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Chen YY, Tsai TH, Liu YL, Lin HJ, Wang IJ. The impact of light properties on ocular growth and myopia development. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2024; 14:143-150. [PMID: 39027063 PMCID: PMC11253990 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo-d-24-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this article is to comprehensively review the effect of environmental lighting on ocular growth and refractive status in both animal and clinical studies, with an emphasis on the underlying mechanisms. This review was performed by searching research articles and reviews utilizing the terms "myopia," "light therapy," "axial length," "refractive error," and "emmetropization" in PubMed datasets. The review was finalized in December 2023. In the animal studies, high lighting brightness, illumination periods aligning with circadian rhythm, and color contrast signals including multiple wavelengths all help regulate ocular growth against myopia. Long wavelengths have been found to induce myopia in chicks, mice, fish, and guinea pigs, whereas shorter wavelengths lead to hyperopia. In contrast, red light has been observed to have a protective effect against myopia in tree shrews and rhesus monkeys. Apart from wavelength, flicker status also showed inconsistent effects on ocular growth, which could be attributed to differences in ocular refractive status, evolutionary disparities in retinal cone cells across species, and the selection of myopia induction models in experiments. In the clinical studies, current evidence suggests a control effect with red light therapy. Although the lighting conditions diverge from those in animal experiments, further reports are needed to assess the long-term effects. In conclusion, this review encompasses research related to the impact of light exposure on myopia and further explores the retinoscleral signaling pathway in refractive development. The aim is to establish a theoretical foundation for optimizing environmental factors in lighting design to address the epidemic of childhood myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsun Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Lin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Jong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Sepehrisadr T, Atapour N, Baldicano AK, Rosa MGP, Grünert U, Martin PR. Transsynaptic Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells Following Lesions to Primary Visual Cortex in Marmosets. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:4. [PMID: 38306108 PMCID: PMC10851175 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose A lesion to primary visual cortex (V1) in primates can produce retrograde transneuronal degeneration in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and retina. We investigated the effect of age at time of lesion on LGN volume and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density in marmoset monkeys. Methods Retinas and LGNs were obtained about 2 years after a unilateral left-sided V1 lesion as infants (n = 7) or young adult (n = 1). Antibodies against RBPMS were used to label all RGCs, and antibodies against CaMKII or GABAA receptors were used to label nonmidget RGCs. Cell densities were compared in the left and right hemiretina of each eye. The LGNs were stained with the nuclear marker NeuN or for Nissl substance. Results In three animals lesioned within the first 2 postnatal weeks, the proportion of RGCs lost within 5 mm of the fovea was ∼twofold higher than after lesions at 4 or 6 weeks. There was negligible loss in the animal lesioned at 2 years of age. A positive correlation between RGC loss and LGN volume reduction was evident. No loss of CaMKII-positive or GABAA receptor-positive RGCs was apparent within 2 mm of the fovea in any of the retinas investigated. Conclusions Susceptibility of marmoset RGCs to transneuronal degeneration is high at birth and declines over the first 6 postnatal weeks. High survival rates of CaMKII and GABAA receptor-positive RGCs implies that widefield and parasol cells are less affected by neonatal cortical lesions than are midget-pathway cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanin Sepehrisadr
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nafiseh Atapour
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alyssa K. Baldicano
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marcello G. P. Rosa
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ulrike Grünert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul R. Martin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Save Sight Institute and Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Coop SH, Yates JL, Mitchell JF. Pre-saccadic Neural Enhancements in Marmoset Area MT. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2034222023. [PMID: 38050176 PMCID: PMC10860570 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2034-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Each time we make an eye movement, attention moves before the eyes, resulting in a perceptual enhancement at the target. Recent psychophysical studies suggest that this pre-saccadic attention enhances the visual features at the saccade target, whereas covert attention causes only spatially selective enhancements. While previous nonhuman primate studies have found that pre-saccadic attention does enhance neural responses spatially, no studies have tested whether changes in neural tuning reflect an automatic feature enhancement. Here we examined pre-saccadic attention using a saccade foraging task developed for marmoset monkeys (one male and one female). We recorded from neurons in the middle temporal area with peripheral receptive fields that contained a motion stimulus, which would either be the target of a saccade or a distracter as a saccade was made to another location. We established that marmosets, like macaques, show enhanced pre-saccadic neural responses for saccades toward the receptive field, including increases in firing rate and motion information. We then examined if the specific changes in neural tuning might support feature enhancements for the target. Neurons exhibited diverse changes in tuning but predominantly showed additive and multiplicative increases that were uniformly applied across motion directions. These findings confirm that marmoset monkeys, like macaques, exhibit pre-saccadic neural enhancements during saccade foraging tasks with minimal training requirements. However, at the level of individual neurons, the lack of feature-tuned enhancements is similar to neural effects reported during covert spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna H Coop
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester 14627-0268, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester 14627-0268, New York
| | - Jacob L Yates
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester 14627-0268, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester 14627-0268, New York
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, 20742-5025
| | - Jude F Mitchell
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester 14627-0268, New York
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester 14627-0268, New York
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4
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Jang HY, Kwak J, Lee SJ, Wu J, Jiang H, Choi ES, Park CW, Kang BC, Kim JH. Ultrasonographic monitoring of fetal eye growth parameters throughout gestation in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23532. [PMID: 37357545 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is considered an ideal species for developing genetically modified nonhuman primates (NHP) models of human disease, particularly eye disease. They have been proposed as a suitable bridge between rodents and other NHP models due to their similar ophthalmological features to humans. Prenatal ultrasonography is an accurate and reliable diagnostic tool for monitoring fetal development and congenital malformation. We monitored fetal eye growth and development using noninvasive ultrasonography in 40 heads of clinically normal fetuses during pregnancy to establish the criteria for studying congenital eye anomalies in marmosets. The coronal, sagittal, and transverse planes were useful to identify the facial structures for any associated abnormalities. For orbital measurements, biorbital distance (BOD), ocular diameter (OD), interorbital distance (IOD), and total axial length (TAL) were measured in the transverse plane and carefully identified for intraorbital structures. As a result, high correlations were observed between delivery-based gestational age (GA) and biparietal diameter (BPD), BOD, OD, and TAL. The correlation assessments based on BOD provide more reliable results for monitoring eye growth and development in normal marmosets than any other parameters since BOD has the highest correlation coefficient according to both delivery-based GA and BPD among ocular measurements. In conclusion, orbital measurements by prenatal ultrasonography provide reliable indicators of marmoset eye growth, and it could offer early diagnostic criteria to facilitate the development of eye disease models and novel therapies such as genome editing technologies in marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Young Jang
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jina Kwak
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Jae Lee
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Wu
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hui Jiang
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Saem Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Wook Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Advanced Biomedical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
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5
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Krüppel S, Khani MH, Karamanlis D, Erol YC, Zapp SJ, Mietsch M, Protti DA, Rozenblit F, Gollisch T. Diversity of Ganglion Cell Responses to Saccade-Like Image Shifts in the Primate Retina. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5319-5339. [PMID: 37339877 PMCID: PMC10359029 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1561-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccades are a fundamental part of natural vision. They interrupt fixations of the visual gaze and rapidly shift the image that falls onto the retina. These stimulus dynamics can cause activation or suppression of different retinal ganglion cells, but how they affect the encoding of visual information in different types of ganglion cells is largely unknown. Here, we recorded spiking responses to saccade-like shifts of luminance gratings from ganglion cells in isolated marmoset retinas and investigated how the activity depended on the combination of presaccadic and postsaccadic images. All identified cell types, On and Off parasol and midget cells, as well as a type of Large Off cells, displayed distinct response patterns, including particular sensitivity to either the presaccadic or the postsaccadic image or combinations thereof. In addition, Off parasol and Large Off cells, but not On cells, showed pronounced sensitivity to whether the image changed across the transition. Stimulus sensitivity of On cells could be explained based on their responses to step changes in light intensity, whereas Off cells, in particular, parasol and the Large Off cells, seem to be affected by additional interactions that are not triggered during simple light-intensity flashes. Together, our data show that ganglion cells in the primate retina are sensitive to different combinations of presaccadic and postsaccadic visual stimuli. This contributes to the functional diversity of the output signals of the retina and to asymmetries between On and Off pathways and provides evidence of signal processing beyond what is triggered by isolated steps in light intensity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sudden eye movements (saccades) shift our direction of gaze, bringing new images in focus on our retinas. To study how retinal neurons deal with these rapid image transitions, we recorded spiking activity from ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina, in isolated retinas of marmoset monkeys while shifting a projected image in a saccade-like fashion across the retina. We found that the cells do not just respond to the newly fixated image, but that different types of ganglion cells display different sensitivities to the presaccadic and postsaccadic stimulus patterns. Certain Off cells, for example, are sensitive to changes in the image across transitions, which contributes to differences between On and Off information channels and extends the range of encoded stimulus features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Krüppel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohammad H Khani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dimokratis Karamanlis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yunus C Erol
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sören J Zapp
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Mietsch
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dario A Protti
- School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fernando Rozenblit
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Gollisch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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6
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Sampaio MOB, Montiani-Ferreira F, Saldanha A, Lange RR, Moore BA, Cray C. SELECTED OPHTHALMIC TESTS AND OCULAR DIMENSIONS IN RELATION TO ACTIVITY PATTERN IN THREE NEOTROPICAL NONHUMAN PRIMATES: BLACK-TUFTED MARMOSET ( CALLITHRIX PENICILLATA), GUIANAN SQUIRREL MONKEY ( SAIMIRI SCIUREUS), AND AZARA'S NIGHT MONKEY ( AOTUS AZARAE INFULATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:244-251. [PMID: 37428686 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The goals of this study were to compare ocular morphology, determine the reference intervals of selected ophthalmic tests, ocular measurements, intraocular pressure, and tear production, and to establish possible relationships in the visual ecology of three different Neotropical nonhuman primates (NHP). Nineteen black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillate), 24 Guianan squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), and 24 night monkeys (Aotus azarae infulatus) were included in the study. Schirmer tear test, ocular dimensions, ocular ultrasonography, intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness, and corneal touch threshold were determined. The ratio of the average corneal diameters and axial diameters (CD/AGL) were established. No significant difference was noted between males and females, nor left and right eyes, for all three species for all measurements (P > 0.05). CD/AGL ratio was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in night monkeys (a nocturnal species) as compared to black-tufted marmoset and Guianan squirrel monkeys (two diurnal species). The reference intervals will aid veterinary ophthalmologists to more accurately diagnose pathological changes in the eyes of these species. In addition, ocular dimension comparison will allow other NHP species to be evaluated and examined in relationship to behavioral traits (nocturnal versus diurnal).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella O B Sampaio
- Federal University of Parana, Veterinary Medicine Department, Rua dos Funcionarios, 1540, 80035-050, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
- Federal University of Parana, Veterinary Medicine Department, Rua dos Funcionarios, 1540, 80035-050, Curitiba, Brazil
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - André Saldanha
- Federal University of Parana, Veterinary Medicine Department, Rua dos Funcionarios, 1540, 80035-050, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rogério R Lange
- Federal University of Parana, Veterinary Medicine Department, Rua dos Funcionarios, 1540, 80035-050, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Bret A Moore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA,
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7
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Azieva G, Makrynioti D, Ablordeppey RK, Lin C, Benavente-Perez A. Development of a novel protocol to evaluate contact-lens related ocular surface health on marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Exp Eye Res 2023; 231:109472. [PMID: 37137437 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Contact lens wear affects the ocular surface and can cause contact lens-induced dry eye (CLIDE). The purpose of this study was bifold: (1) to develop a novel protocol to assess the ocular surface in a non-human primate (NHP) model, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), and (2) to characterize central corneal thickness (CCT), tear osmolarity, blink rate and tear meniscus height (TMH) longitudinally, in untreated marmosets (controls) compared to animals treated with contact lenses (CL). Longitudinal changes in CCT (N = 10 control; N = 10 treated with contact lenses, CL-treated), osmolarity (N = 4 control; N = 6 CL-treated), blink rate (N = 8 control; N = 10 CL-treated) and TMH (N = 8 control; N = 6 CL-treated) were assessed using high frequency A-scan ultrasound, the I-PEN Vet Tear Osmolarity System, a video recording system (745 frames/minute) and Image J respectively, from 70 days to 224 days (5 months) at approx. 9am, and again after 9hrs of CL wear (methafilcon A, 55% water content; Capricornia, Australia) after every 4 weeks of contact lens wear for a total of 22 weeks of treatment. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare eyes over time and student t-test was used to compare treated to control eyes at each time point. At baseline, untreated marmosets had a CCT (mean ± SD) of 0.31 ± 0.01 mm, tear osmolarity (mean ± SD) 311.67 ± 11.48 mOsms/L, blink rate (mean ± SD) 1.83 ± 1.79 blinks per minute (bpm) and TMH (mean ± SD) 0.07 ± 0.02 arbitrary units (au), all of which remained stable over 5 months, except blink rate that increased to 5.32 ± 1.58 bpm (p < 0.01) after 5 months. In CL-treated marmosets, however, CCT progressively increased with CL wear (baseline: 0.30 ± 0.01 mm; 5 months: 0.31 ± 0.02 mm, p < 0.05), while osmolarity decreased after 2 and 3 months of CL wear (baseline: 316.11 ± 13.63; 2 months: 302.63 ± 11.27, p < 0.05; 3 months: 302.92 ± 14.58, p < 0.05). The decrease in osmolarity occurred in parallel to an increase in blink rate (baseline: 0.98 ± 1.18 bpm; 2 months: 3.46 ± 3.04 bpm, p < 0.05; 3 months: 3.73 ± 1.50 bpm, p < 0.001). TMH decreased during the third month of CL wear (baseline: 0.06 ± 0.00 au; 3 months: 0.05 ± 0.01 au, p < 0.05), and increased after 4 months (0.08 ± 0.01 au, p < 0.05). As TMH decreased, tear osmolarity increased in both control (R = -0.66, p < 0.05) and CL-treated marmosets (R = -0.64, p < 0.05). The results suggest that marmosets treated with CL for 5 months experienced an increase in blink rate, CCT and TMH, along with a decrease in osmolarity within the first few months of CL treatment that differed from the unaffected stable ocular surface findings observed untreated animals. We hypothesize that CL wear in marmosets might induce mild corneal edema, an increased blink rate and TMH, in turn delaying the development of hyperosmolarity. These findings confirm that the marmoset is a good novel animal model for ocular surface research for the assessment of novel contact lens materials aimed to alleviate CLIDE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carol Lin
- SUNY College of Optometry, New York, USA
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8
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Hahn J, Monavarfeshani A, Qiao M, Kao A, Kölsch Y, Kumar A, Kunze VP, Rasys AM, Richardson R, Baier H, Lucas RJ, Li W, Meister M, Trachtenberg JT, Yan W, Peng YR, Sanes JR, Shekhar K. Evolution of neuronal cell classes and types in the vertebrate retina. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.07.536039. [PMID: 37066415 PMCID: PMC10104162 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The basic plan of the retina is conserved across vertebrates, yet species differ profoundly in their visual needs (Baden et al., 2020). One might expect that retinal cell types evolved to accommodate these varied needs, but this has not been systematically studied. Here, we generated and integrated single-cell transcriptomic atlases of the retina from 17 species: humans, two non-human primates, four rodents, three ungulates, opossum, ferret, tree shrew, a teleost fish, a bird, a reptile and a lamprey. Molecular conservation of the six retinal cell classes (photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells [RGCs] and Muller glia) is striking, with transcriptomic differences across species correlated with evolutionary distance. Major subclasses are also conserved, whereas variation among types within classes or subclasses is more pronounced. However, an integrative analysis revealed that numerous types are shared across species based on conserved gene expression programs that likely trace back to the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates. The degree of variation among types increases from the outer retina (photoreceptors) to the inner retina (RGCs), suggesting that evolution acts preferentially to shape the retinal output. Finally, we identified mammalian orthologs of midget RGCs, which comprise >80% of RGCs in the human retina, subserve high-acuity vision, and were believed to be primate-specific (Berson, 2008); in contrast, the mouse orthologs comprise <2% of mouse RGCs. Projections both primate and mouse orthologous types are overrepresented in the thalamus, which supplies the primary visual cortex. We suggest that midget RGCs are not primate innovations, but descendants of evolutionarily ancient types that decreased in size and increased in number as primates evolved, thereby facilitating high visual acuity and increased cortical processing of visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hahn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Aboozar Monavarfeshani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mu Qiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Allison Kao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yvonne Kölsch
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vincent P Kunze
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ashley M. Rasys
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Rose Richardson
- Division of Neuroscience and Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Upper Brook Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Herwig Baier
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robert J. Lucas
- Division of Neuroscience and Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Upper Brook Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Wei Li
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Markus Meister
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Joshua T. Trachtenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yi-Rong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095 United States
| | - Joshua R. Sanes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Vision Science Graduate Group, Center for Computational Biology, Biophysics Graduate Group, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
- Faculty Scientist, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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9
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Martin PR. The Verriest Lecture: Pathways to color in the eye and brain. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:V1-V10. [PMID: 37133001 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.480106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In common with the majority of New World monkeys, marmosets show polymorphic color vision by allelic variation of X-chromosome genes encoding opsin pigments in the medium/long wavelength range. Male marmosets are thus obligate dichromats ("red-green color blind"), whereas females carrying distinct alleles on X chromosomes show one of three trichromatic phenotypes. Marmosets thus represent a "natural knock-out" system enabling comparison of red-green color vision in dichromatic and trichromatic visual systems. Further, study of short-wave (blue) cone pathways in marmosets has provided insights into primitive visual pathways for depth perception and attention. These investigations represent a parallel line to clinical research on color vision defects that was pioneered in studies by Guy Verreist, whom we honor in this eponymous lecture.
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Ablordeppey RK, Lin C, Benavente-Perez A. The age-related pattern of inner retinal thickening is affected by myopia development and progression. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22190. [PMID: 36564498 PMCID: PMC9789149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26598-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The longitudinal effect of myopic eye growth on each individual retinal layer has not been described to date on an established non-human primate (NHP) model of myopia. We evaluated the changes experienced by the overall and individual central and mid-peripheral retinal thickness profiles in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) induced with myopia continuously for 5.5 months compared to controls using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Cycloplegic refractive state (Rx), vitreous chamber depth (VCD) and retinal thickness were measured at baseline and after 3 and 5.5 months on thirteen marmosets: eight animals with lens-induced myopia and five untreated controls. The overall and individual retinal layer thickness in the central and mid-peripheral retina were obtained and compared between groups. Regression models were used to explore the extent to which VCD or Rx changes could predict the thickness changes observed. While the retinas of control marmosets thickened significantly over 5.5 months, marmosets with lens-induced myopia experienced less retinal thickening and thinning at times, mostly in the inner neuroretinal layers and the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer. The regression models suggest that 90% of the growth and refractive changes observed could be predicted by the thickness changes in the near to mid peripheral retina. This study confirms the longitudinal effect that myopia has on the inner retina of a NHP model during the early stages of myopia development. The observed myopia-driven differences in inner retina thickness templates might represent early biomarkers of myopia progression and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynolds Kwame Ablordeppey
- grid.410412.20000 0004 0384 8998Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, College of Optometry, State University of New York, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 USA
| | - Carol Lin
- grid.410412.20000 0004 0384 8998Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, College of Optometry, State University of New York, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 USA
| | - Alexandra Benavente-Perez
- grid.410412.20000 0004 0384 8998Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, College of Optometry, State University of New York, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 USA
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11
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Haverkamp S, Reinhard K, Peichl L, Mietsch M. No evidence for age-related alterations in the marmoset retina. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:945295. [PMID: 36120100 PMCID: PMC9479465 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.945295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological aging process of the retina is accompanied by various and sometimes extensive changes: Macular degeneration, retinopathies and glaucoma are the most common findings in the elderly and can potentially lead to irreversible visual disablements up to blindness. To study the aging process and to identify possible therapeutic targets to counteract these diseases, the use of appropriate animal models is mandatory. Besides the most commonly used rodent species, a non-human primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) emerged as a promising animal model of human aging over the last years. However, the visual aging process in this species is only partially characterized, especially with regard to retinal aberrations. Therefore, we assessed here for the first time potential changes in retinal morphology of the common marmoset of different age groups. By cell type specific immunolabeling, we analyzed different cell types and distributions, potential photoreceptor and ganglion cell loss, and structural reorganization. We detected no signs of age-related differences in staining patterns or densities of various cell populations. For example, there were no signs of photoreceptor degeneration, and there was only minimal sprouting of rod bipolar cells in aged retinas. Altogether, we describe here the maintenance of a stable neuronal architecture, distribution and number of different cell populations with only mild aberrations during the aging process in the common marmoset retina. These findings are in stark contrast to previously reported findings in rodent species and humans and deserve further investigations to identify the underlying mechanisms and possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Haverkamp
- Department of Computational Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior—Caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Reinhard
- Retinal Circuits and Optogenetics, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leo Peichl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Mietsch
- Laboratory Animal Science Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Wozar F, Seitz I, Reichel F, Fischer MD. Importance of Nonhuman Primates as a Model System for Gene Therapy Development in Ophthalmology. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2022; 239:270-274. [PMID: 35189657 DOI: 10.1055/a-1777-5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a treatment concept that uses, in most cases, viral vectors to deliver a therapeutic transgene to target cells. Although the idea of gene therapy dates back over 50 years ago, due to the complexity of the treatment concept, it took until the last decade for the responsible agencies like FDA and EMA to recommend the first gene therapy products for clinical use. The development of these therapies relies on molecular engineering of specifically designed vectors and models to test the effectiveness and safety of the treatment. Despite an increasing effort to find effective surrogates, animal models are still irreplaceable in gene therapy development. Rodents are important for exploring pathways and disease mechanisms and identifying potential treatment targets. However, only the primate eye resembles the human eye to a degree where most structures are nearly identical. Some research questions can therefore only be answered using a nonhuman primate (NHP) model. In this review, we want to summarize these key features and highlight the importance of the NHP model for gene therapy development in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wozar
- University Eye Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen Centre of Ophthalmology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Immanuel Seitz
- University Eye Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen Centre of Ophthalmology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Reichel
- University Eye Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen Centre of Ophthalmology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Dominik Fischer
- University Eye Hospital, University Hospital Tübingen Centre of Ophthalmology, Tübingen, Germany.,Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Kumar S, Benavente-Perez A, Ablordeppey R, Lin C, Viswanathan S, Akopian A, Bloomfield SA. A Robust Microbead Occlusion Model of Glaucoma for the Common Marmoset. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:14. [PMID: 35019964 PMCID: PMC8762714 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish a robust experimental model of glaucoma in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a New World primate, using an intracameral microbead injection technique. Methods Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) was induced by an injection of polystyrene microbeads. Morphologic changes in the retina and optic nerve of glaucomatous eyes were assessed and electroretinogram (ERG) recordings were performed to evaluate functional changes. Results Microbead injections induced a sustained IOP elevation for at least 10 weeks in a reproducible manner. At the end of the 10-week experimental period, there was significant loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in all quadrants and eccentricities, although it was more prominent in the mid-peripheral and peripheral regions. This was consistent with a thinning of the Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) seen in spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans. Surviving RGCs showed marked changes in morphology, including somatic shrinkage and dendritic atrophy. Retinas also showed significant gliosis. The amplitude of the ERG photopic negative response, with subsequent a- and b-wave changes, was reduced in glaucomatous eyes. The optic nerve of glaucomatous eyes showed expanded cupping, disorganization of the astrocytic matrix, axonal loss, and gliosis. Conclusions We developed a robust and reproducible model of glaucoma in the marmoset. The model exhibits both structural and functional alterations of retina and optic nerve characteristic of glaucoma in humans and animal models. Translational Relevance The glaucoma model in the marmoset described here forms a robust method to study the disease etiology, progression, and potential therapies in a nonhuman primate, allowing for more effective translation of animal data to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Benavente-Perez
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reynolds Ablordeppey
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol Lin
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suresh Viswanathan
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abram Akopian
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stewart A Bloomfield
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY, USA
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Choi KE, Anh VTQ, Oh JH, Yun C, Kim SW. Normative Data of Axial Length, Retinal Thickness Measurements, Visual Evoked Potentials, and Full-Field Electroretinography in Female, Wild-Type Minipigs. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:3. [PMID: 34605876 PMCID: PMC8496425 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.12.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to present normative data of optical coherence tomography (OCT), electrophysiological, and ocular biometry parameters and their correlation in minipigs. Methods Eighty-eight eyes of 44 minipigs underwent full-field electroretinogram (ERG) recording and ocular biometry. However, 10 eyes of 6 minipigs were excluded because of poor OCT image quality. The thickness of the retinal sublayers was measured on a vertical line at 5 locations with a 1 mm interval from the disc margin to the dorsal periphery and at 10 locations on the visual streak. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were measured in 15 eyes of 8 minipigs. Results All minipigs were female with a mean age and axial length of 13.83 ± 10.56 months and 20.33 ± 0.88 mm, respectively. The implicit time of the a-wave and b-wave in scotopic 3.0 ERGs was longer than that in photopic 3.0 ERG. The implicit time of the n2-wave and p2-wave in VEP was 25.67 ± 7.41 ms and 52.96 ± 10.38 ms, respectively. The total retinal layer (TRL) and nerve fiber layer (NFL) became thinner near the periphery. The inner retinal sublayers near the visual streak were thicker than those at other locations. Central TRL and NFL thickness on visual streak was 223.06 ± 23.19 µm and 74.03 ± 13.93 µm, respectively. The temporal TRL and NFL on the visual streak were thicker than those on the nasal side. Conclusions The normative electrophysiological and OCT parameters used in our study can be used as reference data in further pig studies. Translational Relevance This study presents normative data of minipigs, which are adequate animal models for preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Eon Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Vu Thi Que Anh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jong-Hyun Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Cheolmin Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Yu HH, Rowley DP, Price NSC, Rosa MGP, Zavitz E. A twisted visual field map in the primate dorsomedial cortex predicted by topographic continuity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/44/eaaz8673. [PMID: 33115750 PMCID: PMC7608794 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adjacent neurons in visual cortex have overlapping receptive fields within and across area boundaries, an arrangement theorized to minimize wiring cost. This constraint is traditionally thought to create retinotopic maps of opposing field signs (mirror and nonmirror visual field representations) in adjacent areas, a concept that has become central in current attempts to subdivide the extrastriate cortex. We simulated the formation of retinotopic maps using a model that balances constraints imposed by smoothness in the representation within an area and by congruence between areas. As in the primate cortex, this model usually leads to alternating mirror and nonmirror maps. However, we found that it can also produce a more complex type of map, consisting of sectors with opposing field sign within a single area. Using fully quantitative electrode array recordings, we then demonstrate that this type of inhomogeneous map exists in the controversial dorsomedial region of the primate extrastriate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hao Yu
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- IBM Research Australia, Southbank, VIC, Australia
| | - Declan P Rowley
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas S C Price
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Zavitz
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Grünert U, Martin PR. Cell types and cell circuits in human and non-human primate retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 78:100844. [PMID: 32032773 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes our current knowledge of primate including human retina focusing on bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells and their connectivity. We have two main motivations in writing. Firstly, recent progress in non-invasive imaging methods to study retinal diseases mean that better understanding of the primate retina is becoming an important goal both for basic and for clinical sciences. Secondly, genetically modified mice are increasingly used as animal models for human retinal diseases. Thus, it is important to understand to which extent the retinas of primates and rodents are comparable. We first compare cell populations in primate and rodent retinas, with emphasis on how the fovea (despite its small size) dominates the neural landscape of primate retina. We next summarise what is known, and what is not known, about the postreceptoral neurone populations in primate retina. The inventories of bipolar and ganglion cells in primates are now nearing completion, comprising ~12 types of bipolar cell and at least 17 types of ganglion cell. Primate ganglion cells show clear differences in dendritic field size across the retina, and their morphology differs clearly from that of mouse retinal ganglion cells. Compared to bipolar and ganglion cells, amacrine cells show even higher morphological diversity: they could comprise over 40 types. Many amacrine types appear conserved between primates and mice, but functions of only a few types are understood in any primate or non-primate retina. Amacrine cells appear as the final frontier for retinal research in monkeys and mice alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grünert
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Paul R Martin
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
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Whatham AR, Lunn D, Judge SJ. Effects of Monocular Atropinization on Refractive Error and Eye Growth in Infant New World Monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2623-2630. [PMID: 31226711 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the effect of topical atropine on axial eye growth and emmetropization in infant marmosets. Methods Atropine was applied to one eye from the age of 7 to 56 days in two dose regimens, High (0.1-1% twice daily, increasing with age) or moderate (Mod) (0.1% once daily). Both eyes of the marmosets were refracted, and axial dimensions were measured ultrasonically, at 14, 28, 42, 49, 56, 70, 105, 168, and 279 days of age. The time course of each measured variable was analyzed using multilevel mixed-effects modeling realized in R. Results The logistic growth curves fitted to anterior segment depth (ASD) did not differ significantly between the dose regimens, but xmid, the age at which growth was half-maximal, and scal, the time constant of the exponential term in the logistic growth curve equation, differed significantly between the ASD of atropinized and untreated eyes (P = 0.03 and P < 0.0001, respectively), with the ASD of atropinized eyes shorter than that of untreated eyes. The splines fitted to lens thickness did not vary significantly with dose, but differed significantly (P < 0.0001) between the atropinized and untreated eyes, with the atropinized lenses thicker. Vitreous chamber depth (VCD) was not significantly different, but the variance of VCD was significantly greater (P < 0.001) in the atropinized compared with the untreated eyes. Refractive error (RE) became relatively myopic in atropinized eyes. The variance of RE in atropinized eyes was significantly greater (P < 0.0001) than in untreated eyes. Conclusions Atropine caused the infant marmoset lens to move forward and thicken, a relative myopia, and increases in the between-animals variance in VCD, which could be considered a failure of emmetropization.
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Preuss TM. Critique of Pure Marmoset. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2019; 93:92-107. [PMID: 31416070 PMCID: PMC6711801 DOI: 10.1159/000500500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset, a New World (platyrrhine) monkey, is currently being fast-tracked as a non-human primate model species, especially for genetic modification but also as a general-purpose model for research on the brain and behavior bearing on the human condition. Compared to the currently dominant primate model, the catarrhine macaque monkey, marmosets are notable for certain evolutionary specializations, including their propensity for twin births, their very small size (a result of phyletic dwarfism), and features related to their small size (rapid development and relatively short lifespan), which result in these animals yielding experimental results more rapidly and at lower cost. Macaques, however, have their own advantages. Importantly, macaques are more closely related to humans (which are also catarrhine primates) than are marmosets, sharing approximately 20 million more years of common descent, and are demonstrably more similar to humans in a variety of genomic, molecular, and neurobiological characteristics. Furthermore, the very specializations of marmosets that make them attractive as experimental subjects, such as their rapid development and short lifespan, are ways in which marmosets differ from humans and in which macaques more closely resemble humans. These facts warrant careful consideration of the trade-offs between convenience and cost, on the one hand, and biological realism, on the other, in choosing between non-human primate models of human biology. Notwithstanding the advantages marmosets offer as models, prudence requires continued commitment to research on macaques and other primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,
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Troilo D, Smith EL, Nickla DL, Ashby R, Tkatchenko AV, Ostrin LA, Gawne TJ, Pardue MT, Summers JA, Kee CS, Schroedl F, Wahl S, Jones L. IMI - Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:M31-M88. [PMID: 30817827 PMCID: PMC6738517 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of many studies in a variety of species have significantly advanced our understanding of the role of visual experience and the mechanisms of postnatal eye growth, and the development of myopia. This paper surveys and reviews the major contributions that experimental studies using animal models have made to our thinking about emmetropization and development of myopia. These studies established important concepts informing our knowledge of the visual regulation of eye growth and refractive development and have transformed treatment strategies for myopia. Several major findings have come from studies of experimental animal models. These include the eye's ability to detect the sign of retinal defocus and undergo compensatory growth, the local retinal control of eye growth, regulatory changes in choroidal thickness, and the identification of components in the biochemistry of eye growth leading to the characterization of signal cascades regulating eye growth and refractive state. Several of these findings provided the proofs of concepts that form the scientific basis of new and effective clinical treatments for controlling myopia progression in humans. Experimental animal models continue to provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of eye growth control, including the identification of potential new targets for drug development and future treatments needed to stem the increasing prevalence of myopia and the vision-threatening conditions associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Troilo
- SUNY College of Optometry, State University of New York, New York, New York, United States
| | - Earl L. Smith
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Debora L. Nickla
- Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Regan Ashby
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrei V. Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lisa A. Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Timothy J. Gawne
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States31
| | - Jody A. Summers
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Chea-su Kee
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Zeiss Vision Science Laboratory, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lyndon Jones
- CORE, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Nummela SU, Coop SH, Cloherty SL, Boisvert CJ, Leblanc M, Mitchell JF. Psychophysical measurement of marmoset acuity and myopia. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:300-313. [PMID: 27804251 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset has attracted increasing interest as a model for visual neuroscience. A measurement of fundamental importance to ensure the validity of visual studies is spatial acuity. The marmoset has excellent acuity that has been reported at the fovea to be nearly half that of the human (Ordy and Samorajski []: Vision Res 8:1205-1225), a value that is consistent with them having similar photoreceptor densities combined with their smaller eye size (Troilo et al. []: Vision Res 33:1301-1310). Of interest, the marmoset exhibits a higher proportion of cones than rods in peripheral vision than human or macaque, which in principle could endow them with better peripheral acuity depending on how those signals are pooled in subsequent processing. Here, we introduce a simple behavioral paradigm to measure acuity and then test how acuity in the marmoset scales with eccentricity. We trained subjects to fixate a central point and detect a peripheral Gabor by making a saccade to its location. First, we found that accurate assessment of acuity required correction for myopia in all adult subjects. This is an important point because marmosets raised in laboratory conditions often have mild to severe myopia (Graham and Judge []: Vision Res 39:177-187), a finding that we confirm, and that would limit their utility for studies of vision if uncorrected. With corrected vision, we found that their acuity scales with eccentricity similar to that of humans and macaques, having roughly half the value of the human and with no clear departure for higher acuity in the periphery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 300-313, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shanna H Coop
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, New York
| | - Shaun L Cloherty
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, New York.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chantal J Boisvert
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Mathias Leblanc
- Animal Resources Department, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Jude F Mitchell
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, New York
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21
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Chandra AJ, Lee SCS, Grünert U. Thorny ganglion cells in marmoset retina: Morphological and neurochemical characterization with antibodies against calretinin. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3962-3974. [PMID: 28875500 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In primates, over 17 morphological types of retinal ganglion cell have been distinguished by their dendritic morphology and stratification, but reliable markers for specific ganglion cell populations are still rare. The calcium binding protein calretinin is known to be expressed in the inner nuclear and the ganglion cell layer of marmoset retina, however, the specific cell type(s) expressing calretinin in the ganglion cell layer are yet to be determined. Here, we identified calretinin positive retinal ganglion cells in the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus. Double labeling with the ganglion cell marker RBPMS demonstrated that the large majority (80%) of the calretinin positive cells in the ganglion cell layer are ganglion cells, and 20% are displaced amacrine cells. The calretinin positive ganglion cells made up on average 12% of the total ganglion cell population outside of the foveal region and their proportion increased with eccentricity. Prelabeling with antibodies against calretinin and subsequent intracellular injection with DiI revealed that the large majority of the injected cells (n = 74) were either narrow thorny or broad thorny ganglion cells, 14 cells were displaced amacrine cells. Narrow thorny cells were further distinguished into outer and inner stratifying cells. In addition, weakly labeled cells with a large soma were identified as parasol ganglion cells. Our results show that three types of thorny ganglion cells in marmoset retina can be identified with antibodies against calretinin. Our findings are also consistent with the idea that the proportion of wide-field ganglion cell types increases in peripheral retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh J Chandra
- Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia
| | - Sammy C S Lee
- Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia
| | - Ulrike Grünert
- Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia.,Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia
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22
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Prins NW, Pohlmeyer EA, Debnath S, Mylavarapu R, Geng S, Sanchez JC, Rothen D, Prasad A. Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a primate model for behavioral neuroscience studies. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 284:35-46. [PMID: 28400103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been proposed as a suitable bridge between rodents and larger primates. They have been used in several types of research including auditory, vocal, visual, pharmacological and genetics studies. However, marmosets have not been used as much for behavioral studies. NEW METHOD Here we present data from training 12 adult marmosets for behavioral neuroscience studies. We discuss the husbandry, food preferences, handling, acclimation to laboratory environments and neurosurgical techniques. In this paper, we also present a custom built "scoop" and a monkey chair suitable for training of these animals. RESULTS The animals were trained for three tasks: 4 target center-out reaching task, reaching tasks that involved controlling robot actions, and touch screen task. All animals learned the center-out reaching task within 1-2 weeks whereas learning reaching tasks controlling robot actions task took several months of behavioral training where the monkeys learned to associate robot actions with food rewards. COMPARISON TO EXISTING METHOD We propose the marmoset as a novel model for behavioral neuroscience research as an alternate for larger primate models. This is due to the ease of handling, quick reproduction, available neuroanatomy, sensorimotor system similar to larger primates and humans, and a lissencephalic brain that can enable implantation of microelectrode arrays relatively easier at various cortical locations compared to larger primates. CONCLUSION All animals were able to learn behavioral tasks well and we present the marmosets as an alternate model for simple behavioral neuroscience tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noeline W Prins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Eric A Pohlmeyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Shubham Debnath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Ramanamurthy Mylavarapu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Shijia Geng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Justin C Sanchez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Daniel Rothen
- Division of Veterinary Resources, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States
| | - Abhishek Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
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23
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Peichl L, Kaiser A, Rakotondraparany F, Dubielzig RR, Goodman SM, Kappeler PM. Diversity of photoreceptor arrangements in nocturnal, cathemeral and diurnal Malagasy lemurs. J Comp Neurol 2017; 527:13-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Peichl
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research; Max-von-Laue-Straße 4, 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience; Deutschordenstraße 46, 60528 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Goethe University Frankfurt; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Alexander Kaiser
- Department Biology II; Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich; Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg Germany
- Institute of Zoology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Felix Rakotondraparany
- Département de Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale; Université d’Antananarivo; BP 906, Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Richard R. Dubielzig
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin; 2015 Linden Drive Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Steven M. Goodman
- The Field Museum of Natural History; 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago Illinois 60605
- Association Vahatra; BP 3972, Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Peter M. Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center; Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology; University Göttingen; Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen Germany
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24
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Lu Q, Ganjawala TH, Ivanova E, Cheng JG, Troilo D, Pan ZH. AAV-mediated transduction and targeting of retinal bipolar cells with improved mGluR6 promoters in rodents and primates. Gene Ther 2016; 23:680-9. [PMID: 27115727 PMCID: PMC4863234 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been a powerful gene delivery vehicle to the retina for basic research and gene therapy. For many of these applications, achieving cell type-specific targeting and high transduction efficiency is desired. Recently, there has been increasing interest in AAV-mediated gene targeting to specific retinal bipolar cell types. A 200-bp enhancer in combination with a basal SV40 promoter has been commonly used to target transgenes into ON-type bipolar cells. In the current study, we searched for additional cis-regulatory elements in the mGluR6 gene for improving AAV-mediated transduction efficiency into retinal bipolar cells. Our results showed that the combination of the endogenous mGluR6 promoter with additional enhancers in the introns of the mGluR6 gene markedly enhanced AAV transduction efficiency as well as made the targeting more selective for rod bipolar cells in mice. Furthermore, the AAV vectors with the improved promoter could target to ON bipolar cells with robust transduction efficiency in the parafovea and the far peripheral retina of marmoset monkeys. The improved mGluR6 promoter constructs could provide a valuable tool for genetic manipulation in rod bipolar cells in mice and facilitate clinical applications for ON bipolar cell-based gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Lu
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - TH Ganjawala
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - E Ivanova
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, NY
| | - JG Cheng
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - D Troilo
- State University of New York, College of Optometry, New York, NY
| | - Z-H Pan
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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25
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Coimbra JP, Kaswera-Kyamakya C, Gilissen E, Manger PR, Collin SP. The Topographic Organization of Retinal Ganglion Cell Density and Spatial Resolving Power in an Unusual Arboreal and Slow-Moving Strepsirhine Primate, the Potto (Perodicticus potto). BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2016; 87:4-18. [DOI: 10.1159/000443015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potto (Perodicticus potto) is an arboreal strepsirhine found in the rainforests of central Africa. In contrast to most primates, the potto shows slow-moving locomotion over the upper surface of branches, where it forages for exudates and crawling invertebrates with its head held very close to the substrate. Here, we asked whether the retina of the potto displays topographic specializations in neuronal density that correlate with its unusual lifestyle. Using stereology and retinal wholemounts, we measured the total number and topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells (total and presumed parasol), as well as estimating the upper limits of the spatial resolution of the potto eye. We estimated ∼210,000 retinal ganglion cells, of which ∼7% (∼14,000) comprise presumed parasol ganglion cells. The topographic distribution of both total and parasol ganglion cells reveals a concentric centroperipheral organization with a nasoventral asymmetry. Combined with the upwardly shifted orbits of the potto, this nasoventral increase in parasol ganglion cell density enhances contrast sensitivity and motion detection skywards, which potentially assists with the detection of predators in the high canopy. The central area of the potto occurs ∼2.5 mm temporal to the optic disc and contains a maximum ganglion cell density of ∼4,300 cells/mm2. We found no anatomical evidence of a fovea within this region. Using maximum ganglion cell density and eye size (∼14 mm), we estimated upper limits of spatial resolving power between 4.1 and 4.4 cycles/degree. Despite their reported reliance on olfaction to detect exudates, this level of spatial resolution potentially assists pottos with foraging for small invertebrates and in the detection of predators.
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26
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Hendrickson A, Possin D, Kwan WC, Huang J, Bourne JA. The temporal profile of retinal cell genesis in the marmoset monkey. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:1193-207. [PMID: 26355791 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The New World marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) has a relatively short gestational period compared with other primates but possesses a retina at a similar stage of maturation by birth. Previous studies have highlighted that the complex fovea of the marmoset undergoes a more rapid postnatal development in comparison with the Macaca monkey, reaching a mature stage earlier than these species. In this current study, we examined the prenatal proliferation profile of cells in the entire retina employing the thymidine analogs and also determined their phenotype by double-label immunocytochemistry using type-specific markers. Akin to other primate species, we demonstrate a centroperipheral gradient in the emergence of both neurons and Müller glia with cones, ganglion cells, and horizontal cells generated first in the fovea at fetal day (Fd)70-74 and with the last generated at the retinal edge at Fd115. Rods, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, displaced amacrine cells, and Müller glia were generated between Fd76 and Fd135 along the same gradient. Similar to foveal development, marmoset neuronal generation was rapid, only taking 51% of gestation whereas in Macaca this takes 81%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hendrickson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, 98109.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, 98195
| | - D Possin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, 98109
| | - W C Kwan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - J Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, 98109
| | - J A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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27
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Werner S, Buschbeck EK. Rapid and step-wise eye growth in molting diving beetle larvae. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2015; 201:1091-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-015-1040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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28
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Mitchell JF, Leopold DA. The marmoset monkey as a model for visual neuroscience. Neurosci Res 2015; 93:20-46. [PMID: 25683292 PMCID: PMC4408257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been valuable as a primate model in biomedical research. Interest in this species has grown recently, in part due to the successful demonstration of transgenic marmosets. Here we examine the prospects of the marmoset model for visual neuroscience research, adopting a comparative framework to place the marmoset within a broader evolutionary context. The marmoset's small brain bears most of the organizational features of other primates, and its smooth surface offers practical advantages over the macaque for areal mapping, laminar electrode penetration, and two-photon and optical imaging. Behaviorally, marmosets are more limited at performing regimented psychophysical tasks, but do readily accept the head restraint that is necessary for accurate eye tracking and neurophysiology, and can perform simple discriminations. Their natural gaze behavior closely resembles that of other primates, with a tendency to focus on objects of social interest including faces. Their immaturity at birth and routine twinning also makes them ideal for the study of postnatal visual development. These experimental factors, together with the theoretical advantages inherent in comparing anatomy, physiology, and behavior across related species, make the marmoset an excellent model for visual neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude F Mitchell
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Meliora Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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29
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Coimbra JP, Collin SP, Hart NS. Variations in retinal photoreceptor topography and the organization of the rod-free zone reflect behavioral diversity in Australian passerines. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1073-94. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Coimbra
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Parktown 2193 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Shaun P. Collin
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Nathan S. Hart
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
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30
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Muniz JAPC, de Athaide LM, Gomes BD, Finlay BL, Silveira LCDL. Ganglion cell and displaced amacrine cell density distribution in the retina of the howler monkey (Alouatta caraya). PLoS One 2014; 9:e115291. [PMID: 25546077 PMCID: PMC4278902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike all other New World (platyrrine) monkeys, both male and female howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.) are obligatory trichromats. In all other platyrrines, only females can be trichromats, while males are always dichromats, as determined by multiple behavioral, electrophysiological, and genetic studies. In addition to obligatory trichromacy, Alouatta has an unusual fovea, with substantially higher peak cone density in the foveal pit than every other diurnal anthropoid monkey (both platyrrhines and catarrhines) and great ape yet examined, including humans. In addition to documenting the general organization of the retinal ganglion cell layer in Alouatta, the distribution of cones is compared to retinal ganglion cells, to explore possible relationships between their atypical trichromacy and foveal specialization. The number and distribution of retinal ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells were determined in six flat-mounted retinas from five Alouatta caraya. Ganglion cell density peaked at 0.5 mm between the fovea and optic nerve head, reaching 40,700-45,200 cells/mm2. Displaced amacrine cell density distribution peaked between 0.5-1.75 mm from the fovea, reaching mean values between 2,050-3,100 cells/mm2. The mean number of ganglion cells was 1,133,000±79,000 cells and the mean number of displaced amacrine cells was 537,000±61,800 cells, in retinas of mean area 641±62 mm2. Ganglion cell and displaced amacrine cell density distribution in the Alouatta retina was consistent with that observed among several species of diurnal Anthropoidea, both platyrrhines and catarrhines. The principal alteration in the Alouatta retina appears not to be in the number of any retinal cell class, but rather a marked gradient in cone density within the fovea, which could potentially support high chromatic acuity in a restricted central region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Duarte Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Barbara L. Finlay
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Luiz Carlos de Lima Silveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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31
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Weltzien F, Percival KA, Martin PR, Grünert U. Analysis of bipolar and amacrine populations in marmoset retina. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:313-34. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Weltzien
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2000 Australia
| | - Kumiko A. Percival
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2000 Australia
| | - Paul R. Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2000 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function; The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2000 Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2000 Australia
| | - Ulrike Grünert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2000 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function; The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2000 Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2000 Australia
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32
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Yu HH, Chaplin TA, Rosa MGP. Representation of central and peripheral vision in the primate cerebral cortex: Insights from studies of the marmoset brain. Neurosci Res 2014; 93:47-61. [PMID: 25242578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
How the visual field is represented by neurons in the cerebral cortex is one of the most basic questions in visual neuroscience. However, research to date has focused heavily on the small part of the visual field within, and immediately surrounding the fovea. Studies on the cortical representation of the full visual field in the primate brain are still scarce. We have been investigating this issue with electrophysiological and anatomical methods, taking advantage of the small and lissencephalic marmoset brain, which allows easy access to the representation of the full visual field in many cortical areas. This review summarizes our main findings to date, and relates the results to a broader question: is the peripheral visual field processed in a similar manner to the central visual field, but with lower spatial acuity? Given the organization of the visual cortex, the issue can be addressed by asking: (1) Is visual information processed in the same way within a single cortical area? and (2) Are different cortical areas specialized for different parts of the visual field? The electrophysiological data from the primary visual cortex indicate that many aspects of spatiotemporal computation are remarkably similar across the visual field, although subtle variations are detectable. Our anatomical and electrophysiological studies of the extrastriate cortex, on the other hand, suggest that visual processing in the far peripheral visual field is likely to involve a distinct network of specialized cortical areas, located in the depths of the calcarine sulcus and interhemispheric fissure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Yu
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - T A Chaplin
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - M G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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33
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Benavente-Pérez A, Nour A, Troilo D. Axial eye growth and refractive error development can be modified by exposing the peripheral retina to relative myopic or hyperopic defocus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:6765-73. [PMID: 25190657 PMCID: PMC4209715 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bifocal contact lenses were used to impose hyperopic and myopic defocus on the peripheral retina of marmosets. Eye growth and refractive state were compared with untreated animals and those treated with single-vision or multizone contact lenses from earlier studies. METHODS Thirty juvenile marmosets wore one of three experimental annular bifocal contact lens designs on their right eyes and a plano contact lens on the left eye as a control for 10 weeks from 70 days of age (10 marmosets/group). The experimental designs had plano center zones (1.5 or 3 mm) and +5 diopters [D] or -5 D in the periphery (referred to as +5 D/1.5 mm, +5 D/3 mm and -5 D/3 mm). We measured the central and peripheral mean spherical refractive error (MSE), vitreous chamber depth (VC), pupil diameter (PD), calculated eye growth, and myopia progression rates prior to and during treatment. The results were compared with age-matched untreated (N=25), single-vision positive (N=19), negative (N=16), and +5/-5 D multizone lens-reared marmosets (N=10). RESULTS At the end of treatment, animals in the -5 D/3 mm group had larger (P<0.01) and more myopic eyes (P<0.05) than animals in the +5 D/1.5 mm group. There was a dose-dependent relationship between the peripheral treatment zone area and the treatment-induced changes in eye growth and refractive state. Pretreatment ocular growth rates and baseline peripheral refraction accounted for 40% of the induced refraction and axial growth rate changes. CONCLUSIONS Eye growth and refractive state can be manipulated by altering peripheral retinal defocus. Imposing peripheral hyperopic defocus produces axial myopia, whereas peripheral myopic defocus produces axial hyperopia. The effects are smaller than using single-vision contact lenses that impose full-field defocus, but support the use of bifocal or multifocal contact lenses as an effective treatment for myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Nour
- SUNY College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
| | - David Troilo
- SUNY College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
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34
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Solomon SG, Rosa MGP. A simpler primate brain: the visual system of the marmoset monkey. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:96. [PMID: 25152716 PMCID: PMC4126041 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are diurnal primates with high visual acuity at the center of gaze. Although primates share many similarities in the organization of their visual centers with other mammals, and even other species of vertebrates, their visual pathways also show unique features, particularly with respect to the organization of the cerebral cortex. Therefore, in order to understand some aspects of human visual function, we need to study non-human primate brains. Which species is the most appropriate model? Macaque monkeys, the most widely used non-human primates, are not an optimal choice in many practical respects. For example, much of the macaque cerebral cortex is buried within sulci, and is therefore inaccessible to many imaging techniques, and the postnatal development and lifespan of macaques are prohibitively long for many studies of brain maturation, plasticity, and aging. In these and several other respects the marmoset, a small New World monkey, represents a more appropriate choice. Here we review the visual pathways of the marmoset, highlighting recent work that brings these advantages into focus, and identify where additional work needs to be done to link marmoset brain organization to that of macaques and humans. We will argue that the marmoset monkey provides a good subject for studies of a complex visual system, which will likely allow an important bridge linking experiments in animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Solomon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London London, UK
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia ; Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC Australia
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Coimbra JP, Collin SP, Hart NS. Topographic specializations in the retinal ganglion cell layer correlate with lateralized visual behavior, ecology, and evolution in cockatoos. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3363-85. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Coimbra
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- The Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- School of Anatomical Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand; Parktown 2193 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Shaun P. Collin
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- The Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Nathan S. Hart
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- The Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
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Coimbra JP, Collin SP, Hart NS. Topographic specializations in the retinal ganglion cell layer of Australian passerines. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3609-28. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Coimbra
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- The Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- School of Anatomical Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand; Parktown 2193 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Shaun P. Collin
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- The Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Nathan S. Hart
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- The Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
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37
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Kemp AD, Christopher Kirk E. Eye size and visual acuity influence vestibular anatomy in mammals. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:781-90. [PMID: 24591307 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The semicircular canals of the inner ear detect head rotations and trigger compensatory movements that stabilize gaze and help maintain visual fixation. Mammals with large eyes and high visual acuity require precise gaze stabilization mechanisms because they experience diminished visual functionality at low thresholds of uncompensated motion. Because semicircular canal radius of curvature is a primary determinant of canal sensitivity, species with large canal radii are expected to be capable of more precise gaze stabilization than species with small canal radii. Here, we examine the relationship between mean semicircular canal radius of curvature, eye size, and visual acuity in a large sample of mammals. Our results demonstrate that eye size and visual acuity both explain a significant proportion of the variance in mean canal radius of curvature after statistically controlling for the effects of body mass and phylogeny. These findings suggest that variation in mean semicircular canal radius of curvature among mammals is partly the result of selection for improved gaze stabilization in species with large eyes and acute vision. Our results also provide a possible functional explanation for the small semicircular canal radii of fossorial mammals and plesiadapiforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison D Kemp
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Texas
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Chaplin TA, Yu HH, Rosa MGP. Representation of the visual field in the primary visual area of the marmoset monkey: magnification factors, point-image size, and proportionality to retinal ganglion cell density. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:1001-19. [PMID: 22911425 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary visual area (V1) forms a systematic map of the visual field, in which adjacent cell clusters represent adjacent points of visual space. A precise quantification of this map is key to understanding the anatomical relationships between neurons located in different stations of the visual pathway, as well as the neural bases of visual performance in different regions of the visual field. We used computational methods to quantify the visual topography of V1 in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small diurnal monkey. The receptive fields of neurons throughout V1 were mapped in two anesthetized animals using electrophysiological recordings. Following histological reconstruction, precise 3D reconstructions of the V1 surface and recording sites were generated. We found that the areal magnification factor (M(A) ) decreases with eccentricity following a function that has the same slope as that observed in larger diurnal primates, including macaque, squirrel, and capuchin monkeys, and humans. However, there was no systematic relationship between M(A) and polar angle. Despite individual variation in the shape of V1, the relationship between M(A) and eccentricity was preserved across cases. Comparison between V1 and the retinal ganglion cell density demonstrated preferential magnification of central space in the cortex. The size of the cortical compartment activated by a punctiform stimulus decreased from the foveal representation towards the peripheral representation. Nonetheless, the relationship between the receptive field sizes of V1 cells and the density of ganglion cells suggested that each V1 cell receives information from a similar number of retinal neurons, throughout the visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Chaplin
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Facial expressions in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and their use by conspecifics. Anim Cogn 2013; 16:773-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-013-0611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Moritoh S, Komatsu Y, Yamamori T, Koizumi A. Diversity of retinal ganglion cells identified by transient GFP transfection in organotypic tissue culture of adult marmoset monkey retina. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54667. [PMID: 23336011 PMCID: PMC3545886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian retina has more diversity of neurons than scientists had once believed in order to establish complicated vision processing. In the monkey retina, morphological diversity of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) besides dominant midget and parasol cells has been suggested. However, characteristic subtypes of RGCs in other species such as bistratified direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGC) have not yet been identified. Increasing interest has been shown in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) monkey as a "super-model" of neuroscientific research. Here, we established organotypic tissue culture of the adult marmoset monkey retina with particle-mediated gene transfer of GFP to survey the morphological diversity of RGCs. We successfully incubated adult marmoset monkey retinas for 2 to 4 days ex vivo for transient expression of GFP. We morphologically examined 121 RGCs out of more than 3240 GFP-transfected cells in 5 retinas. Among them, we identified monostratified or broadly stratified ganglion cells (midget, parasol, sparse, recursive, thorny, and broad thorny ganglion cells), and bistratified ganglion cells (recursive, large, and small bistratified ganglion cells [blue-ON/yellow-OFF-like]). By this survey, we also found a candidate for bistratified DSGC whose dendrites were well cofasciculated with ChAT-positive starburst dendrites, costratified with ON and OFF ChAT bands, and had honeycomb-shaped dendritic arbors morphologically similar to those in rabbits. Our genetic engineering method provides a new approach to future investigation for morphological and functional diversity of RGCs in the monkey retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Moritoh
- Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Komatsu
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biomechanics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Amane Koizumi
- Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Percival KA, Martin PR, Grünert U. Organisation of koniocellular-projecting ganglion cells and diffuse bipolar cells in the primate fovea. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1072-89. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Newman AS, Marshall JN, Collin SP. Visual Eyes: A Quantitative Analysis of the Photoreceptor Layer in Deep-Sea Sharks. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2013; 82:237-49. [DOI: 10.1159/000355370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Baba Y, Satoh S, Otsu M, Sasaki E, Okada T, Watanabe S. In vitro cell subtype-specific transduction of adeno-associated virus in mouse and marmoset retinal explant culture. Biochimie 2012; 94:2716-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells receive excitatory synapses from bipolar cells and inhibitory synapses from amacrine cells. Previous studies in primate suggest that the strength of inhibitory amacrine input is greater to cells in peripheral retina than to foveal (central) cells. A comprehensive study of a large number of ganglion cells at different eccentricities, however, is still lacking. Here, we compared the amacrine and bipolar input to midget and parasol ganglion cells in central and peripheral retina of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Ganglion cells were labeled by retrograde filling from the lateral geniculate nucleus or by intracellular injection. Presumed amacrine input was identified with antibodies against gephyrin; presumed bipolar input was identified with antibodies against the GluR4 subunit of the AMPA receptor. In vertical sections, about 40% of gephyrin immunoreactive (IR) puncta were colocalized with GABAA receptor subunits, whereas immunoreactivity for gephyrin and GluR4 was found at distinct sets of puncta. The density of gephyrin IR puncta associated with ganglion cell dendrites was comparable for midget and parasol cells at all eccentricities studied (up to 2 mm or about 16 degrees of visual angle for midget cells and up to 10 mm or >80 degrees of visual angle for parasol cells). In central retina, the densities of gephyrin IR and GluR4 IR puncta associated with the dendrites of midget and parasol cells are comparable, but the average density of GluR4 IR puncta decreased slightly in peripheral parasol cells. These anatomical results indicate that the ratio of amacrine to bipolar input does not account for the distinct functional properties of parasol and midget cells or for functional differences between cells of the same type in central and peripheral retina.
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Abstract
The spatial and temporal pattern of cone packing during marmoset foveal development was explored to understand the variables involved in creating a high acuity area. Retinal ages were between fetal day (Fd) 125 and 6 years. Cone density was determined in wholemounts using a new hexagonal quantification method. Wholemounts were labeled immunocytochemically with rod markers to identify reliably the foveal center. Cones were counted in small windows and density was expressed as cones × 103/mm2 (K). Two weeks before birth (Fd 125-130), cone density had a flat distribution of 20-30 K across the central retina encompassing the fovea. Density began to rise at postnatal day 1 (Pd 1) around, but not in, the foveal center and reached a parafoveal peak of 45-55 K by Pd 10. Between Pd 10 and 33, there was an inversion such that cone density at the foveal center rose rapidly, reaching 283 K by 3 months and 600 K by 5.4 months. Peak foveal density then diminished to 440 K at 6 months and older. Counts done in sections showed the same pattern of low foveal density up to Pd 1, a rapid rise from Pd 30 to 90, followed by a small decrease into adulthood. Increasing foveal cone density was accompanied by 1) a reduction in the amount of Müller cell cytoplasm surrounding each cone, 2) increased stacking of foveal cone nuclei into a mound 6-10 deep, and 3) a progressive narrowing of the rod-free zone surrounding the fovea. Retaining foveal cones in a monolayer precludes final foveal cone densities above 60 K. However, high foveal adult cone density (300 K) can be achieved by having cone nuclei stack into columns and without reducing their nuclear diameter. Marmosets reach adult peak cone density by 3-6 months postnatal, while macaques and humans take much longer. Early weaning and an arboreal environment may require rapid postnatal maturation of the marmoset fovea.
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Percival KA, Martin PR, Grünert U. Synaptic inputs to two types of koniocellular pathway ganglion cells in marmoset retina. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:2135-53. [PMID: 21452222 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The retinal connectivity of the diverse group of cells contributing to koniocellular visual pathways (widefield ganglion cells) is largely unexplored. Here we examined the synaptic inputs onto two koniocellular-projecting ganglion cell types named large sparse and broad thorny cells. Ganglion cells were labeled by retrograde tracer injections targeted to koniocellular layer K3 in the lateral geniculate nucleus in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and subsequently photofilled. Retinal preparations were processed with antibodies against the C-terminal binding protein 2, the AMPA receptor subunit GluR4, and against CD15 to identify bipolar (excitatory) and/or antibodies against gephyrin to identify amacrine (inhibitory) input. Large sparse cells are narrowly stratified close to the ganglion cell layer. Broad thorny ganglion cells are broadly stratified in the center of the inner plexiform layer. Bipolar input to large sparse cells derives from DB6 and maybe other ON bipolar types, whereas that to broad thorny cells derives from ON and OFF bipolar cell types. The total number of putative synapses on broad thorny cells is higher than the number on large sparse cells but the density of inputs (between 2 and 5 synapses per 100 μm(2) dendritic area) is similar for the two cell types, indicating that the larger number of synapses on broad thorny cells is attributable to the larger membrane surface area of this cell type. Synaptic input density is comparable to previous values for midget-parvocellular and parasol-magnocellular pathway cells. This suggests functional differences between koniocellular, parvocellular, and magnocellular pathways do not arise from variation in synaptic input densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko A Percival
- Department of Ophthalmology, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
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47
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Yin L, Greenberg K, Hunter JJ, Dalkara D, Kolstad KD, Masella BD, Wolfe R, Visel M, Stone D, Libby RT, DiLoreto D, Schaffer D, Flannery J, Williams DR, Merigan WH. Intravitreal injection of AAV2 transduces macaque inner retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:2775-83. [PMID: 21310920 PMCID: PMC3088562 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) has been shown to be effective in transducing inner retinal neurons after intravitreal injection in several species. However, results in nonprimates may not be predictive of transduction in the human inner retina, because of differences in eye size and the specialized morphology of the high-acuity human fovea. This was a study of inner retina transduction in the macaque, a primate with ocular characteristics most similar to that of humans. METHODS In vivo imaging and histology were used to examine GFP expression in the macaque inner retina after intravitreal injection of AAV vectors containing five distinct promoters. RESULTS AAV2 produced pronounced GFP expression in inner retinal cells of the fovea, no expression in the central retina beyond the fovea, and variable expression in the peripheral retina. AAV2 vector incorporating the neuronal promoter human connexin 36 (hCx36) transduced ganglion cells within a dense annulus around the fovea center, whereas AAV2 containing the ubiquitous promoter hybrid cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer/chicken-β-actin (CBA) transduced both Müller and ganglion cells in a dense circular disc centered on the fovea. With three shorter promoters--human synapsin (hSYN) and the shortened CBA and hCx36 promoters (smCBA and hCx36sh)--AAV2 produced visible transduction, as seen in fundus images, only when the retina was altered by ganglion cell loss or enzymatic vitreolysis. CONCLUSIONS The results in the macaque suggest that intravitreal injection of AAV2 would produce high levels of gene expression at the human fovea, important in retinal gene therapy, but not in the central retina beyond the fovea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yin
- From the Flaum Eye Institute
- the Center for Visual Science
| | - Kenneth Greenberg
- the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and
- the Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology
- Vision Science, and
| | | | | | - Kathleen D. Kolstad
- the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and
- the Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology
- Vision Science, and
| | | | | | - Meike Visel
- the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and
- the Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology
- Vision Science, and
| | - Daniel Stone
- the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and
- Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | | | | | - David Schaffer
- the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and
- Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - John Flannery
- the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and
- the Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology
- Vision Science, and
| | - David R. Williams
- the Center for Visual Science
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York; and
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Martin PR, Blessing EM, Buzás P, Szmajda BA, Forte JD. Transmission of colour and acuity signals by parvocellular cells in marmoset monkeys. J Physiol 2011; 589:2795-812. [PMID: 21486786 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.194076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The red-green axis of colour vision evolved recently in primate evolutionary history. Signals serving red-green colour vision travel together with signals serving spatial vision, in the parvocellular (PC) division of the subcortical visual pathway. However, the question of whether receptive fields of PC pathway cells are specialized to transmit red-green colour signals remains unresolved. We addressed this question in single-cell recordings from the lateral geniculate nucleus of anaesthetized marmosets. Marmosets show a high proportion of dichromatic (red-green colour-blind) individuals, allowing spatial and colour tuning properties of PC cells to be directly compared in dichromatic and trichromatic visual systems. We measured spatial frequency tuning for sine gratings that provided selective stimulation of individual photoreceptor types. We found that in trichromatic marmosets, the foveal visual field representation is dominated by red-green colour-selective PC cells. Colour selectivity of PC cells is reduced at greater eccentricities, but cone inputs to centre and surround are biased to create more selectivity than predicted by a purely 'random wiring' model. Thus, one-to-one connections in the fovea are sufficient, but not necessary, to create colour-selective responses. The distribution of spatial tuning properties for achromatic stimuli shows almost complete overlap between PC cells recorded in dichromatic and trichromatic marmosets. These data indicate that transmission of red-green colour signals has been enabled by centre-surround receptive fields of PC cells, and has not altered the capacity of PC cells to serve high-acuity vision at high stimulus contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney Eye Hospital Campus, GPO Box 4337, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia.
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Yamazaki Y, Iriki A, Watanabe S. Modulation of physical understanding by common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Anim Cogn 2011; 14:175-86. [PMID: 20830498 PMCID: PMC3040304 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-010-0351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of physical causality in common marmosets was tested using support problems in which a pair of sheets was presented to determine whether subjects would choose the sheet that had a food item on it (i.e., the sheet was supporting the food item). In two experiments, the conditions were manipulated in terms of the length of the sheet, the distance between the sheet and the food item, the presence of a gap separating the two sheets, and the size of the food item. In Experiment 1, the marmosets had difficulty rejecting an irretrievable food item when it was located closer to them than a retrievable item. Although their performance was strongly affected by the size of the irretrievable food item, they quickly learned to reject that alternative. In contrast, no improvement was found when one sheet was divided into two pieces such that the food item could not be retrieved when its near side was pulled. A similar response tendency was observed in Experiment 2, in which the effects of the large food item were examined in three different conditions. Thus, common marmosets were influenced by the perceptual features of the food in solving the support problems, as are other non-human primates. In addition, they consistently failed to appreciate the presence of a gap and, therefore, failed to reject the distracter alternative. However, all animals rapidly learned that the size of the food item was an irrelevant variable, and some showed an elementary conceptual understanding of support. These findings suggest that marmosets' physical understanding may improve with experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Yamazaki
- The Graduate School of Sociology, Keio University, 2F Mita Toho Building, 3-1-7 Mita, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan.
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Avila NV, McFadden SA. A detailed paraxial schematic eye for the White Leghorn chick. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2010; 196:825-40. [PMID: 20665035 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-010-0562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the normal ocular development of the chick (Gallus gallus domesticus, White Leghorn) up to 15 days of age using both longitudinal and cross-sectional methods. The change in refractive error, corneal curvature and axial ocular distances were used to construct schematic eyes. Equations are presented which allow prediction of refractive error changes associated with changes in vitreous chamber depth. The mean refractive error was +3.2 D at hatching, which reduced by 66% over the first 3 days and stabilized by 11 days of age. The lens thickened and the anterior chamber deepened from hatching, but vitreal elongation and corneal flattening were delayed until after the first 3 days, suggesting that normal eye growth may be initially inhibited or inactive during an initial emmetropization period, and subsequently activated in response to myopic defocus arising from the continually expanding lens. Finally, when compared with published data on other chick strains, we find differences in the degree of hyperopia at hatching due to differences in lens thickness. However, the rate of ocular and vitreal expansion and the developmental changes in corneal power are similar, making the schematic eyes presented here generally applicable to different strains of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Avila
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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