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Pei Y, Wang Z, Lee TM. P3b correlates of inspection time. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:428-435. [PMID: 38510073 PMCID: PMC10950751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Both P3b and the inspection time (IT) are related with intelligence, yet the P3b correlates of IT are not well understood. This event-related potential study addressed this question by asking participants (N = 28) to perform an IT task. There were three IT conditions with different levels of discriminative stimulus duration, i.e., 33 ms, 67 ms, and 100 ms, and a control condition with no target presentation (0 ms condition). We also measured participants' processing speed with four Elementary Cognitive Tests (ECTs), including a Simple Reaction Time task (SRT), two Choice Reaction Time tasks (CRTs), and a Pattern Discrimination task (PD). Results revealed that an increase in P3b latency with longer duration of the discriminative stimulus. Moreover, the P3b latency was negatively correlated with the accuracy of the IT task in the 33 ms condition, but not evident in the 67 and 100 ms conditions. Furthermore, the P3b latency of the 33 ms condition was positively correlated with the RT of the SRT, but not related with the RTs of CRTs or PD. A significant main effect of duration on the amplitude of P1 was also found. We conclude that the present study provides the neurophysiological correlates of the IT task, and those who are able to accurately perceive and process very briefly presented stimuli have a higher speed of information process, reflected by the P3b latency, yet this relationship is more obvious in the most difficult condition. Combined, our results suggest that P3b is related with the closure of a perceptual epoch to form the neural representation of a stimulus, in support of the "context closure" hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilai Pei
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- China Institute of Education and Social Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Shanghai), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Tatia M.C. Lee
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Hui CLM, See SHW, Chiu TC, Pintos AS, Kroyer JM, Suen YN, Lee EHM, Chan SKW, Chang WC, Elvevåg B, Chen EYH. What Drives Animal Fluency Performance in Cantonese-Speaking Chinese Patients with Adult-Onset Psychosis? Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030372. [PMID: 36979182 PMCID: PMC10046392 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the numerous studies investigating semantic factors associated with functioning in psychotic patients, most have been conducted on western populations. By contrast, the current cross-sectional study involved native Cantonese-speaking Chinese participants. Using the category fluency task, we compared performance between patients and healthy participants and examined clinical and sociodemographic correlates. First-episode psychosis patients (n = 356) and gender- and age-matched healthy participants (n = 35) were asked to generate as many ‘animals’ as they could in a minute. As expected, patients generated fewer correct responses (an average of 15.5 vs. 22.9 words), generated fewer clusters (an average of 3.7 vs. 5.4 thematically grouped nouns), switched less between clusters (on average 8.0 vs. 11.9 switches) and, interestingly, produced a larger percentage of Chinese zodiac animals than healthy participants (an average of 37.7 vs. 24.2). However, these significant group differences in the clusters and switches disappeared when the overall word production was controlled for. Within patients, education was the strongest predictor of category fluency performance (namely the number of correct responses, clusters, and switches). The findings suggest that an overall slowness in patients may account for the group differences in category fluency performance rather than any specific abnormality per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Lai-Ming Hui
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2255-3064; Fax: +852-2855-1345
| | - Sally Hiu-Wah See
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Ching Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrea Stephanie Pintos
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johanna M. Kroyer
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Nam Suen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edwin Ho-Ming Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sherry Kit-Wa Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Chung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brita Elvevåg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eric Yu-Hai Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Kim C, Yacoubi B, Christou EA. Speed but not amplitude of visual feedback exacerbates force variability in older adults. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2563-2571. [PMID: 29936533 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnification of visual feedback (VF) impairs force control in older adults. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the age-associated increase in force variability with magnification of visual feedback is a consequence of increased amplitude or speed of visual feedback. Seventeen young and 18 older adults performed a constant isometric force task with the index finger at 5% of MVC. We manipulated the vertical (force gain) and horizontal (time gain) aspect of the visual feedback so participants performed the task with the following VF conditions: (1) high amplitude-fast speed; (2) low amplitude-slow speed; (3) high amplitude-slow speed. Changing the visual feedback from low amplitude-slow speed to high amplitude-fast speed increased force variability in older adults but decreased it in young adults (P < 0.01). Changing the visual feedback from low amplitude-slow speed to high amplitude-slow speed did not alter force variability in older adults (P > 0.2), but decreased it in young adults (P < 0.01). Changing the visual feedback from high amplitude-slow speed to high amplitude-fast speed increased force variability in older adults (P < 0.01) but did not alter force variability in young adults (P > 0.2). In summary, increased force variability in older adults with magnification of visual feedback was evident only when the speed of visual feedback increased. Thus, we conclude that in older adults deficits in the rate of processing visual information and not deficits in the processing of more visual information impair force control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changki Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Basma Yacoubi
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Evangelos A Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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4
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Rahe M, Ruthsatz V, Jansen P, Quaiser-Pohl C. Influence of sex-stereotyped stimuli on the mental-rotation performance of elderly persons. Exp Aging Res 2018; 44:284-296. [PMID: 29781777 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2018.1475156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mental-rotation tests with cube figures as rotational objects, differences in favor of men are often found (Voyer, Voyer, & Bryden, 1995). Mental-rotation performance often declines with age (Jacewicz & Hartley, 1987), but sex differences usually remain (Herman & Bruce, 1983). METHODS In this study, male- and female-stereotyped objects were used as rotational stimuli in a mental-rotation paper and pencil test (Ruthsatz, Neuburger, Rahe, Jansen, & Quaiser-Pohl, 2017) for elderly participants (age: 57-88 years). RESULTS Overall, no sex differences for mental-rotation performance were found, whereas a significant interaction of sex and stimulus material revealed better performance for own-sex objects (η2 = .070). A significant negative correlation between mental-rotation performance and age could be found (r = -.384). CONCLUSIONS It seems to be easier to perform mental-rotation with objects that persons are more familiar with. There is a decrease in mental-rotation accuracy as well as in the processing speed for the older participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rahe
- a Institute of Psychology , University of Koblenz-Landau , Koblenz , Germany
| | - Vera Ruthsatz
- a Institute of Psychology , University of Koblenz-Landau , Koblenz , Germany
| | - Petra Jansen
- b Institute of Sport Science , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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5
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Krüger M, Hinder MR, Puri R, Summers JJ. Influence of Cognitive Functioning on Age-Related Performance Declines in Visuospatial Sequence Learning. Front Psychol 2017. [PMID: 28626442 PMCID: PMC5454048 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate how age-related performance differences in a visuospatial sequence learning task relate to age-related declines in cognitive functioning. Method: Cognitive functioning of 18 younger and 18 older participants was assessed using a standardized test battery. Participants then undertook a perceptual visuospatial sequence learning task. Various relationships between sequence learning and participants’ cognitive functioning were examined through correlation and factor analysis. Results: Older participants exhibited significantly lower performance than their younger counterparts in the sequence learning task as well as in multiple cognitive functions. Factor analysis revealed two independent subsets of cognitive functions associated with performance in the sequence learning task, related to either the processing and storage of sequence information (first subset) or problem solving (second subset). Age-related declines were only found for the first subset of cognitive functions, which also explained a significant degree of the performance differences in the sequence learning task between age-groups. Discussion: The results suggest that age-related performance differences in perceptual visuospatial sequence learning can be explained by declines in the ability to process and store sequence information in older adults, while a set of cognitive functions related to problem solving mediates performance differences independent of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Krüger
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of MunichMunich, Germany.,Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, HobartTAS, Australia
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, HobartTAS, Australia
| | - Rohan Puri
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, HobartTAS, Australia
| | - Jeffery J Summers
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, HobartTAS, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpool, United Kingdom
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Ebaid D, Crewther SG, MacCalman K, Brown A, Crewther DP. Cognitive Processing Speed across the Lifespan: Beyond the Influence of Motor Speed. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:62. [PMID: 28381999 PMCID: PMC5360696 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional neuropsychological measurement of cognitive processing speed with tasks such as the Symbol Search and Coding subsets of the WAIS-IV, consistently show decline with advancing age. This is potentially problematic with populations where deficits in motor performance are expected, i.e., in aging or stroke populations. Thus, the aim of the current study was to explore the contribution of hand motor speed to traditional paper-and-pencil measures of processing speed and to a simple computer-customized non-motor perception decision task, the Inspection Time (IT) task. Participants were 67 young university students aged between 18 and 29 (59 females), and 40 older adults aged between 40 and 81 (31 females) primarily with a similar education profile. As expected, results indicated that age group differences were highly significant on the motor dexterity, Symbol Search and Coding tasks. However, no significant differences or correlations were seen between age groups and the simple visual perception IT task. Furthermore, controlling for motor dexterity did not remove significant age-group differences on the paper-and-pencil measures. This demonstrates that although much of past research into cognitive decline with age is confounded by use of motor reaction times as the operational measure, significant age differences in cognitive processing also exist on more complex tasks. The implications of the results are crucial in the realm of aging research, and caution against the use of traditional WAIS tasks with a clinical population where motor speed may be compromised, as in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Ebaid
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsty MacCalman
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alyse Brown
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel P Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Zajac IT, Nettelbeck T. Auditory speed tasks as potential candidates for the study of cognitive ageing. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2016; 25:167-185. [PMID: 28019125 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2016.1272671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Speed of information processing is an important cognitive ability. It facilitates the efficient operation of higher order cognitive functions, such as reasoning, and is implicated in various models of cognitive decline. The present study considers the potential benefits of expanding the measurement of processing speed to include the auditory modality. It examines the reliability and factorial structure of a variety of auditory and visual speed tasks in a sample of N = 138 older adults aged between 51 and 82 years. Our findings demonstrate that auditory measures can be used to assess processing speed as indexed by existing widely used tests of this ability. Moreover, the inclusion of auditory tasks significantly increases the relationship between processing speed and general cognitive ability. This novel research provides strong evidence of the suitability of auditory speed tasks for the study of cognitive function in older people, and demonstrates the importance of expanding cognitive measurement to include alternate modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Zajac
- a Health & Biosecurity , Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Ted Nettelbeck
- b School of Psychology , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
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8
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Verney SP, Granholm E, Marshall SP, Malcarne VL, Saccuzzo DP. Culture-Fair Cognitive Ability Assessment. Assessment 2016; 12:303-19. [PMID: 16123251 DOI: 10.1177/1073191105276674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Valid assessment with diverse populations requires tools that are not influenced by cultural elements. This study investigated the relationships between culture, information processing efficiency, and general cognitive capacities in samples of Caucasian and Mexican American college students. Consistent with the neural efficiency hypothesis, pupillary responses (indexing mental effort) and detection accuracy scores on a visual backward-masking task were both significantly related to the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) Full Scale scores. These measures of information processing efficiency were similar in the two groups. However, they were related only to Caucasian American, but not to a comparable sample of Mexican American, students’ WAIS-R scores. Therefore, the differential validity in prediction suggests that the WAIS-R test may contain cultural influences that reduce the validity of the WAIS-R as a measure of cognitive ability for Mexican American students. Information processing and psychophysiological approaches may be helpful in developing culture-fair cognitive ability measures.
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9
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The genetic architecture of correlations between perceptual timing, motor timing, and intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Del Missier F, Hansson P, Parker AM, Bruine de Bruin W, Nilsson LG, Mäntylä T. Unraveling the Aging Skein: Disentangling Sensory and Cognitive Predictors of Age-related Differences in Decision Making. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Del Missier
- Department of Psychology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | | | | | - Wändi Bruine de Bruin
- Leeds University Business School; Leeds UK
- Department of Engineering & Public Policy; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Lars-Göran Nilsson
- Department of Psychology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
- ARC Karolinska Institutet Stockholm; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Timo Mäntylä
- Department of Psychology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
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11
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Duan X, Dan Z, Shi J. The speed of information processing of 9- to 13-year-old intellectually gifted children. Psychol Rep 2013; 112:20-32. [PMID: 23654024 DOI: 10.2466/04.10.49.pr0.112.1.20-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In general, intellectually gifted children perform better than non-gifted children across many domains. The present validation study investigated the speed with which intellectually gifted children process information. 184 children, ages 9 to 13 years old (91 gifted, M age = 10.9 yr., SD = 1.8; 93 non-gifted children, M age = 11.0 yr., SD = 1.7) were tested individually on three information processing tasks: an inspection time task, a choice reaction time task, an abstract matching task. Intellectually gifted children outperformed their non-gifted peers on all three tasks obtaining shorter reaction time and doing so with greater accuracy. The findings supported the validity of the information processing speed in identifying intellectually gifted children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Duan
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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12
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Cepeda NJ, Blackwell KA, Munakata Y. Speed isn't everything: complex processing speed measures mask individual differences and developmental changes in executive control. Dev Sci 2013; 16:269-286. [PMID: 23432836 PMCID: PMC3582037 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rate at which people process information appears to influence many aspects of cognition across the lifespan. However, many commonly accepted measures of 'processing speed' may require goal maintenance, manipulation of information in working memory, and decision-making, blurring the distinction between processing speed and executive control and resulting in overestimation of processing speed contributions to cognition. This concern may apply particularly to studies of developmental change, as even seemingly simple processing speed measures may require executive processes to keep children and older adults on task. We report two new studies and a re-analysis of a published study, testing predictions about how different processing speed measures influence conclusions about executive control across the lifespan. We find that the choice of processing speed measure affects the relationship observed between processing speed and executive control, in a manner that changes with age, and that choice of processing speed measure affects conclusions about development and the relationship among executive control measures. Implications for understanding processing speed, executive control, and their development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Cepeda
- Department of Psychology, York University, Canada
- LaMarsh Centre for Child and Youth Research, York University, Canada
| | | | - Yuko Munakata
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
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13
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Ginty AT, Gianaros PJ, Derbyshire SWG, Phillips AC, Carroll D. Blunted cardiac stress reactivity relates to neural hypoactivation. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:219-29. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annie T. Ginty
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
| | - Peter J. Gianaros
- Department of Psychology; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania; USA
| | | | - Anna C. Phillips
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
| | - Douglas Carroll
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
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14
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Carvalho JCN, Cardoso CDO, Shneider-Bakos D, Kristensen CH, Fonseca RP. The Effect of Age on Decision Making According to the Iowa Gambling Task. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 15:480-6. [PMID: 22774421 DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n2.38858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been associated with several brain changes that often affect the cognitive functioning of adults, but changes in executive functions, particularly in the field of decision making, have not been fully investigated. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a widely used tool to evaluate decision making, but little is known about the effect of age on its results. This study used the IGT and compared healthy young (n= 40) and elderly (n = 40) adults to evaluate their decision making processes. There were significant differences in the learning curve of the two age groups, but no difference in overall IGT performance. The results for the first IGT block were different from those of the rest of the task, and the group of elderly adults had a better performance in this block. Elderly adults also showed a preference for deck A, the one that resulted in greater losses. Findings confirmed the results of other studies, which reported that the IGT block score is the variable with the greatest sensitivity to age in this instrument.
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15
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Heart rate reactivity is associated with future cognitive ability and cognitive change in a large community sample. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 82:167-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Nagamatsu LS, Carolan P, Liu-Ambrose TYL, Handy TC. Age-related changes in the attentional control of visual cortex: a selective problem in the left visual hemifield. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:1670-8. [PMID: 21356222 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To what extent does our visual-spatial attention change with age? In this regard, it has been previously reported that relative to young controls, seniors show delays in attention-related sensory facilitation. Given this finding, our study was designed to examine two key questions regarding age-related changes in the effect of spatial attention on sensory-evoked responses in visual cortex--are there visual field differences in the age-related impairments in sensory processing, and do these impairments co-occur with changes in the executive control signals associated with visual spatial orienting? Therefore, our study examined both attentional control and attentional facilitation in seniors (aged 66-74 years) and young adults (aged 18-25 years) using a canonical spatial orienting task. Participants responded to attended and unattended peripheral targets while we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) to both targets and attention-directing spatial cues. We found that not only were sensory-evoked responses delayed in seniors specifically for unattended events in the left visual field as measured via latency shifts in the lateral occipital P1 elicited by visual targets, but seniors also showed amplitude reductions in the anterior directing attentional negativity (ADAN) component elicited by cues directing attention to the left visual field. At the same time, seniors also had significantly higher error rates for targets presented in the left vs. right visual field. Taken together, our data thus converge on the conclusion that age-related changes in visual spatial attention involve both sensory-level and executive attentional control processes, and that these effects appear to be strongly associated with the left visual field.
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Roinishvili M, Chkonia E, Stroux A, Brand A, Herzog MH. Combining vernier acuity and visual backward masking as a sensitive test for visual temporal deficits in aging research. Vision Res 2010; 51:417-23. [PMID: 21195725 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Performance in many everyday situations slows down when age increases. The causes of slowing down may be found on any stage of information processing. Here, we show that the combination of a vernier acuity task and the shine-through backward masking paradigm is a good paradigm to determine temporal processing deficits. The paradigm is relatively robust to optical blur and unlikely affected by motor dysfunctions. Strong masking deficits are found from an age of about 50 years on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Roinishvili
- Department of Behaviour and Cognitive Functions, I. Beritashvili Institute of Physiology, Tbilisi, Georgia
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19
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Contribution des fonctions exécutives et de la vitesse de traitement au vieillissement de la mémoire épisodique. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2009. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503307001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Gregory T, Callaghan A, Nettelbeck T, Wilson C. Inspection time predicts individual differences in everyday functioning among elderly adults: Testing discriminant validity. Australas J Ageing 2009; 28:87-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-6612.2009.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Gregory T, Nettelbeck T, Wilson C. Within-person changes in inspection time predict memory. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gregory T, Nettelbeck T, Howard S, Wilson C. Inspection Time: A biomarker for cognitive decline. INTELLIGENCE 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Waiter GD, Fox HC, Murray AD, Starr JM, Staff RT, Bourne VJ, Whalley LJ, Deary IJ. Is retaining the youthful functional anatomy underlying speed of information processing a signature of successful cognitive ageing? An event-related fMRI study of inspection time performance. Neuroimage 2008; 41:581-95. [PMID: 18395472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that individual differences in cognitive ageing might in part be based on the relative preservation of speed of information processing. However, the biological foundations of processing speed are not understood. Here we compared two groups of non-demented older people who had relatively similar IQs at age 11 but differed markedly in non-verbal reasoning ability at age 70: 'cognitive sustainers' (n=25), and 'cognitive decliners' (n=15). Using an event-related fMRI design, we studied the BOLD response while they performed an inspection time task. Inspection time is a two-alternative forced choice, backward masking test of the speed of the early stages of visual information processing. Inspection time has a well-established, significant association with higher cognitive abilities. The group of cognitive sustainers showed a pattern of BOLD activation-deactivation in response to inspection time stimulus duration differences that was similar to a healthy young sample [Deary, I.J., Simonotto, E., Meyer, M., Marshall, A., Marshall, I., Goddard, N., Watdlaw, J.M., 2004a. The functional anatomy of inspection time: an event-related fMRI study. NeuroImage 22, 1466-1479]. The group of cognitive decliners lacked these clear neural networks. The relative preservation of complex reasoning skills in old age may be associated with the preservation of the neural networks that underpin fundamental information processing in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon D Waiter
- Department of Radiology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, UK
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Deary IJ, Gow AJ, Taylor MD, Corley J, Brett C, Wilson V, Campbell H, Whalley LJ, Visscher PM, Porteous DJ, Starr JM. The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936: a study to examine influences on cognitive ageing from age 11 to age 70 and beyond. BMC Geriatr 2007; 7:28. [PMID: 18053258 PMCID: PMC2222601 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-7-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive ageing is a major burden for society and a major influence in lowering people's independence and quality of life. It is the most feared aspect of ageing. There are large individual differences in age-related cognitive changes. Seeking the determinants of cognitive ageing is a research priority. A limitation of many studies is the lack of a sufficiently long period between cognitive assessments to examine determinants. Here, the aim is to examine influences on cognitive ageing between childhood and old age. METHODS/DESIGN The study is designed as a follow-up cohort study. The participants comprise surviving members of the Scottish Mental Survey of 1947 (SMS1947; N = 70,805) who reside in the Edinburgh area (Lothian) of Scotland. The SMS1947 applied a valid test of general intelligence to all children born in 1936 and attending Scottish schools in June 1947. A total of 1091 participants make up the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. They undertook: a medical interview and examination; physical fitness testing; extensive cognitive testing (reasoning, memory, speed of information processing, and executive function); personality, quality of life and other psycho-social questionnaires; and a food frequency questionnaire. They have taken the same mental ability test (the Moray House Test No. 12) at age 11 and age 70. They provided blood samples for DNA extraction and testing and other biomarker analyses. Here we describe the background and aims of the study, the recruitment procedures and details of numbers tested, and the details of all examinations. DISCUSSION The principal strength of this cohort is the rarely captured phenotype of lifetime cognitive change. There is additional rich information to examine the determinants of individual differences in this lifetime cognitive change. This protocol report is important in alerting other researchers to the data available in the cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Alan J Gow
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Michelle D Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Janie Corley
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Caroline Brett
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Valerie Wilson
- Scottish Council for Research in Education, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Public Health and Primary Care Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Peter M Visscher
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David J Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Colom R, Jung RE, Haier RJ. Finding the g-factor in brain structure using the method of correlated vectors. INTELLIGENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gething L, Gridley H, Browning C, Helmes E, Luszcz M, Turner J, Ward L, Wells Y. The role of psychologists in fostering the wellbeing of older Australians. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00050060310001706957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lynn Ward
- The University of Adelaide, Australia
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Simpson EEA, Maylor EA, Rae G, Meunier N, Andriollo-Sanchez M, Catasta G, McConville C, Ferry M, Polito A, Stewart-Knox BJ, Secker DL, Coudray C. Cognitive function in healthy older European adults: the ZENITH study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 59 Suppl 2:S26-30. [PMID: 16254577 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Baseline data are reported from a study of the effects of zinc supplementation on cognitive function in older adults as assessed by the CANTAB computerised test battery. DESIGN This is a multicentre prospective intervention study employing a randomised double-blind design. SETTING European community-based study. PARTICIPANTS There are 387 healthy adults aged 55-87 y from centres in France, Italy and Northern Ireland. INTERVENTIONS Measures of visual memory, working memory and attention were obtained at baseline (prior to supplementation). RESULTS Younger adults (<70 y) performed significantly better than older adults (>70 y) on all tests, with minimal differences between centres. In addition, men outperformed women on tests of spatial span, pattern recognition memory and reaction times, although these gender differences varied somewhat between centres. CONCLUSIONS The results are generally consistent with previous age- and gender-related effects on cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E A Simpson
- School of Psychology/NICHE University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Potter LM, Grealy MA. Aging and inhibitory errors on a motor shift of set task. Exp Brain Res 2005; 171:56-66. [PMID: 16307258 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-0244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory functions are key mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline (Park and Gutchess in Cognitive aging: a primer, Psychology Press, Hove 2000), yet how these influence the control of action has not been fully investigated. Using 134 older (age 60-88) and 133 younger adults (age 20-59), we investigated in a motor analogy of the WCST the inhibition of a primed movement plan in favour of a novel one. Although 10% of older adults performed similarly to young adults, the majority failed to inhibit by the sixties, 10-20 years earlier than documented for the WCST (Lezak in Neurological Assessment, Oxford University Press, New York 1995; Haaland et al. in J Gerontol 33:345-346 1987). Around 40% failed to learn on the second attempt, and of these, the majority in their sixties to eighties failed to learn eventually. Implications are discussed for neuropsychological theory and everyday interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Potter
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Life Sciences, John Muir Bldg, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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Moss M, Franks M, Briggs P, Kennedy D, Scholey A. Compromised arterial oxygen saturation in elderly asthma sufferers results in selective cognitive impairment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2005; 27:139-50. [PMID: 15903147 DOI: 10.1080/13803390490515450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Forty elderly patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) were compared to a comparison group of forty age-matched healthy volunteers on a range of measures of cognitive performance, and levels of arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation recorded. Members of the patient group were found to have significantly lower oxygen saturation compared to the comparison group, and performed significantly poorer on tests of delayed word recall and serial subtractions, but not on other tasks. Correlational analysis between participants' oxygen saturation levels and test scores across the whole sample indicated significant positive relationships existed for the digit symbol substitution and serial subtractions tasks. The results are discussed in terms of cerebral oxygen delivery, glucose metabolism, age related cognitive decline, and relative task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Moss
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Division of Psychology, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
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Deary IJ, Simonotto E, Meyer M, Marshall A, Marshall I, Goddard N, Wardlaw JM. The functional anatomy of inspection time: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 2004; 22:1466-79. [PMID: 15275904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty healthy young adults underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain while performing a visual inspection time task. Inspection time is a forced-choice, two-alternative visual backward-masking task in which the subject is briefly shown two parallel vertical lines of markedly different lengths and must decide which is longer. As stimulus duration decreases, performance declines to chance levels. Individual differences in inspection time correlate with higher cognitive functions. An event-related design was used. The hemodynamic (blood oxygenation level-dependent; BOLD) response was computed as both a function of the eight levels of stimulus duration, from 6 ms (where performance is almost at chance) to 150 ms (where performance is nearly perfect), and a function of the behavioral responses. Random effects analysis showed that the difficulty of the visual discrimination was related to bilateral activation in the inferior fronto-opercular cortex, superior/medial frontal gyrus, and anterior cingulate gyrus, and bilateral deactivation in the posterior cingulate gyrus and precuneus. Examination of the time courses of BOLD responses showed that activation was related specifically to the more difficult, briefer stimuli and that deactivation was found across most stimulus levels. Functional connectivity suggested the existence of two networks. One comprised the fronto-opercular area, intrasylvian area, medial frontal gyrus, and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), possibly associated with processing of visually degraded percepts. A posterior network of sensory-related and associative regions might subserve processing of a visual discrimination task that has high processing demands and combines several fundamental cognitive domains. fMRI can thus reveal information about the neural correlates of mental events which occur over very short durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Deary
- Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
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Abstract
The authors evaluated the relative contributions of speed, memory, and visual scanning to Digit Symbol score in a sample of young adults (N = 87). Speed (Symbol Copy) explained 35% of Digit Symbol variance; only half of this was attributable to graphomotor speed (Name Printing), implying a role for perceptual speed. Visual-scanning tests (e.g., Symbol Scan) explained (on average) 34% of Digit Symbol variance, much of which was independent of perceptual-motor speed, establishing an important role for visual-scanning efficiency in Digit Symbol performance. By contrast, memory tests (on average) explained only 4% to 5% of Digit Symbol variance: statistically significant but clearly subsidiary, although a visual memory composite correlated more strongly with Digit Symbol. The Digit Symbol incidental learning procedures did, however, correlate moderately with other memory measures, suggesting that they are valid memory screening devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Joy
- Department of Psychology, Albertus Magnus College, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Deary IJ, Simonotto E, Marshall A, Marshall I, Goddard N, Wardlaw JM. The functional anatomy of inspection time: a pilot fMRI study. INTELLIGENCE 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Stokes TL, Bors DA. The development of a same–different inspection time paradigm and the effects of practice. INTELLIGENCE 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0160-2896(00)00055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Deary IJ. Human intelligence differences: towards a combined experimental-differential approach. Trends Cogn Sci 2001; 5:164-170. [PMID: 11287270 DOI: 10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that much is known about the taxonomy and predictive validity of human intelligence differences, there has been relatively little progress in understanding their cognitive bases. However, some recent firm findings mark the beginnings of a cognitive reductionism in human intelligence. Progress towards discovering 'cognitive components' that, firstly, show individual differences and, secondly, relate to psychometric intelligence differences is described here at different nominal levels of analysis: 'psychometric', 'cognitive-experimental' and 'psychophysical'. The field of intelligence differences remains a fertile yet seriously under-developed demesne in which cognitive scientists should collaborate with differential psychologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J. Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, EH8 9JZ, Edinburgh, UK
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Nettelbeck T. Looking down on human intelligence: from psychophysics to the brain. INTELLIGENCE 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0160-2896(00)00051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brébion G, Smith MJ, Gorman JM, Malaspina D, Sharif Z, Amador X. Memory and schizophrenia: differential link of processing speed and selective attention with two levels of encoding. J Psychiatr Res 2000; 34:121-7. [PMID: 10758253 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3956(99)00050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate how underlying cognitive deficits such as a defect in processing speed or in selective attention contributed to different types of memory impairment observed in schizophrenia (superficial vs deep encoding). 49 schizophrenic patients and 40 normal controls were administered a verbal memory task. Superficial encoding was assessed by the ability to recall items in their serial order. Deep encoding was assessed by the ability to organise words into semantic categories. Two measures of processing speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test and Stroop colour time) and one measure of selective attention (Stroop test) were used. Regression analyses were carried out. In the patient group, processing speed contributed to both superficial and deep encoding, and to a global verbal memory score. Selective attention only contributed to the superficial encoding processes. Thus, slowing of processing speed in schizophrenia seems to be more crucial for memory performance, since it affects memory in a pervasive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brébion
- Schizophrenia Research Unit, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Creedmoor Psychiatric Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Roberts RD, Stankov L. Individual differences in speed of mental processing and human cognitive abilities: Toward a taxonomic model. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1041-6080(00)80007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
A link between slowing of processing speed and cognitive disorders, including memory, has repeatedly been found in research on aging, and suggested in other cognitively impaired populations. We tested the hypothesis that a link between memory impairment and slowing of processing speed would also be observed in schizophrenia. Forty-four schizophrenic patients and 40 normal controls were administered a memory task involving free recall and recognition. Processing speed was assessed by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Working memory span was assessed as well. The measure of processing speed was consistently correlated with the various memory measures in patients, including efficiency of encoding. These correlations remained significant, or tended to be significant, when working memory span was partialled out. Memory deficits observed in schizophrenia may thus be partly accounted for by a slowing of processing speed. It is suggested that research on cognitive deficits in this and other mental diseases focus more on processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brébion
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, NY 10032, USA
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Abstract
Successes in science tend to be successful attempts at reduction and causal interaction. The reduction of the interaction of bodies to the laws of motion and the reduction of chemical phenomena to elements and their interactions are good examples. In these cases reductionism leads to observed phenomena being explained by a relatively small number of basic concepts and the laws which govern the interaction of the concepts. The spectrum of inquiry that stretches from common sense to scientific psychology is infused with a tendency toward reductionism. Hippocrates and Galen originated and developed, respectively, the notion that temperamental differences might be reducible to the amounts of four bodily fluids, or humours (black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm), that a person produced. Astrologers reduced stable personality differences to the positions of the stars and planets at the time of birth. And differential psychologists have reduced the personality trait adjectives contained in the lexicon to about five major dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
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Constraints on theories of cognitive aging. Psychon Bull Rev 1996; 3:287-99. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03210753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/1995] [Accepted: 01/25/1996] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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