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Shrestha A, Mehdizadeh Gohari I, Li J, Navarro M, Uzal FA, McClane BA. The biology and pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens type F: a common human enteropathogen with a new(ish) name. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024:e0014023. [PMID: 38864615 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00140-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn the 2018-revised Clostridium perfringens typing classification system, isolates carrying the enterotoxin (cpe) and alpha toxin genes but no other typing toxin genes are now designated as type F. Type F isolates cause food poisoning and nonfoodborne human gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, which most commonly involve type F isolates carrying, respectivefooly, a chromosomal or plasmid-borne cpe gene. Compared to spores of other C. perfringens isolates, spores of type F chromosomal cpe isolates often exhibit greater resistance to food environment stresses, likely facilitating their survival in improperly prepared or stored foods. Multiple factors contribute to this spore resistance phenotype, including the production of a variant small acid-soluble protein-4. The pathogenicity of type F isolates involves sporulation-dependent C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) production. C. perfringens sporulation is initiated by orphan histidine kinases and sporulation-associated sigma factors that drive cpe transcription. CPE-induced cytotoxicity starts when CPE binds to claudin receptors to form a small complex (which also includes nonreceptor claudins). Approximately six small complexes oligomerize on the host cell plasma membrane surface to form a prepore. CPE molecules in that prepore apparently extend β-hairpin loops to form a β-barrel pore, allowing a Ca2+ influx that activates calpain. With low-dose CPE treatment, caspase-3-dependent apoptosis develops, while high-CPE dose treatment induces necroptosis. Those effects cause histologic damage along with fluid and electrolyte losses from the colon and small intestine. Sialidases likely contribute to type F disease by enhancing CPE action and, for NanI-producing nonfoodborne human GI disease isolates, increasing intestinal growth and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Iman Mehdizadeh Gohari
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jihong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mauricio Navarro
- Instituto de Patologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - Bruce A McClane
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Grenda T, Jarosz A, Sapała M, Grenda A, Patyra E, Kwiatek K. Clostridium perfringens-Opportunistic Foodborne Pathogen, Its Diversity and Epidemiological Significance. Pathogens 2023; 12:768. [PMID: 37375458 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The C. perfringens species is associated with various environments, such as soils, sewage, and food. However, it is also a component of the gastrointestinal (GI) microflora (i.e., microbiota) of sick and healthy humans and animals. C. perfringens is linked with different systemic and enteric diseases in livestock and humans, such as gas gangrene, food poisoning, non-foodborne diarrhoea, and enterocolitis. The strains of this opportunistic pathogen are known to secrete over 20 identified toxins that are considered its principal virulence factors. C. perfringens belongs to the anaerobic bacteria community but can also survive in the presence of oxygen. The short time between generations, the multi-production capability of toxins and heat-resistant spores, the location of many virulence genes on mobile genetic elements, and the inhabitance of this opportunistic pathogen in different ecological niches make C. perfringens a very important microorganism for public health protection. The epidemiological evidence for the association of these strains with C. perfringens-meditated food poisoning and some cases of non-foodborne diseases is very clear and well-documented. However, the genetic diversity and physiology of C. perfringens should still be studied in order to confirm the importance of suspected novel virulence traits. A very significant problem is the growing antibiotic resistance of C. perfringens strains. The aim of this review is to show the current basic information about the toxins, epidemiology, and genetic and molecular diversity of this opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Grenda
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jarosz
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sapała
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Grenda
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Patyra
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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S100A9 plays a key role in Clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin-induced inflammatory damage in porcine IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cells. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:16. [PMID: 36635624 PMCID: PMC9835341 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important regulator of autoimmune responses and inflammation, S100A9 may serve as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. However, the role of S100A9 in Clostridium perfringens type C infectious diarrhea is poorly studied. The aim of our study was to screen downstream target genes regulated by S100A9 in Clostridium perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin-induced IPEC-J2 cell injury. We constructed IPEC-J2 cells with S100A9 knockdown and a CPB2-induced cell injury model, screened downstream genes regulated by S100A9 using RNA-Seq technique, and performed functional enrichment analysis. The function of S100A9 was verified using molecular biology techniques. RESULTS We identified 316 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 221 were upregulated and 95 were downregulated. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in cilium movement, negative regulation of cell differentiation, immune response, protein digestion and absorption, and complement and coagulation cascades. The key genes of immune response were TNF, CCL1, CCR7, CSF2, and CXCL9. When CPB2 toxin-induced IPEC-J2 cells overexpressed S100A9, Bax expression increased, Bcl-2 expression and mitochondrial membrane potential decreased, and SOD activity was inhibited. CONCLUSION In conclusion, S100A9 was involved in CPB2-induced inflammatory response in IPEC-J2 cells by regulating the expression of downstream target genes, namely, TNF, CCL1, CCR7, CSF2, and CXCL9; promoting apoptosis; and aggravating oxidative cell damage. This study laid the foundation for further study on the regulatory mechanism underlying piglet diarrhea.
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Abstract
Clostridium perfringens, a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium, causes necrotic diseases associated with abundant life loss and economic burdens of billions of USD. The mechanism of C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases remains largely unknown, in part, because of the lack of effective animal models and the presence of a large array of exotoxins and diverse disease manifestations from the skin and deep tissues to the gastrointestinal tract. In the light of the advancement of medical and veterinary research, a large body of knowledge is accumulating on the factors influencing C. perfringens-induced necrotic disease onset, development, and outcomes. Here, we present an overview of the key virulence factors of C. perfringens exotoxins. Subsequently, we focus on comprehensively reviewing C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases such as myonecrosis, acute watery diarrhea, enteritis necroticans, preterm infant necrotizing enterocolitis, and chicken necrotic enteritis. We then review the current understanding on the mechanisms of myonecrosis and enteritis in relation to the immune system and intestinal microbiome. Based on these discussions, we then review current preventions and treatments of the necrotic diseases and propose potential new intervention options. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated and comprehensive knowledge on the role of the host–microbe interaction to develop new interventions against C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases.
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Dave VP, Joseph J, Pathengay A, Pappuru RR, Das T. CLOSTRIDIAL ENDOPHTHALMITIS: CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, MANAGEMENT OUTCOMES, AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2022; 16:48-55. [PMID: 31344009 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0000000000000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical presentations, diagnosis and management outcomes of clostridial endophthalmitis, and a review of the previous literature. DESIGN Retrospective, interventional case series from January 2005 to March 2018 and a literature review. METHODS The study included seven eyes of seven patients with culture-proven Clostridium sp. endophthalmitis. Identification of Clostridium sp. was confirmed by the VITEK 2 system using the ANC card. When VITEK failed to identify the organism, MALDI-TOF was used. Data regarding demography, clinical presentations, interventions received, and final visual and anatomical outcomes were noted. RESULTSTHE mean age of the patients was 28.28 ± 22.35 years (median 21 years). By the etiology of infection, 5 (75%) eyes were post-open-globe injury, 1 (12.5%) was post-trabeculectomy, and 1 (12.5%) was postintravitreal injection. The mean follow-up was 9.71 ± 12.03 months, median 6 months. Two samples were positive for Clostridium perfringens, one each for C. subterminale, C. difficile, and C. tertium, and two were unidentified clostridial species. Favorable anatomical outcome was seen in 3/7 eyes (42.85%). Favorable functional outcome was seen in 2/7 eyes (28.57%). These were comparable with the outcomes of the pooled pre-existing literature. There was a trend toward better functional and anatomical outcomes and lesser evisceration/enucleation rates with vitrectomy instead of a vitreous tap, although not statistically significant. All cases showed susceptibility to empirically used intravitreal antibiotic vancomycin. CONCLUSION Commonest setting of clostridial endophthalmitis is post-open-globe injury. Despite treatment with appropriate antibiotics, the visual and anatomical outcome is unsatisfactory because of high organism virulence. Early vitrectomy may allow for globe salvage and potential vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Dave
- Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreoretinal Diseases, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Joveeta Joseph
- Jhaveri Microbiology Center, Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India ; and
| | - Avinash Pathengay
- Retina and Uveitis Department, GMR Varalaxmi Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hanumanthawaka Chowk, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rajeev R Pappuru
- Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreoretinal Diseases, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Taraprasad Das
- Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreoretinal Diseases, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Poorhassan F, Nemati F, Saffarian P, Mirhosseini SA, Motamedi MJ. Design of a chitosan-based nano vaccine against epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens type D and evaluation of its immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:575-585. [PMID: 34760006 PMCID: PMC8562408 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.327504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, spore-forming, and pathogenic bacterium that causes intestinal diseases in humans and animals. In these cases, therapeutic intervention is challenging; because the disease progresses much rapidly. This bacterium can produce 5 main toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, iota, and a type of enterotoxin) among which the epsilon toxin (ETX) is used for bioterrorism. This toxin can be prevented by immunization with specific immunogenic vaccines. In the present research, we aimed at developing a recombinant chitosan-based nano-vaccine against ETX of C. perfringens and evaluate its effects on the antibody titration against epsilon toxin in BALB/c mice as the vaccine model. Experimental approach The etx gene from C. perfringens type D was cloned and expressed in E. coli. After analysis by SDS-PAGE and western blotting, the expressed products were purified, and the obtained proteins were used for immunization in mice as a chitosan nanoparticle containing recombinant, purified ETX, and protein. Findings/Results The results of ELISA showed that IgA antibody serum level increased sufficiently using recombinant protein with nanoparticle as an oral and injectable formulation. IgG antibody titers increased significantly after administrating the recombinant proteins with nanoparticles through both oral delivery and intravenous injection. Conclusion and implication In conclusion, the recombinant ETX is suggested as a good candidate for vaccine production against diseases caused by ETX of C. perfringens type D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Poorhassan
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Fahimeh Nemati
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Parvaneh Saffarian
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mirhosseini
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Motamedi
- Molecular Biology Department, Green Gene Company, Tehran, I.R. Iran.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, I.R. Iran
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The eternal dilemma of antitoxin antibiotics for skin and soft tissue infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:80-88. [PMID: 33560018 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In standard clinical practice, combined antibiotic treatment is used to treat severe skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), whereby one of the drugs is usually a protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotic. However, evidence for this practice is only based on data from 'in vitro' studies, animal models and case reports. There are no randomized controlled trials. In the light of several new drugs marketed for the treatment of these infections, there is a need to revise the state of the art. RECENT FINDINGS New reviews and systematic appraisals of the literature exist on the use of protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics to treat severe SSTI. Several 'in vitro' studies have assessed the efficacy of some of the new drugs. SUMMARY Combination therapy, including an adjuvant protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotic for toxin suppression, should be used both in patients with severe SSTI and in those with moderate infection and risk factors for methicillin-resistant positive- or Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive-Staphylococcus aureus infection.
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Vaccination against pathogenic clostridia in animals: a review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:284. [PMID: 33891221 PMCID: PMC8062623 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02728-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, and spore-forming bacterium, which is found in the surrounding environments throughout the world. Clostridium species cause botulism, tetanus, enterotoxaemia, gas gangrene, necrotic enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, blackleg, and black disease. Clostridium infection causes severe economic losses in livestock and poultry industries. Vaccination seems to be an effective way to control Clostridial diseases. This review discusses the toxins and vaccine development of the most common pathogenic Clostridium species in animals, including Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium chauvoei, and Clostridium septicum. In this comprehensive study, we will review different kinds of clostridial toxins and the vaccines that are experimentally or practically available and will give a short description on each vaccine focusing on its applications, advantages, and disadvantages.
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Jesudhasan PR, Bhatia SS, Sivakumar KK, Praveen C, Genovese KJ, He HL, Droleskey R, McReynolds JL, Byrd JA, Swaggerty CL, Kogut MH, Nisbet DJ, Pillai SD. Controlling the Colonization of Clostridium perfringens in Broiler Chickens by an Electron-Beam-Killed Vaccine. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:671. [PMID: 33802503 PMCID: PMC7998924 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (Cp) is a Gram-positive anaerobe that is one of the causative agents of necrotic enteritis (NE) in chickens, which leads to high mortality. Owing to the ban of administering antibiotics in feed to chickens, there has been an increase in the number of NE outbreaks all over the world, and the estimated loss is approximately 6 billion U.S. dollars. The best alternative method to control NE without antibiotics could be vaccination. In this study, we exposed three different strains of Cp to electron beam (eBeam) irradiation to inactivate them and then used them as a killed vaccine to control the colonization of Cp in broiler chickens. The vaccine was delivered to 18-day old embryos in ovo and the chickens were challenged with the respective vaccine strain at two different time points (early and late) to test the protective efficacy of the vaccine. The results indicate that an effective eBeam dose of 10 kGy inactivated all three strains of Cp, did not affect the cell membrane or epitopes, induced significant levels of IgY in the vaccinated birds, and further reduced the colonization of Cp strains significantly (p < 0.0001) in late challenge (JGS4064: 4 out of 10; JGS1473: 0 out of 10; JGS4104: 3 out of 10). Further studies are necessary to enhance the efficacy of the vaccine and to understand the mechanism of vaccine protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmy R. Jesudhasan
- Poultry Production and Product Safety, USDA-ARS, 1260 W Maple St., O-306 POSC Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Sohini S. Bhatia
- National Center for Electron Beam Research, An IAEA Collaborating Centre for Electron Beam Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.S.B.); (K.K.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Kirthiram K. Sivakumar
- National Center for Electron Beam Research, An IAEA Collaborating Centre for Electron Beam Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.S.B.); (K.K.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Chandni Praveen
- National Center for Electron Beam Research, An IAEA Collaborating Centre for Electron Beam Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.S.B.); (K.K.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Kenneth J. Genovese
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2881 F and B Rd, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.J.G.); (H.L.H.); (R.D.); (J.A.B.); (C.L.S.); (M.H.K.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Haiqi L. He
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2881 F and B Rd, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.J.G.); (H.L.H.); (R.D.); (J.A.B.); (C.L.S.); (M.H.K.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Robert Droleskey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2881 F and B Rd, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.J.G.); (H.L.H.); (R.D.); (J.A.B.); (C.L.S.); (M.H.K.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Jack L. McReynolds
- Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production, Church & Dwight Co. Inc., 6935 Vista Drive, West Des Moines, IA 50266, USA;
| | - James A. Byrd
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2881 F and B Rd, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.J.G.); (H.L.H.); (R.D.); (J.A.B.); (C.L.S.); (M.H.K.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Christina L. Swaggerty
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2881 F and B Rd, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.J.G.); (H.L.H.); (R.D.); (J.A.B.); (C.L.S.); (M.H.K.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Michael H. Kogut
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2881 F and B Rd, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.J.G.); (H.L.H.); (R.D.); (J.A.B.); (C.L.S.); (M.H.K.); (D.J.N.)
| | - David J. Nisbet
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2881 F and B Rd, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.J.G.); (H.L.H.); (R.D.); (J.A.B.); (C.L.S.); (M.H.K.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Suresh D. Pillai
- National Center for Electron Beam Research, An IAEA Collaborating Centre for Electron Beam Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.S.B.); (K.K.S.); (C.P.)
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Genotyping of Clostridium perfringens Isolates from Domestic Livestock in Saudi Arabia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9035341. [PMID: 32280706 PMCID: PMC7128066 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9035341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to confirm the genetic identity of Clostridium perfringens isolates from domestic livestock in Saudi Arabia and to characterize the genes encoding to alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota (α-, β-, ε-, and ι-) toxins. C. perfringens were confirmed in 104 out of 136 isolates on multiplex polymerase chain reaction using specific primers amplifying genes related to toxins produced by C. perfringens. Genes encoding α-toxins were detected in 104 samples. Of the isolates, 80.8% were diagnosed as type A, 15.4% as type D, 2.9% as type C, and 0.96% as type B. None of the isolates has genes encoding iota (ι-) toxin. All isolates investigated yielded enterotoxin (cpe) products and none yielded β2 (cpb2-toxin) or NetB products. PLC gene sequences encoding α-toxin showed >96.7% similarity. Isolates which had α-toxins as well as enterotoxin (cpe) are regarded as type F. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood analysis yielded two clades, and the majority of the isolates were in one group while only two isolates clustered on the second clade. Within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia strains, 54 variable positions and 23 polymorphic amino acids were noticed. Isolates with ε- and β-toxins were variable and were found to be close to those published for C. perfringens. ETX gene sequences encoding ε-toxins were found to be related to CPE sequences.
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Jia Z, Liu Y, Hwang CA, Huang L. Effect of combination of Oxyrase and sodium thioglycolate on growth of Clostridium perfringens from spores under aerobic incubation. Food Microbiol 2020; 89:103413. [PMID: 32138984 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a strictly anaerobic pathogen that requires absence of oxygen for its growth in laboratory experiments, which is usually attained by using an anaerobic chamber or anaerobic jars. However, it has been demonstrated that C. perfringens may survive for short periods of times due to its adaptive response to O2. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the application of Oxyrase (OX) and sodium thioglycolate (ST) as oxygen scavengers, used alone or in combination, for observation of the growth of C. perfringens under aerobic incubation. The growth of C. perfringens from spores in Schaedler Anaerobe Agar containing different levels and combinations of OX and ST was observed at temperatures between 20 and 50 °C. The kinetic parameters, including lag time, specific growth rate, and maximum cell concentrations in the stationary phase, were determined. The results indicated that ST at concentrations of 0.025 and 0.05% (w/w), although allowing eventual growth of C. perfringens, prolonged its lag times, while OX at 1.5% only allowed growth at a lower growth rate in comparison to anaerobic incubation. OX at 3% enhanced the growth of C. perfringens at temperatures between 30 and 50 °C, while higher levels of OX were needed in the medium to support the growth of C. perfringens during storage at 25 °C (>6% OX) and 20 °C (>9% OX), due to the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. No significant difference was found in the kinetic parameters of C. perfringens incubated aerobically with OX and the control (without OX or ST) in an anaerobic chamber. Therefore, OX at appropriate concentrations may allow the observation of the growth of C. perfringens under aerobic incubation conditions without the need of an anaerobic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jia
- School of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350001, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Chang-An Hwang
- Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Lihan Huang
- Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
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Ghimire TR, Regmi GR, Huettmann F. When Micro Drives the Macro: A Fresh Look at Disease and its Massive Contributions in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya. HINDU KUSH-HIMALAYA WATERSHEDS DOWNHILL: LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION PERSPECTIVES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7197387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36275-1_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases have a high impact on the human and animal health because they are the underlying causes of disability, death, and long-term illness. For many regions those details are not, or just poorly known. Here we present on the morbidity and mortality in faunal diversities including domestic and wild species caused by various viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal diseases prevalent in Nepal and relevant for the wider Hindu Kush Himalaya. In addition, we provide details how antibiotic resistivity, vectors, and zoonosis have resulted on a landscape-scale in the huge public and veterinary health problem has been dealt with in the context of Nepal and the wider region.
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Abstract
Clostridium species are gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic rods normally found in the soil and gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Spontaneous sepsis due to C. perfringens is not caused by injury, which sets it apart from the classical gas gangrene that typically follows trauma. Spontaneous C. perfringens sepsis often develops as a rapidly progressive intravascular hemolysis and metabolic acidosis, with high mortality rates of over 70% with standard intensive care. In such cases, alpha toxin secreted by C. perfringens is considered the main toxin responsible for intravascular hemolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and multiple organ failure. Theta-toxin causes a cytokine cascade, which results in peripheral vasodilation similar to that seen in septic shock. For C. perfringens infections, antibiotics, such as high-dose penicillin, and surgical drainage as early as possible are the principal treatments of choice. However, considering the current mortality rate of sepsis, outcomes have not improved with the current standard treatment for C. perfringens infections. Monoclonal antibody against theta toxin in combination with gas gangrene antitoxin presents a promising therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hifumi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital
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14
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Yang C, Kennes YM, Lepp D, Yin X, Wang Q, Yu H, Yang C, Gong J, Diarra MS. Effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde and citral on the performance and cecal microbiota of broilers vaccinated or not vaccinated against coccidiosis. Poult Sci 2019; 99:936-948. [PMID: 32029170 PMCID: PMC7587813 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and citral (CIT) alone or in combination (CIN + CIT) on the growth performance and cecal microbiota of nonvaccinated broilers and broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis. Vaccinated (1,600) and nonvaccinated (1,600) 0-day-old male Cobb500 broilers were randomly allocated to 5 treatments: basal diet (control) and basal diet supplemented with bacitracin (BAC, 55 ppm), CIN (100 ppm), CIT (100 ppm), and CIN (100 ppm) + CIT (100 ppm). In general, body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in birds treated with BAC, CIN, CIT, and CIN + CIT (P < 0.05) but were all decreased in vaccinated birds compared with nonvaccinated birds (P < 0.05). Significant interactions (P < 0.05) between vaccination and treatments for average daily gain during the periods of starter (day 0–9) and BW on day 10 were noted. Broilers receiving vaccines (P < 0.01) or feed supplemented with BAC, CIN, CIT, or CIN + CIT (P < 0.01) showed reductions in mortality rate from day 0 to 28. The incidences of minor coccidiosis were higher (P < 0.05) in vaccinated birds than in nonvaccinated birds. Diet supplementation with BAC or tested encapsulated essential oils showed comparable effects on the coccidiosis incidences. Similar to BAC, CIN and its combination with CIT reduced both incidence and severity of necrotic enteritis (P < 0.05). No treatment effects were observed on the cecal microbiota at the phyla level. At the genus level, significant differences between vaccination and treatment groups were observed for 5 (Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, Enterococcus, and Clostridium) of 40 detected genera (P < 0.05). The genus Lactobacillus was more abundant in broilers fed with CIT, while Clostridium and Enterococcus were less abundant in broilers fed with CIN, CIT, or CIN + CIT in both the vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups. Results from this study suggested that CIN alone or in combination with CIT in feed could improve chicken growth performance to the level comparable with BAC and alter cecal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwu Yang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9; Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Yan Martel Kennes
- Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault, Deschambault, 120-A, chemin du Roy, Canada QC G0A 1S0
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9.
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9.
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15
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Matsuda A, Aung MS, Urushibara N, Kawaguchiya M, Sumi A, Nakamura M, Horino Y, Ito M, Habadera S, Kobayashi N. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Toxin Genes in Clinical Isolates of Clostridium perfringens: Coexistence of Alpha-Toxin Variant and Binary Enterotoxin Genes ( bec/ cpile). Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060326. [PMID: 31174364 PMCID: PMC6628447 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is responsible for food-borne gastroenteritis and other infectious diseases, and toxins produced by this bacterium play a key role in pathogenesis. Although various toxins have been described for C. perfringens isolates from humans and animals, prevalence of individual toxins among clinical isolates has not yet been well explored. In the present study, a total of 798 C. perfringens clinical isolates were investigated for prevalence of eight toxin genes and their genetic diversity by PCR, nucleotide sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Besides the alpha-toxin gene (plc) present in all the isolates, the most common toxin gene was cpe (enterotoxin) (34.2%), followed by cpb2 (beta2 toxin) (1.4%), netB (NetB) (0.3%), and bec/cpile (binary enterotoxin BEC/CPILE) (0.1%), while beta-, epsilon-, and iota-toxin genes were not detected. Genetic analysis of toxin genes indicated a high level of conservation of plc, cpe, and netB. In contrast, cpb2 was revealed to be considerably divergent, containing at least two lineages. Alpha-toxin among 46 isolates was classified into ten sequence types, among which common types were distinct from those reported for avian isolates. A single isolate with bec/cpile harbored a plc variant containing an insertion of 834-bp sequence, suggesting its putative origin from chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Matsuda
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Noriko Urushibara
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Ayako Sumi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
| | | | - Yuka Horino
- Sapporo Clinical Laboratory, Inc., Sapporo 060-0005, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Ito
- Sapporo Clinical Laboratory, Inc., Sapporo 060-0005, Japan.
| | | | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
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16
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Revitt-Mills SA, Vidor CJ, Watts TD, Lyras D, Rood JI, Adams V. Virulence Plasmids of the Pathogenic Clostridia. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0034-2018. [PMID: 31111816 PMCID: PMC11257192 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0034-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clostridia cause a spectrum of diseases in humans and animals ranging from life-threatening tetanus and botulism, uterine infections, histotoxic infections and enteric diseases, including antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and food poisoning. The symptoms of all these diseases are the result of potent protein toxins produced by these organisms. These toxins are diverse, ranging from a multitude of pore-forming toxins to phospholipases, metalloproteases, ADP-ribosyltransferases and large glycosyltransferases. The location of the toxin genes is the unifying theme of this review because with one or two exceptions they are all located on plasmids or on bacteriophage that replicate using a plasmid-like intermediate. Some of these plasmids are distantly related whilst others share little or no similarity. Many of these toxin plasmids have been shown to be conjugative. The mobile nature of these toxin genes gives a ready explanation of how clostridial toxin genes have been so widely disseminated both within the clostridial genera as well as in the wider bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Revitt-Mills
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Callum J Vidor
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas D Watts
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julian I Rood
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vicki Adams
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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17
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Rood JI, Adams V, Lacey J, Lyras D, McClane BA, Melville SB, Moore RJ, Popoff MR, Sarker MR, Songer JG, Uzal FA, Van Immerseel F. Expansion of the Clostridium perfringens toxin-based typing scheme. Anaerobe 2018; 53:5-10. [PMID: 29866424 PMCID: PMC6195859 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens causes many different histotoxic and enterotoxic diseases in humans and animals as a result of its ability to produce potent protein toxins, many of which are extracellular. The current scheme for the classification of isolates was finalized in the 1960s and is based on their ability to produce a combination of four typing toxins - α-toxin, β-toxin, ε-toxin and ι-toxin - to divide C. perfringens strains into toxinotypes A to E. However, this scheme is now outdated since it does not take into account the discovery of other toxins that have been shown to be required for specific C. perfringens-mediated diseases. We present a long overdue revision of this toxinotyping scheme. The principles for the expansion of the typing system are described, as is a mechanism by which new toxinotypes can be proposed and subsequently approved. Based on these criteria two new toxinotypes have been established. C. perfringens type F consists of isolates that produce C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), but not β-toxin, ε-toxin or ι-toxin. Type F strains will include strains responsible for C. perfringens-mediated human food poisoning and antibiotic associated diarrhea. C. perfringens type G comprises isolates that produce NetB toxin and thereby cause necrotic enteritis in chickens. There are at least two candidates for future C. perfringens toxinotypes, but further experimental work is required before these toxinotypes can formally be proposed and accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian I Rood
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Vicki Adams
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jake Lacey
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bruce A McClane
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Robert J Moore
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Unité Des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Mahfuzur R Sarker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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18
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Latorre JD, Adhikari B, Park SH, Teague KD, Graham LE, Mahaffey BD, Baxter MFA, Hernandez-Velasco X, Kwon YM, Ricke SC, Bielke LR, Hargis BM, Tellez G. Evaluation of the Epithelial Barrier Function and Ileal Microbiome in an Established Necrotic Enteritis Challenge Model in Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:199. [PMID: 30186844 PMCID: PMC6110846 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a recognized multifactorial disease that cost annually to the poultry industry around $2 billion. However, diverse aspects related to its presentation are not completely understood, requiring further studies using known induction experimental models. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure the changes occurring in performance, intestinal integrity and ileal microbiome using a previously established NE-challenge model. Chickens were assigned to a negative control group (NC) or a positive control group (PC). In the PC, broilers were orally gavaged with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) (1 × 107 cfu/chick) at day 1, Eimeria maxima (EM) (2.5 × 104 oocyst/chick) at day 18 and Clostridium perfringens (CP) (1 × 108 cfu/chick/day) at 23-24 days of age. Weekly, body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated. Morbidity and mortality were determined throughout the study, and NE lesion scores were recorded at day 25. Additionally, blood and liver samples were collected to measure gut permeability as determined by levels of serum fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) and bacterial translocation (BT). Ileal contents were processed for 16S rRNA gene-based microbiome analysis. Performance parameters and intestinal permeability measurements were negatively impacted in the PC resulting in elevated serum FITC-d and BT with a -6.4% difference in BWG. The NE lesion score in PC (1.97 vs. 0.00) was significantly higher in comparison to NC, although there was no difference in mortality. The microbiome analysis showed a dramatic shift of ileal microbiomes in PC groups as compared to NC (ANOSIM: R = 0.76, P = 0.001). The shift was characterized by reduced abundance of the phylum Actinobacteria (P < 0.01), and increased abundance of the genera Butyrivibrio, Lactobacillus, Prevotella and Ruminococcus in PC compared to NC (P < 0.05). Expectedly, Clostridium was found higher in PC (2.98 ± 0.71%) as compared to NC (1.84 ± 0.36%), yet the difference was not significant. In conclusion, results of the present study showed the different intestinal epithelial and microbiological alterations occurring in an established NE-challenge model that considers paratyphoid Salmonella infections in young chicks as an important predisposing factor for presentation of NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D. Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Bishnu Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Si H. Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Kyle D. Teague
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Lucas E. Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Brittany D. Mahaffey
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Mikayla F. A. Baxter
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Young M. Kwon
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Lisa R. Bielke
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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19
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Collaborating genomic, transcriptomic and microbiomic alterations lead to canine extreme intestinal polyposis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:29162-29179. [PMID: 30018743 PMCID: PMC6044369 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme intestinal polyposis in pet dogs has not yet been reported in literature. We identified a dog patient who developed numerous intestinal polyps, with the severity resembling human classic familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), except the jejunum-ileum junction being the most polyp-dense. We investigated this dog, in comparison with 22 other dogs with spontaneous intestinal tumors but no severe polyposis, and with numerous published human cancers. We found, not APC mutation, but three other alteration pathways as likely reasons of this canine extreme polyposis. First, somatic truncation mutation W411X of FBXW7, a component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, over-activates MYC and cell cycle-promoting network, accelerating crypt cell proliferation. Second, genes of protein trafficking and localization are downregulated, likely associated with germline mutation G406D of STAMBPL1, a K63-deubiquitinase, and MYC network activation. This inhibits epithelial apical-basolateral polarity establishment, preventing crypt cell differentiation. Third, Bacteroides uniformis, a commensal gut anaerobe, thrives and expresses abundantly thioredoxin and nitroreductase. These bacterial products could reduce oxidative stress linked to host germline mutation R51X of CYB5RL, a cytochrome b5 reductase homologue, decreasing cell death. Our work emphasizes the close collaboration of alterations across the genome, transcriptome and microbiome in promoting tumorigenesis.
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20
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Ronco T, Stegger M, Ng KL, Lilje B, Lyhs U, Andersen PS, Pedersen K. Genome analysis of Clostridium perfringens isolates from healthy and necrotic enteritis infected chickens and turkeys. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:270. [PMID: 28693615 PMCID: PMC5504799 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Clostridium perfringens causes gastrointestinal diseases in both humans and domestic animals. Type A strains expressing the NetB toxin are the main cause of necrotic enteritis (NE) in chickens, which has remarkable impact on animal welfare and production economy in the international poultry industry. Three pathogenicity loci NELoc-1, -2 and -3 and a collagen adhesion gene cnaA have been found to be associated with NE in chickens, whereas the presence of these has not been investigated in diseased turkeys. The purpose was to investigate the virulence associated genome content and the genetic relationship among 30 C. perfringens isolates from both healthy and NE infected chickens and turkeys, applying whole-genome sequencing. Results NELoc-1, -3, netB and cnaA were significantly associated with NE isolates from chickens, whereas only NELoc-2 was commonly observed in both diseased turkeys and chickens. A putative collagen adhesion gene that encodes a von Willebrand Factor (vWF) domain was identified in all diseased turkeys and designated as cnaD. The phylogenetic analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that the isolates generally were not closely related. These results indicate that virulence factors and pathogenicity loci associated with NE in chickens are not important to the same extent in diseased turkeys except for NELoc-2. A putative collagen adhesion gene which potentially could be of importance in regard to the NE pathogenesis in turkeys was identified and need to be further investigated. Thus, the pathogenesis of NE in turkeys appears to be different from that of broiler chickens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2594-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Ronco
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Kim Lee Ng
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Berit Lilje
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ulrike Lyhs
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Paal Skytt Andersen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.,Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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21
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Structural pierce into molecular mechanism underlying Clostridium perfringens Epsilon toxin function. Toxicon 2017; 127:90-99. [PMID: 28089770 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epsilon toxin of the Clostridium perfringens garnered a lot of attention due to its potential for toxicity in humans, extreme potency for cytotoxicity in mice and lack of any approved therapeutics prescribed for human. However, the intricacies of the Epsilon toxin action mechanism are yet to be understood. In this regard, various in silico tools have been exploited to model and refine the 3D structure of the toxin and its two receptors. The receptor proteins were embedded into designed lipid membranes within an aqueous and ionized environment. Thereafter, the modeled structures subjected to series of consecutive molecular dynamics runs to achieve the most natural like coordination for each model. Ultimately, protein-protein interaction analyses were performed to understand the probable action mechanism. The obtained results successfully confirmed the accuracy of employed methods to achieve high quality models for the toxin and its receptors within their lipid bilayers. Molecular dynamics analyses lead the structures to a more native like coordination. Moreover, the results of previous empirical studies were confirmed, while new insights for action mechanisms including the detailed roles of Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1) and Myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL) proteins were achieved. In light of previous and our observations, we suggested novel models which elucidated the existing interplay between potential players of Epsilon toxin action mechanism with detailed structural evidences. These models would pave the way to have more robust understanding of the Epsilon toxin biology, more precise vaccine construction and more successful drug (inhibitor) design.
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22
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23
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Targeting and alteration of tight junctions by bacteria and their virulence factors such as Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:77-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Yamaguchi Y, Shimodo T, Chikamori N, Usuki S, Kanai Y, Endo T, Katsumata KI, Terashima C, Ikekita M, Fujishima A, Suzuki T, Sakai H, Nakata K. Sporicidal performance induced by photocatalytic production of organic peroxide under visible light irradiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33715. [PMID: 27666195 PMCID: PMC5036025 DOI: 10.1038/srep33715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria that cause serious food poisoning are known to sporulate under conditions of nutrient and water shortage. The resulting spores have much greater resistance to common sterilization methods, such as heating at 100 °C and exposure to various chemical agents. Because such bacteria cannot be inactivated with typical alcohol disinfectants, peroxyacetic acid (PAA) often is used, but PAA is a harmful agent that can seriously damage human health. Furthermore, concentrated hydrogen peroxide, which is also dangerous, must be used to prepare PAA. Thus, the development of a facile and safe sporicidal disinfectant is strongly required. In this study, we have developed an innovative sporicidal disinfection method that employs the combination of an aqueous ethanol solution, visible light irradiation, and a photocatalyst. We successfully produced a sporicidal disinfectant one hundred times as effective as commercially available PAA, while also resolving the hazards and odor problems associated with PAA. The method presented here can potentially be used as a replacement for the general disinfectants employed in the food and health industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yamaguchi
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Takahito Shimodo
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Chikamori
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Sho Usuki
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kanai
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Katsumata
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Chiaki Terashima
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ikekita
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Akira Fujishima
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Tomonori Suzuki
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nakata
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a confirmed pathogen in a wide variety of mammals, but the incidence of disease varies greatly in relation to host species, age, environmental density of spores, administration of antibiotics, and possibly, other factors. Lesions vary as well, in severity and distribution within individuals, and in some instances, age groups, of a given species. The cecum and colon are principally affected in most species, but foals and rabbits develop severe jejunal lesions. Explanations for variable susceptibility of species, and age groups within a species, are largely speculative. Differences in colonization rates and toxin-receptor densities have been proposed. Clostridium difficile-associated disease is most commonly diagnosed in Syrian hamsters, horses, and neonatal pigs, but it is reported sporadically in many other species. The essential virulence factors of C. difficile are large exotoxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Receptor-mediated endocytosis of the toxins is followed by endosomal acidification, a necessary step for conversion of the toxin to its active form in the cytosol. Cell-surface receptors have been characterized for TcdA, but remain to be identified for TcdB. Both TcdA and TcdB disrupt the actin cytoskeleton by disrupting Rho-subtype, intracellular signaling molecules. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton is catastrophic for cellular function, but inflammation and neurogenic stimuli are also involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Keel
- The University of Arizona, Department of Veterinary Sciences and Microbiology, Building #90, Room 212, 1117 East Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Immunization with a novel Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin mutant rETX(Y196E)-C confers strong protection in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24162. [PMID: 27048879 PMCID: PMC4822168 DOI: 10.1038/srep24162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Epsilon toxin (ETX) is produced by toxinotypes B and D of Clostridium perfringens. It can induce lethal enterotoxemia in domestic animals, mainly in sheep, goats and cattle, causing serious economic losses to global animal husbandry. In this study, a novel and stable epsilon toxin mutant rETXY196E-C, obtained by substituting the 196th tyrosine (Y196) with glutamic acid (E) and introducing of 23 amino acids long C-terminal peptide, was determined as a promising recombinant vaccine candidate against enterotoxemia. After the third vaccination, the antibody titers against recombinant wild type (rETX) could reach 1:105 in each immunized group, and the mice were completely protected from 100 × LD50 (50% lethal dose) of rETX challenge. The mice in 15 μg subcutaneously immunized group fully survived at the dose of 500 × LD50 of rETX challenge and 80% of mice survived at 180 μg (1000 × LD50) of rETX administration. In vitro, immune sera from 15 μg subcutaneously immunized group could completely protect MDCK cells from 16 × CT50 (50% lethal dose of cells) of rETX challenge and protect against 10 × LD50 dose (1.8 μg) of rETX challenge in mice. These data suggest that recombinant protein rETXY196E-C is a potential vaccine candidate for future applied researches.
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Abbona CC, Stagnitta PV. Clostridium perfringens: Comparative effects of heat and osmotic stress on non-enterotoxigenic and enterotoxigenic strains. Anaerobe 2016; 39:105-13. [PMID: 27012900 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens isolates associated with food poisoning carries a chromosomal cpe gene, while non-foodborne human gastrointestinal disease isolates carry a plasmid cpe gene. The enterotoxigenic strains tested produced vegetative cells and spores with significantly higher resistance than non-enterotoxigenic strains. These results suggest that the vegetative cells and spores have a competitive advantage over non-enterotoxigenic strains. However, no explanation has been provided for the significant associations between chromosomal cpe genotypes with the high resistance, which could explain the strong relationship between chromosomal cpe isolates and C. perfringens type A food poisoning. Here, we analyse the action of physical and chemical agent on non-enterotoxigenic and enterotoxigenic regional strains. And this study tested the relationship between the sensitivities of spores and their levels SASPs (small acid soluble proteins) production in the same strains examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Carolina Abbona
- IBAM-CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Patricia Virginia Stagnitta
- Departamento de Química Biológica Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.
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Beta Lactamase Producing Clostridium perfringens Bacteremia in an Elderly Man with Acute Pancreatitis. Case Rep Crit Care 2016; 2016:7078180. [PMID: 26904307 PMCID: PMC4745868 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7078180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens bacteremia is associated with adverse outcomes. Known risk factors include chronic kidney disease, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, and gastrointestinal disease. We present a 74-year-old man admitted with confusion, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Exam revealed tachycardia, hypotension, lethargy, distended abdomen, and cold extremities. He required intubation and aggressive resuscitation for septic shock. Laboratory data showed leukocytosis, metabolic acidosis, acute kidney injury, and elevated lipase. CT scan of abdomen revealed acute pancreatitis and small bowel ileus. He was started on vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam. Initial blood cultures were positive for C. perfringens on day five. Metronidazole and clindamycin were added to the regimen. Repeat CT (day 7) revealed pancreatic necrosis. The patient developed profound circulatory shock requiring multiple vasopressors, renal failure requiring dialysis, and bacteremia with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Hemodynamic instability precluded surgical intervention and he succumbed to multiorgan failure. Interestingly, our isolate was beta lactamase producing. We review the epidemiology, risk factors, presentation, and management of C. perfringens bacteremia. This case indicates a need for high clinical suspicion for clostridial sepsis and that extended spectrum beta lactam antibiotic coverage may be inadequate and should be supplemented with use of clindamycin or metronidazole if culture is positive, until sensitivities are known.
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Micali M. Clostridium Botulinum and C. perfringens in Vegetable Foods: Chemistry of Related Toxins. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25649-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Risk to public and/or animal health of the treatment of dead‐in‐shell chicks (Category 2 material) to be used as raw material for the production of biogas or compost with Category 3 approved method. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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31
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Nagpal R, Ogata K, Tsuji H, Matsuda K, Takahashi T, Nomoto K, Suzuki Y, Kawashima K, Nagata S, Yamashiro Y. Sensitive quantification of Clostridium perfringens in human feces by quantitative real-time PCR targeting alpha-toxin and enterotoxin genes. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:219. [PMID: 26482797 PMCID: PMC4615878 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium perfringens is a widespread pathogen, but the precise quantification of this subdominant gut microbe remains difficult due to its low fecal count (particularly in asymptomatic subjects) and also due to the presence of abundant polymerase-inhibitory substances in human feces. Also, information on the intestinal carriage of toxigenic C. perfringens strains in healthy subjects is sparse. Therefore, we developed a sensitive quantitative real-time PCR assays for quantification of C. perfringens in human feces by targeting its α-toxin and enterotoxin genes. To validate the assays, we finally observed the occurrence of α-toxigenic and enterotoxigenic C. perfringens in the fecal microbiota of healthy Japanese infants and young adults. METHODS The plc-specific qPCR assay was newly validated, while primers for 16S rRNA and cpe genes were retrieved from literature. The assays were validated for specificity and sensitivity in pre-inoculated fecal samples, and were finally applied to quantify C. perfringens in stool samples from apparently healthy infants (n 124) and young adults (n 221). RESULTS The qPCR assays were highly specific and sensitive, with a minimum detection limit of 10(3) bacterial cells/g feces. Alpha-toxigenic C. perfringens was detected in 36% infants and 33% adults, with counts ranging widely (10(3)-10(7) bacterial cells/g). Intriguingly, the mean count of α-toxigenic C. perfringens was significantly higher in infants (6.0±1.5 log10 bacterial cells/g), as compared to that in adults (4.8±1.2). Moreover, the prevalence of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens was also found to be significantly higher in infants, as compared to that in adults. The mean enterotoxigenic C. perfringens count was 5.9±1.9 and 4.8±0.8 log10 bacterial cells/g in infants and adults, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that some healthy infants and young adults carry α-toxigenic and enterotoxigenic C. perfringens at significant levels, and may be predisposed to related diseases. Thus, high fecal carriage of toxigenic C. perfringens in healthy children warrants further investigation on its potential sources and clinical significance in these subjects. In summary, we present a novel qPCR assay for sensitive and accurate quantification of α-toxigenic and enterotoxigenic C. perfringens in human feces, which should facilitate prospective studies of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Nagpal
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | - Kazunori Matsuda
- Yakult Honsha European Research Center for Microbiology, Ghent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Yoshio Suzuki
- Department of Sports Science, Juntendo University School of Health and Sports Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
| | | | - Satoru Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Yamashiro
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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32
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Yasugi M, Sugahara Y, Hoshi H, Kondo K, Talukdar PK, Sarker MR, Yamamoto S, Kamata Y, Miyake M. In vitro cytotoxicity induced by Clostridium perfringens isolate carrying a chromosomal cpe gene is exclusively dependent on sporulation and enterotoxin production. Microb Pathog 2015; 85:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Speer A, Sun J, Danilchanka O, Meikle V, Rowland JL, Walter K, Buck BR, Pavlenok M, Hölscher C, Ehrt S, Niederweis M. Surface hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by the outer membrane protein Rv0888 supports replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:881-97. [PMID: 26036301 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelinases secreted by pathogenic bacteria play important roles in host-pathogen interactions ranging from interfering with phagocytosis and oxidative burst to iron acquisition. This study shows that the Mtb protein Rv0888 possesses potent sphingomyelinase activity cleaving sphingomyelin, a major lipid in eukaryotic cells, into ceramide and phosphocholine, which are then utilized by Mtb as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources, respectively. An Mtb rv0888 deletion mutant did not grow on sphingomyelin as a sole carbon source anymore and replicated poorly in macrophages indicating that Mtb utilizes sphingomyelin during infection. Rv0888 is an unusual membrane protein with a surface-exposed C-terminal sphingomyelinase domain and a putative N-terminal channel domain that mediated glucose and phosphocholine uptake across the outer membrane in an M. smegmatis porin mutant. Hence, we propose to name Rv0888 as SpmT (sphingomyelinase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Erythrocyte membranes contain up to 27% sphingomyelin. The finding that Rv0888 accounts for half of Mtb's hemolytic activity is consistent with its sphingomyelinase activity and the observation that Rv0888 levels are increased in the presence of erythrocytes and sphingomyelin by 5- and 100-fold, respectively. Thus, Rv0888 is a novel outer membrane protein that enables Mtb to utilize sphingomyelin as a source of several essential nutrients during intracellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Speer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Virginia Meikle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Rowland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kerstin Walter
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Bradford R Buck
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mikhail Pavlenok
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence 'Inflammation at Interfaces', Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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34
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Yao W, Kang L, Gao S, Zhuang X, Zhang T, Yang H, Ji B, Xin W, Wang J. Amino acid residue Y196E substitution and C-terminal peptide synergistically alleviate the toxicity of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin. Toxicon 2015; 100:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Adams V, Watts TD, Bulach DM, Lyras D, Rood JI. Plasmid partitioning systems of conjugative plasmids from Clostridium perfringens. Plasmid 2015; 80:90-6. [PMID: 25929175 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogenic strains of Clostridium perfringens carry several highly similar toxin or antibiotic resistance plasmids that have 35 to 40 kb of very closely related syntenous sequences, including regions that carry the genes encoding conjugative transfer, plasmid replication and plasmid maintenance functions. Key questions are how are these closely related plasmids stably maintained in the same cell and what is the basis for plasmid incompatibility in C. perfringens. Comparative analysis of the Rep proteins encoded by these plasmids suggested that this protein was not the basis for plasmid incompatibility since plasmids carried in a single strain often encoded an almost identical Rep protein. These plasmids all carried a similar, but not identical, parMRC plasmid partitioning locus. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced ParM proteins revealed that these proteins could be divided into ten separate groups. Importantly, in every strain that carried more than one of these plasmids, the respective ParM proteins were from different phylogenetic groups. Similar observations were made from the analysis of phylogenetic trees of the ParR proteins and the parC loci. These findings provide evidence that the basis for plasmid incompatibility in the conjugative toxin and resistance plasmid family from C. perfringens resides in subtle differences in the parMRC plasmid partitioning loci carried by these plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Adams
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas D Watts
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Dieter M Bulach
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia; Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia; Life Sciences Computation Centre, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Julian I Rood
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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36
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Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal emergency among premature infants. Although a large body of research has focused on understanding its pathogenesis, the exact mechanism has not been elucidated. Of particular interest is the potential causative role of infectious culprits in the development of NEC. A variety of reports describe bacterial, viral, and fungal infections occurring in association with NEC; however, no single organism has emerged as being definitively involved in NEC pathogenesis. In this review, the authors summarize the literature on infectious causes of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Coggins
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James L Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University, 2215 B Garland Avenue, 1125 MRB IV/Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jörn-Hendrik Weitkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University, 2215 B Garland Avenue, 1125 MRB IV/Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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37
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Danil K, St Leger JA, Dennison S, Bernaldo de Quirós Y, Scadeng M, Nilson E, Beaulieu N. Clostridium perfringens septicemia in a long-beaked common dolphin Delphinus capensis: an etiology of gas bubble accumulation in cetaceans. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 111:183-190. [PMID: 25320031 DOI: 10.3354/dao02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An adult female long-beaked common dolphin Delphinus capensis live-stranded in La Jolla, California, USA, on July 30, 2012 and subsequently died on the beach. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed gas bubble accumulation in the vasculature, organ parenchyma, mandibular fat pads, and subdermal sheath as well as a gas-filled cavity within the liver, mild caudal abdominal effusion, and fluid in the uterus. Gross examination confirmed these findings and also identified mild ulcerations on the palate, ventral skin, and flukes, uterine necrosis, and multifocal parenchymal cavitations in the brain. Histological review demonstrated necrosis and round clear spaces interpreted as gas bubbles with associated bacterial rods within the brain, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Anaerobic cultures of the lung, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and abdominal fluid yielded Clostridium perfringens, which was further identified as type A via a multiplex PCR assay. The gas composition of sampled bubbles was typical of putrefaction gases, which is consistent with the by-products of C. perfringens, a gas-producing bacterium. Gas bubble formation in marine mammals due to barotrauma, and peri- or postmortem off-gassing of supersaturated tissues and blood has been previously described. This case study concluded that a systemic infection of C. perfringens likely resulted in production of gas and toxins, causing tissue necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Danil
- Marine Mammal & Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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38
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Bokori-Brown M, Hall CA, Vance C, Fernandes da Costa SP, Savva CG, Naylor CE, Cole AR, Basak AK, Moss DS, Titball RW. Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin mutant Y30A-Y196A as a recombinant vaccine candidate against enterotoxemia. Vaccine 2014; 32:2682-7. [PMID: 24709588 PMCID: PMC4022833 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Etx mutant Y30A-Y196A showed markedly reduced cytotoxicity towards MDCK.2 cells. Y30A-Y196A is inactive in mice after intraperitoneal administration. Y30A-Y196A is able to induce a specific antibody response in rabbits. Y30A-Y196A polyclonal antibody is able to induce protective immunity in vitro. Y30A-Y196A could form the basis of a recombinant vaccine against enterotoxemia.
Epsilon toxin (Etx) is a β-pore-forming toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens toxinotypes B and D and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of enterotoxemia, a severe, often fatal disease of ruminants that causes significant economic losses to the farming industry worldwide. This study aimed to determine the potential of a site-directed mutant of Etx (Y30A-Y196A) to be exploited as a recombinant vaccine against enterotoxemia. Replacement of Y30 and Y196 with alanine generated a stable variant of Etx with significantly reduced cell binding and cytotoxic activities in MDCK.2 cells relative to wild type toxin (>430-fold increase in CT50) and Y30A-Y196A was inactive in mice after intraperitoneal administration of trypsin activated toxin at 1000× the expected LD50 dose of trypsin activated wild type toxin. Moreover, polyclonal antibody raised in rabbits against Y30A-Y196A provided protection against wild type toxin in an in vitro neutralisation assay. These data suggest that Y30A-Y196A mutant could form the basis of an improved recombinant vaccine against enterotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bokori-Brown
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
| | - Charlotte A Hall
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Vance
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Sérgio P Fernandes da Costa
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Christos G Savva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E Naylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Ambrose R Cole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Ajit K Basak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - David S Moss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Titball
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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Jin Y, Jung J, Jeon S, Choi S, Kim Y, Oh Y, Choi S, Jung K. Molecular Epidemiology ofClostridium perfringensIsolated from Food Poisoning in Seoul, 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2014.44.2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Jin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihun Jung
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujin Jeon
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongseon Choi
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngeun Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Younghee Oh
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungmin Choi
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kweon Jung
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
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40
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Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: a malevolent molecule for animals and man? Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2138-60. [PMID: 24284826 PMCID: PMC3847718 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5112138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a prolific, toxin-producing anaerobe causing multiple diseases in humans and animals. One of these toxins is epsilon, a 33 kDa protein produced by Clostridium perfringens (types B and D) that induces fatal enteric disease of goats, sheep and cattle. Epsilon toxin (Etx) belongs to the aerolysin-like toxin family. It contains three distinct domains, is proteolytically-activated and forms oligomeric pores on cell surfaces via a lipid raft-associated protein(s). Vaccination controls Etx-induced disease in the field. However, therapeutic measures are currently lacking. This review initially introduces C. perfringens toxins, subsequently focusing upon the Etx and its biochemistry, disease characteristics in various animals that include laboratory models (in vitro and in vivo), and finally control mechanisms (vaccines and therapeutics).
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41
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Rendón-Ramírez A, Shukla M, Oda M, Chakraborty S, Minda R, Dandekar AM, Ásgeirsson B, Goñi FM, Rao BJ. A computational module assembled from different protease family motifs identifies PI PLC from Bacillus cereus as a putative prolyl peptidase with a serine protease scaffold. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70923. [PMID: 23940667 PMCID: PMC3733634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes have evolved several mechanisms to cleave peptide bonds. These distinct types have been systematically categorized in the MEROPS database. While a BLAST search on these proteases identifies homologous proteins, sequence alignment methods often fail to identify relationships arising from convergent evolution, exon shuffling, and modular reuse of catalytic units. We have previously established a computational method to detect functions in proteins based on the spatial and electrostatic properties of the catalytic residues (CLASP). CLASP identified a promiscuous serine protease scaffold in alkaline phosphatases (AP) and a scaffold recognizing a β-lactam (imipenem) in a cold-active Vibrio AP. Subsequently, we defined a methodology to quantify promiscuous activities in a wide range of proteins. Here, we assemble a module which encapsulates the multifarious motifs used by protease families listed in the MEROPS database. Since APs and proteases are an integral component of outer membrane vesicles (OMV), we sought to query other OMV proteins, like phospholipase C (PLC), using this search module. Our analysis indicated that phosphoinositide-specific PLC from Bacillus cereus is a serine protease. This was validated by protease assays, mass spectrometry and by inhibition of the native phospholipase activity of PI-PLC by the well-known serine protease inhibitor AEBSF (IC50 = 0.018 mM). Edman degradation analysis linked the specificity of the protease activity to a proline in the amino terminal, suggesting that the PI-PLC is a prolyl peptidase. Thus, we propose a computational method of extending protein families based on the spatial and electrostatic congruence of active site residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Rendón-Ramírez
- Unidad de Biofísica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manish Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, India
| | - Masataka Oda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Renu Minda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bjarni Ásgeirsson
- Science Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Iceland, Dunhaga, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Félix M. Goñi
- Unidad de Biofísica (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Basuthkar J. Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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Fernandes da Costa SP, Mot D, Bokori-Brown M, Savva CG, Basak AK, Van Immerseel F, Titball RW. Protection against avian necrotic enteritis after immunisation with NetB genetic or formaldehyde toxoids. Vaccine 2013; 31:4003-8. [PMID: 23727000 PMCID: PMC3763374 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
NetB (necrotic enteritis toxin B) is a recently identified β-pore-forming toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens. This toxin has been shown to play a major role in avian necrotic enteritis. In recent years, a dramatic increase in necrotic enteritis has been observed, especially in countries where the use of antimicrobial growth promoters in animal feedstuffs has been banned. The aim of this work was to determine whether immunisation with a NetB toxoid would provide protection against necrotic enteritis. The immunisation of poultry with a formaldehyde NetB toxoid or with a NetB genetic toxoid (W262A) resulted in the induction of antibody responses against NetB and provided partial protection against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio P Fernandes da Costa
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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Wioland L, Dupont JL, Bossu JL, Popoff MR, Poulain B. Attack of the nervous system by Clostridium perfringens Epsilon toxin: from disease to mode of action on neural cells. Toxicon 2013; 75:122-35. [PMID: 23632158 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epsilon toxin (ET), produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D, ranks among the four most potent poisonous substances known so far. ET-intoxication is responsible for enterotoxaemia in animals, mainly sheep and goats. This disease comprises several manifestations indicating the attack of the nervous system. This review aims to summarize the effects of ET on central nervous system. ET binds to endothelial cells of brain capillary vessels before passing through the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, it induces perivascular oedema and accumulates into brain. ET binding to different brain structures and to different component in the brain indicates regional susceptibility to the toxin. Histological examination has revealed nerve tissue and cellular lesions, which may be directly or indirectly caused by ET. The naturally occurring disease caused by ET-intoxication can be reproduced experimentally in rodents. In mice and rats, ET recognizes receptor at the surface of different neural cell types, including certain neurons (e.g. the granule cells in cerebellum) as well as oligodendrocytes, which are the glial cells responsible for the axons myelination. Moreover, ET induces release of glutamate and other transmitters, leading to firing of neural network. The precise mode of action of ET on neural cells remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Wioland
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), UPR 3212, Strasbourg, France
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44
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Doll VM, Ehling-Schulz M, Vogelmann R. Concerted action of sphingomyelinase and non-hemolytic enterotoxin in pathogenic Bacillus cereus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61404. [PMID: 23613846 PMCID: PMC3628865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning and serious non-gastrointestinal-tract infections. Non-hemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), which is present in most B. cereus strains, is considered to be one of the main virulence factors. However, a B. cereus ΔnheBC mutant strain lacking Nhe is still cytotoxic to intestinal epithelial cells. In a screen for additional cytotoxic factors using an in vitro model for polarized colon epithelial cells we identified B. cereus sphingomyelinase (SMase) as a strong inducer of epithelial cell death. Using single and double deletion mutants of sph, the gene encoding for SMase, and nheBC in B. cereus we demonstrated that SMase is an important factor for B. cereus cytotoxicity in vitro and pathogenicity in vivo. SMase substantially complemented Nhe induced cytotoxicity in vitro. In addition, SMase but not Nhe contributed significantly to the mortality rate of larvae in vivo in the insect model Galleria mellonella. Our study suggests that the role of B. cereus SMase as a secreted virulence factor for in vivo pathogenesis has been underestimated and that Nhe and SMase complement each other significantly to cause full B. cereus virulence hence disease formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria M. Doll
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung ZIEL, Technische Universität München, Freising Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roger Vogelmann
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
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45
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Cooper KK, Songer JG, Uzal FA. Diagnosing clostridial enteric disease in poultry. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:314-27. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713483468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The world’s poultry industry has grown into a multibillion-dollar business, the success of which hinges on healthy intestinal tracts, which result in effective feed conversion. Enteric disease in poultry can have devastating economic effects on producers, due to high mortality rates and poor feed efficiency. Clostridia are considered to be among the most important agents of enteric disease in poultry. Diagnosis of enteric diseases produced by clostridia is usually challenging, mainly because many clostridial species can be normal inhabitants of the gut, making it difficult to determine their role in virulence. The most common clostridial enteric disease in poultry is necrotic enteritis, caused by Clostridium perfringens, which typically occurs in broiler chickens but has also been diagnosed in various avian species including turkeys, waterfowl, and ostriches. Diagnosis is based on clinical and pathological findings. Negative culture and toxin detection results may be used to rule out this disease, but isolation of C. perfringens and/or detection of its alpha toxin are of little value to confirm the disease because both are often found in the intestine of healthy birds. Ulcerative enteritis, caused by Clostridium colinum, is the other major clostridial enteric disease of poultry. Diagnosis of ulcerative enteritis is by documentation of typical pathological findings, coupled with isolation of C. colinum from the intestine of affected birds. Other clostridial enteric diseases include infections produced by Clostridium difficile, Clostridium fallax, and Clostridium baratii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry K. Cooper
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA (Cooper)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Songer)
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Uzal)
| | - J. Glenn Songer
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA (Cooper)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Songer)
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Uzal)
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA (Cooper)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Songer)
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Uzal)
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Lindsay CD, Hambrook JL, Upshall DG. Examination of toxicity of Clostridium perfringens -toxin in the MDCK cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 9:213-8. [PMID: 20650081 DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(95)00006-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/1994] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line was examined as a model to study the toxicity of Clostridium perfringens -toxin. The MDCK cell line was used because it is a monolayer cell line sensitive to -toxin. Using the neutral red (NR) retention assay (an indicator of lysosomal integrity), the concentration of toxin causing death in 50% of the cell population (LC(50)) was 900 pM, although this was found to vary between production batches. -Toxin was found to act rapidly but with a lag phase of 1 hr (NR assay). Pulsing the cultures with toxin (up to 4800 pM) indicated that the duration of exposure required to exert an effect was potentially very short (2.5 min). Increasing the duration of exposure beyond 3 hr did not decrease cell viability any further. Experiments with protease inhibitors failed to inactivate the toxin. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was found to potentiate the lethality of the toxin by 90% This may be due to non-specific chaotropic effects such as membrane destabilization. By exposing cultures of MDCK cells to -toxin for a second time, resistance to the effects of the toxin was increased by 43%. The factor(s) controlling resistance to the toxin may have a heritable component.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Lindsay
- Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
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Uzal F, Diab S, Blanchard P, Moore J, Anthenill L, Shahriar F, Garcia J, Songer J. Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridium difficile co-infection in foals. Vet Microbiol 2012; 156:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cutaneous Manifestations of Infectious Diseases. ATLAS OF DERMATOLOGY IN INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012. [PMCID: PMC7178861 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0688-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Skin infections account for a significant portion of dermatologic diseases. Infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues are highly diverse in respect to incidence, etiologic organisms, and clinical manifestations. Most cases are potentially treatable, thus, it is vital for the clinician to become familiar with the cutaneous expression of local and systemic processes. This chapter covers the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the most common bacterial, viral, and fungal mucocutaneous infections encountered in internal medicine.
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49
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Zhao Y, Kang L, Gao S, Zhou Y, Su L, Xin W, Su Y, Wang J. Expression and purification of functional Clostridium perfringens alpha and epsilon toxins in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 77:207-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Bokori-Brown M, Savva CG, Fernandes da Costa SP, Naylor CE, Basak AK, Titball RW. Molecular basis of toxicity of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin. FEBS J 2011; 278:4589-601. [PMID: 21518257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens ε-toxin is produced by toxinotypes B and D strains. The toxin is the aetiological agent of dysentery in newborn lambs but is also associated with enteritis and enterotoxaemia in goats, calves and foals. It is considered to be a potential biowarfare or bioterrorism agent by the US Government Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The relatively inactive 32.9 kDa prototoxin is converted to active mature toxin by proteolytic cleavage, either by digestive proteases of the host, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, or by C. perfringens λ-protease. In vivo, the toxin appears to target the brain and kidneys, but relatively few cell lines are susceptible to the toxin, and most work has been carried out using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The binding of ε-toxin to MDCK cells and rat synaptosomal membranes is associated with the formation of a stable, high molecular weight complex. The crystal structure of ε-toxin reveals similarity to aerolysin from Aeromonas hydrophila, parasporin-2 from Bacillus thuringiensis and a lectin from Laetiporus sulphureus. Like these toxins, ε-toxin appears to form heptameric pores in target cell membranes. The exquisite specificity of the toxin for specific cell types suggests that it binds to a receptor found only on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bokori-Brown
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
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