles in infection of mammals without affecting virulence or transmission in chickens. These results are important to understand the genetic determinants for replication of AIV in mammals and should assist in the prediction of AIV with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ahmed H. Salaheldin
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed F. Eweas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; Department of Science, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Rustaq, Rustaq, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Solène Lerolle
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hatem S. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Al-Buheira, Egypt
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, the Netherlands
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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7
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Liu Y, Chen H, Duan W, Zhang X, He X, Nielsen R, Ma L, Zhai W. Predicting Egg Passage Adaptations to Design Better Vaccines for the H3N2 Influenza Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092065. [PMID: 36146872 PMCID: PMC9501976 DOI: 10.3390/v14092065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal H3N2 influenza evolves rapidly, leading to an extremely poor vaccine efficacy. Substitutions employed during vaccine production using embryonated eggs (i.e., egg passage adaptation) contribute to the poor vaccine efficacy (VE), but the evolutionary mechanism remains elusive. Using an unprecedented number of hemagglutinin sequences (n = 89,853), we found that the fitness landscape of passage adaptation is dominated by pervasive epistasis between two leading residues (186 and 194) and multiple other positions. Convergent evolutionary paths driven by strong epistasis explain most of the variation in VE, which has resulted in extremely poor vaccines for the past decade. Leveraging the unique fitness landscape, we developed a novel machine learning model that can predict egg passage substitutions for any candidate vaccine strain before the passage experiment, providing a unique opportunity for the selection of optimal vaccine viruses. Our study presents one of the most comprehensive characterizations of the fitness landscape of a virus and demonstrates that evolutionary trajectories can be harnessed for improved influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Wenyuan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xionglei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94707, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94707, USA
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 København, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Current Opinion in LAIV: A Matter of Parent Virus Choice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126815. [PMID: 35743258 PMCID: PMC9224562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is still a frequent seasonal infection of the upper respiratory tract, which may have deadly consequences, especially for the elderly. This is in spite of the availability of vaccines suggested for persons above 65 years of age. Two types of conventional influenza vaccines are currently licensed for use-live attenuated and inactivated vaccines. Depending on local regulatory requirements, live attenuated vaccines are produced by the reverse genetics technique or by classical reassortment in embryonated chicken eggs. Sometimes, the efficiency of classical reassortment is complicated by certain properties of the wild-type parent virus. Cases of low efficacy of vaccines have been noted, which, among other reasons, may be associated with suboptimal properties of the wild-type parent virus that are not considered when recommendations for influenza vaccine composition are made. Unfortunately, knowledge surrounding the roles of properties of the circulating influenza virus and its impact on the efficacy of the reassortment process, vaccination efficiency, the infectivity of the vaccine candidates, etc., is now scattered in different publications. This review summarizes the main features of the influenza virus that may dramatically affect different aspects of the preparation of egg-derived live attenuated vaccine candidates and their effectiveness. The author expresses her personal view, which may not coincide with the opinion of other experts in the field of influenza vaccines.
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Wang Y, Tang CY, Wan XF. Antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2841-2881. [PMID: 34905077 PMCID: PMC8669429 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic characterization of emerging and re-emerging viruses is necessary for the prevention of and response to outbreaks, evaluation of infection mechanisms, understanding of virus evolution, and selection of strains for vaccine development. Primary analytic methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent/lectin assays, hemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase inhibition, micro-neutralization assays, and antigenic cartography, have been widely used in the field of influenza research. These techniques have been improved upon over time for increased analytical capacity, and some have been mobilized for the rapid characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as its variants, facilitating the development of highly effective vaccines within 1 year of the initially reported outbreak. While great strides have been made for evaluating the antigenic properties of these viruses, multiple challenges prevent efficient vaccine strain selection and accurate assessment. For influenza, these barriers include the requirement for a large virus quantity to perform the assays, more than what can typically be provided by the clinical samples alone, cell- or egg-adapted mutations that can cause antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and circulating viruses, and up to a 6-month duration of vaccine development after vaccine strain selection, which allows viruses to continue evolving with potential for antigenic drift and, thus, antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and the emerging epidemic strain. SARS-CoV-2 characterization has faced similar challenges with the additional barrier of the need for facilities with high biosafety levels due to its infectious nature. In this study, we review the primary analytic methods used for antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the barriers of these methods and current developments for addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Cynthia Y Tang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Review of Influenza Virus Vaccines: The Qualitative Nature of Immune Responses to Infection and Vaccination Is a Critical Consideration. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090979. [PMID: 34579216 PMCID: PMC8471734 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have affected the world for over a century, causing multiple pandemics. Throughout the years, many prophylactic vaccines have been developed for influenza; however, these viruses are still a global issue and take many lives. In this paper, we review influenza viruses, associated immunological mechanisms, current influenza vaccine platforms, and influenza infection, in the context of immunocompromised populations. This review focuses on the qualitative nature of immune responses against influenza viruses, with an emphasis on trained immunity and an assessment of the characteristics of the host–pathogen that compromise the effectiveness of immunization. We also highlight innovative immunological concepts that are important considerations for the development of the next generation of vaccines against influenza viruses.
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11
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Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081657. [PMID: 34452521 PMCID: PMC8402878 DOI: 10.3390/v13081657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world's horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI.
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12
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Li Y, Liu D, Wang Y, Su W, Liu G, Dong W. The Importance of Glycans of Viral and Host Proteins in Enveloped Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638573. [PMID: 33995356 PMCID: PMC8116741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal viruses are parasites of animal cells that have characteristics such as heredity and replication. Viruses can be divided into non-enveloped and enveloped viruses if a lipid bilayer membrane surrounds them or not. All the membrane proteins of enveloped viruses that function in attachment to target cells or membrane fusion are modified by glycosylation. Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications of proteins and plays an important role in many biological behaviors, such as protein folding and stabilization, virus attachment to target cell receptors and inhibition of antibody neutralization. Glycans of the host receptors can also regulate the attachment of the viruses and then influence the virus entry. With the development of glycosylation research technology, the research and development of novel virus vaccines and antiviral drugs based on glycan have received increasing attention. Here, we review the effects of host glycans and viral proteins on biological behaviors of viruses, and the opportunities for prevention and treatment of viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongqi Liu
- The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenquan Su
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weijie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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13
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Overeem NJ, van der Vries E, Huskens J. A Dynamic, Supramolecular View on the Multivalent Interaction between Influenza Virus and Host Cell. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007214. [PMID: 33682339 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how influenza viruses traverse the mucus and recognize host cells is critical for evaluating their zoonotic potential, and for prevention and treatment of the disease. The surface of the influenza A virus is covered with the receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin and the receptor-cleaving enzyme neuraminidase, which jointly control the interactions between the virus and the host cell. These proteins are organized in closely spaced trimers and tetramers to facilitate multivalent interactions with sialic acid-terminated glycans. This review shows that the individually weak multivalent interactions of influenza viruses allow superselective binding, virus-induced recruitment of receptors, and the formation of dynamic complexes that facilitate molecular walking. Techniques to measure the avidity and receptor specificity of influenza viruses are reviewed, and the pivotal role of multivalent interactions with their emergent properties in crossing the mucus and entering host cells is discussed. A model is proposed for the initiation of cell entry through virus-induced receptor clustering. The multivalent interactions of influenza viruses are maintained in a dynamic regime by a functional balance between binding and cleaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Overeem
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, Deventer, 7418 EZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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14
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Thompson AJ, Paulson JC. Adaptation of influenza viruses to human airway receptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100017. [PMID: 33144323 PMCID: PMC7948470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.013309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Through annual epidemics and global pandemics, influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a significant threat to human health as the leading cause of severe respiratory disease. Within the last century, four global pandemics have resulted from the introduction of novel IAVs into humans, with components of each originating from avian viruses. IAVs infect many avian species wherein they maintain a diverse natural reservoir, posing a risk to humans through the occasional emergence of novel strains with enhanced zoonotic potential. One natural barrier for transmission of avian IAVs into humans is the specificity of the receptor-binding protein, hemagglutinin (HA), which recognizes sialic-acid-containing glycans on host cells. HAs from human IAVs exhibit “human-type” receptor specificity, binding exclusively to glycans on cells lining the human airway where terminal sialic acids are attached in the α2-6 configuration (NeuAcα2-6Gal). In contrast, HAs from avian viruses exhibit specificity for “avian-type” α2-3-linked (NeuAcα2-3Gal) receptors and thus require adaptive mutations to bind human-type receptors. Since all human IAV pandemics can be traced to avian origins, there remains ever-present concern over emerging IAVs with human-adaptive potential that might lead to the next pandemic. This concern has been brought into focus through emergence of SARS-CoV-2, aligning both scientific and public attention to the threat of novel respiratory viruses from animal sources. In this review, we summarize receptor-binding adaptations underlying the emergence of all prior IAV pandemics in humans, maintenance and evolution of human-type receptor specificity in subsequent seasonal IAVs, and potential for future human-type receptor adaptation in novel avian HAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA.
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15
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Chen H, Alvarez JJS, Ng SH, Nielsen R, Zhai W. Passage Adaptation Correlates With the Reduced Efficacy of the Influenza Vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:1198-1204. [PMID: 30561532 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a dominant seasonal influenza virus, H3N2 virus rapidly evolves in humans and is a constant threat to public health. Despite sustained research efforts, the efficacy of H3N2 vaccine has decreased rapidly. Even though antigenic drift and passage adaptation (substitutions accumulated during vaccine production in embryonated eggs) have been implicated in reduced vaccine efficacy (VE), their respective contributions to the phenomenon remain controversial. METHODS We utilized mutational mapping, a powerful probabilistic method for studying sequence evolution, to analyze patterns of substitutions in different passage conditions for an unprecedented amount of H3N2 hemagglutinin sequences (n = 32 278). RESULTS We found that passage adaptation in embryonated eggs is driven by repeated convergent evolution over 12 codons. Based on substitution patterns at these sites, we developed a metric, adaptive distance (AD), to quantify the strength of passage adaptation and subsequently identified a strong negative correlation between AD and VE. CONCLUSIONS The high correlation between AD and VE implies that passage adaptation in embryonated eggs may be a strong contributor to the recent reduction in H3N2 VE. We developed a computational package called MADE (Measuring Adaptive Distance and vaccine Efficacy based on allelic barcodes) to measure the strength of passage adaptation and predict the efficacy of a candidate vaccine strain. Our findings shed light on strategies for reducing Darwinian evolution within the passaging medium in order to potentially restore an effective vaccine program in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Jacob Josiah Santiago Alvarez
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sock Hoon Ng
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Labs, Singapore
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming.,Department of Statistics, University of California-Berkeley, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.,Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming.,National Cancer Center, Singapore, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming
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16
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Phenotypic Effects of Substitutions within the Receptor Binding Site of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Observed during Human Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00195-20. [PMID: 32321815 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00195-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses are enzootic in wild birds and poultry and continue to cause human infections with high mortality. To date, more than 850 confirmed human cases of H5N1 virus infection have been reported, of which ∼60% were fatal. Global concern persists that these or similar avian influenza viruses will evolve into viruses that can transmit efficiently between humans, causing a severe influenza pandemic. It was shown previously that a change in receptor specificity is a hallmark for adaptation to humans and evolution toward a transmittable virus. Substantial genetic diversity was detected within the receptor binding site of hemagglutinin of HPAI A/H5N1 viruses, evolved during human infection, as detected by next-generation sequencing. Here, we investigated the functional impact of substitutions that were detected during these human infections. Upon rescue of 21 mutant viruses, most substitutions in the receptor binding site (RBS) resulted in viable virus, but virus replication, entry, and stability were often impeded. None of the tested substitutions individually resulted in a clear switch in receptor preference as measured with modified red blood cells and glycan arrays. Although several combinations of the substitutions can lead to human-type receptor specificity, accumulation of multiple amino acid substitutions within a single hemagglutinin during human infection is rare, thus reducing the risk of virus adaptation to humans.IMPORTANCE H5 viruses continue to be a threat for public health. Because these viruses are immunologically novel to humans, they could spark a pandemic when adapted to transmit between humans. Avian influenza viruses need several adaptive mutations to bind to human-type receptors, increase hemagglutinin (HA) stability, and replicate in human cells. However, knowledge on adaptive mutations during human infections is limited. A previous study showed substantial diversity within the receptor binding site of H5N1 during human infection. We therefore analyzed the observed amino acid changes phenotypically in a diverse set of assays, including virus replication, stability, and receptor specificity. None of the tested substitutions resulted in a clear step toward a human-adapted virus capable of aerosol transmission. It is notable that acquiring human-type receptor specificity needs multiple amino acid mutations, and that variability at key position 226 is not tolerated, reducing the risk of them being acquired naturally.
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17
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Abstract
Worldwide outbreaks of influenza (pandemics) are caused by influenza A viruses to which persons lack protective immune responses. Currently, we are unable to predict which influenza virus strains may cause a pandemic. In this article, we summarize some of the information that will be needed to better assess the pandemic potential of influenza viruses, and we discuss our current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Dai X, Zhang X, Ostrikov K, Abrahamyan L. Host receptors: the key to establishing cells with broad viral tropism for vaccine production. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:147-168. [PMID: 32202955 PMCID: PMC7113910 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1735992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture-based vaccine technology is a flexible and convenient approach for vaccine production that requires adaptation of the vaccine strains to the new cells. Driven by the motivation to develop a broadly permissive cell line for infection with a wide range of viruses, we identified a set of the most relevant host receptors involved in viral attachment and entry. This identification was done through a review of different viral entry pathways and host cell lines, and in the context of the Baltimore classification of viruses. In addition, we indicated the potential technical problems and proposed some solutions regarding how to modify the host cell genome in order to meet industrial requirements for mass production of antiviral vaccines. Our work contributes to a finer understanding of the importance of breaking the host–virus recognition specificities for the possibility of creating a cell line feasible for the production of vaccines against a broad spectrum of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuanhao Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kostya Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
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19
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de Vries E, Du W, Guo H, de Haan CA. Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase-Receptor Balance: Preserving Virus Motility. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:57-67. [PMID: 31629602 PMCID: PMC7172302 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) occasionally cross the species barrier and adapt to novel host species. This requires readjustment of the functional balance of the sialic acid receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) and the receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) to the sialoglycan-receptor repertoire of the new host. Novel techniques have revealed mechanistic details of this HA-NA-receptor balance, emphasizing a previously underappreciated crucial role for NA in driving the motility of receptor-associated IAV particles. Motility enables virion penetration of the sialylated mucus layer as well as attachment to, and uptake into, underlying epithelial cells. As IAVs are essentially irreversibly bound in the absence of NA activity, the fine-tuning of the HA-NA-receptor balance rather than the binding avidity of IAV particles per se is an important factor in determining host species tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik de Vries
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A.M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands,Correspondence:
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20
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Wasik BR, Voorhees IEH, Barnard KN, Alford-Lawrence BK, Weichert WS, Hood G, Nogales A, Martínez-Sobrido L, Holmes EC, Parrish CR. Influenza Viruses in Mice: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Serial Passage and Effects of Sialic Acid Structural Variation. J Virol 2019; 93:e01039-19. [PMID: 31511393 PMCID: PMC6854484 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01039-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses have regularly jumped to new host species to cause epidemics or pandemics, an evolutionary process that involves variation in the viral traits necessary to overcome host barriers and facilitate transmission. Mice are not a natural host for influenza virus but are frequently used as models in studies of pathogenesis, often after multiple passages to achieve higher viral titers that result in clinical disease such as weight loss or death. Here, we examine the processes of influenza A virus infection and evolution in mice by comparing single nucleotide variations of a human H1N1 pandemic virus, a seasonal H3N2 virus, and an H3N2 canine influenza virus during experimental passage. We also compared replication and sequence variation in wild-type mice expressing N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) with those seen in mice expressing only N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Viruses derived from plasmids were propagated in MDCK cells and then passaged in mice up to four times. Full-genome deep sequencing of the plasmids, cultured viruses, and viruses from mice at various passages revealed only small numbers of mutational changes. The H3N2 canine influenza virus showed increases in frequency of sporadic mutations in the PB2, PA, and NA segments. The H1N1 pandemic virus grew well in mice, and while it exhibited the maintenance of some minority mutations, there was no clear evidence for adaptive evolution. The H3N2 seasonal virus did not establish in the mice. Finally, there were no clear sequence differences associated with the presence or absence of Neu5Gc.IMPORTANCE Mice are commonly used as a model to study the growth and virulence of influenza A viruses in mammals but are not a natural host and have distinct sialic acid receptor profiles compared to humans. Using experimental infections with different subtypes of influenza A virus derived from different hosts, we found that evolution of influenza A virus in mice did not necessarily proceed through the linear accumulation of host-adaptive mutations, that there was variation in the patterns of mutations detected in each repetition, and that the mutation dynamics depended on the virus examined. In addition, variation in the viral receptor, sialic acid, did not affect influenza virus evolution in this model. Overall, our results show that while mice provide a useful animal model for influenza virus pathology, host passage evolution will vary depending on the specific virus tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ian E H Voorhees
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Karen N Barnard
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brynn K Alford-Lawrence
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Wendy S Weichert
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Grace Hood
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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21
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Zhao P, Sun L, Xiong J, Wang C, Chen L, Yang P, Yu H, Yan Q, Cheng Y, Jiang L, Chen Y, Zhao G, Jiang Q, Xiong C. Semiaquatic mammals might be intermediate hosts to spread avian influenza viruses from avian to human. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11641. [PMID: 31406229 PMCID: PMC6690891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) can occasionally transmit to mammals and lead to the development of human pandemic. A species of mammal is considered as a mixing vessel in the process of host adaptation. So far, pigs are considered as a plausible intermediate host for the generation of human pandemic strains, and are labelled ‘mixing vessels’. In this study, through the analysis of two professional databases, the Influenza Virus Resource of NCBI and the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID), we found that the species of mink (Neovison vison) can be infected by more subtypes of influenza A viruses with considerably higher α-diversity related indices. It suggested that the semiaquatic mammals (riverside mammals), rather than pigs, might be the intermediate host to spread AIVs and serve as a potential mixing vessel for the interspecies transmission among birds, mammals and human. In epidemic areas, minks, possibly some other semiaquatic mammals as well, could be an important sentinel species for influenza surveillance and early warning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingsha Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiasheng Xiong
- College of Marine Science, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Hongze Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hongze, China
| | - Qingli Yan
- Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Hongze Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hongze, China
| | - Lufang Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Genming Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglong Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Guan M, Hall JS, Zhang X, Dusek RJ, Olivier AK, Liu L, Li L, Krauss S, Danner A, Li T, Rutvisuttinunt W, Lin X, Hallgrimsson GT, Ragnarsdottir SB, Vignisson SR, TeSlaa J, Nashold SW, Jarman R, Wan XF. Aerosol Transmission of Gull-Origin Iceland Subtype H10N7 Influenza A Virus in Ferrets. J Virol 2019; 93:e00282-19. [PMID: 30996092 PMCID: PMC6580963 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00282-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtype H10 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been recovered from domestic poultry and various aquatic bird species, and sporadic transmission of these IAVs from avian species to mammals (i.e., human, seal, and mink) are well documented. In 2015, we isolated four H10N7 viruses from gulls in Iceland. Genomic analyses showed four gene segments in the viruses were genetically associated with H10 IAVs that caused influenza outbreaks and deaths among European seals in 2014. Antigenic characterization suggested minimal antigenic variation among these H10N7 isolates and other archived H10 viruses recovered from human, seal, mink, and various avian species in Asia, Europe, and North America. Glycan binding preference analyses suggested that, similar to other avian-origin H10 IAVs, these gull-origin H10N7 IAVs bound to both avian-like alpha 2,3-linked sialic acids and human-like alpha 2,6-linked sialic acids. However, when the gull-origin viruses were compared with another Eurasian avian-origin H10N8 IAV, which caused human infections, the gull-origin virus showed significantly higher binding affinity to human-like glycan receptors. Results from a ferret experiment demonstrated that a gull-origin H10N7 IAV replicated well in turbinate, trachea, and lung, but replication was most efficient in turbinate and trachea. This gull-origin H10N7 virus can be transmitted between ferrets through the direct contact and aerosol routes, without prior adaptation. Gulls share their habitat with other birds and mammals and have frequent contact with humans; therefore, gull-origin H10N7 IAVs could pose a risk to public health. Surveillance and monitoring of these IAVs at the wild bird-human interface should be continued.IMPORTANCE Subtype H10 avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) have caused sporadic human infections and enzootic outbreaks among seals. In the fall of 2015, H10N7 viruses were recovered from gulls in Iceland, and genomic analyses showed that the viruses were genetically related with IAVs that caused outbreaks among seals in Europe a year earlier. These gull-origin viruses showed high binding affinity to human-like glycan receptors. Transmission studies in ferrets demonstrated that the gull-origin IAV could infect ferrets, and that the virus could be transmitted between ferrets through direct contact and aerosol droplets. This study demonstrated that avian H10 IAV can infect mammals and be transmitted among them without adaptation. Thus, avian H10 IAV is a candidate for influenza pandemic preparedness and should be monitored in wildlife and at the animal-human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Guan
- Department of Basic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Hall
- United States Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Basic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert J Dusek
- United States Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alicia K Olivier
- Department of Population and Pathobiology Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Liyuan Liu
- Department of Basic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Basic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Angela Danner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wiriya Rutvisuttinunt
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Lin
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Josh TeSlaa
- United States Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sean W Nashold
- United States Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Richard Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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Flexibility In Vitro of Amino Acid 226 in the Receptor-Binding Site of an H9 Subtype Influenza A Virus and Its Effect In Vivo on Virus Replication, Tropism, and Transmission. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02011-18. [PMID: 30567980 PMCID: PMC6401463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02011-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A single amino acid change at position 226 in the hemagglutinin (HA) from glutamine (Q) to leucine (L) has been shown to play a key role in receptor specificity switching in various influenza virus HA subtypes, including H9. We tested the flexibility of amino acid usage and determined the effects of such changes. The results reveal that amino acids other than L226 and Q226 are well tolerated and that some amino acids allow for the recognition of both avian and human influenza virus receptors in the absence of other changes. Our results can inform better avian influenza virus surveillance efforts as well as contribute to rational vaccine design and improve structural molecular dynamics algorithms. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a significant public health threat, causing more than 300,000 hospitalizations in the United States during the 2015–2016 season alone. While only a few IAVs of avian origin have been associated with human infections, the ability of these viruses to cause zoonotic infections further increases the public health risk of influenza. Of these, H9N2 viruses in Asia are of particular importance as they have contributed internal gene segments to other emerging zoonotic IAVs. Notably, recent H9N2 viruses have acquired molecular markers that allow for a transition from avian-like to human-like terminal sialic acid (SA) receptor recognition via a single amino acid change at position 226 (H3 numbering), from glutamine (Q226) to leucine (L226), within the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor-binding site (RBS). We sought to determine the plasticity of amino acid 226 and the biological effects of alternative amino acids on variant viruses. We created a library of viruses with the potential of having any of the 20 amino acids at position 226 on a prototypic H9 HA subtype IAV. We isolated H9 viruses that carried naturally occurring amino acids, variants found in other subtypes, and variants not found in any subtype at position 226. Fitness studies in quails revealed that some natural amino acids conferred an in vivo replication advantage. This study shows the flexibility of position 226 of the HA of H9 influenza viruses and the resulting effect of single amino acid changes on the phenotype of variants in vivo and in vitro. IMPORTANCE A single amino acid change at position 226 in the hemagglutinin (HA) from glutamine (Q) to leucine (L) has been shown to play a key role in receptor specificity switching in various influenza virus HA subtypes, including H9. We tested the flexibility of amino acid usage and determined the effects of such changes. The results reveal that amino acids other than L226 and Q226 are well tolerated and that some amino acids allow for the recognition of both avian and human influenza virus receptors in the absence of other changes. Our results can inform better avian influenza virus surveillance efforts as well as contribute to rational vaccine design and improve structural molecular dynamics algorithms.
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Ogata M, Yamanaka T, Koizumi A, Sakamoto M, Aita R, Endo H, Yachi T, Yamauchi N, Otsubo T, Ikeda K, Kato T, Park EY, Kono H, Nemoto M, Hidari KIPJ. Application of Novel Sialoglyco Particulates Enhances the Detection Sensitivity of the Equine Influenza Virus by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:1255-1261. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ogata
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College, 30 Nagao, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8034, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Ami Koizumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College, 30 Nagao, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8034, Japan
| | - Mao Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College, 30 Nagao, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8034, Japan
| | - Rena Aita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College, 30 Nagao, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8034, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Endo
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College, 30 Nagao, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8034, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yachi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College, 30 Nagao, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8034, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamauchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa-cho, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure-shi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure-shi, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Enoch Y. Park
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kono
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tomakomai College, Nishikioka 443, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 059-1275, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Kazuya I. P. J. Hidari
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Junior College Division, University of Aizu, 1-1 Aza-Kadota, Yahata, Ikki-machi, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima 965-8570, Japan
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25
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Horman WSJ, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K, Bean AGD, Layton DS. The Drivers of Pathology in Zoonotic Avian Influenza: The Interplay Between Host and Pathogen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1812. [PMID: 30135686 PMCID: PMC6092596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of zoonotic strains of avian influenza (AI) that cause high rates of mortality in people has caused significant global concern, with a looming threat that one of these strains may develop sustained human-to-human transmission and cause a pandemic outbreak. Most notable of these viral strains are the H5N1 highly pathogenic AI and the H7N9 low pathogenicity AI viruses, both of which have mortality rates above 30%. Understanding of their mechanisms of infection and pathobiology is key to our preparation for these and future viral strains of high consequence. AI viruses typically circulate in wild bird populations, commonly infecting waterfowl and also regularly entering commercial poultry flocks. Live poultry markets provide an ideal environment for the spread AI and potentially the selection of mutants with a greater propensity for infecting humans because of the potential for spill over from birds to humans. Pathology from these AI virus infections is associated with a dysregulated immune response, which is characterized by systemic spread of the virus, lymphopenia, and hypercytokinemia. It has been well documented that host/pathogen interactions, particularly molecules of the immune system, play a significant role in both disease susceptibility as well as disease outcome. Here, we review the immune/virus interactions in both avian and mammalian species, and provide an overview or our understanding of how immune dysregulation is driven. Understanding these susceptibility factors is critical for the development of new vaccines and therapeutics to combat the next pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S J Horman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel S Layton
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
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26
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Morozov V, Hansman G, Hanisch FG, Schroten H, Kunz C. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Promising Antivirals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700679. [PMID: 29336526 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are diverse unconjugated carbohydrates that are highly abundant in human breast milk. These glycans are investigated in the context of exhibiting multiple functions in infant growth and development. They seem to provide protection against infectious diseases, including a number of poorly manageable viral infections. Although the potential mechanism of the HMO antiviral protection is rather broad, much of the current experimental work has focused on studying of HMO antiadhesive properties. HMOs may mimic structures of viral receptors and block adherence to target cells, thus preventing infection. Still, the potential of HMOs as a source for new antiviral drugs is relatively unexploited. This can be partly attributed to the extreme complexity of the virus-carbohydrate interactions and technical difficulties in HMO isolation, characterization, and manufacturing procedures. Fortunately, we are currently entering a period of major technological advances that have enabled deeper insights into carbohydrate mediated viral entry, rational selection of HMOs as anti-entry inhibitors, and even evaluation of individual synthetic HMO structures. Here, we provide an up-to-date review on glycan binding studies for rotaviruses, noroviruses, influenza viruses, and human immunodeficiency viruses. We also discuss the preventive and therapeutic potential of HMOs as anti-entry inhibitors and address challenges on the route from fundamental studies to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Morozov
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grant Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kunz
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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27
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Pickens JA, Tripp RA. Verdinexor Targeting of CRM1 is a Promising Therapeutic Approach against RSV and Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E48. [PMID: 29361733 PMCID: PMC5795461 DOI: 10.3390/v10010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two primary causes of respiratory tract infections are respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses, both of which remain major public health concerns. There are a limited number of antiviral drugs available for the treatment of RSV and influenza, each having limited effectiveness and each driving selective pressure for the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Novel broad-spectrum antivirals are needed to circumvent problems with current disease intervention strategies, while improving the cytokine-induced immunopathology associated with RSV and influenza infections. In this review, we examine the use of Verdinexor (KPT-335, a novel orally bioavailable drug that functions as a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, SINE), as an antiviral with multifaceted therapeutic potential. KPT-335 works to (1) block CRM1 (i.e., Chromosome Region Maintenance 1; exportin 1 or XPO1) mediated export of viral proteins critical for RSV and influenza pathogenesis; and (2) repress nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, thus reducing cytokine production and eliminating virus-associated immunopathology. The repurposing of SINE compounds as antivirals shows promise not only against RSV and influenza virus but also against other viruses that exploit the nucleus as part of their viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Pickens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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28
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Joseph U, Vijaykrishna D, Smith GJD, Su YCF. Adaptive evolution during the establishment of European avian-like H1N1 influenza A virus in swine. Evol Appl 2017; 11:534-546. [PMID: 29636804 PMCID: PMC5891058 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An H1N1 subtype influenza A virus with all eight gene segments derived from wild birds (including mallards), ducks and chickens, caused severe disease outbreaks in swine populations in Europe beginning in 1979 and successfully adapted to form the European avian‐like swine (EA‐swine) influenza lineage. Genes of the EA‐swine lineage that are clearly segregated from its closest avian relatives continue to circulate in swine populations globally and represent a unique opportunity to study the adaptive process of an avian‐to‐mammalian cross‐species transmission. Here, we used a relaxed molecular clock model to test whether the EA‐swine virus originated through the introduction of a single avian ancestor as an entire genome, followed by an analysis of host‐specific selection pressures among different gene segments. Our data indicated independent introduction of gene segments via transmission of avian viruses into swine followed by reassortment events that occurred at least 1–4 years prior to the EA‐swine outbreak. All EA‐swine gene segments exhibit greater selection pressure than avian viruses, reflecting both adaptive pressures and relaxed selective constraints that are associated with host switching. Notably, we identified key amino acid mutations in the viral surface proteins (H1 and N1) that play a role in adaptation to new hosts. Following the establishment of EA‐swine lineage, we observed an increased frequency of intrasubtype reassortment of segments compared to the earlier strains that has been associated with adaptive amino acid replacements, disease severity and vaccine escape. Taken together, our study provides key insights into the adaptive changes in viral genomes following the transmission of avian influenza viruses to swine and the early establishment of the EA‐swine lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayan Joseph
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore
| | - Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore.,Department of Microbiology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Gavin J D Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore.,Duke Global Health Institute Duke University Durham NC USA
| | - Yvonne C F Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore
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29
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Wasik BR, Barnard KN, Ossiboff RJ, Khedri Z, Feng KH, Yu H, Chen X, Perez DR, Varki A, Parrish CR. Distribution of O-Acetylated Sialic Acids among Target Host Tissues for Influenza Virus. mSphere 2017; 2:e00379-16. [PMID: 28904995 PMCID: PMC5588038 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00379-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are important glycans displayed on the cells and tissues of many different animals and are frequent targets for binding and modification by pathogens, including influenza viruses. Influenza virus hemagglutinins bind Sias during the infection of their normal hosts, while the encoded neuraminidases and/or esterases remove or modify the Sia to allow virion release or to prevent rebinding. Sias naturally occur in a variety of modified forms, and modified Sias can alter influenza virus host tropisms through their altered interactions with the viral glycoproteins. However, the distribution of modified Sia forms and their effects on pathogen-host interactions are still poorly understood. Here we used probes developed from viral Sia-binding proteins to detect O-acetylated (4-O-acetyl, 9-O-acetyl, and 7,9-O-acetyl) Sias displayed on the tissues of some natural or experimental hosts for influenza viruses. These modified Sias showed highly variable displays between the hosts and tissues examined. The 9-O-acetyl (and 7,9-) modified Sia forms were found on cells and tissues of many hosts, including mice, humans, ferrets, guinea pigs, pigs, horses, dogs, as well as in those of ducks and embryonated chicken egg tissues and membranes, although in variable amounts. The 4-O-acetyl Sias were found in the respiratory tissues of fewer animals, being primarily displayed in the horse and guinea pig, but were not detected in humans or pigs. The results suggest that these Sia variants may influence virus tropisms by altering and selecting their cell interactions. IMPORTANCE Sialic acids (Sias) are key glycans that control or modulate many normal cell and tissue functions while also interacting with a variety of pathogens, including many different viruses. Sias are naturally displayed in a variety of different forms, with modifications at several positions that can alter their functional interactions with pathogens. In addition, Sias are often modified or removed by enzymes such as host or pathogen esterases or sialidases (neuraminidases), and Sia modifications can alter those enzymatic activities to impact pathogen infections. Sia chemical diversity in different hosts and tissues likely alters the pathogen-host interactions and influences the outcome of infection. Here we explored the display of 4-O-acetyl, 9-O-acetyl, and 7,9-O-acetyl modified Sia forms in some target tissues for influenza virus infection in mice, humans, birds, guinea pigs, ferrets, swine, horses, and dogs, which encompass many natural and laboratory hosts of those viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Wasik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Karen N. Barnard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Robert J. Ossiboff
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Zahra Khedri
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kurtis H. Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Colin R. Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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30
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Di Lella S, Herrmann A, Mair CM. Modulation of the pH Stability of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin: A Host Cell Adaptation Strategy. Biophys J 2017; 110:2293-2301. [PMID: 27276248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins undergo dynamic structural changes to function within the range of physical and chemical conditions of their microenvironments. Changes in these environments affect their activity unless the respective mutations preserve their proper function. Here, we examine the influenza A virus spike protein hemagglutinin (HA), which undergoes a dynamic conformational change that is essential to the viral life cycle and is dependent on endosomal pH. Since the cells of different potential hosts exhibit different levels of pH, the virus can only cross species barriers if HA undergoes mutations that still permit the structural change to occur. This key event occurs after influenza A enters the host cell via the endocytic route, during its intracellular transport inside endosomes. The acidic pH inside these vesicles triggers a major structural transition of HA that induces fusion of the viral envelope and the endosomal membrane, and permits the release of the viral genome. HA experiences specific mutations that alter its pH stability and allow the conformational changes required for fusion in different hosts, despite the differences in the degree of acidification of their endosomes. Experimental and theoretical studies over the past few years have provided detailed insights into the structural aspects of the mutational changes that alter its susceptibility to different pH thresholds. We will illustrate how such mutations modify the protein's structure and consequently its pH stability. These changes make HA an excellent model of the way subtle structural modifications affect a protein's stability and enable it to function in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Di Lella
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline M Mair
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Unique Structural Features of Influenza Virus H15 Hemagglutinin. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00046-17. [PMID: 28404848 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00046-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A H15 viruses are members of a subgroup (H7-H10-H15) of group 2 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes that include H7N9 and H10N8 viruses that were isolated from humans during 2013. The isolation of avian H15 viruses is, however, quite rare and, until recently, geographically restricted to wild shorebirds and waterfowl in Australia. The HAs of H15 viruses contain an insertion in the 150-loop (loop beginning at position 150) of the receptor-binding site common to this subgroup and a unique insertion in the 260-loop compared to any other subtype. Here, we show that the H15 HA has a high preference for avian receptor analogs by glycan array analyses. The H15 HA crystal structure reveals that it is structurally closest to H7N9 HA, but the head domain of the H15 trimer is wider than all other HAs due to a tilt and opening of the HA1 subunits of the head domain. The extended 150-loop of the H15 HA retains the conserved conformation as in H7 and H10 HAs. Furthermore, the elongated 260-loop increases the exposed HA surface and can contribute to antigenic variation in H15 HAs. Since avian-origin H15 HA viruses have been shown to cause enhanced disease in mammalian models, further characterization and immune surveillance of H15 viruses are warranted.IMPORTANCE In the last 2 decades, an apparent increase has been reported for cases of human infection by emerging avian influenza A virus subtypes, including H7N9 and H10N8 viruses isolated during 2013. H15 is the other member of the subgroup of influenza A virus group 2 hemagglutinins (HAs) that also include H7 and H10. H15 viruses have been restricted to Australia, but recent isolation of H15 viruses in western Siberia suggests that they could be spread more globally via the avian flyways that converge and emanate from this region. Here we report on characterization of the three-dimensional structure and receptor specificity of the H15 hemagglutinin, revealing distinct features and specificities that can aid in global surveillance of such viruses for potential spread and emerging threat to the human population.
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32
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Ogata M, Koizumi A, Otsubo T, Ikeda K, Sakamoto M, Aita R, Kato T, Park EY, Yamanaka T, Hidari KIPJ. Chemoenzymatic synthesis and characterization of N-glycolylneuraminic acid-carrying sialoglycopolypeptides as effective inhibitors against equine influenza virus hemagglutination. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1520-1528. [PMID: 28521605 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1325315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel sialoglycopolypeptides carrying N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc)-containing trisaccharides having α(2 → 3)- and α(2 → 6)-linkages in the side chains of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) were designed as competitive inhibitors against equine influenza viruses (EIV), which critically recognize the Neu5Gc residue for receptor binding. Using horse red blood cells (HRBC) we successfully evaluated the binding activity of the multivalent Neu5Gc ligands to both equine and canine influenza viruses in the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Our findings show the multivalent α2,3-linked Neu5Gc-ligands (3a-c and 7) selectively inhibit hemagglutination mediated by both influenza viruses and display a strong inhibitory activity. Our results indicate that the multivalent Neu5Gc-ligands can be used as novel probes to elucidate the mechanism of infection/adhesion of Neu5Gc-binding influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ogata
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology , Fukushima College , Iwaki , Japan
| | - Ami Koizumi
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology , Fukushima College , Iwaki , Japan
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University , Kure-shi , Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University , Kure-shi , Japan
| | - Mao Sakamoto
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology , Fukushima College , Iwaki , Japan
| | - Rena Aita
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology , Fukushima College , Iwaki , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- c Research Institute of Green science and Technology , Shizuoka University , Suruga-ku , Japan
| | - Enoch Y Park
- c Research Institute of Green science and Technology , Shizuoka University , Suruga-ku , Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- d Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute , Japan Racing Association , Tochigi , Japan
| | - Kazuya I P J Hidari
- e Department of Food and Nutrition, Junior College Division , University of Aizu , Yahata , Japan
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33
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Pathogenicity and transmission of a swine influenza A(H6N6) virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e17. [PMID: 28400591 PMCID: PMC5457681 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Subtype H6 influenza A viruses (IAVs) are commonly detected in wild birds and domestic poultry and can infect humans. In 2010, a H6N6 virus emerged in southern China, and since then, it has caused sporadic infections among swine. We show that this virus binds to α2,6-linked and α2,3-linked sialic acids. Mutations at residues 222 (alanine to valine) and 228 (glycine to serine) of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) affected its receptor-binding properties. Experiments showed that the virus has limited transmissibility between ferrets through direct contact or through inhalation of infectious aerosolized droplets. The internal genes of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, which is prevalent in swine worldwide, increases the replication efficiency of H6N6 IAV in the lower respiratory tract of ferrets but not its transmissibility between ferrets. These findings suggest H6N6 swine IAV (SIV) currently poses a moderate risk to public health, but its evolution and spread should be closely monitored.
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34
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Avian influenza virus directly infects human natural killer cells and inhibits cell activity. Virol Sin 2017; 32:122-129. [PMID: 28255852 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell is a key component of innate immunity and plays an important role in host defense against virus infection by directly destroying infected cells. Influenza is a respiratory disease transmitted in the early phase of virus infection. Evasion of host innate immunity including NK cells is critical for the virus to expand and establish a successful acute infection. Previously, we showed that human influenza H1N1 virus infects NK cells and induces cell apoptosis, as well as inhibits NK cell activity. In this study, we further demonstrated that avian influenza virus also directly targeted NK cells as an immunoevasion strategy. The avian virus infected human NK cells and induced cell apoptosis. In addition, avian influenza virion and HA protein inhibited NK cell cytotoxicity. This novel strategy has obvious advantages for avian influenza virus, allowing the virus sufficient time to expand and subsequent spread before the onset of the specific immune response. Our findings provide an important clue for the immunopathogenesis of avian influenza, and also suggest that direct targeting NK cells may be a common strategy used by both human and avian influenza viruses to evade NK cell immunity.
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Kwon SJ, Na DH, Kwak JH, Douaisi M, Zhang F, Park EJ, Park JH, Youn H, Song CS, Kane RS, Dordick JS, Lee KB, Linhardt RJ. Nanostructured glycan architecture is important in the inhibition of influenza A virus infection. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:48-54. [PMID: 27775724 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid change and zoonotic transmission to humans have enhanced the virulence of the influenza A virus (IAV). Neutralizing antibodies fail to provide lasting protection from seasonal epidemics. Furthermore, the effectiveness of anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitors has declined because of drug resistance. Drugs that can block viral attachment and cell entry independent of antigenic evolution or drug resistance might address these problems. We show that multivalent 6'-sialyllactose-polyamidoamine (6SL-PAMAM) conjugates, when designed to have well-defined ligand valencies and spacings, can effectively inhibit IAV infection. Generation 4 (G4) 6SL-PAMAM conjugates with a spacing of around 3 nm between 6SL ligands (S3-G4) showed the strongest binding to a hemagglutinin trimer (dissociation constant of 1.6 × 10-7 M) and afforded the best inhibition of H1N1 infection. S3-G4 conjugates were resistant to hydrolysis by H1N1 neuraminidase. These conjugates protected 75% of mice from a lethal challenge with H1N1 and prevented weight loss in infected animals. The structure-based design of multivalent nanomaterials, involving modulation of nanoscale backbone structures and number and spacing between ligands, resulted in optimal inhibition of IAV infection. This approach may be broadly applicable for designing effective and enduring therapeutic protection against human or avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Joon Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Dong Hee Na
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Kwak
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Marc Douaisi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Eun Ji Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Youn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi S Kane
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Kyung Bok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, 110 8th St., Troy, New York 12180, USA
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Reduction of Neuraminidase Activity Exacerbates Disease in 2009 Pandemic Influenza Virus-Infected Mice. J Virol 2016; 90:9931-9941. [PMID: 27558428 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01188-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first wave of the 2009 pandemic, caused by a H1N1 influenza virus (pH1N1) of swine origin, antivirals were the only form of therapeutic available to control the proliferation of disease until the conventional strain-matched vaccine was produced. Oseltamivir is an antiviral that inhibits the sialidase activity of the viral neuraminidase (NA) protein and was shown to be effective against pH1N1 viruses in ferrets. Furthermore, it was used in humans to treat infections during the pandemic and is still used for current infections without reported complication or exacerbation of illness. However, in an evaluation of the effectiveness of oseltamivir against pH1N1 infection, we unexpectedly observed an exacerbation of disease in virus-infected mice treated with oseltamivir, transforming an otherwise mild illness into one with high morbidity and mortality. In contrast, an identical treatment regime alleviated all signs of illness in mice infected with the pathogenic mouse-adapted virus A/WSN/33 (H1N1). The worsened clinical outcome with pH1N1 viruses occurred over a range of oseltamivir doses and treatment schedules and was directly linked to a reduction in NA enzymatic activity. Our results suggest that the suppression of NA activity with antivirals may exacerbate disease in a host-dependent manner by increasing replicative fitness in viruses that are not optimally adapted for replication in that host. IMPORTANCE Here, we report that treatment of pH1N1-infected mice with oseltamivir enhanced disease progression, transforming a mild illness into a lethal infection. This raises a potential pitfall of using the mouse model for evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of neuraminidase inhibitors. We show that antiviral efficacy determined in a single animal species may not represent treatment in humans and that caution should be used when interpreting the outcome. Furthermore, increased virulence due to oseltamivir treatment was the effect of a shift in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) activity balance. This is the first study that has demonstrated that altering the HA/NA activity balance by reduction in NA activity can result in an increase in virulence in any animal model from nonpathogenic to lethal and the first to demonstrate a situation in which treatment with a NA activity inhibitor has an effect opposite to the intended therapeutic effect of ameliorating the infection.
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Lee DW, Hsu HL, Bacon KB, Daniel S. Image Restoration and Analysis of Influenza Virions Binding to Membrane Receptors Reveal Adhesion-Strengthening Kinetics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163437. [PMID: 27695072 PMCID: PMC5047597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of single-particle tracking (SPT) microscopy and host membrane mimics called supported lipid bilayers (SLBs), stochastic virus-membrane binding interactions can be studied in depth while maintaining control over host receptor type and concentration. However, several experimental design challenges and quantitative image analysis limitations prevent the widespread use of this approach. One main challenge of SPT studies is the low signal-to-noise ratio of SPT videos, which is sometimes inevitable due to small particle sizes, low quantum yield of fluorescent dyes, and photobleaching. These situations could render current particle tracking software to yield biased binding kinetic data caused by intermittent tracking error. Hence, we developed an effective image restoration algorithm for SPT applications called STAWASP that reveals particles with a signal-to-noise ratio of 2.2 while preserving particle features. We tested our improvements to the SPT binding assay experiment and imaging procedures by monitoring X31 influenza virus binding to α2,3 sialic acid glycolipids. Our interests lie in how slight changes to the peripheral oligosaccharide structures can affect the binding rate and residence times of viruses. We were able to detect viruses binding weakly to a glycolipid called GM3, which was undetected via assays such as surface plasmon resonance. The binding rate was around 28 folds higher when the virus bound to a different glycolipid called GD1a, which has a sialic acid group extending further away from the bilayer surface than GM3. The improved imaging allowed us to obtain binding residence time distributions that reflect an adhesion-strengthening mechanism via multivalent bonds. We empirically fitted these distributions using a time-dependent unbinding rate parameter, koff, which diverges from standard treatment of koff as a constant. We further explain how to convert these models to fit ensemble-averaged binding data obtained by assays such as surface plasmon resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W. Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Hung-Lun Hsu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn B. Bacon
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Daniel
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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38
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Chen H, Deng Q, Ng SH, Lee RTC, Maurer-Stroh S, Zhai W. Dynamic Convergent Evolution Drives the Passage Adaptation across 48 Years' History of H3N2 Influenza Evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:3133-3143. [PMID: 27604224 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are often propagated in a diverse set of culturing media and additional substitutions known as passage adaptation can cause extra evolution in the target strain, leading to ineffective vaccines. Using 25,482 H3N2 HA1 sequences curated from Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data and National Center for Biotechnology Information databases, we found that passage adaptation is a very dynamic process that changes over time and evolves in a seesaw like pattern. After crossing the species boundary from bird to human in 1968, the influenza H3N2 virus evolves to be better adapted to the human environment and passaging them in embryonated eggs (i.e., an avian environment) leads to increasingly stronger positive selection. On the contrary, passage adaptation to the mammalian cell lines changes from positive selection to negative selection. Using two statistical tests, we identified 19 codon positions around the receptor binding domain strongly contributing to passage adaptation in the embryonated egg. These sites show strong convergent evolution and overlap extensively with positively selected sites identified in humans, suggesting that passage adaptation can confound many of the earlier studies on influenza evolution. Interestingly, passage adaptation in recent years seems to target a few codon positions in antigenic surface epitopes, which makes it difficult to produce antigenically unaltered vaccines using embryonic eggs. Our study outlines another interesting scenario whereby both convergent and adaptive evolution are working in synchrony driving viral adaptation. Future studies from sequence analysis to vaccine production need to take careful consideration of passage adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Qiang Deng
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore.,Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore.,National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Ministry of Health (MOH), Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
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Wasik BR, Barnard KN, Parrish CR. Effects of Sialic Acid Modifications on Virus Binding and Infection. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:991-1001. [PMID: 27491885 PMCID: PMC5123965 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are abundantly displayed on the surfaces of vertebrate cells, and particularly on all mucosal surfaces. Sias interact with microbes of many types, and are the targets of specific recognition by many different viruses. They may mediate virus binding and infection of cells, or alternatively can act as decoy receptors that bind virions and block virus infection. These nine-carbon backbone monosaccharides naturally occur in many different modified forms, and are attached to underlying glycans through varied linkages, creating significant diversity in the pathogen receptor forms. Here we review the current knowledge regarding the distribution of modified Sias in different vertebrate hosts, tissues, and cells, their effects on viral pathogens where those have been examined, and outline unresolved questions. Sialic acids (Sias) are components of cell-surface glycoproteins and glycolipids, as well as secreted glycoproteins and milk oligosaccharides. Sias play important roles in cell signaling, development, and host–pathogen interactions. Cellular enzymes can modify Sias, yet how modifications vary between tissues and hosts has not been fully elucidated. Many viruses use Sias as receptors, with different modifications aiding or inhibiting virus infection. How modified Sias influence viral protein evolution and determine host/tissue tropism are poorly understood, and are important areas of research. New advances in molecular glycobiology using pathogen proteins to detect varied forms allows for improved study of modified Sias that have otherwise proven difficult to isolate. This opens new avenues of inquiry for virology, as well as host interactions with bacterial and eukaryotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Karen N Barnard
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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40
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Moon SC, Joo SY, Chung TW, Choi HJ, Park MJ, Choi HJ, Bae SJ, Kim KJ, Kim CH, Joo M, Ha KT. Abiotic stress of ambient cold temperature regulates the host receptivity to pathogens by cell surfaced sialic acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:159-66. [PMID: 27181350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ambient cold temperature, as an abiotic stress, regulates the survival, stability, transmission, and infection of pathogens. However, the effect of cold temperature on the host receptivity to the pathogens has not been fully studied. In this study, the expression of terminal α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialic acids were increased in murine lung tissues, especially bronchial epithelium, by exposure to cold condition. The expression of several sialyltransferases were also increased by exposure to cold temperature. Furthermore, in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, the expressions of α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialic acids, and mRNA levels of sialyltransferases were increased in the low temperature condition at 33 °C. On the other hand, the treatment of Lith-Gly, a sialyltransferase inhibitor, blocked the cold-induced expression of sialic acids on surface of BEAS-2B cells. The binding of influenza H1N1 hemagglutinin (HA) toward BEAS-2B cells cultured at low temperature condition was increased, compared to 37 °C. In contrast, the cold-increased HA binding was blocked by treatment of lithocholicglycine and sialyl-N-acetyl-D-lactosamines harboring α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialyl motive. These results suggest that the host receptivity to virus at cold temperature results from the expressions of α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialic acids through the regulation of sialyltransferase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Cheol Moon
- School of Korean Medicine and Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Joo
- School of Korean Medicine and Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Chung
- School of Korean Medicine and Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- School of Korean Medicine and Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ju Park
- School of Korean Medicine and Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Choi
- School of Korean Medicine and Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Keuk-Jun Kim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, TaeKyeung University, Gyeongsan, 38547, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- School of Korean Medicine and Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- School of Korean Medicine and Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
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Nogales A, Baker SF, Domm W, Martínez-Sobrido L. Development and applications of single-cycle infectious influenza A virus (sciIAV). Virus Res 2016; 216:26-40. [PMID: 26220478 PMCID: PMC4728073 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The diverse host range, high transmissibility, and rapid evolution of influenza A viruses justify the importance of containing pathogenic viruses studied in the laboratory. Other than physically or mechanically changing influenza A virus containment procedures, modifying the virus to only replicate for a single round of infection similarly ensures safety and consequently decreases the level of biosafety containment required to study highly pathogenic members in the virus family. This biological containment is more ideal because it is less apt to computer, machine, or human error. With many necessary proteins that can be deleted, generation of single-cycle infectious influenza A viruses (sciIAV) can be achieved using a variety of approaches. Here, we review the recent burst in sciIAV generation and summarize the applications and findings on this important human pathogen using biocontained viral mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Steven F Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - William Domm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States.
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42
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Job ER, Pizzolla A, Nebl T, Short KR, Deng YM, Carolan L, Laurie KL, Brooks AG, Reading PC. Neutralizing inhibitors in the airways of naïve ferrets do not play a major role in modulating the virulence of H3 subtype influenza A viruses. Virology 2016; 494:143-57. [PMID: 27110707 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Many insights regarding the pathogenesis of human influenza A virus (IAV) infections have come from studies in mice and ferrets. Surfactant protein (SP)-D is the major neutralizing inhibitor of IAV in mouse airway fluids and SP-D-resistant IAV mutants show enhanced virus replication and virulence in mice. Herein, we demonstrate that sialylated glycoproteins, rather than SP-D, represent the major neutralizing inhibitors against H3 subtype viruses in airway fluids from naïve ferrets. Moreover, while resistance to neutralizing inhibitors is a critical factor in modulating virus replication and disease in the mouse model, it does not appear to be so in the ferret model, as H3 mutants resistant to either SP-D or sialylated glycoproteins in ferret airway fluids did not show enhanced virulence in ferrets. These data have important implications for our understanding of pathogenesis and immunity to human IAV infections in these two widely used animal models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Job
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Angela Pizzolla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas Nebl
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Louise Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Karen L Laurie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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43
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Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Transmission of influenza A viruses. Virology 2015; 479-480:234-46. [PMID: 25812763 PMCID: PMC4424116 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause respiratory infections that range from asymptomatic to deadly in humans. Widespread outbreaks (pandemics) are attributable to 'novel' viruses that possess a viral hemagglutinin (HA) gene to which humans lack immunity. After a pandemic, these novel viruses form stable virus lineages in humans and circulate until they are replaced by other novel viruses. The factors and mechanisms that facilitate virus transmission among hosts and the establishment of novel lineages are not completely understood, but the HA and basic polymerase 2 (PB2) proteins are thought to play essential roles in these processes by enabling avian influenza viruses to infect mammals and replicate efficiently in their new host. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of the contributions of HA, PB2, and other viral components to virus transmission and the formation of new virus lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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44
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Ignatieva AV, Timofeeva TA, Rudneva IA, Shilov AA, Masalova OV, Klimova RR, Kushch AA, Ilyushina NA, Kaverin NV. Effect of amino acid substitutions in the small subunit of the avian H5N2 influenza virus hemagglutinin on selection of the mutants, resistant to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Mol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331502003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Viral infections are initiated by attachment of the virus to host cell surface receptors, including sialic acid-containing glycans. It is now possible to rapidly identify specific glycan receptors using glycan array screening, to define atomic-level structures of virus-glycan complexes and to alter the glycan-binding site to determine the function of glycan engagement in viral disease. This Review highlights general principles of virus-glycan interactions and provides specific examples of sialic acid binding by viruses with stalk-like attachment proteins, including influenza virus, reovirus, adenovirus and rotavirus. Understanding virus-glycan interactions is essential to combating viral infections and designing improved viral vectors for therapeutic applications.
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46
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Couzens L, Gao J, Westgeest K, Sandbulte M, Lugovtsev V, Fouchier R, Eichelberger M. An optimized enzyme-linked lectin assay to measure influenza A virus neuraminidase inhibition antibody titers in human sera. J Virol Methods 2014; 210:7-14. [PMID: 25233882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to neuraminidase (NA), the second most abundant surface protein on influenza virus, contribute toward protection against influenza. The traditional thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method to quantify NA inhibiting antibodies is cumbersome and not suitable for routine serology. An enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) described by Lambre et al. (1990) is a practical alternative method for measuring NA inhibition (NI) titers. This report describes optimization of the ELLA for measuring NI titers in human sera against influenza A viruses, using H6N1 and H6N2 viruses as antigens. The optimized ELLA is subtype-specific and reproducible. While the titers measured by ELLA are somewhat greater than those measured by a miniaturized TBA method, seroconversion rates are the same, suggesting similarity in assay sensitivity under these optimized conditions. The ELLA described in this report provides a practical format for routine evaluation of human antibody responses to NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Couzens
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 72, HFM445, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Jin Gao
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 72, HFM445, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Kim Westgeest
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthew Sandbulte
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 72, HFM445, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Vladimir Lugovtsev
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 72, HFM445, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Ron Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maryna Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 72, HFM445, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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47
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Van Breedam W, Pöhlmann S, Favoreel HW, de Groot RJ, Nauwynck HJ. Bitter-sweet symphony: glycan-lectin interactions in virus biology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:598-632. [PMID: 24188132 PMCID: PMC7190080 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are carbohydrate modifications typically found on proteins or lipids, and can act as ligands for glycan-binding proteins called lectins. Glycans and lectins play crucial roles in the function of cells and organs, and in the immune system of animals and humans. Viral pathogens use glycans and lectins that are encoded by their own or the host genome for their replication and spread. Recent advances in glycobiological research indicate that glycans and lectins mediate key interactions at the virus-host interface, controlling viral spread and/or activation of the immune system. This review reflects on glycan-lectin interactions in the context of viral infection and antiviral immunity. A short introduction illustrates the nature of glycans and lectins, and conveys the basic principles of their interactions. Subsequently, examples are discussed highlighting specific glycan-lectin interactions and how they affect the progress of viral infections, either benefiting the host or the virus. Moreover, glycan and lectin variability and their potential biological consequences are discussed. Finally, the review outlines how recent advances in the glycan-lectin field might be transformed into promising new approaches to antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wander Van Breedam
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Raoul J. de Groot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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48
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Xiong X, McCauley JW, Steinhauer DA. Receptor binding properties of the influenza virus hemagglutinin as a determinant of host range. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 385:63-91. [PMID: 25078920 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Host cell attachment by influenza A viruses is mediated by the hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA), and the recognition of specific types of sialic acid -containing glycan receptors constitutes one of the major determinants of viral host range and transmission properties. Structural studies have elucidated some of the viral determinants involved in receptor recognition of avian-like and human-like receptors for various subtypes of influenza A viruses, and these provide clues relating to the mechanisms by which viruses evolve to adapt to human hosts. We discuss structural aspects of receptor binding by influenza HA, as well as the biological implications of functional interplay involving HA binding, NA sialidase functions, the effects of antigenic drift, and the inhibitory properties of natural glycans present on mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Xiong
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK,
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49
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Paulson JC, de Vries RP. H5N1 receptor specificity as a factor in pandemic risk. Virus Res 2013; 178:99-113. [PMID: 23619279 PMCID: PMC3805702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high pathogenicity of H5N1 viruses in sporadic infections of humans has raised concerns for its potential to acquire the ability to transmit between humans and emerge as a highly pathogenic pandemic virus. Because avian and human influenza viruses differ in their specificity for recognition of their host cell receptors, receptor specificity represents one barrier for efficient transmission of avian viruses in human hosts. Over the last century, each influenza virus pandemic has coincided with the emergence of virus with an immunologically distinct hemagglutinin exhibiting a 'human-type' receptor specificity, distinct from that of viruses with the same hemagglutinin circulating in zoonotic species. Recent studies suggest that it is possible for H5N1 to acquire human type receptor specificity, but this has not occurred in nature. This review covers what is known about the molecular basis for the switch between avian and human-type receptor specificity for influenza viruses that have successfully adapted to man, the potential for H5N1 to evolve to human-type receptor specificity and its relevance to pandemic risk.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Birds
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/genetics
- Influenza in Birds/metabolism
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/metabolism
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Pandemics
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Paulson
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
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50
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Job ER, Bottazzi B, Short KR, Deng YM, Mantovani A, Brooks AG, Reading PC. A single amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin of H3N2 subtype influenza A viruses is associated with resistance to the long pentraxin PTX3 and enhanced virulence in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:271-81. [PMID: 24307735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The long pentraxin, pentraxin 3 (PTX3), can play beneficial or detrimental roles during infection and disease by modulating various aspects of the immune system. There is growing evidence to suggest that PTX3 can mediate antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo. Previous studies demonstrated that PTX3 and the short pentraxin serum amyloid P express sialic acids that are recognized by the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of certain influenza A viruses (IAV), resulting in virus neutralization and anti-IAV activity. In this study, we demonstrate that specificity of both HA and the viral neuraminidase for particular sialic acid linkages determines the susceptibility of H1N1, H3N2, and H7N9 strains to the antiviral activities of PTX3 and serum amyloid P. Selection of H3N2 virus mutants resistant to PTX3 allowed for identification of amino acid residues in the vicinity of the receptor-binding pocket of HA that are critical determinants of sensitivity to PTX3; this was supported by sequence analysis of a range of H3N2 strains that were sensitive or resistant to PTX3. In a mouse model of infection, the enhanced virulence of PTX3-resistant mutants was associated with increased virus replication and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the airways, leading to pulmonary inflammation and lung injury. Together, these studies identify determinants in the viral HA that can be associated with sensitivity to the antiviral activities of PTX3 and highlight its importance in the control of IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Job
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
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