1
|
Tang L, Remiszewski S, Snedeker A, Chiang LW, Shenk T. An allosteric inhibitor of sirtuin 2 blocks hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA establishment and its transcriptional activity. Antiviral Res 2024; 226:105888. [PMID: 38641024 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
296 million people worldwide are predisposed to developing severe end-stage liver diseases due to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV forms covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) molecules that persist as episomal DNA in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes and drive viral replication. Occasionally, the HBV genome becomes integrated into host chromosomal DNA, a process that is believed to significantly contribute to circulating HBsAg levels and HCC development. Neither cccDNA accumulation nor expression from integrated HBV DNA are directly targeted by current antiviral treatments. In this study, we investigated the antiviral properties of a newly described allosteric modulator, FLS-359, that targets sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), an NAD+-dependent deacylase. Our results demonstrate that SIRT2 modulation by FLS-359 and by other tool compounds inhibits cccDNA synthesis following de novo infection of primary human hepatocytes and HepG2 (C3A)-NTCP cells, and FLS-359 substantially reduces cccDNA recycling in HepAD38 cells. While pre-existing cccDNA is not eradicated by short-term treatment with FLS-359, its transcriptional activity is substantially impaired, likely through inhibition of viral promoter activities. Consistent with the inhibition of viral transcription, HBsAg production by HepG2.2.15 cells, which contain integrated HBV genomes, is also suppressed by FLS-359. Our study provides further insights on SIRT2 regulation of HBV infection and supports the development of potent SIRT2 inhibitors as HBV antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liudi Tang
- Evrys Bio, LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA; Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
| | - Stacy Remiszewski
- Evrys Bio, LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | | | - Lillian W Chiang
- Evrys Bio, LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Thomas Shenk
- Evrys Bio, LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu X, Gao Y, Zhang X, Ji L, Fang M, Li M, Gao Y. Hepatitis B: Model Systems and Therapeutic Approaches. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:4722047. [PMID: 38745751 PMCID: PMC11093688 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4722047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health issue and ranks among the top causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although current antiviral medications, including nucleot(s)ide analogs and interferons, could inhibit the replication of HBV and alleviate the disease, HBV cannot be fully eradicated. The development of cellular and animal models for HBV infection plays an important role in exploring effective anti-HBV medicine. During the past decades, advancements in several cell culture systems, such as HepG2.2.15, HepAD38, HepaRG, hepatocyte-like cells, and primary human hepatocytes, have propelled the research in inhibiting HBV replication and expression and thus enriched our comprehension of the viral life cycle and enhancing antiviral drug evaluation efficacy. Mouse models, in particular, have emerged as the most extensively studied HBV animal models. Additionally, the present landscape of HBV therapeutics research now encompasses a comprehensive assessment of the virus's life cycle, targeting numerous facets and employing a variety of immunomodulatory approaches, including entry inhibitors, strategies aimed at cccDNA, RNA interference technologies, toll-like receptor agonists, and, notably, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This review describes the attributes and limitations of existing HBV model systems and surveys novel advancements in HBV treatment modalities, which will offer deeper insights toward discovering potentially efficacious pharmaceutical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yu
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yating Gao
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Longshan Ji
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Fang
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Li
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqiu Gao
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunity, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carpentier A. Cell Culture Models for Hepatitis B and D Viruses Infection: Old Challenges, New Developments and Future Strategies. Viruses 2024; 16:716. [PMID: 38793598 PMCID: PMC11125795 DOI: 10.3390/v16050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Hepatitis B and D Virus (HBV and HDV) co-infection is responsible for the most severe form of viral Hepatitis, the Hepatitis Delta. Despite an efficient vaccine against HBV, the HBV/HDV infection remains a global health burden. Notably, no efficient curative treatment exists against any of these viruses. While physiologically distinct, HBV and HDV life cycles are closely linked. HDV is a deficient virus that relies on HBV to fulfil is viral cycle. As a result, the cellular response to HDV also influences HBV replication. In vitro studying of HBV and HDV infection and co-infection rely on various cell culture models that differ greatly in terms of biological relevance and amenability to classical virology experiments. Here, we review the various cell culture models available to scientists to decipher HBV and HDV virology and host-pathogen interactions. We discuss their relevance and how they may help address the remaining questions, with one objective in mind: the development of new therapeutic approaches allowing viral clearance in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Carpentier
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between Hannover Medical School (MHH) and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Hwang N, Snedeker A, Lemon SM, Noe D, Sun L, Clement JA, Zhou T, Tang L, Block T, Du Y. "PROTAC" modified dihydroquinolizinones (DHQs) that cause degradation of PAPD-5 and inhibition of hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus, in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 102:129680. [PMID: 38428537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Dihydroquinolizinones (DHQs) that inhibit cellular polyadenylating polymerases 5 and 7 (PAPD5 & 7), such as RG7834, have been shown to inhibit both hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo. In this report, we describe RG7834-based proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), such as compound 12b, (6S)-9-((1-((2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-4-yl)amino)-21-oxo-3,6,9,12,15,18-hexaoxa-22-azapentacosan-25-yl)oxy)-6-isopropyl-10-methoxy-2-oxo-6,7-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. The PROTAC DHQs described here inhibited an HAV reporter virus in vitro with an IC50 of 277 nM. Although the PROTAC DHQs were also inhibitory to HBV, their activities were substantially less potent against HBV in vitro, being in the 10 to 20 µM range, based on the reduction of HBsAg and HBV mRNA levels. Importantly, unlike RG7834, the incubation of cells in vitro with PROTAC DHQ 12b resulted in the degradation of PAPD5, as expected for a PROTAC compound, but curiously not PAPD7. PAPD5 polypeptide degradation was prevented when a proteasome inhibitor, epoxomicin, was used, indicating that proteasome mediated proteolysis was associated with the observed activities of 12b. Taken together, these data show that 12b is the first example of a PROTAC that suppresses both HAV and HBV that is based on a small molecule warhead. The possibility that it has mechanisms that differ from its parent compound, RG7834, and has clinical value, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7292, USA
| | - Nicky Hwang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Andrew Snedeker
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7292, USA.
| | - Daisy Noe
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Liren Sun
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Jason A Clement
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Tianlun Zhou
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Liudi Tang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Timothy Block
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Yanming Du
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blanchet M, Angelo L, Tétreault Y, Khabir M, Sureau C, Vaillant A, Labonté P. HepG2BD: A Novel and Versatile Cell Line with Inducible HDV Replication and Constitutive HBV Expression. Viruses 2024; 16:532. [PMID: 38675875 PMCID: PMC11053718 DOI: 10.3390/v16040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) present an increased risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in comparison to HBV mono-infected individuals. Although HDV only replicates in individuals coinfected or superinfected with HBV, there is currently no in vitro model that can stably express both viruses simultaneously, mimicking the chronic infections seen in HBV/HDV patients. Here, we present the HepG2BD cell line as a novel in vitro culture system for long-term replication of HBV and HDV. HepG2BD cells derive from HepG2.2.15 cells in which a 2 kb HDV cDNA sequence was inserted into the adeno-associated virus safe harbor integration site 1 (AAVS1) using CRISPR-Cas9. A Tet-Off promoter was placed 5' of the genomic HDV sequence for reliable initiation/repression of viral replication and secretion. HBV and HDV replication were then thoroughly characterized. Of note, non-dividing cells adopt a hepatocyte-like morphology associated with an increased production of both HDV and HBV virions. Finally, HDV seems to negatively interfere with HBV in this model system. Altogether, HepG2BD cells will be instrumental to evaluate, in vitro, the fundamental HBV-HDV interplay during simultaneous chronic replication as well as for antivirals screening targeting both viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Blanchet
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; (L.A.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
- Replicor Inc., Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada;
| | - Léna Angelo
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; (L.A.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Yasmine Tétreault
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; (L.A.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Marwa Khabir
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; (L.A.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| | | | | | - Patrick Labonté
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; (L.A.); (Y.T.); (M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma S, Rawal P, Kaur S, Puria R. Liver organoids as a primary human model to study HBV-mediated Hepatocellular carcinoma. A review. Exp Cell Res 2023; 428:113618. [PMID: 37142202 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is the prevailing cause of chronic liver disease, which progresses to Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in 75% of cases. It represents a serious health concern being the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Treatments available to date fail to provide a complete cure with high chances of recurrence and related side effects. The lack of reliable, reproducible, and scalable in vitro modeling systems that could recapitulate the viral life cycle and represent virus-host interactions has hindered the development of effective treatments so far. The present review provides insights into the current in-vivo and in-vitro models used for studying HBV and their major limitations. We highlight the use of three-dimensional liver organoids as a novel and suitable platform for modeling HBV infection and HBV-mediated HCC. HBV organoids can be expanded, genetically altered, patient-derived, tested for drug discovery, and biobanked. This review also provides the general guidelines for culturing HBV organoids and highlights their several prospects for HBV drug discovery and screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simran Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Preety Rawal
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Delhi, India.
| | - Rekha Puria
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhat S, Ahanger IA, Kazim SN. Forthcoming Developments in Models to Study the Hepatitis B Virus Replication Cycle, Pathogenesis, and Pharmacological Advancements. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:14273-14289. [PMID: 37125123 PMCID: PMC10134252 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma are all manifestations of chronic hepatitis B. Its pathogenesis and molecular mechanism remain mysterious. As medical science progresses, different models are being used to study the disease from the physiological and molecular levels. Animal models have played an unprecedented role in achieving in-depth knowledge of the disease while posing no risk of harming humans throughout the study. The scarcity of acceptable animal models has slowed progress in hepatitis B virus (HBV) research and preclinical testing of antiviral medicines since HBV has a narrow species tropism and exclusively infects humans and higher primates. The development of human chimeric mice was supported by a better understanding of the obstacles to interspecies transmission, which has substantially opened the way for HBV research in vivo and the evaluation of possible chronic hepatitis B therapeutics. Animal models are cumbersome to handle, not accessible, and expensive. Hence, it is herculean to investigate the HBV replication cycle in animal models. Therefore, it becomes essential to build a splendid in vitro cell culture system to demonstrate the mechanisms attained by the HBV for its multiplication and sustenance. We also addressed the advantages and caveats associated with different models in examining HBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad
Ahmad Bhat
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad Ahanger
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
- Clinical
Biochemistry University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Syed Naqui Kazim
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
- Phone: +91 9953621758.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo H, Urban S, Wang W. In vitro cell culture models to study hepatitis B and D virus infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1169770. [PMID: 37089540 PMCID: PMC10113554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1169770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) can cause a major global health burden. Current medication regimens can repress viral replication and help to control disease progression, but a complete cure is hardly achieved due to the difficulties to eradicate viral templates (cccDNA and integrates). To develop novel curative antiviral therapies for HBV/HDV infection, it is vital to precisely understand the details of the molecular biology of both viruses and the virus-host interactions. One important prerequisite for gaining this aim is the availability of suitable in vitro models that support HBV/HDV infection, replicate both viruses via their authentic template and allow to adequately study host cell responses. The discovery of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) receptor as the most crucial host factor promoted HBV/HDV research to a new era. Recently, the structure of human NTCP was solved, gaining a deeper understanding of HBV recognition as the bona fide receptor. After decades of continuous efforts, new progress has been achieved in the development of cell culture models supporting HBV/HDV study. This review summarizes the cell culture models currently available, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each model, and highlights their future applications in HBV and HDV research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wenshi Wang, ; Stephan Urban,
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenshi Wang, ; Stephan Urban,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu M, Li C, Ding J, Wu M, Tang Y, Yuan Z, Zhang X. The role of hepatitis B virus surface proteins in regulating the maturation and secretion of complete and incomplete virions. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35438623 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of various forms of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface proteins regulates the release of mature virion, but whether they affect the release of other incomplete viral particles, such as naked capsid, is not clear. Here, by stable overexpression of large or middle/small hepatitis B surface proteins (LHBs, M/SHBs) in HepAD38 cells, we evaluated their effects on the release of complete and incomplete viral particles. Overproduction of LHBs inhibited the release of all surface proteins, which increased the ratio of naked capsids/virions. This effect was accompanied by the elevated extracellular HBV RNA. On the other hand, overexpression of M/SHBs greatly improved the secretion of enveloped viral and subviral particles. In situ visualization of viral DNA and LHBs revealed intracellular retention of mature virions when LHBs were overexpressed. These results indicate that the molecular decision on secretion of enveloped or unenveloped viral particles is modulated by the intracellular ratio of large, middle and small surface antigens. This mechanism may be relevant in the progression and resolution of HBV-induced chronic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chang Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiahui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yijie Tang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Multiomics interrogation into HBV (Hepatitis B virus)-host interaction reveals novel coding potential in human genome, and identifies canonical and non-canonical proteins as host restriction factors against HBV. Cell Discov 2021; 7:105. [PMID: 34725333 PMCID: PMC8560872 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) constitutes a major threat to global public health. Current understanding of HBV-host interaction is yet limited. Here, ribosome profiling, quantitative mass spectrometry and RNA-sequencing were conducted on a recently established HBV replication system, through which we identified multiomic differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that HBV orchestrated to remodel host proteostasis networks. Our multiomics interrogation revealed that HBV induced significant changes in both transcription and translation of 35 canonical genes including PPP1R15A, PGAM5 and SIRT6, as well as the expression of at least 15 non-canonical open reading frames (ncORFs) including ncPON2 and ncGRWD1, thus revealing an extra coding potential of human genome. Overexpression of these five genes but not the enzymatically deficient SIRT6 mutants suppressed HBV replication while knockdown of SIRT6 had opposite effect. Furthermore, the expression of SIRT6 was down-regulated in patients, cells or animal models of HBV infection. Mechanistic study further indicated that SIRT6 directly binds to mini-chromosome and deacetylates histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9ac) and histone H3 lysine 56 (H3K56ac), and chemical activation of endogenous SIRT6 with MDL800 suppressed HBV infection in vitro and in vivo. By generating the first multiomics landscape of host-HBV interaction, our work is thus opening a new avenue to facilitate therapeutic development against HBV infection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Heuschkel MJ, Baumert TF, Verrier ER. Cell Culture Models for the Study of Hepatitis D Virus Entry and Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081532. [PMID: 34452397 PMCID: PMC8402901 DOI: 10.3390/v13081532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis D is one of the most severe and aggressive forms of chronic viral hepatitis with a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It results from the co-infection of the liver with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its satellite, the hepatitis D virus (HDV). Although current therapies can control HBV infection, no treatment that efficiently eliminates HDV is available and novel therapeutic strategies are needed. Although the HDV cycle is well described, the lack of simple experimental models has restricted the study of host–virus interactions, even if they represent relevant therapeutic targets. In the last few years, the discovery of the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) as a key cellular entry factor for HBV and HDV has allowed the development of new cell culture models susceptible to HBV and HDV infection. In this review, we summarize the main in vitro model systems used for the study of HDV entry and infection, discuss their benefits and limitations and highlight perspectives for future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux J. Heuschkel
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.J.H.); (T.F.B.)
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.J.H.); (T.F.B.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 Place de L’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eloi R. Verrier
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (M.J.H.); (T.F.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-68-85-37-06
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chu H, Wang J, Wang Q, Chen J, Li J, Li H, Zhang L. Protective Effect of n-Butanol Extract from Viola yedoensis on Immunological Liver Injury. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2001043. [PMID: 33929783 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Viola yedoensis Makino was used to treat inflammation, viral hepatitis, acute pyogenic infection, and ulcerative carbuncles. However, the protective effect on immunological liver injury (ILI) of V. yedoensis had been rarely reported. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of n-butanol extract (BE) from V. yedoensis on ILI in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the BE significantly inhibited the secretions of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in the HepG2.2.15 cells and the replication of HBV DNA. The research data in vivo revealed that the BE reduced the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) in liver tissues of the ConA-induced mice, while increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and the effective contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and the BE could ameliorate liver histological lesions. These results motivated a further investigation into the chemical constituents of BE. Four coumarins (esculetin, prionanthoside, cichoriin, and esculin) and one flavonoid (quercetin-3-O-galactoside) were isolated from the BE by silica gel column chromatography and recrystallization, of which structures were eventually confirmed by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Jiexin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Jiaoning Li
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Hangying Li
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China.,Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Liming Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China.,Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education (Ningxia Medical University), Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Maya S, Ploss A. Animal Models of Hepatitis B Virus Infection-Success, Challenges, and Future Directions. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050777. [PMID: 33924793 PMCID: PMC8146732 DOI: 10.3390/v13050777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects more than 250 million people worldwide, which greatly increases the risk for terminal liver diseases, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Even though current approved antiviral therapies, including pegylated type I interferon (IFN) and nucleos(t)ide analogs, can effectively suppress viremia, HBV infection is rarely cured. Since HBV exhibits a narrow species tropism and robustly infects only humans and higher primates, progress in HBV research and preclinical testing of antiviral drugs has been hampered by the scarcity of suitable animal models. Fortunately, a series of surrogate animal models have been developed for the study of HBV. An increased understanding of the barriers towards interspecies transmission has aided in the development of human chimeric mice and has greatly paved the way for HBV research in vivo, and for evaluating potential therapies of chronic hepatitis B. In this review, we summarize the currently available animal models for research of HBV and HBV-related hepadnaviruses, and we discuss challenges and future directions for improvement.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (Cp) can be found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected hepatocytes; however, it preferentially segregates to a specific compartment correlating with disease status. Regulation of this intracellular partitioning of Cp remains obscure. In this paper, we report that cellular compartments are filled and vacated by Cp in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in both transfections and infections. At early times after transfection, Cp, in a dimeric state, preferentially localizes to the nucleolus. Later, the nucleolar compartment is emptied and Cp progresses to being predominantly nuclear, with a large fraction of the protein in an assembled state. Nuclear localization is followed by cell-wide distribution, and then Cp becomes exclusively cytoplasmic. The same trend in Cp movement is seen during an infection. Putative nucleolar retention signals have been identified and appear to be structure dependent. Export of Cp from the nucleus involves the CRM1 exportin. Time-dependent flux can be recapitulated by modifying Cp concentration, suggesting transitions are regulated by reaching a threshold concentration.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tu T, Zhang H, Urban S. Hepatitis B Virus DNA Integration: In Vitro Models for Investigating Viral Pathogenesis and Persistence. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020180. [PMID: 33530322 PMCID: PMC7911709 DOI: 10.3390/v13020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a globally-distributed pathogen and is a major cause of liver disease. HBV (or closely-related animal hepadnaviruses) can integrate into the host genome, but (unlike retroviruses) this integrated form is replication-defective. The specific role(s) of the integrated HBV DNA has been a long-standing topic of debate. Novel in vitro models of HBV infection combined with sensitive molecular assays now enable researchers to investigate this under-characterised phenomenon with greater ease and precision. This review covers the contributions these systems have made to understanding how HBV DNA integration induces liver cancer and facilitates viral persistence. We summarise the current findings into a working model of chronic HBV infection and discuss the clinical implications of this hypothetical framework on the upcoming therapeutic strategies used to curb HBV-associated pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tu
- Storr Liver Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Henrik Zhang
- Storr Liver Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia;
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
In Vitro Infection with Hepatitis B Virus Using Differentiated Human Serum Culture of Huh7.5-NTCP Cells without Requiring Dimethyl Sulfoxide. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010097. [PMID: 33445753 PMCID: PMC7828204 DOI: 10.3390/v13010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An estimated two billion people worldwide have been infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Despite the high infectivity of HBV in vivo, a lack of easily infectable in vitro culture systems hinders studies of HBV. Overexpression of the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) bile acid transporter in hepatoma cells improved infection efficiency. We report here a hepatoma cell culture system that does not require dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for HBV infection. We overexpressed NTCP in Huh7.5 cells and allowed these cells to differentiate in a medium supplemented with human serum (HS) instead of fetal bovine serum (FBS). We show that human serum culture enhanced HBV infection in Huh7.5-NTCP cells, e.g., in HS cultures, HBV pgRNA levels were increased by as much as 200-fold in comparison with FBS cultures and 19-fold in comparison with FBS+DMSO cultures. Human serum culture increased levels of hepatocyte differentiation markers, such as albumin secretion, in Huh7.5-NTCP cells to similar levels found in primary human hepatocytes. N-glycosylation of NTCP induced by culture in human serum may contribute to viral entry. Our study demonstrates an in vitro HBV infection of Huh7.5-NTCP cells without the use of potentially toxic DMSO.
Collapse
|
17
|
Intracellular Trafficking of HBV Particles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092023. [PMID: 32887393 PMCID: PMC7563130 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hepatitis B virus (HBV), that is causative for more than 240 million cases of chronic liver inflammation (hepatitis), is an enveloped virus with a partially double-stranded DNA genome. After virion uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis, the viral nucleocapsid is transported towards the nuclear pore complex. In the nuclear basket, the nucleocapsid disassembles. The viral genome that is covalently linked to the viral polymerase, which harbors a bipartite NLS, is imported into the nucleus. Here, the partially double-stranded DNA genome is converted in a minichromosome-like structure, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The DNA virus HBV replicates via a pregenomic RNA (pgRNA)-intermediate that is reverse transcribed into DNA. HBV-infected cells release apart from the infectious viral parrticle two forms of non-infectious subviral particles (spheres and filaments), which are assembled by the surface proteins but lack any capsid and nucleic acid. In addition, naked capsids are released by HBV replicating cells. Infectious viral particles and filaments are released via multivesicular bodies; spheres are secreted by the classic constitutive secretory pathway. The release of naked capsids is still not fully understood, autophagosomal processes are discussed. This review describes intracellular trafficking pathways involved in virus entry, morphogenesis and release of (sub)viral particles.
Collapse
|
18
|
Herrscher C, Roingeard P, Blanchard E. Hepatitis B Virus Entry into Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061486. [PMID: 32570893 PMCID: PMC7349259 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped partially double-stranded DNA virus, is a widespread human pathogen responsible for more than 250 million chronic infections worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies cannot eradicate HBV due to the persistence of the viral genome in a special DNA structure (covalently closed circular DNA, cccDNA). The identification of sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) as an entry receptor for both HBV and its satellite virus hepatitis delta virus (HDV) has led to great advances in our understanding of the life cycle of HBV, including the early steps of infection in particular. However, the mechanisms of HBV internalization and the host factors involved in this uptake remain unclear. Improvements in our understanding of HBV entry would facilitate the design of new therapeutic approaches targeting this stage and preventing the de novo infection of naïve hepatocytes. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge about the process of HBV internalization into cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Herrscher
- Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
- Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (E.B.); Tel.: +33-2-3437-9646 (E.B.)
| | - Emmanuelle Blanchard
- Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
- Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (E.B.); Tel.: +33-2-3437-9646 (E.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Eller C, Heydmann L, Colpitts CC, El Saghire H, Piccioni F, Jühling F, Majzoub K, Pons C, Bach C, Lucifora J, Lupberger J, Nassal M, Cowley GS, Fujiwara N, Hsieh SY, Hoshida Y, Felli E, Pessaux P, Sureau C, Schuster C, Root DE, Verrier ER, Baumert TF. A genome-wide gain-of-function screen identifies CDKN2C as a HBV host factor. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2707. [PMID: 32483149 PMCID: PMC7264273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic HBV infection is a major cause of liver disease and cancer worldwide. Approaches for cure are lacking, and the knowledge of virus-host interactions is still limited. Here, we perform a genome-wide gain-of-function screen using a poorly permissive hepatoma cell line to uncover host factors enhancing HBV infection. Validation studies in primary human hepatocytes identified CDKN2C as an important host factor for HBV replication. CDKN2C is overexpressed in highly permissive cells and HBV-infected patients. Mechanistic studies show a role for CDKN2C in inducing cell cycle G1 arrest through inhibition of CDK4/6 associated with the upregulation of HBV transcription enhancers. A correlation between CDKN2C expression and disease progression in HBV-infected patients suggests a role in HBV-induced liver disease. Taken together, we identify a previously undiscovered clinically relevant HBV host factor, allowing the development of improved infectious model systems for drug discovery and the study of the HBV life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Eller
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Heydmann
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Che C Colpitts
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Houssein El Saghire
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Federica Piccioni
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frank Jühling
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karim Majzoub
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Pons
- Inserm, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Charlotte Bach
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Lucifora
- Inserm, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL1), CNRS UMR_5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Nassal
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Glenn S Cowley
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Naoto Fujiwara
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sen-Yung Hsieh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Emanuele Felli
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Pessaux
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Camille Sureau
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, INTS, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Schuster
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eloi R Verrier
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Herrscher C, Pastor F, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Dumans A, Seigneuret F, Moreau A, Patient R, Eymieux S, de Rocquigny H, Hourioux C, Roingeard P, Blanchard E. Hepatitis B virus entry into HepG2-NTCP cells requires clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13205. [PMID: 32216005 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide, with 250 million individuals chronically infected. Many stages of the HBV infectious cycle have been elucidated, but the mechanisms of HBV entry remain poorly understood. The identification of the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as an HBV receptor and the establishment of NTCP-overexpressing hepatoma cell lines susceptible to HBV infection opens up new possibilities for investigating these mechanisms. We used HepG2-NTCP cells, and various chemical inhibitors and RNA interference (RNAi) approaches to investigate the host cell factors involved in HBV entry. We found that HBV uptake into these cells was dependent on the actin cytoskeleton and did not involve macropinocytosis or caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Instead, entry occurred via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. HBV internalisation was inhibited by pitstop-2 treatment and RNA-mediated silencing (siRNA) of the clathrin heavy chain, adaptor protein AP-2 and dynamin-2. We were able to visualise HBV entry in clathrin-coated pits and vesicles by electron microscopy (EM) and cryo-EM with immunogold labelling. These data demonstrating that HBV uses a clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway to enter HepG2-NTCP cells increase our understanding of the complete HBV life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Herrscher
- Inserm U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Florentin Pastor
- Inserm U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Inserm U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Amélie Dumans
- Inserm U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Florian Seigneuret
- Inserm U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Alain Moreau
- Inserm U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Romuald Patient
- Inserm U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sebastien Eymieux
- Inserm U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Christophe Hourioux
- Inserm U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Inserm U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Blanchard
- Inserm U1259 MAVIVH, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Oropeza CE, Tarnow G, Sridhar A, Taha TY, Shalaby RE, McLachlan A. The Regulation of HBV Transcription and Replication. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1179:39-69. [PMID: 31741333 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9151-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen lacking a reliable curative therapy. Current therapeutics target the viral reverse transcriptase/DNA polymerase to inhibit viral replication but generally fail to resolve chronic HBV infections. Due to the limited coding potential of the HBV genome, alternative approaches for the treatment of chronic infections are desperately needed. An alternative approach to the development of antiviral therapeutics is to target cellular gene products that are critical to the viral life cycle. As transcription of the viral genome is an essential step in the viral life cycle, the selective inhibition of viral RNA synthesis is a possible approach for the development of additional therapeutic modalities that might be used in combination with currently available therapies. To address this possibility, a molecular understanding of the relationship between viral transcription and replication is required. The first step is to identify the transcription factors that are the most critical in controlling the levels of HBV RNA synthesis and to determine their in vivo role in viral biosynthesis. Mapping studies in cell culture utilizing reporter gene constructs permitted the identification of both ubiquitous and liver-enriched transcription factors capable of modulating transcription from the four HBV promoters. However, it was challenging to determine their relative importance for viral biosynthesis in the available human hepatoma replication systems. This technical limitation was addressed, in part, by the development of non-hepatoma HBV replication systems where viral biosynthesis was dependent on complementation with exogenously expressed transcription factors. These systems revealed the importance of specific nuclear receptors and hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF3)/forkhead box A (FoxA) transcription factors for HBV biosynthesis. Furthermore, using the HBV transgenic mouse model of chronic viral infection, the importance of various nuclear receptors and FoxA isoforms could be established in vivo. The availability of this combination of systems now permits a rational approach toward the development of selective host transcription factor inhibitors. This might permit the development of a new class of therapeutics to aid in the treatment and resolution of chronic HBV infections, which currently affects approximately 1 in 30 individuals worldwide and kills up to a million people annually.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Oropeza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Grant Tarnow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abhayavarshini Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Taha Y Taha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rasha E Shalaby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt, Egypt
| | - Alan McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sa-Ngiamsuntorn K, Thongsri P, Pewkliang Y, Wongkajornsilp A, Kongsomboonchoke P, Suthivanich P, Borwornpinyo S, Hongeng S. An Immortalized Hepatocyte-like Cell Line (imHC) Accommodated Complete Viral Lifecycle, Viral Persistence Form, cccDNA and Eventual Spreading of a Clinically-Isolated HBV. Viruses 2019; 11:E952. [PMID: 31623162 PMCID: PMC6832882 DOI: 10.3390/v11100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 350 million people worldwide have been persistently infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Chronic HBV infection could advance toward liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The intervention with prophylactic vaccine and conventional treatment could suppress HBV, but could not completely eradicate it. The major obstacle for investigating curative antiviral drugs are the incompetence of hepatocyte models that should have closely imitated natural human infection. Here, we demonstrated that an immortalized hepatocyte-like cell line (imHC) could accommodate for over 30 days the entire life cycle of HBV prepared from either established cultured cells or clinically-derived fresh isolates. Normally, imHCs had intact interferon signaling with anti-viral action. Infected imHCs responded to treatments with direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) and interferons (IFNs) by diminishing HBV DNA, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) surface antigen of HBV (HBsAg, aka the Australia antigen) and the hepatitis B viral protein (HBeAg). Notably, we could observe and quantify HBV spreading from infected cells to naïve cells using an imHC co-culture model. In summary, this study constructed a convenient HBV culture model that allows the screening for novel anti-HBV agents with versatile targets, either HBV entry, replication or cccDNA formation. Combinations of agents aiming at different targets should achieve a complete HBV eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khanit Sa-Ngiamsuntorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Piyanoot Thongsri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Yongyut Pewkliang
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Adisak Wongkajornsilp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | | | - Phichaya Suthivanich
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xia Y. A small molecule cocktail breaks the bottleneck of human primary hepatocytes culture. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1293-1294. [PMID: 36659654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Amir F, Siddiqui ZI, Farooqui SR, Anwer A, Khan S, Azmi MI, Mehmankhah M, Dohare R, Khan LA, Kazim SN. Impact of length of replication competent genome of hepatitis B virus over the differential antigenic secretion. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17858-17871. [PMID: 31310366 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome consists of circular partially double stranded DNA of 3.2 kb size which gets converted into covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) during its life cycle. It then acts as a template for formation of pregenomicRNA (pgRNA) of 3.5 kb. Absence of appropriate animal models prompted a need to establish a better in vitro culture system to uncover the propagation and survival mechanisms of the virus. There is scarcity of data to represent the significance of varying length of replication competent viral genome on the secretion of viral secretory proteins/antigens and in turn on the overall effects on the accomplishment of the viral life cycle. The present study was undertaken to ascertain a suitable replication competent construct in which the viral life cycle of HBV with varying clinical relevance can be studied efficiently. Two constructs (pHBV 1.3 and pHBV 1X) of different sizes were used to transfect hepatoma cells and consequently the secretory antigens were monitored. In vector free approach (pHBV 1X), 3.2 kb viral DNA is directly transfected in the culture system whereas in vector mediated approach more than full length of viral genome is cloned in a vector (pHBV 1.3X) and transfected to obtain a 3.5 kb pgRNA intermediate. HBV secretes two important antigens; HBsAg and HBeAg. HBsAg is a hallmark of infection and is the first to be secreted in the blood stream whereas HBeAg is a secretory protein and remains associated with the viral replication. The construct pHBV 1.3X referring to as more than full length, by virtue of being capable of undergoing transcription without the synthesis of cccDNA intermediate (unlike the clinical situation where an intermediate step of cccDNA synthesis is an essential component to initiate the viral life cycle) appears to be better system for studying viral life cycle in in vitro culture system. The reasons could be assigned to the fact that as low as 100 ng of viral DNA was shown to quantify the replicative phenotypes with this construct. The better efficiency of this construct at prima facie, appears to be mediated through the significantly higher levels of pgRNA transcript during the viral life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amir
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Zaheenul Islam Siddiqui
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sabihur Rahman Farooqui
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayesha Anwer
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Saniya Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Iqbal Azmi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.,Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahboubeh Mehmankhah
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Syed Naqui Kazim
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells as Model for Viral Hepatitis Research. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9605252. [PMID: 31281392 PMCID: PMC6594266 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9605252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis, the leading cause of liver diseases worldwide, is induced upon infection with hepatotropic viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus. Due to their obligate intracellular lifestyles, culture systems for efficient viral replication are vital. Although basic and translational research on viral hepatitis has been performed for many years, conventional hepatocellular culture systems are not optimal. These studies have greatly benefited from recent efforts on improving cell culture models for virus replication and infection studies. Here we summarize the use of human stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells for hepatotropic virus infection studies, including the dissection of virus-host interactions and virus-induced pathogenesis as well as the identification and validation of novel antiviral agents.
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Z, Xu H, Mazza G, Zhang M, Frenguelli L, Liu Q, Al-Akkad W, Ren J, Zhao R, Ren F, Chen X, Huang A, Chen J. Decellularized human liver scaffold-based three-dimensional culture system facilitate hepatitis B virus infection. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1744-1753. [PMID: 30963688 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) study is hampered by lacking of idea cell model which support effective HBV infection and meanwhile recapitulate hepatocyte biology function in vivo. In this study, we developed decellularized human liver scaffolds for cell culture and further applied for HBV infection. As a result, primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) engrafted into liver scaffolds and maintained differentiation with stable albumin secretion and liver-specific gene expression. Comparing to mono-layer cell culture, scaffold-based three-dimensional (3D) culture system significantly augment HBV DNA (including cccDNA), RNA level as well as HBsAg secretion. Moreover, HepG2-NTCP cells cultured on 3D system exhibited higher infection efficiency and longer infection period in vitro. In addition, HBV DNA level was suppressed when anti-HBV medicine Entecavir (ETV) introduced into HepG2-NTCP 3D system. Herein, we evaluated the potential of decellularized human liver scaffold-based in 3D cell culture and disclosed that scaffold-based 3D culture system can facilitate HBV infection in vitro. This 3D culture system could be further applied in HBV-related study. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1744-1753, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ZhenZhen Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, ChongQing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - HongMei Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, ChongQing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - MingMan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Luca Frenguelli
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - QuanBo Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, ChongQing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Walid Al-Akkad
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - JiHua Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, ChongQing, China
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, ChongQing, 400016, China
| | - RuiQiu Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, ChongQing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Fang Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, ChongQing, China
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, ChongQing, 400016, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, ChongQing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- The General Gard, Children's Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - AiLong Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, ChongQing, China
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, ChongQing, 400016, China
| | - Juan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, ChongQing, China
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, ChongQing, 400016, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hu J, Lin YY, Chen PJ, Watashi K, Wakita T. Cell and Animal Models for Studying Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Drug Development. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:338-354. [PMID: 30243619 PMCID: PMC6649672 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many cell culture and animal models have been used to study hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and its effects in the liver; these have facilitated development of strategies to control and clear chronic HBV infection. We discuss the advantages and limitations of systems for studying HBV and developing antiviral agents, along with recent advances. New and improved model systems are needed. Cell culture systems should be convenient, support efficient HBV infection, and reproduce responses of hepatocytes in the human body. We also need animals that are fully permissive to HBV infection, convenient for study, and recapitulate human immune responses to HBV and effects in the liver. High-throughput screening technologies could facilitate drug development based on findings from cell and animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Hu
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
| | - You-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University.
| | | | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bai L, Zhang X, Kozlowski M, Li W, Wu M, Liu J, Chen L, Zhang J, Huang Y, Yuan Z. Extracellular Hepatitis B Virus RNAs Are Heterogeneous in Length and Circulate as Capsid-Antibody Complexes in Addition to Virions in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients. J Virol 2018; 92:e00798-18. [PMID: 30282709 PMCID: PMC6258948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00798-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular HBV RNA has been detected in both HBV-replicating cell culture media and sera from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, but its exact origin and composition remain controversial. Here, we demonstrated that extracellular HBV RNA species were of heterogeneous lengths, ranging from the length of pregenomic RNA to a few hundred nucleotides. In cell models, these RNAs were predominantly associated with naked capsids, although virions also harbored a minority of them. Moreover, HBV RNAs in hepatitis B patients' blood circulation were localized in unenveloped capsids in the form of capsid-antibody complexes (CACs) and in virions. Furthermore, we showed that extracellular HBV RNAs could serve as the template for viral DNA synthesis. In conclusion, extracellular HBV RNAs mainly consist of pgRNA or the pgRNA species degraded by the RNase H domain of the polymerase in the process of viral DNA synthesis and circulate as CACs and virions. Their presence in blood circulation of CHB patients may be exploited to develop novel biomarkers for HBV persistence.IMPORTANCE Although increasing evidence suggests the presence of extracellular HBV RNA species, their origin and molecular forms are still under debate. In addition to the infectious virions, HBV is known to secrete several species of incomplete viral particles, including hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles, naked capsids, and empty virions, during its replication cycle. Here, we demonstrated that extracellular HBV RNAs were associated with naked capsids and virions in HepAD38 cells. Interestingly, we found that unenveloped capsids circulate in the blood of hepatitis B patients in the form of CACs and, together with virions, serve as vehicles carrying these RNA molecules. Moreover, extracellular HBV RNAs are heterogeneous in length and represent either pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) or products of incomplete reverse transcription during viral replication. These findings provide a conceptual basis for further application of extracellular RNA species as novel biomarkers for HBV persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maya Kozlowski
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxian Huang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nair S, Li L, Francis S, Turner WW, VanNieuwenhze M, Zlotnick A. Use of a Fluorescent Analogue of a HBV Core Protein-Directed Drug To Interrogate an Antiviral Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15261-15269. [PMID: 30375863 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heteroaryldihydropyrimidines (HAPs) are antiviral small molecules that enhance assembly of HBV core protein (Cp), lead to assembly of empty and defective particles, and suppress viral replication. These core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs) bind to the pocket at the interface between two Cp dimers and strengthen interdimer interactions. To investigate the CpAM mechanism, we wanted to examine the cellular distributions of Cp and the CpAM itself. For this reason, we developed a fluorescently labeled CpAM, HAP-ALEX. In vitro, HAP-ALEX modulated assembly of purified Cp and at saturating concentrations induced formation of large structures. HAP-ALEX bound capsids and not dimers, making it a capsid-specific molecular tag. HAP-ALEX labeled HBV in transfected cells, with no detectable background with a HAP-insensitive Cp mutant. HAP-ALEX caused redistribution of Cp in a dose-dependent manner consistent with its 0.7 μM EC50, leading to formation of large puncta and an exclusively cytoplasmic distribution. HAP-ALEX colocalized with the redistributed Cp, but large puncta accumulated long before they appeared saturated with the fluorescent CpAM. CpAMs affect HBV assembly and localization; with a fluorescent CpAM both drug and target can be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Nair
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Lichun Li
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States.,Assembly BioSciences , Carmel , Indiana 45032 , United States
| | - Samson Francis
- Assembly BioSciences , Carmel , Indiana 45032 , United States
| | - William W Turner
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States.,Assembly BioSciences , Carmel , Indiana 45032 , United States
| | - Michael VanNieuwenhze
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rumlová M, Ruml T. In vitro methods for testing antiviral drugs. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:557-576. [PMID: 29292156 PMCID: PMC7127693 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful vaccination programs and effective treatments for some viral infections, humans are still losing the battle with viruses. Persisting human pandemics, emerging and re-emerging viruses, and evolution of drug-resistant strains impose continuous search for new antiviral drugs. A combination of detailed information about the molecular organization of viruses and progress in molecular biology and computer technologies has enabled rational antivirals design. Initial step in establishing efficacy of new antivirals is based on simple methods assessing inhibition of the intended target. We provide here an overview of biochemical and cell-based assays evaluating the activity of inhibitors of clinically important viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Rumlová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shih C, Yang CC, Choijilsuren G, Chang CH, Liou AT. Hepatitis B Virus. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:386-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
32
|
Feng S, Gao L, Han X, Hu T, Hu Y, Liu H, Thomas AW, Yan Z, Yang S, Young JAT, Yun H, Zhu W, Shen HC. Discovery of Small Molecule Therapeutics for Treatment of Chronic HBV Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:257-277. [PMID: 29369612 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) inflicts 250 million people worldwide representing a major public health threat. A significant subpopulation of patients eventually develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, none of the current standard therapies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) result in a satisfactory clinical cure rate. Driven by a highly unmet medical need, multiple pharmaceutical companies and research institutions have been engaged in drug discovery and development to improve the CHB functional cure rate, defined by sustainable viral suppression and HBsAg clearance after a finite treatment. This Review summarizes the recent advances in the discovery and development of novel anti-HBV small molecules. It is believed that an improved CHB functional cure rate may be accomplished via the combination of molecules with distinct MoAs. Thus, certain molecules may evolve into key components of a suitable combination therapy leading to superior outcome of clinical efficacy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Feng
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xingchun Han
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Taishan Hu
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yimin Hu
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Andrew W. Thomas
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Song Yang
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - John A. T. Young
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongying Yun
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hong C. Shen
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Building 5, 720 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Transcriptional Elongation Control of Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA Transcription by Super Elongation Complex and BRD4. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00040-17. [PMID: 28694331 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00040-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV reactivation during or after chemotherapy is a potentially fatal complication for cancer patients with chronic HBV infection. Transcription of HBV is a critical intermediate step of the HBV life cycle. However, factors controlling HBV transcription remain largely unknown. Here, we found that different P-TEFb complexes are involved in the transcription of the HBV viral genome. Both BRD4 and the super elongation complex (SEC) bind to the HBV genome. The treatment of bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 stimulates HBV transcription and increases the occupancy of BRD4 on the HBV genome, suggesting the bromodomain-independent recruitment of BRD4 to the HBV genome. JQ1 also leads to the increased binding of SEC to the HBV genome, and SEC is required for JQ1-induced HBV transcription. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which the HBV genome hijacks the host P-TEFb-containing complexes to promote its own transcription. Our findings also point out an important clinical implication, that is, the potential risk of HBV reactivation during therapy with a BRD4 inhibitor, such as JQ1 or its analogues, which are a potential treatment for acute myeloid leukemia.
Collapse
|
34
|
Functional association of cellular microtubules with viral capsid assembly supports efficient hepatitis B virus replication. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10620. [PMID: 28878350 PMCID: PMC5587681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit host factors and environment for their efficient replication. The virus-host interaction mechanisms for achieving an optimal hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication have been largely unknown. Here, a single cell cloning revealed that HepAD38 cells, a widely-used HBV-inducible cell line, contain cell clones with diverse permissiveness to HBV replication. The HBV permissiveness was impaired upon treatment with microtubule inhibitor nocodazole, which was identified as an HBV replication inhibitor from a pharmacological screening. In the microtubule-disrupted cells, the efficiency of HBV capsid assembly was remarkably decreased without significant change in pre-assembly process. We further found that HBV core interacted with tubulin and co-localized with microtubule-like fibriforms, but this association was abrogated upon microtubule-disassembly agents, resulting in attenuation of capsid formation. Our data thus suggest a significant role of microtubules in the efficient capsid formation during HBV replication. In line with this, a highly HBV permissive cell clone of HepAD38 cells showed a prominent association of core-microtubule and thus a high capacity to support the capsid formation. These findings provide a new aspect of virus-cell interaction for rendering efficient HBV replication.
Collapse
|
35
|
Qiu D, Chen J, Liu J, Luo Z, Jiang W, Huang J, Qiu Z, Yue W, Wu L. Expression of microRNA let-7a positively correlates with hepatitis B virus replication in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:939-944. [PMID: 28440732 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217697382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Let-7a miRNA is downregulated in various cancers. However, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), the relationship between let-7a and HBV replication has not been fully elucidated. Liver specimens were collected from 23 HCC patients with chronically active HBV. The serum levels of the HBV antigens hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B virus e antigen (HBeAg), and the HBV antibodies, anti-HBs, anti-HBe and anti-hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were measured using the microparticle enzyme immunoassay. Let-7a levels and HBV DNA copy numbers were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and analyzed statistically. A let-7a specific antisense oligonucleotide was introduced to the HBV-producing cell line HepG2.2.15 and a change in HBV DNA copy numbers was assessed by qRT-PCR. HCC patients with highly active HBV replication (>106 DNA copies/mL) showed higher levels of serum HBsAg and anti-HBc than patients with less active HBV replication (<103 DNA copies/mL). The level of let-7a was lower in malignant tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. However, patients with highly active HBV replication demonstrated a significantly higher level of let-7a in hepatocarcinoma tissue than patients with less active HBV replication ( P < 0.05). A higher level of let-7a was observed in the HBV-producing cell line HepG2.2.15 than in HepG2 cells ( P < 0.05), and let-7a down-regulation by antisense oligonucleotides led to a reduction in HBV DNA copy numbers ( P < 0.05), indicating a correlation between the let-7a level and HBV replication. Down-regulation of let-7a reduces HBV replication and could prevent the development of HCC, suggesting it could be an effective therapeutic treatment for HBV infection. Impact statement Although interferon and nucleic acid analogues effectively suppress HBV replication in HBV patients, there is no treatment which eradicates the virus. Moreover, the therapeutic effect can be reduced by virus mutations or drug resistance. Let-7a is a miRNA initially found in the nematode as a master regulator of developmental processes, but also exists in humans. It has been reported that the transcription of let-7a was much lower in HCC than in normal liver tissues and specific miRNA could directly promote virus replication. Therefore we hypothesized that transcription of let-7a promotes HBV replication, which might compromise the therapeutic effects of antivirus treatments. In our present study, we demonstrated a correlation between let-7a transcription and HBV replication in surgical specimens obtained from patients with HCC, as well as in HCC cell lines. Our finding might be the base for a new approach to improve HBV infection treatments in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongni Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhongguang Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Weiru Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhibing Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wenjie Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cell Culture Models for the Investigation of Hepatitis B and D Virus Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:v8090261. [PMID: 27657111 PMCID: PMC5035974 DOI: 10.3390/v8090261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections are major causes of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Despite the presence of an efficient preventive vaccine, more than 250 million patients are chronically infected with HBV. Current antivirals effectively control but only rarely cure chronic infection. While the molecular biology of the two viruses has been characterized in great detail, the absence of robust cell culture models for HBV and/or HDV infection has limited the investigation of virus-host interactions. Native hepatoma cell lines do not allow viral infection, and the culture of primary hepatocytes, the natural host cell for the viruses, implies a series of constraints restricting the possibilities of analyzing virus-host interactions. Recently, the discovery of the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) as a key HBV/HDV cell entry factor has opened the door to a new era of investigation, as NTCP-overexpressing hepatoma cells acquire susceptibility to HBV and HDV infections. In this review, we summarize the major cell culture models for HBV and HDV infection, discuss their advantages and limitations and highlight perspectives for future developments.
Collapse
|
37
|
Thomas E, Liang TJ. Experimental models of hepatitis B and C - new insights and progress. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 13:362-74. [PMID: 27075261 PMCID: PMC5578419 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Hepatitis-causing viruses initiate disease by establishing both acute and chronic infections, and several of these viruses are specifically associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Consequently, intense research efforts have been focusing on increasing our understanding of hepatitis virus biology and on improving antiviral therapy and vaccination strategies. Although valuable information on viral hepatitis emerged from careful epidemiological studies on sporadic outbreaks in humans, experimental models using cell culture, rodent and non-human primates were essential in advancing the field. Through the use of these experimental models, improvement in both the treatment and prevention of viral hepatitis has progressed rapidly; however, agents of viral hepatitis are still among the most common pathogens infecting humans. In this Review, we describe the important part that these experimental models have played in the study of viral hepatitis and led to monumental advances in our understanding and treatment of these pathogens. Ongoing developments in experimental models are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Thomas
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases and Sylvester Cancer Center, Room
PAP514, Papanicolaou Building, 1550 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, NIH, Building 10-9B16, Bethesda, Maryland
20892–1800, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Experimental in vitro and in vivo models for the study of human hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2016; 64:S17-S31. [PMID: 27084033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects an estimate of 240 million people worldwide despite the availability of a preventive vaccine. Medication to repress viral replication is available but a cure is rarely achieved. The narrow species and tissue tropism of the virus and the lack of reliable in vitro models and laboratory animals susceptible to HBV infection, have limited research progress in the past. As a result, several aspects of the HBV life cycle as well as the network of virus host interactions occurring during the infection are not yet understood. Only recently, the identification of the functional cellular receptor enabling HBV entry has opened new possibilities to establish innovative infection systems. Regarding the in vivo models of HBV infection, the classical reference was the chimpanzee. However, because of the strongly restricted use of great apes for HBV research, major efforts have focused on the development of mouse models of HBV replication and infection such as the generation of humanized mice. This review summarizes the animal and cell culture based models currently available for the study of HBV biology. We will discuss the benefits and caveats of each model and present a selection of the most important findings that have been retrieved from the respective systems.
Collapse
|
39
|
Zong L, Qin Y, Jia H, Zhou H, Chen C, Qiao K, Zhang J, Wang Y, Li J, Tong S. Two-way molecular ligation for efficient conversion of monomeric hepatitis B virus DNA constructs into tandem dimers. J Virol Methods 2016; 233:46-50. [PMID: 27025357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Replication of the 3.2-kb hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome is driven by the covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA in the nucleus, from which four classes of co-terminal RNAs are transcribed. Genome replication requires just the 3.5-kb pregenomic RNA, which is terminally redundant. Cloning the full-length HBV genome into a vector disrupts its continuity, thus preventing genome replication at the step of pregenomic RNA transcription. This can be overcome by converting the monomeric construct into a tandem dimer, yet the need to ligate two molecules of the HBV genome with vector DNA makes it inefficient and even unsuccessful. To overcome this problem we partially digested the monomeric construct with the unique restriction enzyme used for cloning, and dephosphorylated the linearized monomer before its ligation with another copy of the HBV genome. Alternatively, the monomer was linearized at another unique restriction site inside the HBV genome, followed by its dephosphorylation and ligation with another copy of the HBV genome linearized at the same site. These approaches of two-way molecular ligation greatly improved the efficiency of dimer formation with about 50% of the bacterial colonies screened harboring tandem dimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zong
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haodi Jia
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huailiang Zhou
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Chen
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Qiao
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jisu Li
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shuping Tong
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Subviral Hepatitis B Virus Filaments, like Infectious Viral Particles, Are Released via Multivesicular Bodies. J Virol 2015; 90:3330-41. [PMID: 26719264 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03109-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In addition to infectious viral particles, hepatitis B virus-replicating cells secrete large amounts of subviral particles assembled by the surface proteins, but lacking any capsid and genome. Subviral particles form spheres (22-nm particles) and filaments. Filaments contain a much larger amount of the large surface protein (LHBs) compared to spheres. Spheres are released via the constitutive secretory pathway, while viral particles are ESCRT-dependently released via multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The interaction of virions with the ESCRT machinery is mediated by α-taxilin that connects the viral surface protein LHBs with the ESCRT component tsg101. Since filaments in contrast to spheres contain a significant amount of LHBs, it is unclear whether filaments are released like spheres or like virions. To study the release of subviral particles in the absence of virion formation, a core-deficient HBV mutant was generated. Confocal microscopy, immune electron microscopy of ultrathin sections and isolation of MVBs revealed that filaments enter MVBs. Inhibition of MVB biogenesis by the small-molecule inhibitor U18666A or inhibition of ESCRT functionality by coexpression of transdominant negative mutants (Vps4A, Vps4B, and CHMP3) abolishes the release of filaments while the secretion of spheres is not affected. These data indicate that in contrast to spheres which are secreted via the secretory pathway, filaments are released via ESCRT/MVB pathway like infectious viral particles. IMPORTANCE This study revises the current model describing the release of subviral particles by showing that in contrast to spheres, which are secreted via the secretory pathway, filaments are released via the ESCRT/MVB pathway like infectious viral particles. These data significantly contribute to a better understanding of the viral morphogenesis and might be helpful for the design of novel antiviral strategies.
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhao XL, Chen BC, Han JC, Wei L, Pan XB. Delivery of cell-penetrating peptide-peptide nucleic acid conjugates by assembly on an oligonucleotide scaffold. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17640. [PMID: 26612536 PMCID: PMC4661726 DOI: 10.1038/srep17640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery to intracellular target sites is still one of the main obstacles in the development of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as antisense-antigene therapeutics. Here, we designed a self-assembled oligonucleotide scaffold that included a central complementary region for self-assembly and lateral regions complementing the PNAs. Assembly of cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-PNAs on the scaffold significantly promoted endocytosis of PNAs by at least 10-fold in cell cultures, particularly for scaffolds in which the central complementary region was assembled by poly(guanine) and poly(cytosine). The antisense activity of CPP-PNAs increased by assembly on the scaffold and was further enhanced after co-assembly with endosomolytic peptide (EP)-PNA. This synergistic effect was also observed following the assembly of antigene CPP-PNAs\EP-PNAs on the scaffold. However, antigene activity was only observed by targeting episomal viral DNA or transfected plasmids, but not the chromosome in the cell cultures. In conclusion, assembly on oligonucleotide scaffolds significantly enhanced the antisense-antigene activity of PNAs by promoting endocytosis and endosomal escape. This oligonucleotide scaffold provided a simple strategy for assembly of multiple functional peptide-PNA conjugates, expanding the applications of PNAs and demonstrating the potential of PNAs as antiviral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Liang Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases; Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Cheng Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery; Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325200, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Chao Han
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases; Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Lai Wei
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases; Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ben Pan
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases; Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
NTCP opens the door for hepatitis B virus infection. Antiviral Res 2015; 121:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
43
|
Ohno M, Otsuka M, Kishikawa T, Shibata C, Yoshikawa T, Takata A, Muroyama R, Kowatari N, Sato M, Kato N, Kuroda S, Koike K. Specific delivery of microRNA93 into HBV-replicating hepatocytes downregulates protein expression of liver cancer susceptible gene MICA. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5581-90. [PMID: 25026299 PMCID: PMC4170619 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To date, the lack of efficient in vitro systems supporting HBV infection and replication has been a major limitation of HBV research. Although primary human hepatocytes support the complete HBV life cycle, their limited availability and difficulties with gene transduction remain problematic. Here, we used human primary hepatocytes isolated from humanized chimeric uPA/SCID mice as efficient sources. These hepatocytes supported HBV replication in vitro. Based on analyses of mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression levels in HBV-infected hepatocytes, miRNA93 was significantly downregulated during HBV infection. MiRNA93 is critical for regulating the expression levels of MICA protein, which is a determinant for HBV-induced HCC susceptibility. Exogenous addition of miRNA93 in HBV-infected hepatocytes using bionanocapsules consisted of HBV envelope L proteins restored MICA protein expression levels in the supernatant. These results suggest that the rescued suppression of soluble MICA protein levels by miRNA93 targeted to HBV-infected hepatocytes using bionanocapsules may be useful for the prevention of HBV-induced HCC by altering deregulated miRNA93 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Ohno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Motoyuki Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Takahiro Kishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Shibata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akemi Takata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Muroyama
- Unit of Disease Control Genome Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Kowatari
- Unit of Disease Control Genome Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- Unit of Disease Control Genome Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Seeger C, Mason WS. Molecular biology of hepatitis B virus infection. Virology 2015; 479-480:672-86. [PMID: 25759099 PMCID: PMC4424072 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the prototype of a family of small DNA viruses that productively infect hepatocytes, the major cell of the liver, and replicate by reverse transcription of a terminally redundant viral RNA, the pregenome. Upon infection, the circular, partially double-stranded virion DNA is converted in the nucleus to a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that assembles into a minichromosome, the template for viral mRNA synthesis. Infection of hepatocytes is non-cytopathic. Infection of the liver may be either transient (<6 months) or chronic and lifelong, depending on the ability of the host immune response to clear the infection. Chronic infections can cause immune-mediated liver damage progressing to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mechanisms of carcinogenesis are unclear. Antiviral therapies with nucleoside analog inhibitors of viral DNA synthesis delay sequelae, but cannot cure HBV infections due to the persistence of cccDNA in hepatocytes.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Australian antigen, the envelope protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV), was discovered in 1967 as a prevalent serum antigen in hepatitis B patients. Early electron microscopy (EM) studies showed that this antigen was present in 22-nm particles in patient sera, which were believed to be incomplete virus. Complete virus, much less abundant than the 22-nm particles, was finally visualized in 1970. HBV was soon found to infect chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbon apes, and, more recently, tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). This restricted host range placed limits on the kinds of studies that might be performed to better understand the biology and molecular biology of HBV and to develop antiviral therapies to treat chronic infections. About 10 years after the discovery of HBV, this problem was bypassed with the discovery of viruses related to HBV in woodchucks, ground squirrels, and ducks. Although unlikely animal models, their use revealed the key steps in hepadnavirus replication and in the host response to infection, including the fact that the viral nuclear episome is the ultimate target for immune clearance of transient infections and antiviral therapy of chronic infections. Studies with these and other animal models have also suggested interesting clues into the link between chronic HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
|
46
|
Li X, Zhu J, Lai G, Yan L, Hu J, Chen J, Tang N, Huang A. The infection efficiency and replication ability of circularized HBV DNA optimized the linear HBV DNA in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5141-60. [PMID: 25751726 PMCID: PMC4394468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on molecular mechanisms of the persist infection of hepatitis B virus have been hampered by a lack of a robust animal model. We successfully established a simple, versatile, and reproducible HBV persist infection model in vitro and in vivo with the circularized HBV DNA. The cells and mice were transfected or injected with circularized HBV DNA and pAAV/HBV1.2, respectively. At the indicated time, the cells, supernatants, serum samples, and liver tissues were collected for virological and serological detection. Both in vitro and in vivo, the circularized HBV DNA and pAAV/HBV1.2 could replicate and transcribe efficiently, but the infection effect of the former was superior to the latter (p < 0.05). The injection of circularized HBV genome DNA into the mice robustly supported HBV infection and approximately 80% of HBV infected mice established persistent infection for at least 10 weeks. This study demonstrated that the infection efficiency and replication ability of the circularized structure of HBV DNA overmatched that of the expression plasmid containing the linear structure of HBV DNA in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, this research results could provide useful tools and methodology for further study of pathogenic mechanisms and potential antiviral treatments of human chronic HBV infection in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases and Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Junke Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases and Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Guoqi Lai
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Lei Yan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jieli Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases and Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Juan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases and Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Ni Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases and Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Ailong Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases and Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shen YM, Zhang HL, Wu YH, Yu XP, Hu HJ, Dai LH. Dynamic correlation between induction of the expression of heme oxygenase-1 and hepatitis B viral replication. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4706-12. [PMID: 25633656 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1) possesses significant potential as a drug target for hepatitis B, which may be transferable to patient therapy. The aim of the present study was to clarify the dynamic correlation between the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HO‑1. The levels of HBV replication and expression of HO‑1 were investigated in HepG2.2.15 hepatoma cells following exposure to 5‑50 µM hemin for 1‑6 days. The mRNA expression levels of HO‑1 were then detected using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). HBV replication levels were determined by enzyme‑immunoassay and a PCR‑fluorescence quantitation assay. The results of the present study demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of HO‑1 increased in a dose‑dependent manner in the HepG2.2.15 cells, following exposure to 5‑50 µM hemin. The mRNA expression levels of HO‑1 reached a peak following exposure of the cells to hemin for three days, subsequently the expression of HO‑1 decreased. Following exposure to hemin at an optimal concentration of 50 µM for 1‑6 days, the levels of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in the cells were significantly reduced. This marked reduction in the expression of HBsAg and HBeAg reached its peak on the first day, following which the inhibition weakened as the duration of exposure increased. In addition, the inhibition of HBV DNA replication increased with the a longer duration of exposure. Furthermore, HBV DNA levels were significantly decreased following exposure to hemin for 3‑6 days. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that induced expression of HO‑1 interfered with HBV replication in a dose and time‑dependent manner, implying that a reduction of the HBV viral load may contribute to upregulation in the expression of HO‑1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Jun Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Hao Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shen YM, Dai LH, Wu YH, Yu XP, Zhang YY, Zhao Y. Effect of Laggera alata extract against hepatitis B virus infection in vitro. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:2421-2426. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i17.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the effect of Laggera alata (L. alata) extract against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in vitro.
METHODS: Effect of L. alata extract against HBV infection was studied using the D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced HL-7702 hepatocyte damage model and HBV-transfected HepG2.2.15 cells. Cytotoxicity induced by L. alata extract and hepatocyte viability were detected using MTT assay. The levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were determined by enzyme immunoassay. HBV DNA level was measured by quantitative fluorescence PCR.
RESULTS: Hepatocyteprotective assay using the D-GalN-induced hepatocyte damage model indicated that L. alata extract markedly improved HL-7702 hepatocyte viability at 25-100 µg/mL and produced a maximum protection of 45.66% at 100 µg/mL. HBsAg and HBeAg levels were assayed after hepG2.2.15 cells were incubated with L. alata extract for 3 d. The results showed that L. alata extract significantly inhibited HBsAg expression at 10-100 µg/mL and produced a maximum inhibition of 45.92% at 100 µg/mL, while it markedly repressed the expression rate of HBeAg by 50.5% at 100 µg/mL. In addition, HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA levels were measured after the cells were treated with L. alata extract for 6 d. At 10-100 µg/mL and 25-100 µg/mL, L. alata extract significantly inhibited the expression of HBsAg and HBeAg, respectively. At 100 µg/mL, L. alata extract inhibited the expression rates of HBsAg and HBeAg by 84.31% and 88.45%, respectively. In addition, L. alata extract showed significant inhibition on HBV DNA replication at 100 µg/mL.
CONCLUSION: L. alata extract have potent anti-HBV and hepatocyteprotective effects in vitro. The anti-hepatitis B effect of L. alata extract is likely based on their active components dicaffeoylquinic acids.
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang HL, Dai LH, Wu YH, Yu XP, Zhang YY, Guan RF, Liu T, Zhao J. Evaluation of hepatocyteprotective and anti-hepatitis B virus properties of Cichoric acid from Cichorium intybus leaves in cell culture. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1214-20. [PMID: 24759764 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is the most common serious liver infection in the world. To date, there is still no complete cure for chronic hepatitis B. Natural caffeic acid analogues possess prominent antiviral activity, especially anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) and anti-human immunodeficiency virus effects. Cichoric acid is a caffeic acid derivative from Cichorium intybus. In the study, the anti-hepatitis B property of cichoric acid was evaluated by the D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced normal human HL-7702 hepatocyte injury model, the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV)-infected duck fetal hepatocytes and the HBV-transfected cell line HepG2.2.15 cells, respectively. The results showed that cichoric acid attenuated significantly D-GalN-induced HL-7702 hepatocyte injury at 10-100 µg/mL and produced a maximum protection rate of 56.26%. Moreover, cichoric acid at 1-100 µg/mL inhibited markedly DHBV DNA replication in infected duck fetal hepatocytes. Also, cichoric acid at 10-100 µg/mL reduced significantly the hepatitis B surface and envelope antigen levels in HepG2.2.15 cells and produced the maximum inhibition rates of 79.94% and 76.41%, respectively. Meanwhile, test compound at 50-100 µg/mL inhibited markedly HBV DNA replication. In conclusion, this study verifies the anti-hepatitis B effect of cichoric acid from Cichorium intybus leaves. In addition, cichoric acid could be used to design the antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Department of Pharmacy, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Complete replication of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in a newly developed hepatoma cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1264-73. [PMID: 24616513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320071111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of a robust cell culture system for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has limited the analysis of the virus lifecycle and drug discovery. We have established a hepatoma cell line, HLCZ01, the first cell line, to the authors' knowledge, supporting the entire lifecycle of both HBV and HCV. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive particles can be observed in the supernatant and the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum of the cells via electron microscopy. Interestingly, HBV and HCV clinical isolates propagate in HLCZ01 cells. Both viruses replicate in the cells without evidence of overt interference. HBV and HCV entry are blocked by antibodies against HBsAg and human CD81, respectively, and the replication of HBV and HCV is inhibited by antivirals. HLCZ01 cells mount an innate immune response to virus infection. The cell line provides a powerful tool for exploring the mechanisms of virus entry and replication and the interaction between host and virus, facilitating the development of novel antiviral agents and vaccines.
Collapse
|