1
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Liberali P, Schier AF. The evolution of developmental biology through conceptual and technological revolutions. Cell 2024; 187:3461-3495. [PMID: 38906136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Developmental biology-the study of the processes by which cells, tissues, and organisms develop and change over time-has entered a new golden age. After the molecular genetics revolution in the 80s and 90s and the diversification of the field in the early 21st century, we have entered a phase when powerful technologies provide new approaches and open unexplored avenues. Progress in the field has been accelerated by advances in genomics, imaging, engineering, and computational biology and by emerging model systems ranging from tardigrades to organoids. We summarize how revolutionary technologies have led to remarkable progress in understanding animal development. We describe how classic questions in gene regulation, pattern formation, morphogenesis, organogenesis, and stem cell biology are being revisited. We discuss the connections of development with evolution, self-organization, metabolism, time, and ecology. We speculate how developmental biology might evolve in an era of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, and human engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Baba H, Fujita T, Mizuno K, Tambo M, Toda S. Programming Spatial Cell Sorting by Engineering Cadherin Intracellular Activity. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1705-1715. [PMID: 38726686 PMCID: PMC11197096 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The spatial sorting of cells into appropriate tissue compartments is essential for embryogenesis and tissue development. Spatial cell sorting is controlled by the interplay between cell surface affinity and intracellular mechanical properties. However, intracellular signaling that can sufficiently sort cell populations remains unexplored. In this study, we engineered chimeric cadherins by replacing the cadherin intracellular domain with cytoskeletal regulators to test their ability to induce spatial cell sorting. Using a fibroblast-based reconstitution system, we observed that Rac1 and RhoA activity in the cadherin tail induced outward and inward sorting, respectively. In particular, RhoA activity embedded cells toward the inside of E-cadherin-expressing spheroids and tumor spheroids, leading to tissue invagination. Despite the simplicity of chimeric cadherin design, our results indicate that differences in cadherin intracellular activities can determine the direction of spatial cell sorting, even when cell surface affinity is not different, and provide new molecular tools to engineer tissue architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Baba
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fujita
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Graduate
School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mizuno
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Graduate
School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mai Tambo
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Toda
- WPI
Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa
University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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3
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Nguyen HT, Martin LJ. Classical cadherins in the testis: how are they regulated? Reprod Fertil Dev 2023; 35:641-660. [PMID: 37717581 DOI: 10.1071/rd23084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherins (CDH) are crucial intercellular adhesion molecules, contributing to morphogenesis and creating tissue barriers by regulating cells' movement, clustering and differentiation. In the testis, classical cadherins such as CDH1, CDH2 and CDH3 are critical to gonadogenesis by promoting the migration and the subsequent clustering of primordial germ cells with somatic cells. While CDH2 is present in both Sertoli and germ cells in rodents, CDH1 is primarily detected in undifferentiated spermatogonia. As for CDH3, its expression is mainly found in germ and pre-Sertoli cells in developing gonads until the establishment of the blood-testis barrier (BTB). This barrier is made of Sertoli cells forming intercellular junctional complexes. The restructuring of the BTB allows the movement of early spermatocytes toward the apical compartment as they differentiate during a process called spermatogenesis. CDH2 is among many junctional proteins participating in this process and is regulated by several pathways. While cytokines promote the disassembly of the BTB by enhancing junctional protein endocytosis for degradation, testosterone facilitates the assembly of the BTB by increasing the recycling of endocytosed junctional proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are also mediators of the BTB kinetics in many chemically induced damages in the testis. In addition to regulating Sertoli cell functions, follicle stimulating hormone can also regulate the expression of CDH2. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on regulatory mechanisms of cadherin localisation and expression in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Tuyen Nguyen
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Luc J Martin
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
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4
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Wauford N, Patel A, Tordoff J, Enghuus C, Jin A, Toppen J, Kemp ML, Weiss R. Synthetic symmetry breaking and programmable multicellular structure formation. Cell Syst 2023; 14:806-818.e5. [PMID: 37689062 PMCID: PMC10919224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
During development, cells undergo symmetry breaking into differentiated subpopulations that self-organize into complex structures.1,2,3,4,5 However, few tools exist to recapitulate these behaviors in a controllable and coupled manner.6,7,8,9 Here, we engineer a stochastic recombinase genetic switch tunable by small molecules to induce programmable symmetry breaking, commitment to downstream cell fates, and morphological self-organization. Inducers determine commitment probabilities, generating tunable subpopulations as a function of inducer dosage. We use this switch to control the cell-cell adhesion properties of cells committed to each fate.10,11 We generate a wide variety of 3D morphologies from a monoclonal population and develop a computational model showing high concordance with experimental results, yielding new quantitative insights into the relationship between cell-cell adhesion strengths and downstream morphologies. We expect that programmable symmetry breaking, generating precise and tunable subpopulation ratios and coupled to structure formation, will serve as an integral component of the toolbox for complex tissue and organoid engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Wauford
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Akshay Patel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Tordoff
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Casper Enghuus
- Department of Microbiology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Jin
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jack Toppen
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa L Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ron Weiss
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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5
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Hartmann J, Mayor R. Self-organized collective cell behaviors as design principles for synthetic developmental biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 141:63-73. [PMID: 35450765 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, molecular cell biology has graduated from a mostly analytic science to one with substantial synthetic capability. This success is built on a deep understanding of the structure and function of biomolecules and molecular mechanisms. For synthetic biology to achieve similar success at the scale of tissues and organs, an equally deep understanding of the principles of development is required. Here, we review some of the central concepts and recent progress in tissue patterning, morphogenesis and collective cell migration and discuss their value for synthetic developmental biology, emphasizing in particular the power of (guided) self-organization and the role of theoretical advances in making developmental insights applicable in synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hartmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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6
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Trentesaux C, Yamada T, Klein OD, Lim WA. Harnessing synthetic biology to engineer organoids and tissues. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:10-19. [PMID: 36608674 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of an organism depends on intrinsic genetic programs of progenitor cells and their spatiotemporally complex extrinsic environment. Ex vivo generation of organoids from progenitor cells provides a platform for recapitulating and exploring development. Current approaches rely largely on soluble morphogens or engineered biomaterials to manipulate the physical environment, but the emerging field of synthetic biology provides a powerful toolbox to genetically manipulate cell communication, adhesion, and even cell fate. Applying these modular tools to organoids should lead to a deeper understanding of developmental principles, improved organoid models, and an enhanced capability to design tissues for regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Trentesaux
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Toshimichi Yamada
- Cell Design Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Wendell A Lim
- Cell Design Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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7
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Programming multicellular assembly with synthetic cell adhesion molecules. Nature 2023; 614:144-152. [PMID: 36509107 PMCID: PMC9892004 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules are ubiquitous in multicellular organisms, specifying precise cell-cell interactions in processes as diverse as tissue development, immune cell trafficking and the wiring of the nervous system1-4. Here we show that a wide array of synthetic cell adhesion molecules can be generated by combining orthogonal extracellular interactions with intracellular domains from native adhesion molecules, such as cadherins and integrins. The resulting molecules yield customized cell-cell interactions with adhesion properties that are similar to native interactions. The identity of the intracellular domain of the synthetic cell adhesion molecules specifies interface morphology and mechanics, whereas diverse homotypic or heterotypic extracellular interaction domains independently specify the connectivity between cells. This toolkit of orthogonal adhesion molecules enables the rationally programmed assembly of multicellular architectures, as well as systematic remodelling of native tissues. The modularity of synthetic cell adhesion molecules provides fundamental insights into how distinct classes of cell-cell interfaces may have evolved. Overall, these tools offer powerful abilities for cell and tissue engineering and for systematically studying multicellular organization.
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8
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Sivakumar N, Warner HV, Peirce SM, Lazzara MJ. A computational modeling approach for predicting multicell spheroid patterns based on signaling-induced differential adhesion. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010701. [PMID: 36441822 PMCID: PMC9747056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological and pathological processes including embryogenesis and tumorigenesis rely on the ability of individual cells to work collectively to form multicell patterns. In these heterogeneous multicell systems, cell-cell signaling induces differential adhesion between cells that leads to tissue-level patterning. However, the sensitivity of pattern formation to changes in the strengths of signaling or cell adhesion processes is not well understood. Prior work has explored these issues using synthetically engineered heterogeneous multicell spheroid systems, in which cell subpopulations engage in bidirectional intercellular signaling to regulate the expression of different cadherins. While engineered cell systems provide excellent experimental tools to observe pattern formation in cell populations, computational models of these systems may be leveraged to explore more systematically how specific combinations of signaling and adhesion parameters can drive the emergence of unique patterns. We developed and validated two- and three-dimensional agent-based models (ABMs) of spheroid patterning for previously described cells engineered with a bidirectional signaling circuit that regulates N- and P-cadherin expression. Systematic exploration of model predictions, some of which were experimentally validated, revealed how cell seeding parameters, the order of signaling events, probabilities of induced cadherin expression, and homotypic adhesion strengths affect pattern formation. Unsupervised clustering was also used to map combinations of signaling and adhesion parameters to these unique spheroid patterns predicted by the ABM. Finally, we demonstrated how the model may be deployed to design new synthetic cell signaling circuits based on a desired final multicell pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sivakumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Helen V. Warner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shayn M. Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Lazzara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Takeichi M. Cell sorting in vitro and in vivo: How are cadherins involved? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 147:2-11. [PMID: 36376196 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal tissues are composed of heterogenous cells, and their sorting into different compartments of the tissue is a pivotal process for organogenesis. Cells accomplish sorting by themselves-it is well known that singly dispersed cells can self-organize into tissue-like structures in vitro. Cell sorting is regulated by both biochemical and physical mechanisms. Adhesive proteins connect cells together, selecting particular partners through their specific binding properties, while physical forces, such as cell-cortical tension, control the cohesiveness between cells and in turn cell assembly patterns in mechanical ways. These processes cooperate in determining the overall cell sorting behavior. This article focuses on the 'cadherin' family of adhesion molecules as a biochemical component of cell-cell interactions, addressing how they regulate cell sorting by themselves or by cooperating with other factors. New ideas beyond the classical models of cell sorting are also discussed.
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10
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Kanadome T, Hayashi K, Seto Y, Eiraku M, Nakajima K, Nagai T, Matsuda T. Development of intensiometric indicators for visualizing N-cadherin interaction across cells. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1065. [PMID: 36207396 PMCID: PMC9546846 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
N-cadherin (NCad) is a classical cadherin that mediates cell–cell interactions in a Ca2+-dependent manner. NCad participates in various biological processes, from ontogenesis to higher brain functions, though the visualization of NCad interactions in living cells remains limited. Here, we present intensiometric NCad interaction indicators, named INCIDERs, that utilize dimerization-dependent fluorescent proteins. INCIDERs successfully visualize reversible NCad interactions across cells. Compared to FRET-based indicators, INCIDERs have a ~70-fold higher signal contrast, enabling clear identification of NCad interactions. In primary neuronal cells, NCad interactions are visualized between closely apposed processes. Furthermore, visualization of NCad interaction at cell adhesion sites in dense cell populations is achieved by two-photon microscopy. INCIDERs are useful tools in the spatiotemporal investigation of NCad interactions across cells; future research should evaluate the potential of INCIDERs in mapping complex three-dimensional architectures in multi-cellular systems. Intensiometric N-cadherin (NCad) interaction indicators, named INCIDERs, visualize reversible NCad-mediated cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanadome
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kanehiro Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seto
- Laboratory of Developmental Systems, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Eiraku
- Laboratory of Developmental Systems, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan.
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11
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Abstract
Since the proposal of the differential adhesion hypothesis, scientists have been fascinated by how cell adhesion mediates cellular self-organization to form spatial patterns during development. The search for molecular tool kits with homophilic binding specificity resulted in a diverse repertoire of adhesion molecules. Recent understanding of the dominant role of cortical tension over adhesion binding redirects the focus of differential adhesion studies to the signaling function of adhesion proteins to regulate actomyosin contractility. The broader framework of differential interfacial tension encompasses both adhesion and nonadhesion molecules, sharing the common function of modulating interfacial tension during cell sorting to generate diverse tissue patterns. Robust adhesion-based patterning requires close coordination between morphogen signaling, cell fate decisions, and changes in adhesion. Current advances in bridging theoretical and experimental approaches present exciting opportunities to understand molecular, cellular, and tissue dynamics during adhesion-based tissue patterning across multiple time and length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Y-C Tsai
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
| | - Rikki M Garner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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12
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Bao M, Cornwall-Scoones J, Sanchez-Vasquez E, Cox AL, Chen DY, De Jonghe J, Shadkhoo S, Hollfelder F, Thomson M, Glover DM, Zernicka-Goetz M. Stem cell-derived synthetic embryos self-assemble by exploiting cadherin codes and cortical tension. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1341-1349. [PMID: 36100738 PMCID: PMC9481465 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian embryos sequentially differentiate into trophectoderm and an inner cell mass, the latter of which differentiates into primitive endoderm and epiblast. Trophoblast stem (TS), extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) and embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from these three lineages can self-assemble into synthetic embryos, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that a stem cell-specific cadherin code drives synthetic embryogenesis. The XEN cell cadherin code enables XEN cell sorting into a layer below ES cells, recapitulating the sorting of epiblast and primitive endoderm before implantation. The TS cell cadherin code enables TS cell sorting above ES cells, resembling extraembryonic ectoderm clustering above epiblast following implantation. Whereas differential cadherin expression drives initial cell sorting, cortical tension consolidates tissue organization. By optimizing cadherin code expression in different stem cell lines, we tripled the frequency of correctly formed synthetic embryos. Thus, by exploiting cadherin codes from different stages of development, lineage-specific stem cells bypass the preimplantation structure to directly assemble a postimplantation embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Bao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jake Cornwall-Scoones
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Estefania Sanchez-Vasquez
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andy L Cox
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dong-Yuan Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joachim De Jonghe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shahriar Shadkhoo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Matt Thomson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David M Glover
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Li H, Chang HM, Li S, Klausen C, Shi Z, Leung PC. Characterization of the roles of amphiregulin and transforming growth factor β1 in microvasculature-like formation in human granulosa-lutein cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:968166. [PMID: 36092732 PMCID: PMC9448859 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.968166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) is an essential component that regulates angiogenesis during corpus luteum formation. Amphiregulin (AREG) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) are two intrafollicular factors that possess opposite functions in directing corpus luteum development and progesterone synthesis in human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells. However, whether AREG or TGF-β1 regulates the VE-cadherin expression and subsequent angiogenesis in the human corpus luteum remains to be elucidated. Results showed that hGL cells cultured on Matrigel spontaneously formed capillary-like and sprout-like microvascular networks. Results of specific inhibitor treatment and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown revealed that AREG promoteed microvascular-like formation in hGL cells by upregulating the VE-cadherin expression mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway. However, TGF-β1 suppressed microvascular-like formation in hGL cells by downregulating VE-cadherin expression mediated by the activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)5-Sma- and Mad-related protein (SMAD)2/3/4 signaling pathway. Collectively, this study provides important insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms by which TGF-β1 and AREG differentially regulate corpus luteum formation in human ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Hsun-Ming Chang, ; Peter C.K. Leung,
| | - Saijiao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Christian Klausen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhendan Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter C.K. Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Hsun-Ming Chang, ; Peter C.K. Leung,
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14
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Mechanical Properties of the Extracellular Environment of Human Brain Cells Drive the Effectiveness of Drugs in Fighting Central Nervous System Cancers. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070927. [PMID: 35884733 PMCID: PMC9313046 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of nanomechanical properties of tissues in health and disease is of increasing interest to scientists. It has been confirmed that these properties, determined in part by the composition of the extracellular matrix, significantly affect tissue physiology and the biological behavior of cells, mainly in terms of their adhesion, mobility, or ability to mutate. Importantly, pathophysiological changes that determine disease development within the tissue usually result in significant changes in tissue mechanics that might potentially affect the drug efficacy, which is important from the perspective of development of new therapeutics, since most of the currently used in vitro experimental models for drug testing do not account for these properties. Here, we provide a summary of the current understanding of how the mechanical properties of brain tissue change in pathological conditions, and how the activity of the therapeutic agents is linked to this mechanical state.
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15
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Day TC, Márquez-Zacarías P, Bravo P, Pokhrel AR, MacGillivray KA, Ratcliff WC, Yunker PJ. Varied solutions to multicellularity: The biophysical and evolutionary consequences of diverse intercellular bonds. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:021305. [PMID: 35673523 PMCID: PMC9164275 DOI: 10.1063/5.0080845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of multicellular organisms is, in large part, due to the fact that multicellularity has independently evolved many times. Nonetheless, multicellular organisms all share a universal biophysical trait: cells are attached to each other. All mechanisms of cellular attachment belong to one of two broad classes; intercellular bonds are either reformable or they are not. Both classes of multicellular assembly are common in nature, having independently evolved dozens of times. In this review, we detail these varied mechanisms as they exist in multicellular organisms. We also discuss the evolutionary implications of different intercellular attachment mechanisms on nascent multicellular organisms. The type of intercellular bond present during early steps in the transition to multicellularity constrains future evolutionary and biophysical dynamics for the lineage, affecting the origin of multicellular life cycles, cell-cell communication, cellular differentiation, and multicellular morphogenesis. The types of intercellular bonds used by multicellular organisms may thus result in some of the most impactful historical constraints on the evolution of multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Day
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | | | - Aawaz R. Pokhrel
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | - William C. Ratcliff
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Peter J. Yunker
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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16
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Thege FI, Cardle II, Gruber CN, Siemann MJ, Cong S, Wittmann K, Love J, Kirby BJ. Acquired chemoresistance drives spatial heterogeneity, chemoprotection and collective migration in pancreatic tumor spheroids. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267882. [PMID: 35617275 PMCID: PMC9135276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors display rich cellular heterogeneity and typically consist of multiple co-existing clones with distinct genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. The acquisition of resistance to chemotherapy has been shown to contribute to the development of aggressive cancer traits, such as increased migration, invasion and stemness. It has been hypothesized that collective cellular behavior and cooperation of cancer cell populations may directly contribute to disease progression and lack of response to treatment. Here we show that the spontaneous emergence of chemoresistance in a cancer cell population exposed to the selective pressure of a chemotherapeutic agent can result in the emergence of collective cell behavior, including cell-sorting, chemoprotection and collective migration. We derived several gemcitabine resistant subclones from the human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC3 and determined that the observed chemoresistance was driven of a focal amplification of the chr11p15.4 genomic region, resulting in over-expression of the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit RRM1. Interestingly, these subclones display a rich cell-sorting behavior when cultured as mixed tumor spheroids. Furthermore, we show that chemoresistant cells are able to exert a chemoprotective effect on non-resistant cells in spheroid co-culture, whereas no protective effect is seen in conventional 2D culture. We also demonstrate that the co-culture of resistant and non-resistant cells leads to collective migration where resistant cells enable migration of otherwise non-migratory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian I. Cardle
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Conor N. Gruber
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Megan J. Siemann
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sophie Cong
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Justin Love
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Kirby
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Zhao R, Trainor PA. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition during mammalian neural crest cell delamination. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:54-67. [PMID: 35277330 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-defined cellular process that was discovered in chicken embryos and described as "epithelial to mesenchymal transformation" [1]. During EMT, epithelial cells lose their epithelial features and acquire mesenchymal character with migratory potential. EMT has subsequently been shown to be essential for both developmental and pathological processes including embryo morphogenesis, wound healing, tissue fibrosis and cancer [2]. During the past 5 years, interest and study of EMT especially in cancer biology have increased exponentially due to the implied role of EMT in multiple aspects of malignancy such as cell invasion, survival, stemness, metastasis, therapeutic resistance and tumor heterogeneity [3]. Since the process of EMT in embryogenesis and cancer progression shares similar phenotypic changes, core transcription factors and molecular mechanisms, it has been proposed that the initiation and development of carcinoma could be attributed to abnormal activation of EMT factors usually required for normal embryo development. Therefore, developmental EMT mechanisms, whose timing, location, and tissue origin are strictly regulated, could prove useful for uncovering new insights into the phenotypic changes and corresponding gene regulatory control of EMT under pathological conditions. In this review, we initially provide an overview of the phenotypic and molecular mechanisms involved in EMT and discuss the newly emerging concept of epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). Then we focus on our current knowledge of a classic developmental EMT event, neural crest cell (NCC) delamination, highlighting key differences in our understanding of NCC EMT between mammalian and non-mammalian species. Lastly, we highlight available tools and future directions to advance our understanding of mammalian NCC EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhao
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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18
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Noronha C, Ribeiro AS, Taipa R, Castro DS, Reis J, Faria C, Paredes J. Cadherin Expression and EMT: A Focus on Gliomas. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101328. [PMID: 34680444 PMCID: PMC8533397 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are calcium-binding proteins with a pivotal role in cell adhesion and tissue homeostasis. The cadherin-dependent mechanisms of cell adhesion and migration are exploited by cancer cells, contributing to tumor invasiveness and dissemination. In particular, cadherin switch is a hallmark of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a complex development process vastly described in the progression of most epithelial cancers. This is characterized by drastic changes in cell polarity, adhesion, and motility, which lead from an E-cadherin positive differentiated epithelial state into a dedifferentiated mesenchymal-like state, prone to metastization and defined by N-cadherin expression. Although vastly explored in epithelial cancers, how these mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of other non-epithelial tumor types is poorly understood. Herein, the current knowledge on cadherin expression in normal development in parallel to tumor pathogenesis is reviewed, focusing on epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Emphasis is taken in the unascertained cadherin expression in CNS tumors, particularly in gliomas, where the potential contribution of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like process to glioma genesis and how this may be associated with changes in cadherin expression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Noronha
- Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitario do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal; (C.N.); (J.R.)
- Cancer Metastasis Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Ribeiro
- Cancer Metastasis Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ricardo Taipa
- Neuropathology Unit, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitario do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal;
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo S. Castro
- Stem Cells & Neurogenesis Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Joaquim Reis
- Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitario do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal; (C.N.); (J.R.)
- Anatomy Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Faria
- Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
- IMM—Instituto de Medicina Molecular Joao Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Paredes
- Cancer Metastasis Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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19
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Zou M, Duren Z, Yuan Q, Li H, Hutchins AP, Wong WH, Wang Y. MIMIC: an optimization method to identify cell type-specific marker panel for cell sorting. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6309927. [PMID: 34180954 PMCID: PMC8575015 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-omics data allow us to select a small set of informative markers for the discrimination of specific cell types and study of cellular heterogeneity. However, it is often challenging to choose an optimal marker panel from the high-dimensional molecular profiles for a large amount of cell types. Here, we propose a method called Mixed Integer programming Model to Identify Cell type-specific marker panel (MIMIC). MIMIC maintains the hierarchical topology among different cell types and simultaneously maximizes the specificity of a fixed number of selected markers. MIMIC was benchmarked on the mouse ENCODE RNA-seq dataset, with 29 diverse tissues, for 43 surface markers (SMs) and 1345 transcription factors (TFs). MIMIC could select biologically meaningful markers and is robust for different accuracy criteria. It shows advantages over the standard single gene-based approaches and widely used dimensional reduction methods, such as multidimensional scaling and t-SNE, both in accuracy and in biological interpretation. Furthermore, the combination of SMs and TFs achieves better specificity than SMs or TFs alone. Applying MIMIC to a large collection of 641 RNA-seq samples covering 231 cell types identifies a panel of TFs and SMs that reveal the modularity of cell type association networks. Finally, the scalability of MIMIC is demonstrated by selecting enhancer markers from mouse ENCODE data. MIMIC is freely available at https://github.com/MengZou1/MIMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zou
- Department of Mathematics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhana Duren
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiuyue Yuan
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Henry Li
- Department of Health Research & Policy, Bio-X Program Stanford University, Beijing 100190, China
| | | | - Wing Hung Wong
- Department of Statistics, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Bio-X Program Stanford University, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yong Wang
- CEMS, NCMIS, MDIS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
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20
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Billings SE, Myers NM, Quiruz L, Cheng AG. Opposing effects of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on epithelial and mesenchymal cell fate in the developing cochlea. Development 2021; 148:268974. [PMID: 34061174 PMCID: PMC8217710 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the otic epithelium and surrounding periotic mesenchymal cells originate from distinct lineages and coordinate to form the mammalian cochlea. Epithelial sensory precursors within the cochlear duct first undergo terminal mitosis before differentiating into sensory and non-sensory cells. In parallel, periotic mesenchymal cells differentiate to shape the lateral wall, modiolus and pericochlear spaces. Previously, Wnt activation was shown to promote proliferation and differentiation of both otic epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Here, we fate-mapped Wnt-responsive epithelial and mesenchymal cells in mice and found that Wnt activation resulted in opposing cell fates. In the post-mitotic cochlear epithelium, Wnt activation via β-catenin stabilization induced clusters of proliferative cells that dedifferentiated and lost epithelial characteristics. In contrast, Wnt-activated periotic mesenchyme formed ectopic pericochlear spaces and cell clusters showing a loss of mesenchymal and gain of epithelial features. Finally, clonal analyses via multi-colored fate-mapping showed that Wnt-activated epithelial cells proliferated and formed clonal colonies, whereas Wnt-activated mesenchymal cells assembled as aggregates of mitotically quiescent cells. Together, we show that Wnt activation drives transition between epithelial and mesenchymal states in a cell type-dependent manner. Summary: The developing cochlea comprises spatially and lineally distinct populations of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. This study shows the opposing effects of aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling on cell fates of cochlear epithelial and mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Billings
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nina M Myers
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lee Quiruz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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21
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Polanco J, Reyes-Vigil F, Weisberg SD, Dhimitruka I, Brusés JL. Differential Spatiotemporal Expression of Type I and Type II Cadherins Associated With the Segmentation of the Central Nervous System and Formation of Brain Nuclei in the Developing Mouse. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:633719. [PMID: 33833667 PMCID: PMC8021962 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.633719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I and type II classical cadherins comprise a family of cell adhesion molecules that regulate cell sorting and tissue separation by forming specific homo and heterophilic bonds. Factors that affect cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion include cadherin binding affinity and expression level. This study examines the expression pattern of type I cadherins (Cdh1, Cdh2, Cdh3, and Cdh4), type II cadherins (Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh9, Cdh10, Cdh11, Cdh12, Cdh18, Cdh20, and Cdh24), and the atypical cadherin 13 (Cdh13) during distinct morphogenetic events in the developing mouse central nervous system from embryonic day 11.5 to postnatal day 56. Cadherin mRNA expression levels obtained from in situ hybridization experiments carried out at the Allen Institute for Brain Science (https://alleninstitute.org/) were retrieved from the Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas. Cdh2 is the most abundantly expressed type I cadherin throughout development, while Cdh1, Cdh3, and Cdh4 are expressed at low levels. Type II cadherins show a dynamic pattern of expression that varies between neuroanatomical structures and developmental ages. Atypical Cdh13 expression pattern correlates with Cdh2 in abundancy and localization. Analyses of cadherin-mediated relative adhesion estimated from their expression level and binding affinity show substantial differences in adhesive properties between regions of the neural tube associated with the segmentation along the anterior–posterior axis. Differences in relative adhesion were also observed between brain nuclei in the developing subpallium (basal ganglia), suggesting that differential cell adhesion contributes to the segregation of neuronal pools. In the adult cerebral cortex, type II cadherins Cdh6, Cdh8, Cdh10, and Cdh12 are abundant in intermediate layers, while Cdh11 shows a gradated expression from the deeper layer 6 to the superficial layer 1, and Cdh9, Cdh18, and Cdh24 are more abundant in the deeper layers. Person’s correlation analyses of cadherins mRNA expression patterns between areas and layers of the cerebral cortex and the nuclei of the subpallium show significant correlations between certain cortical areas and the basal ganglia. The study shows that differential cadherin expression and cadherin-mediated adhesion are associated with a wide range of morphogenetic events in the developing central nervous system including the organization of neurons into layers, the segregation of neurons into nuclei, and the formation of neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Polanco
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY, United States
| | - Fredy Reyes-Vigil
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY, United States
| | - Sarah D Weisberg
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY, United States
| | - Ilirian Dhimitruka
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY, United States
| | - Juan L Brusés
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY, United States
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22
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Tse JD, Moore R, Meng Y, Tao W, Smith ER, Xu XX. Dynamic conversion of cell sorting patterns in aggregates of embryonic stem cells with differential adhesive affinity. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2021; 21:2. [PMID: 33407086 PMCID: PMC7788919 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian early development comprises the proliferation, differentiation, and self-assembly of the embryonic cells. The classic experiment undertaken by Townes and Holtfreter demonstrated the ability of dissociated embryonic cells to sort and self-organize spontaneously into the original tissue patterns. Here, we further explored the principles and mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of spontaneous tissue organization by studying aggregation and sorting of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with differential adhesive affinity in culture. RESULTS As observed previously, in aggregates of wild-type and E-cadherin-deficient ES cells, the cell assemblies exhibited an initial sorting pattern showing wild-type cells engulfed by less adhesive E-cadherin-deficient ES cells, which fits the pattern predicted by the differential adhesive hypothesis proposed by Malcom Steinberg. However, in further study of more mature cell aggregates, the initial sorting pattern reversed, with the highly adhesive wild-type ES cells forming an outer shell enveloping the less adhesive E-cadherin-deficient cells, contradicting Steinberg's sorting principle. The outer wild-type cells of the more mature aggregates did not differentiate into endoderm, which is known to be able to sort to the exterior from previous studies. In contrast to the naive aggregates, the mature aggregates presented polarized, highly adhesive cells at the outer layer. The surface polarity was observed as an actin cap contiguously spanning across the apical surface of multiple adjacent cells, though independent of the formation of tight junctions. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental findings suggest that the force of differential adhesive affinity can be overcome by even subtle polarity generated from strong bilateral ligation of highly adhesive cells in determining cell sorting patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Tse
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Robert Moore
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Yue Meng
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Wensi Tao
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Smith
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Xiang-Xi Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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23
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Ikuta R, Myoenzono K, Wasano J, Hamaguchi-Hamada K, Hamada S, Kurumata-Shigeto M. N-cadherin localization in taste buds of mouse circumvallate papillae. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:2227-2242. [PMID: 33319419 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Taste buds, the receptor organs for taste, contain 50-100 taste bud cells. Although these cells undergo continuous turnover, the structural and functional integrity of taste buds is maintained. The molecular mechanisms by which synaptic connectivity between taste buds and afferent fibers is formed and maintained remain ambiguous. In the present study, we examined the localization of N-cadherin in the taste buds of the mouse circumvallate papillae because N-cadherin, one of the classical cadherins, is important for the formation and maintenance of synapses. At the light microscopic level, N-cadherin was predominantly detected in type II cells and nerve fibers in the connective tissues in and around the vallate papillae. At the ultrastructural level, N-cadherin immunoreactivity appears along the cell membrane and in the intracellular vesicles of type II cells. N-cadherin immunoreactivity also is evident in the membranes of afferent terminals at the contact sites to N-cadherin-positive type II cells. At channel type synapses between type II cells and nerve fibers, N-cadherin is present surrounding, but not within, the presumed neurotransmitter release zone, identified by large mitochondria apposed to the taste cells. The present results suggest that N-cadherin is important for the formation or maintenance of type II cell afferent synapses in taste buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Ikuta
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanae Myoenzono
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Humanome Lab., Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Wasano
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Shun Hamada
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mami Kurumata-Shigeto
- International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
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24
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Toda S. Synthetic tissue engineering: Programming multicellular self-organization by designing customized cell-cell communication. Biophys Physicobiol 2020; 17:42-50. [PMID: 33173713 PMCID: PMC7593132 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bsj-2020002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells communicate with each other to organize multicellular collective systems and assemble complex, elaborate tissue structures by themselves during development. Despite intensive biological studies, what kind of cell-cell communication can sufficiently drive self-organization of specific tissue architectures remain unclear. Thanks to recent advances on genetic engineering technologies, synthetic biologists start to build customized cell-cell communication with user-defined signal input and gene expression output to program multicellular behaviors using mammalian systems. This review article introduces how we can design and engineer customized cell-cell communication to program synthetic self-organizing multicellular structures. Creating tissue formation processes with synthetic genetic programs will help understanding of fundamental principles of how genetic programs drive tissue self-organization and provide new capabilities on tissue engineering for cell-based regenerative therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Toda
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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25
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Tsai TYC, Sikora M, Xia P, Colak-Champollion T, Knaut H, Heisenberg CP, Megason SG. An adhesion code ensures robust pattern formation during tissue morphogenesis. Science 2020; 370:113-116. [PMID: 33004519 PMCID: PMC7879479 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba6637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Animal development entails the organization of specific cell types in space and time, and spatial patterns must form in a robust manner. In the zebrafish spinal cord, neural progenitors form stereotypic patterns despite noisy morphogen signaling and large-scale cellular rearrangements during morphogenesis and growth. By directly measuring adhesion forces and preferences for three types of endogenous neural progenitors, we provide evidence for the differential adhesion model in which differences in intercellular adhesion mediate cell sorting. Cell type-specific combinatorial expression of different classes of cadherins (N-cadherin, cadherin 11, and protocadherin 19) results in homotypic preference ex vivo and patterning robustness in vivo. Furthermore, the differential adhesion code is regulated by the sonic hedgehog morphogen gradient. We propose that robust patterning during tissue morphogenesis results from interplay between adhesion-based self-organization and morphogen-directed patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Y-C Tsai
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Mateusz Sikora
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuberg, Austria
| | - Peng Xia
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuberg, Austria
| | - Tugba Colak-Champollion
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA.
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26
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Peregrina C, Del Toro D. FLRTing Neurons in Cortical Migration During Cerebral Cortex Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578506. [PMID: 33043013 PMCID: PMC7527468 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, two coordinated events shape the morphology of the mammalian cerebral cortex, leading to the cortex's columnar and layered structure: the proliferation of neuronal progenitors and cortical migration. Pyramidal neurons originating from germinal zones migrate along radial glial fibers to their final position in the cortical plate by both radial migration and tangential dispersion. These processes rely on the delicate balance of intercellular adhesive and repulsive signaling that takes place between neurons interacting with different substrates and guidance cues. Here, we focus on the function of the cell adhesion molecules fibronectin leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins (FLRTs) in regulating both the radial migration of neurons, as well as their tangential spread, and the impact these processes have on cortex morphogenesis. In combining structural and functional analysis, recent studies have begun to reveal how FLRT-mediated responses are precisely tuned - from forming different protein complexes to modulate either cell adhesion or repulsion in neurons. These approaches provide a deeper understanding of the context-dependent interactions of FLRTs with multiple receptors involved in axon guidance and synapse formation that contribute to finely regulated neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Peregrina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Del Toro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Rasoulinejad S, Mueller M, Nzigou Mombo B, Wegner SV. Orthogonal Blue and Red Light Controlled Cell-Cell Adhesions Enable Sorting-out in Multicellular Structures. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2076-2086. [PMID: 32610009 PMCID: PMC7757848 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The self-assembly of different cell
types into multicellular structures
and their organization into spatiotemporally controlled patterns are
both challenging and extremely powerful to understand how cells function
within tissues and for bottom-up tissue engineering. Here, we not
only independently control the self-assembly of two cell types into
multicellular architectures with blue and red light, but also achieve
their self-sorting into distinct assemblies. This required developing
two cell types that form selective and homophilic cell–cell
interactions either under blue or red light using photoswitchable
proteins as artificial adhesion molecules. The interactions were individually
triggerable with different colors of light, reversible in the dark,
and provide noninvasive and temporal control over the cell–cell
adhesions. In mixtures of the two cells, each cell type self-assembled
independently upon orthogonal photoactivation, and cells sorted out
into separate assemblies based on specific self-recognition. These
self-sorted multicellular architectures provide us with a powerful
tool for producing tissue-like structures from multiple cell types
and investigate principles that govern them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Rasoulinejad
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Marc Mueller
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Brice Nzigou Mombo
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Seraphine V. Wegner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster Waldeyerstrasse 15, Münster, 48149, Germany
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28
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Fbxo45 Binds SPRY Motifs in the Extracellular Domain of N-Cadherin and Regulates Neuron Migration during Brain Development. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00539-19. [PMID: 32341084 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00539-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several events during the normal development of the mammalian neocortex depend on N-cadherin, including the radial migration of immature projection neurons into the cortical plate. Remarkably, radial migration requires the N-cadherin extracellular domain but not N-cadherin-dependent homophilic cell-cell adhesion, suggesting that other N-cadherin-binding proteins may be involved. We used proximity ligation and affinity purification proteomics to identify N-cadherin-binding proteins. Both screens detected MycBP2 and SPRY domain protein Fbxo45, two components of an intracellular E3 ubiquitin ligase. Fbxo45 appears to be secreted by a nonclassical mechanism, not involving a signal peptide and not requiring transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Fbxo45 binding requires N-cadherin SPRY motifs that are not involved in cell-cell adhesion. SPRY mutant N-cadherin does not support radial migration in vivo Radial migration was similarly inhibited when Fbxo45 expression was suppressed. The results suggest that projection neuron migration requires both Fbxo45 and the binding of Fbxo45 or another protein to SPRY motifs in the extracellular domain of N-cadherin.
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29
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Hashimoto H, Munro E. Differential Expression of a Classic Cadherin Directs Tissue-Level Contractile Asymmetry during Neural Tube Closure. Dev Cell 2020; 51:158-172.e4. [PMID: 31639367 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Embryos control force generation at tissue boundaries, but how they do so remains poorly understood. Here we show how tissue-specific expression of the type II cadherin, Cadherin2, patterns actomyosin contractility along tissue boundaries to control zippering and neural tube closure in the basal chordate, Ciona robusta. Cadherin2 is differentially expressed and homotypically enriched in neural cells along the neural/epidermal (Ne/Epi) boundary, where RhoA and myosin are activated during zipper progression. Homotypically enriched Cadherin2 sequesters the Rho GTPase-activating protein, Gap21/23, to homotypic junctions. Gap21/23 in turn redirects RhoA/myosin activity to heterotypic Ne/Epi junctions. By activating myosin II along Ne/Epi junctions ahead of the zipper and inhibiting myosin II along newly formed Ne/Ne junctions behind the zipper, Cadherin2 promotes tissue-level contractile asymmetry to drive zipper progression. We propose that dynamic coupling of junction exchange to local changes in contractility may control fusion and separation of epithelia in many other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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30
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Comparative effects of N-cadherin protein and peptide fragments on mesenchymal stem cell mechanotransduction and paracrine function. Biomaterials 2020; 239:119846. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Abstract
This year's Canada Gairdner International Prize is shared by Rolf Kemler and Masatoshi Takeichi for the discovery of the cadherin family of Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion proteins, which play essential roles in animal evolution, tissue development, and homeostasis, and are disrupted in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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32
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Oyama T, Yaoita E, Yoshida Y, Ikarashi A, Fujinaka H. Distinct differences between cultured podocytes and parietal epithelial cells of the Bowman's capsule. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:581-591. [PMID: 31989254 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic changes in culture hamper the identification and characterization of cultured podocytes and parietal epithelial cells of the Bowman's capsule (PECs). We have recently established culture conditions that restore podocytes to their differentiated phenotypes. We compared podocytes and PECs cultured under the same conditions to determine the unique characteristics of the two cell types. Performing this comparison under the same conditions accentuated these differences. Podocytes behaved like non-epithelial cells by extending cell processes even at confluence. By contrast, PECs behaved like typical epithelial cells by maintaining a polygonal appearance. Other differences were identified using immunostaining and RT-PCR; podocytes expressed high levels of podocyte-specific markers while PECs expressed high levels of PEC-specific markers. However, while podocytes expressed low levels of PEC markers, PECs expressed low levels of podocyte markers. Therefore, the identification of podocytes and PECs in culture requires the evaluation of respective cell markers and the expression of markers for other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomizo Oyama
- Department of Structural Pathology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Eishin Yaoita
- Department of Structural Pathology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Department of Structural Pathology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata-shi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Ayako Ikarashi
- Division of Instrumental Analysis, Center for Coordination of Research Facilities, Institute for Research Promotion, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Fujinaka
- Department of Clinical Research, Niigata National Hospital, Kashiwazaki, Japan
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33
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Hoffecker IT, Arima Y, Iwata H. Tuning intercellular adhesion with membrane-anchored oligonucleotides. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190299. [PMID: 31662069 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesive interactions between cells play an integral role in development, differentiation and regeneration. Existing methods for controlling cell-cell cohesion and adhesion by manipulating protein expression are constrained by biological interdependencies, e.g. coupling of cadherins to actomyosin force-feedback mechanisms. We use oligonucleotides conjugated to PEGylated lipid anchors (ssDNAPEGDPPE) to introduce artificial cell-cell adhesion that is largely decoupled from the internal cytoskeleton. We describe cell-cell doublets with a mechanical model based on isotropic, elastic deformation of spheres to estimate the adhesion at the cell-cell interface. Physical manipulation of adhesion by modulating the PEG-lipid to ssDNAPEGDPPE ratio, and conversely treating with actin-depolymerizing cytochalasin D, resulted in decreases and increases in doublet contact area, respectively. Our data are relevant to the ongoing discussion over mechanisms of tissue surface tension and in agreement with models based on opposing cortical and cohesive forces. PEG-lipid modulation of doublet geometries resulted in a well-defined curve indicating continuity, enabling prescriptive calibration for controlling doublet geometry. Our study demonstrates tuning of basic doublet adhesion, laying the foundation for more complex multicellular adhesion control independent of protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Hoffecker
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna väg 9, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Yusuke Arima
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University CE41, 744 Motoka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroo Iwata
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,The Compass to Healthy Life Research Complex Program, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
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34
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Engineering cell–cell communication networks: programming multicellular behaviors. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 52:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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35
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Yu M, Mahtabfar A, Beelen P, Demiryurek Y, Shreiber DI, Zahn JD, Foty RA, Liu L, Lin H. Coherent Timescales and Mechanical Structure of Multicellular Aggregates. Biophys J 2019; 114:2703-2716. [PMID: 29874619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular aggregates are an excellent model system to explore the role of tissue biomechanics in specifying multicellular reorganization during embryonic developments and malignant invasion. Tissue-like spheroids, when subjected to a compressive force, are known to exhibit liquid-like behaviors at long timescales (hours), largely because of cell rearrangements that serve to effectively dissipate the applied stress. At short timescales (seconds to minutes), before cell rearrangement, the mechanical behavior is strikingly different. The current work uses shape relaxation to investigate the structural characteristics of aggregates and discovers two coherent timescales: one on the order of seconds, the other tens of seconds. These timescales are universal, conserved across a variety of tested species, and persist despite great differences in other properties such as tissue surface tension and adhesion. A precise mathematical theory is used to correlate the timescales with mechanical properties and reveals that aggregates have a relatively strong envelope and an unusually "soft" interior (weak bulk elastic modulus). This characteristic is peculiar, considering that both layers consist of identical units (cells), but is consistent with the fact that this structure can engender both structural integrity and the flexibility required for remodeling. In addition, tissue surface tension, elastic modulus, and viscosity are proportional to each other. Considering that these tissue-level properties intrinsically derive from cellular-level properties, the proportionalities imply precise coregulation of the latter and in particular of the tension on the cell-medium and cell-cell interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Aria Mahtabfar
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Paul Beelen
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Yasir Demiryurek
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - David I Shreiber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ramsey A Foty
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Department of Mathematics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.
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36
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37
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Niethamer TK, Bush JO. Getting direction(s): The Eph/ephrin signaling system in cell positioning. Dev Biol 2019; 447:42-57. [PMID: 29360434 PMCID: PMC6066467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the Eph/ephrin family of signaling molecules is a large group of membrane-bound proteins that signal through a myriad of mechanisms and effectors to play diverse roles in almost every tissue and organ system. Though Eph/ephrin signaling has functions in diverse biological processes, one core developmental function is in the regulation of cell position and tissue morphology by regulating cell migration and guidance, cell segregation, and boundary formation. Often, the role of Eph/ephrin signaling is to translate patterning information into physical movement of cells and changes in morphology that define tissue and organ systems. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the regulation of these processes, and our evolving understanding of the in vivo signaling mechanisms utilized in distinct developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terren K Niethamer
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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38
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Warga RM, Kane DA. Probing Cadherin Interactions in Zebrafish with E- and N-Cadherin Missense Mutants. Genetics 2018; 210:1391-1409. [PMID: 30361324 PMCID: PMC6283153 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules that regulate numerous adhesive interactions during embryonic development and adult life. Consistent with these functions, when their expression goes astray cells lose their normal adhesive properties resulting in defective morphogenesis, disease, and even metastatic cancer. In general, classical cadherins exert their effect by homophilic interactions via their five characteristic extracellular (EC) repeats. The EC1 repeat provides the mechanism for cadherins to dimerize with each other whereas the EC2 repeat may facilitate dimerization. Less is known about the other EC repeats. Here, we show that a zebrafish missense mutation in the EC5 repeat of N-cadherin is a dominant gain-of-function mutation and demonstrate that this mutation alters cell adhesion almost to the same degree as a zebrafish missense mutation in the EC1 repeat of N-cadherin. We also show that zebrafish E- and N-cadherin dominant gain-of-function missense mutations genetically interact. Perturbation of cell adhesion in embryos that are heterozygous mutant at both loci is similar to that observed in single homozygous mutants. Introducing an E-cadherin EC5 missense allele into the homozygous N-cadherin EC1 missense mutant more radically affects morphogenesis, causing synergistic phenotypes consistent with interdependent functions being disrupted. Our studies indicate that a functional EC5 repeat is critical for cadherin-mediated cell affinity, suggesting that its role may be more important than previously thought. These results also suggest the possibility that E- and N-cadherin have heterophilic interactions during early morphogenesis of the embryo; interactions that might help balance the variety of cell affinities needed during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Warga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008
| | - Donald A Kane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008
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39
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Amschler K, Beyazpinar I, Erpenbeck L, Kruss S, Spatz JP, Schön MP. Morphological Plasticity of Human Melanoma Cells Is Determined by Nanoscopic Patterns of E- and N-Cadherin Interactions. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:562-572. [PMID: 30393081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Loss of E-cadherin and concomitant upregulation of N-cadherin is known as the cadherin switch, and has been implicated in melanoma progression. Mechanistically, homophilic ligation of N-cadherin-expressing melanoma cells with N-cadherin presented within the microenvironment is thought to facilitate invasion. However, the biophysical aspects governing molecular specificity and function of such interactions remain unclear. By using precisely defined nano-patterns of N- or E-cadherin (with densities tunable by more than one order of magnitude from 78 to 1,128 ligands/μm2), we analyzed adhesion and spreading of six different human melanoma cell lines with distinct constitutive cadherin expression patterns. Cadherin-mediated homophilic cell interactions (N/N and E/E) with cadherin-functionalized nano-matrices revealed an unexpected functional dichotomy inasmuch as melanoma cell adhesion was cadherin density-dependent, while spreading and lamellipodia formation were independent of cadherin density. Surprisingly, E-cadherin-expressing melanoma cells also interacted with N-cadherin-presenting nano-matrices, suggesting heterophilic (N/E) interactions. However, cellular spreading in these cases occurred only at high densities of N-cadherin (i.e., >285 ligands/μm2). Overall, our approach using nano-patterned biomimetic surfaces provides a platform to further refine the roles of cadherins in tumor cell behavior and it revealed an intriguing flexibility of mutually compensating N- and E-cadherin interactions relevant for melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Amschler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ilkay Beyazpinar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luise Erpenbeck
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Biointerface Science and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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40
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Yu Y, Ananthanarayanan A, Singh NH, Hong X, Sakban RB, Mittal N, Xiaobei L, Robens J, Xia L, McMillian M, Yu H. TGFβ1-mediated suppression of cytochrome P450(CYP) induction responses in rat hepatocyte-fibroblast co-cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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42
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Toda S, Blauch LR, Tang SKY, Morsut L, Lim WA. Programming self-organizing multicellular structures with synthetic cell-cell signaling. Science 2018; 361:156-162. [PMID: 29853554 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A common theme in the self-organization of multicellular tissues is the use of cell-cell signaling networks to induce morphological changes. We used the modular synNotch juxtacrine signaling platform to engineer artificial genetic programs in which specific cell-cell contacts induced changes in cadherin cell adhesion. Despite their simplicity, these minimal intercellular programs were sufficient to yield assemblies with hallmarks of natural developmental systems: robust self-organization into multidomain structures, well-choreographed sequential assembly, cell type divergence, symmetry breaking, and the capacity for regeneration upon injury. The ability of these networks to drive complex structure formation illustrates the power of interlinking cell signaling with cell sorting: Signal-induced spatial reorganization alters the local signals received by each cell, resulting in iterative cycles of cell fate branching. These results provide insights into the evolution of multicellularity and demonstrate the potential to engineer customized self-organizing tissues or materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Toda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lucas R Blauch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sindy K Y Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leonardo Morsut
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. .,Present address: Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Wendell A Lim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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43
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Hirose Y, Shirai K, Hirai Y. Membrane-tethered syntaxin-4 locally abrogates E-cadherin function and activates Smad signals, contributing to asymmetric mammary epithelial morphogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7525-7539. [PMID: 29767852 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical event for the generation of asymmetric epithelial architectures. We found that only restricted cell populations in the morphogenic mammary epithelia extrude syntaxin-4, a plasmalemmal t-SNARE protein, and that epithelial cell clusters with artificial heterogenic presentation of extracellular syntaxin-4 undergo asymmetric morphogenesis. A previous study revealed that inducible expression of cell surface syntaxin-4 causes EMT-like cell behaviors in the clonal mammary epithelial cells, where laminin-mediated signals were abolished so that cells readily succumb to initiate EMT. The present study added new mechanistic insight into syntaxin-4-driven EMT-like cell behaviors. Extracellular syntaxin-4 directly perturbs E-cadherin-mediated epithelial cell-cell adhesion and activates Smad signals. We found that the epithelial cells activated Smad2/3 upon induction of expression of extracellular syntaxin-4, leading to the upregulation of certain transcriptional targets of these TGF-β signaling mediators. Intriguingly, however, mRNA expression of canonical EMT initiators, such as Snail and Slug, was unchanged. In addition, E-cadherin protein was steeply decreased, yet its transcriptional expression remained constant for a couple of days. We found that extracellular syntaxin-4 directly bound to E-cadherin and sequestered β-catenin from cell-cell contact sites, perturbing intercellular adhesive property. The functional ablation of E-cadherin by syntaxin-4 was further validated by L cells with stably expressing E-cadherin, in which cells shows intercellular adhesive property solely by E-cadherin. These results underline the role of local exportation of syntaxin-4 for onset of complex epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuina Hirose
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Kota Shirai
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Yohei Hirai
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
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44
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Takeichi M. Historical review of the discovery of cadherin, in memory of Tokindo Okada. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 60:3-13. [PMID: 29278270 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cadherin family of cell-cell adhesion molecules plays a pivotal role in animal tissue formation. Discovery of this molecular family can be traced back to some unexpected observations of strange cell behavior that were made around 1970 in the Kyoto University laboratory of Tokindo Okada, and then in the Department of Embryology at the Carnegie Institution of Washington (currently the Carnegie Institution for Science). This article looks back on these discoveries, and recalls how these observations led to the identification of important cell-cell adhesion molecules known as cadherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Takeichi
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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45
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Chiou K, Collins EMS. Why we need mechanics to understand animal regeneration. Dev Biol 2017; 433:155-165. [PMID: 29179947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are an important contributor to cell fate specification and cell migration during embryonic development in animals. Similarities between embryogenesis and regeneration, particularly with regards to pattern formation and large-scale tissue movements, suggest similarly important roles for physical forces during regeneration. While the influence of the mechanical environment on stem cell differentiation in vitro is being actively exploited in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, comparatively little is known about the role of stresses and strains acting during animal regeneration. In this review, we summarize published work on the role of physical principles and mechanical forces in animal regeneration. Novel experimental techniques aimed at addressing the role of mechanics in embryogenesis have greatly enhanced our understanding at scales from the subcellular to the macroscopic - we believe the time is ripe for the field of regeneration to similarly leverage the tools of the mechanobiological research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chiou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Physics Department, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Cell&Developmental Biology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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46
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Matsuyama K, Seta Y, Kataoka S, Nakatomi M, Toyono T, Kawamoto T. Expression of N-cadherin and cell surface molecules in the taste buds of mouse circumvallate papillae. J Oral Biosci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Scholes NS, Isalan M. A three-step framework for programming pattern formation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 40:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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48
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Cellular recognition and patterning in sensory systems. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:52-57. [PMID: 28392352 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells dissociated from various tissues of vertebrate embryos preferentially reaggregate with cells from the same tissue when they are mixed together. This tissue-specific recognition process in vertebrates is mainly mediated by a family of cell adhesion molecules because of their specific binding properties. Recent studies have revealed that two families of adhesion molecules, nectins and cadherins, are associated with each other, and these associations provide cells with the differential adhesive affinities required for cellular recognition and complex cellular pattern formations during development. This review provides an overview of recent findings regarding the cooperative functions of nectins and cadherins, as well as a discussion of the molecular basis underlying these functions.
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Tsuboi A, Umetsu D, Kuranaga E, Fujimoto K. Inference of Cell Mechanics in Heterogeneous Epithelial Tissue Based on Multivariate Clone Shape Quantification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:68. [PMID: 28824908 PMCID: PMC5540905 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell populations in multicellular organisms show genetic and non-genetic heterogeneity, even in undifferentiated tissues of multipotent cells during development and tumorigenesis. The heterogeneity causes difference of mechanical properties, such as, cell bond tension or adhesion, at the cell–cell interface, which determine the shape of clonal population boundaries via cell sorting or mixing. The boundary shape could alter the degree of cell–cell contacts and thus influence the physiological consequences of sorting or mixing at the boundary (e.g., tumor suppression or progression), suggesting that the cell mechanics could help clarify the physiology of heterogeneous tissues. While precise inference of mechanical tension loaded at each cell–cell contacts has been extensively developed, there has been little progress on how to distinguish the population-boundary geometry and identify the cause of geometry in heterogeneous tissues. We developed a pipeline by combining multivariate analysis of clone shape with tissue mechanical simulations. We examined clones with four different genotypes within Drosophila wing imaginal discs: wild-type, tartan (trn) overexpression, hibris (hbs) overexpression, and Eph RNAi. Although the clones were previously known to exhibit smoothed or convoluted morphologies, their mechanical properties were unknown. By applying a multivariate analysis to multiple criteria used to quantify the clone shapes based on individual cell shapes, we found the optimal criteria to distinguish not only among the four genotypes, but also non-genetic heterogeneity from genetic one. The efficient segregation of clone shape enabled us to quantitatively compare experimental data with tissue mechanical simulations. As a result, we identified the mechanical basis contributed to clone shape of distinct genotypes. The present pipeline will promote the understanding of the functions of mechanical interactions in heterogeneous tissue in a non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Tsuboi
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka UniversityToyonaka, Japan
| | - Daiki Umetsu
- Laboratory of Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory of Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka UniversityToyonaka, Japan
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50
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Canty L, Zarour E, Kashkooli L, François P, Fagotto F. Sorting at embryonic boundaries requires high heterotypic interfacial tension. Nat Commun 2017; 8:157. [PMID: 28761157 PMCID: PMC5537356 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of sharp boundaries is essential for segregation of embryonic tissues during development, but the underlying mechanism of cell sorting has remained unclear. Opposing hypotheses have been proposed, either based on global tissue adhesive or contractile properties or on local signalling through cell contact cues. Here we use ectoderm-mesoderm separation in Xenopus to directly evaluate the role of these various parameters. We find that ephrin-Eph-based repulsion is very effective at inducing and maintaining separation, whereas differences in adhesion or contractility have surprisingly little impact. Computer simulations support and generalise our experimental results, showing that a high heterotypic interfacial tension between tissues is key to their segregation. We propose a unifying model, in which conditions of sorting previously considered as driven by differential adhesion/tension should be viewed as suboptimal cases of heterotypic interfacial tension.The mechanisms that cause different cells to segregate into distinct tissues are unclear. Here the authors show in Xenopus that formation of a boundary between two tissues is driven by local tension along the interface rather than by global differences in adhesion or cortical contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Canty
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1B1
| | - Eleyine Zarour
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1B1
| | - Leily Kashkooli
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1B1
- CRBM, CNRS, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Paul François
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1B1
- Dept. of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A2T8
| | - François Fagotto
- Dept. of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A1B1.
- CRBM, CNRS, Montpellier, 34293, France.
- Dept. of Biology, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France.
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