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Chen D, Lan X, Huang X, Huang J, Zhou X, Liu J, Hoffmann JA. mthl1, a potential Drosophila homologue of mammalian adhesion GPCRs, is involved in antitumor reactions to injected oncogenic cells in flies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303462120. [PMID: 37459549 PMCID: PMC10374174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303462120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Injection of OCs into adult male flies induces a strong transcriptomic response in the host flies featuring in particular genes encoding bona fide G coupled proteins, among which the gene for methuselah like 1 is prominent. The injection is followed after a 3-d lag period, by the proliferation of the oncogenic cells. We hypothesized that through the product of mthl1 the host might control, at least in part, this proliferation as a defense reaction. Through a combination of genetic manipulations of the mthl1 gene (loss of function and overexpression of mthl1), we document that indeed this gene has an antiproliferative effect. Parallel injections of primary embryonic Drosophila cells or of various microbes do not exhibit this effect. We further show that mthl1 controls the expression of a large number of genes coding for chemoreceptors and genes implicated in regulation of development. Of great potential interest is our observation that the expression of the mouse gene coding for the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor E1 (Adgre1, also known as F4/80), a potential mammalian homologue of mthl1, is significantly induced by B16-F10 melanoma cell inoculation 3 d postinjection in both the bone marrow and spleen (nests of immature and mature myeloid-derived immune cells), respectively. This observation is compatible with a role of this GPCR in the early response to injected tumor cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou511436, China
| | - Xiao Lan
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou511436, China
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou511436, China
| | - Jieqing Huang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou511436, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhou
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou511436, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou511436, China
| | - Jules A. Hoffmann
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou511436, China
- University of StrasbourgInstitute for Advanced Study, 67000Strasbourg, France
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, CNRS, Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), StrasbourgF-67084, France
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2
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Zhao X, Lu M, Liu Z, Zhang M, Yuan H, Dan Z, Wang D, Ma B, Yang Y, Yang F, Sun R, Li L, Dang C. Comprehensive analysis of alfa defensin expression and prognosis in human colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 12:974654. [PMID: 36703795 PMCID: PMC9872005 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.974654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious threat to human health. Screening new biomarkers can provide basis for improving the prognosis and individualized treatment of CRC. Although some members of the defensin family were found increased in pancreatic cancer and CRC, their exact function and clinical significance remain unclear. Methods In this study, the expression, correlation, mutation, and functional enrichment of several defensin family members in pancreatic cancer and CRC were analyzed using tumor public databases and verified in several patients. Results Results showed no significant correlation between the expression levels of DEFA1-4 and CRC. The expression levels of DEFA5 and DEFA6 significantly increased in CRC tissues compared with those in normal tissues. DEFA5 may be associated with better prognosis of CRC, while DEFA6 may be associated with poor prognosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) experiments showed that the expression of DEFA6 was significantly higher in adenoma than in normal mucosa and slightly higher in carcinoma than in normal mucosa. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis found that DEFAs were closely related to hsa05202: transcriptional misregulation in cancer and Hsa04015: Rap1 signaling pathway. DEFA5 may be a stable and good prognostic marker, and DEFA6 may be a poor prognostic marker in CRC of metastasis. Conclusion Overall, DEFA5 and DEFA6 have a certain degree of sensitivity and specificity in predicting CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of General Surgery, 521 Hospital of Norinco Group, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengnan Lu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Medical Section, 521 Hospital of Norinco Group, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongmei Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, 521 Hospital of Norinco Group, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Dan
- Department of General Surgery, 521 Hospital of Norinco Group, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daihua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, 521 Hospital of Norinco Group, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingbing Ma
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 521 Hospital of Norinco Group, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanqi Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Funing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, 521 Hospital of Norinco Group, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruifang Sun
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Ruifang Sun, ; Lin Li, ; Chengxue Dang,
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Ruifang Sun, ; Lin Li, ; Chengxue Dang,
| | - Chengxue Dang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Ruifang Sun, ; Lin Li, ; Chengxue Dang,
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Biomolecules of the Horseshoe Crab’s Hemolymph: Components of an Ancient Defensive Mechanism and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Industry. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3381162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Without adaptive immunity, invertebrates have evolved innate immune systems that react to antigens on the surfaces of pathogens. These defense mechanisms are included in horseshoe crab hemocytes’ cellular responses to pathogens. Secretory granules, large (L) and small (S), are found on hemocytes. Once the invasion of pathogens is present, these granules release their contents through exocytosis. Recent data in biochemistry and immunology on the granular constituents of granule-specific proteins are stored in large and small granules which are involved in the cell-mediated immune response. L-granules contain most clotting proteins, which are necessary for hemolymph coagulation. They also include tachylectins; protease inhibitors, such as cystatin and serpins; and anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) factors, which bind to LPS and agglutinate bacteria. Big defensin, tachycitin, tachystatin, and tachyplesins are some of the essential cysteine-rich proteins in S-granules. These granules also contain tachycitin and tachystatins, which can agglutinate bacteria. These proteins in granules and hemolymph act synergistically to fight infections. These biomolecules are antimicrobial and antibacterial, enabling them to be drug resistant. This review is aimed at explaining the biomolecules identified in the horseshoe crab’s hemolymph and their application scopes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors.
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Antimicrobial peptides from freshwater invertebrate species: potential for future applications. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9797-9811. [PMID: 35716292 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Invertebrates are a significant source of antimicrobial peptides because they lack an adaptive immune system and must rely on their innate immunity to survive in a pathogen-infested environment. Various antimicrobial peptides that represent major components of invertebrate innate immunity have been described in a number of investigations over the last few decades. In freshwater invertebrates, antimicrobial peptides have been identified in arthropods, annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, and cnidarians. Freshwater invertebrate species contain antimicrobial peptides from the families astacidin, macin, defensin, and crustin, as well as other antimicrobial peptides that do not belong to these families. They show broad spectrum activities greatly directed against bacteria and to a less extent against fungi and viruses. This review focuses on antimicrobial peptides found in freshwater invertebrates, highlighting their features, structure-activity connections, antimicrobial processes, and possible applications in the food industry, animal husbandry, aquaculture, and medicine. The methods for their synthesis, purification, and characterization, as well as the obstacles and strategies for their development and application, are also discussed.
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Yang H, Xu F, Zheng X, Yang S, Ren Z, Yang J. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevent Bacterial Biofilm Formation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1530525. [PMID: 35281594 PMCID: PMC8913149 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1530525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is easily found in patients suffered from ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and makes the VAP infections not only harder to be treated but easier to relapse. In order to find some novel ways to inhibit biofilm formation, this study describe a previously unrecognized role for the human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs). In addition to multiple differentiation, hUCMSCs have the ability to prevent the biofilms formation in vitro by secreting antibacterial peptides (LL-37 and hBD-2). This occurred while P. aeruginosa PA27853 and hUCMSCs were cocultured, and the filtrated medium, which was the supernatant containing antibacterial peptides (5.9 ng/ml of LL-37, 1.77 ng/ml of hBD-2), and inhibited the growth of the bacterial biofilm on the surface of tracheal tube (2.5#, for preterm infant). Using microarrays, we were able to demonstrate that the antibacterial peptides from hUCMSC affected biofilm formation by downregulating the gene-encoded polysaccharide biosynthesis protein. In addition, in order to find out the most suitable concentration of hUCMSCs, P. aeruginosa was cocultured with eight-level concentrations of hUCMSCs, and we found that the concentration of LL-37 was positively correlated with the concentration of hUCMSCs. Meanwhile, the concentration of LL-37 became stable while the hUCMSC concentration reaches higher than 5 × 106 cells/ml. But the concentration of hBD-2 had no significant correlation with hUCMSCs. The collection of these stem cells is not only limited by ethics but also reduces host rejection. This makes it possible to use autologous hUCMSCs to treat neonatal VAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Yang
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuaner Zheng
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shumei Yang
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuxiao Ren
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Díaz-Garrido P, Cárdenas-Guerra RE, Martínez I, Poggio S, Rodríguez-Hernández K, Rivera-Santiago L, Ortega-López J, Sánchez-Esquivel S, Espinoza B. Differential activity on trypanosomatid parasites of a novel recombinant defensin type 1 from the insect Triatoma (Meccus) pallidipennis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 139:103673. [PMID: 34700021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are one of the major families of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are widely distributed in insects. In Triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi the causative agent of Chagas disease, two large groups of defensin isoforms have been described: type 1 and type 4. The aim of this study was to analyze the trypanocidal activity of a type 1 recombinant defensin (rDef1.3) identified in Triatoma (Meccus) pallidipennis, an endemic specie from México. The trypanocidal activity of this defensin was evaluated in vitro, against the parasites T. cruzi, T. rangeli, and two species of Leishmania (L. mexicana and L. major) both causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Our data demonstrated that the defensin was active against all the parasites although in different degrees. The defensin altered the morphology, reduced the viability and inhibited the growth of T.cruzi. When tested against T. rangeli (a parasite that infects a variety of mammalian species), stronger morphological effects where observed. Surprisingly the greatest effects were observed against the two Leishmania species, of which L. major was the parasite most affected with 50% of dead cells or with damaged membranes, in addition of a reduction in its proliferative capacity in culture. These results suggest that rDef1.3 has an important antimicrobial effect against trypanosomatids which cause some of the more important neglected tropical diseases transmitted by insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Díaz-Garrido
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Rosa Elena Cárdenas-Guerra
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Martínez
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Sebastián Poggio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Karla Rodríguez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Lucio Rivera-Santiago
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Ortega-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, México City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Esquivel
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Bertha Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510, México City, Mexico.
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7
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Kawada-Matsuo M, Le MNT, Komatsuzawa H. Antibacterial Peptides Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Various Mechanisms and the Association with Pathogenicity. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101527. [PMID: 34680923 PMCID: PMC8535901 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that mainly colonizes the nasal cavity and skin. To colonize the host, it is necessary for S. aureus to resist many antibacterial factors derived from human and commensal bacteria. Among them are the bacteria-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) called bacteriocins. It was reported that some two-component systems (TCSs), which are signal transduction systems specific to bacteria, are involved in the resistance to several bacteriocins in S. aureus. However, the TCS-mediated resistance is limited to relatively low concentrations of bacteriocins, while high concentrations of bacteriocins still exhibit antibacterial activity against S. aureus. To determine whether we could obtain highly bacteriocin-resistant mutants, we tried to isolate highly nisin A-resistant mutants by exposing the cells to sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of nisin A. Nisin A is one of the bacteriocins produced by Lactococcus lactis and is utilized as a food preservative worldwide. Finally, we obtained highly nisin A-resistant mutants with mutations in one TCS, BraRS, and in PmtR, which is involved in the expression of pmtABCD. Notably, some highly resistant strains also showed increased pathogenicity. Based on our findings, this review provides up-to-date information on the role of TCSs in the susceptibility to antibacterial peptides. Additionally, the mechanism for high antimicrobial peptides resistance and its association with pathogenicity in S. aureus is elucidated.
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Manniello MD, Moretta A, Salvia R, Scieuzo C, Lucchetti D, Vogel H, Sgambato A, Falabella P. Insect antimicrobial peptides: potential weapons to counteract the antibiotic resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4259-4282. [PMID: 33595669 PMCID: PMC8164593 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Misuse and overuse of antibiotics have contributed in the last decades to a phenomenon known as antibiotic resistance which is currently considered one of the principal threats to global public health by the World Health Organization. The aim to find alternative drugs has been demonstrated as a real challenge. Thanks to their biodiversity, insects represent the largest class of organisms in the animal kingdom. The humoral immune response includes the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are released into the insect hemolymph after microbial infection. In this review, we have focused on insect immune responses, particularly on AMP characteristics, their mechanism of action and applications, especially in the biomedical field. Furthermore, we discuss the Toll, Imd, and JAK-STAT pathways that activate genes encoding for the expression of AMPs. Moreover, we focused on strategies to improve insect peptides stability against proteolytic susceptibility such as D-amino acid substitutions, N-terminus modification, cyclization and dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Manniello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - A Moretta
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - R Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - C Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - D Lucchetti
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - H Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - A Sgambato
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - P Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
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Danchenko M, Laukaitis HJ, Macaluso KR. Dynamic gene expression in salivary glands of the cat flea during Rickettsia felis infection. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6189691. [PMID: 33770162 PMCID: PMC8062234 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, is an arthropod vector capable of transmitting several human pathogens including Rickettsia species. Earlier studies identified Rickettsia felis in the salivary glands of the cat flea and transmission of rickettsiae during arthropod feeding. The saliva of hematophagous insects contains multiple biomolecules with anticlotting, vasodilatory and immunomodulatory activities. Notably, the exact role of salivary factors in the molecular interaction between flea-borne rickettsiae and their insect host is still largely unknown. To determine if R. felis modulates gene expression in the cat flea salivary glands, cat fleas were infected with R. felis and transcription patterns of selected salivary gland-derived factors, including antimicrobial peptides and flea-specific antigens, were assessed. Salivary glands were microdissected from infected and control cat fleas at different time points after exposure and total RNA was extracted and subjected to reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR for gene expression analysis. During the experimental 10-day feeding period, a dynamic change in gene expression of immunity-related transcripts and salivary antigens between the two experimental groups was detected. The data indicated that defensin-2 (Cf-726), glycine-rich antimicrobial peptide (Cf-83), salivary antigens (Cf-169 and Cf-65) and deorphanized peptide (Cf-75) are flea-derived factors responsive to rickettsial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Danchenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, 610 Clinic Drive, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Hanna J Laukaitis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, 610 Clinic Drive, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Kevin R Macaluso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, 610 Clinic Drive, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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Taliun D, Harris DN, Kessler MD, Carlson J, Szpiech ZA, Torres R, Taliun SAG, Corvelo A, Gogarten SM, Kang HM, Pitsillides AN, LeFaive J, Lee SB, Tian X, Browning BL, Das S, Emde AK, Clarke WE, Loesch DP, Shetty AC, Blackwell TW, Smith AV, Wong Q, Liu X, Conomos MP, Bobo DM, Aguet F, Albert C, Alonso A, Ardlie KG, Arking DE, Aslibekyan S, Auer PL, Barnard J, Barr RG, Barwick L, Becker LC, Beer RL, Benjamin EJ, Bielak LF, Blangero J, Boehnke M, Bowden DW, Brody JA, Burchard EG, Cade BE, Casella JF, Chalazan B, Chasman DI, Chen YDI, Cho MH, Choi SH, Chung MK, Clish CB, Correa A, Curran JE, Custer B, Darbar D, Daya M, de Andrade M, DeMeo DL, Dutcher SK, Ellinor PT, Emery LS, Eng C, Fatkin D, Fingerlin T, Forer L, Fornage M, Franceschini N, Fuchsberger C, Fullerton SM, Germer S, Gladwin MT, Gottlieb DJ, Guo X, Hall ME, He J, Heard-Costa NL, Heckbert SR, Irvin MR, Johnsen JM, Johnson AD, Kaplan R, Kardia SLR, Kelly T, Kelly S, Kenny EE, Kiel DP, Klemmer R, Konkle BA, Kooperberg C, Köttgen A, Lange LA, Lasky-Su J, Levy D, Lin X, Lin KH, Liu C, Loos RJF, Garman L, Gerszten R, Lubitz SA, Lunetta KL, Mak ACY, Manichaikul A, Manning AK, Mathias RA, McManus DD, McGarvey ST, Meigs JB, Meyers DA, Mikulla JL, Minear MA, Mitchell BD, Mohanty S, Montasser ME, Montgomery C, Morrison AC, Murabito JM, Natale A, Natarajan P, Nelson SC, North KE, O'Connell JR, Palmer ND, Pankratz N, Peloso GM, Peyser PA, Pleiness J, Post WS, Psaty BM, Rao DC, Redline S, Reiner AP, Roden D, Rotter JI, Ruczinski I, Sarnowski C, Schoenherr S, Schwartz DA, Seo JS, Seshadri S, Sheehan VA, Sheu WH, Shoemaker MB, Smith NL, Smith JA, Sotoodehnia N, Stilp AM, Tang W, Taylor KD, Telen M, Thornton TA, Tracy RP, Van Den Berg DJ, Vasan RS, Viaud-Martinez KA, Vrieze S, Weeks DE, Weir BS, Weiss ST, Weng LC, Willer CJ, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Arnett DK, Ashley-Koch AE, Barnes KC, Boerwinkle E, Gabriel S, Gibbs R, Rice KM, Rich SS, Silverman EK, Qasba P, Gan W, Papanicolaou GJ, Nickerson DA, Browning SR, Zody MC, Zöllner S, Wilson JG, Cupples LA, Laurie CC, Jaquish CE, Hernandez RD, O'Connor TD, Abecasis GR. Sequencing of 53,831 diverse genomes from the NHLBI TOPMed Program. Nature 2021; 590:290-299. [PMID: 33568819 PMCID: PMC7875770 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 928] [Impact Index Per Article: 309.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) programme seeks to elucidate the genetic architecture and biology of heart, lung, blood and sleep disorders, with the ultimate goal of improving diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these diseases. The initial phases of the programme focused on whole-genome sequencing of individuals with rich phenotypic data and diverse backgrounds. Here we describe the TOPMed goals and design as well as the available resources and early insights obtained from the sequence data. The resources include a variant browser, a genotype imputation server, and genomic and phenotypic data that are available through dbGaP (Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes)1. In the first 53,831 TOPMed samples, we detected more than 400 million single-nucleotide and insertion or deletion variants after alignment with the reference genome. Additional previously undescribed variants were detected through assembly of unmapped reads and customized analysis in highly variable loci. Among the more than 400 million detected variants, 97% have frequencies of less than 1% and 46% are singletons that are present in only one individual (53% among unrelated individuals). These rare variants provide insights into mutational processes and recent human evolutionary history. The extensive catalogue of genetic variation in TOPMed studies provides unique opportunities for exploring the contributions of rare and noncoding sequence variants to phenotypic variation. Furthermore, combining TOPMed haplotypes with modern imputation methods improves the power and reach of genome-wide association studies to include variants down to a frequency of approximately 0.01%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Taliun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel N Harris
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael D Kessler
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jedidiah Carlson
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zachary A Szpiech
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Raul Torres
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jonathon LeFaive
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Seung-Been Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaowen Tian
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian L Browning
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sayantan Das
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Douglas P Loesch
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amol C Shetty
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas W Blackwell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Quenna Wong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- USF Genomics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthew P Conomos
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dean M Bobo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - François Aguet
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alvaro Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Paul L Auer
- Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - R Graham Barr
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca L Beer
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian E Cade
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James F Casella
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon Chalazan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Michael H Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mina K Chung
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Metabolomics Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Population Health Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Joanne E Curran
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Brian Custer
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dawood Darbar
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle Daya
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan K Dutcher
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leslie S Emery
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- Cardiology Department, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tasha Fingerlin
- National Jewish Health, Center for Genes, Environment and Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Lukas Forer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stephanie M Fullerton
- Department of Bioethics & Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mark T Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Gottlieb
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Michael E Hall
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane University Translational Science Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marguerite R Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jill M Johnsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Robert Kaplan
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tanika Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shannon Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Eimear E Kenny
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Klemmer
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Barbara A Konkle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Xihong Lin
- Biostatistics and Statistics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keng-Han Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lori Garman
- Department of Genes and Human Disease, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angel C Y Mak
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alisa K Manning
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Metabolism Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David D McManus
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Stephen T McGarvey
- International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Julie L Mikulla
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mollie A Minear
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanghamitra Mohanty
- Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, St David's Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - May E Montasser
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Courtney Montgomery
- Department of Genes and Human Disease, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Natale
- Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, St David's Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah C Nelson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jacob Pleiness
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wendy S Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dan Roden
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chloé Sarnowski
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sebastian Schoenherr
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Jeong-Sun Seo
- Precision Medicine Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Macrogen Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Gong Wu Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vivien A Sheehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wayne H Sheu
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taiwan, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | | | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adrienne M Stilp
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Weihong Tang
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - David J Van Den Berg
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel E Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bruce S Weir
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xutong Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Allison E Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen C Barnes
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard Gibbs
- Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth M Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Edwin K Silverman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pankaj Qasba
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Weiniu Gan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George J Papanicolaou
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Northwest Genomics Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sharon R Browning
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA.
| | - Cathy C Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Cashell E Jaquish
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ryan D Hernandez
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Timothy D O'Connor
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Relative gene expression analysis of human pterygium tissues and UV radiation-evoked gene expression patterns in corneal and conjunctival cells. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108194. [PMID: 32822701 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A sight threatening, pterygium is a common ocular surface disorders identified by fibrovascular growth of the cornea and induced by variety of stress factors, like ultraviolet (UV) exposure. However, the genes involved in the etiopathogenesis of this disease is not well studied. Herein, we identified the gene expression pattern of pterygium and examined the expression of pterygium-related genes in UV-B-induced human primary cultured corneal epithelial cells (HCEpCs), telomerase immortalized human corneal epithelial (hTCEpi), primary conjunctival fibroblast (HConFs) and primary pterygium fibroblast cells (HPFCs). A careful analysis revealed that the expression of 10 genes was significantly modulated (by > 10-fold). Keratin 24 (KRT24) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) were dramatically upregulated by 49.446- and 24.214-fold, respectively. Intriguingly, UV-B exposure (50 J/m2) induced the upregulation of the expressions of MMP-9 in corneal epithelial cells such as HCEpCs and hTCEpi. Furthermore, UV-B exposure (100 and/or 200 J/m2) induced the upregulation of the expressions of MMP-9 in fibroblast such as HConFs and HPFCs. The exposure of HCEpCs to 100 and 200 J/m2 UV-B induced significant expressions of KRT24 mRNA. Nevertheless, no expression of KRT24 mRNA was detected in HConFs and HPFCs. The findings provide evidence that the progression of pterygium may involve the modulation of extracellular matrix-related genes and vasculature development and the up-regulation of KRT24 and MMP-9 by UV stress. UV radiation may promote the modulation of these pterygium-related genes and induce the initiation and progression of human pterygium.
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12
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Biswas K, Ilyas H, Datta A, Bhunia A. NMR Assisted Antimicrobial Peptide Designing: Structure Based Modifications and Functional Correlation of a Designed Peptide VG16KRKP. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1387-1404. [PMID: 31232231 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190624090817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs), within their realm incorporate a diverse group of structurally and functionally varied peptides, playing crucial roles in innate immunity. Over the last few decades, the field of AMP has seen a huge upsurge, mainly owing to the generation of the so-called drug resistant 'superbugs' as well as limitations associated with the existing antimicrobial agents. Due to their resilient biological properties, AMPs can very well form the sustainable alternative for nextgeneration therapeutic agents. Certain drawbacks associated with existing AMPs are, however, issues of major concern, circumventing which are imperative. These limitations mainly include proteolytic cleavage and hence poor stability inside the biological systems, reduced activity due to inadequate interaction with the microbial membrane, and ineffectiveness because of inappropriate delivery among others. In this context, the application of naturally occurring AMPs as an efficient prototype for generating various synthetic and designed counterparts has evolved as a new avenue in peptide-based therapy. Such designing approaches help to overcome the drawbacks of the parent AMPs while retaining the inherent activity. In this review, we summarize some of the basic NMR structure based approaches and techniques which aid in improving the activity of AMPs, using the example of a 16-residue dengue virus fusion protein derived peptide, VG16KRKP. Using first principle based designing technique and high resolution NMR-based structure characterization we validate different types of modifications of VG16KRKP, highlighting key motifs, which optimize its activity. The approaches and designing techniques presented can support our peers in their drug development work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Biswas
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII(M), Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Humaira Ilyas
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII(M), Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Aritreyee Datta
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII(M), Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII(M), Kolkata 700054, India
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13
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Mayandi V, Xi Q, Leng G, Koh SK, Jie T, Barathi VA, Urf Turabe Fazil MH, Somaraju Chalasani ML, Varadarajan J, Ting DSJ, Beuerman RW, Chan LW, Agrawal R, Sebastian B, Zhou L, Verma NK, Lakshminarayanan R. Rational Substitution of ε-Lysine for α-Lysine Enhances the Cell and Membrane Selectivity of Pore-Forming Melittin. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3522-3537. [PMID: 32175733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a rational approach that enhances the membrane selectivity of a prolific pore-forming peptide, melittin, based on experimental observations that the cationic polymer, ε-polylysine, disrupts bacterial membranes with greater affinity over mammalian cells when compared to poly-l-lysine and poly-d-lysine. We systematically replaced three α-lysine residues in melittin with ε-lysine residues and identified key residues that are important for cytotoxicity. We then assessed the antimicrobial properties of the modified peptides which carry two or three ε-lysyl residues. Two modified melittin peptides displayed rapid bactericidal properties against antibiotic-resistant strains, low innate resistance development by pathogenic bacteria, remained nonimmunogenic for T lymphocytes, and increased bioavailability in tear fluids. In proof-of-concept in vivo experiments, one of the peptides was noncytotoxic for ocular surfaces and had comparable antimicrobial efficacy to that of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. The results uncover a simple and potential strategy that can enhance the membrane selectivity of cytolytic peptides by ε-lysylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Mayandi
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Qingxiao Xi
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore
| | - Goh Leng
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore
| | - Siew Kwan Koh
- Ocular Proteomics Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore
| | - Toh Jie
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore
| | - Veluchamy Amutha Barathi
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Mobashar Hussain Urf Turabe Fazil
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore
| | - Madhavi Latha Somaraju Chalasani
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore
| | - Jayasudha Varadarajan
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore
| | - Darren Shu Jeng Ting
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore.,Academic Ophthalmology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Roger W Beuerman
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Lai Wah Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 308433, Singapore
| | - Barkham Sebastian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Ocular Proteomics Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Navin Kumar Verma
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore.,Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore
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14
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Zarrinkalam KH, Leavesley DI, Stanley JM, Atkins GJ, Faull RJ. Expression of Defensin Antimicrobial Peptides in the Peritoneal Cavity of Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080102100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the expression and regulation of defensins in the peritoneal cavity of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Design The presence of defensins in the peritoneal cavity was assessed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In vivo defensin expression was analyzed in human peritoneal membrane biopsies and in peritoneal cavity leukocytes isolated from spent dialysate. Defensin expression in vitro was assessed in cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) and confirmed with PCR Southern blot and DNA sequencing. The effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on b2 defensin expression in HPMC was analyzed by Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR respectively. Results Both a and b classes of defensins are expressed in the peritoneal cavity of PD patients. Messenger RNA for the a-defensin human neutrophil peptide 3 and for b-defensin-1 (hbD-1) were found in preparations containing predominantly peritoneal leukocytes, whereas b-defensin-2 (hbD-2) is expressed by HPMC. HPMC isolated from different individuals displayed variability in both basal hbD-2 expression and in response to stimulation by TNFa. Conversely, EGF consistently downregulated the level of hbD-2 message in HPMC. Conclusion a- and b-defensins are expressed in the peritoneal cavity, and hbD-2 is the main defensin present in the peritoneal membrane. Variable levels of expression of hbD-2 by mesothelial cells were seen, with evidence of regulation by cytokines and growth factors. This provides evidence for a previously unknown mechanism of innate immunity at that site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna H. Zarrinkalam
- Department of Renal Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David I. Leavesley
- Department of Renal Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jodie M. Stanley
- Department of Renal Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerald J. Atkins
- Department of Renal Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Randall J. Faull
- Department of Renal Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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15
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Watanabe K, Itoh K, Park SH, Kaku M, Ishii K, Sasano H, Naitoh T, Unno M, Fukushima K. Resistin-like molecule beta, a colonic epithelial protein, exhibits antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant strains. Surg Today 2020; 50:920-930. [PMID: 32062787 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-020-01974-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistin-like molecule beta (RELMβ) is a small cysteine-rich protein secreted by colonic epithelial cells. RELMβ mRNA and protein expressions are dramatically induced by bacterial exposure in germ-free mice. We hypothesized that RELMβ has antimicrobial activity. METHODS The antimicrobial activity of RELMβ was screened by an agar spot test and confirmed by a liquid broth test. The amount of RELMβ in human stools was semi-quantified by Western blot analysis. The induction of RELMβ mRNA and protein expression by bacteria was measured by quantitative RT-PCR using LS174T cells. Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was performed using polyclonal anti-RELMβ antibody. RESULTS RELMβ showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and all MRSAs examined in a dose- and pH-dependent fashion. Western blot study showed that the amount of RELMβ in healthy human stools was comparable to that exhibiting antimicrobial activity in vitro. Both RELMβ mRNA and protein expression were induced by heat-inactivated S. aureus, but not by E. coli in LS174T cells. Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry showed that RELMβ bound to the cell surface of S. aureus, followed by destruction of the bacterial cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS RELMβ is a colonic antimicrobial protein and its antibacterial activity is species selective. Because RELMβ is abundant in healthy human stool, RELMβ may modulate gut flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Kikuji Itoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sang-Hee Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical Research Center, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Mitsuo Kaku
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Naitoh
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kouhei Fukushima
- Laboratory of GI Tract Reconstruction, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Surgical Pathophysiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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16
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Nikoloudaki G, Brooks S, Peidl AP, Tinney D, Hamilton DW. JNK Signaling as a Key Modulator of Soft Connective Tissue Physiology, Pathology, and Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1015. [PMID: 32033060 PMCID: PMC7037145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy individuals, the healing of soft tissues such as skin after pathological insult or post injury follows a relatively predictable and defined series of cell and molecular processes to restore tissue architecture and function(s). Healing progresses through the phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling, and concomitant with re-epithelialization restores barrier function. Soft tissue healing is achieved through the spatiotemporal interplay of multiple different cell types including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells/pericytes, and keratinocytes. Expressed in most cell types, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are signaling molecules associated with the regulation of several cellular processes involved in soft tissue wound healing and in response to cellular stress. A member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family (MAPK), JNKs have been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory cell phenotype, as well as fibroblast, stem/progenitor cell, and epithelial cell biology. In this review, we discuss our understanding of JNKs in the regulation of cell behaviors related to tissue injury, pathology, and wound healing of soft tissues. Using models as diverse as Drosophila, mice, rats, as well as human tissues, research is now defining important, but sometimes conflicting roles for JNKs in the regulation of multiple molecular processes in multiple different cell types central to wound healing processes. In this review, we focus specifically on the role of JNKs in the regulation of cell behavior in the healing of skin, cornea, tendon, gingiva, and dental pulp tissues. We conclude that while parallels can be drawn between some JNK activities and the control of cell behavior in healing, the roles of JNK can also be very specific modes of action depending on the tissue and the phase of healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Nikoloudaki
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Sarah Brooks
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Alexander P. Peidl
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
| | - Dylan Tinney
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.B.); (D.T.)
| | - Douglas W. Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (S.B.); (D.T.)
- Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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17
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Shrestha A, Duwadi D, Jukosky J, Fiering SN. Cecropin-like antimicrobial peptide protects mice from lethal E.coli infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220344. [PMID: 31344137 PMCID: PMC6658118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of pathogenic bacteria to standard antibiotics is an issue of great concern, and new treatments for bacterial infections are needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, cationic, and amphipathic molecules expressed by metazoans that kill pathogens. They are a key part of the innate immune system in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Due to their low toxicity and broad antimicrobial activities, there has been increasing attention to their therapeutic usage. Our previous research demonstrated that four peptides-DAN1, DAN2, HOLO1 and LOUDEF1-derived from recently sequenced arthropod genomes exhibited potent antimicrobial effects in-vitro. In this study, we show that DAN2 protected 100% of mice when it was administered at a concentration of 20 mg/kg thirty minutes after the inoculation of a lethal dose of E. coli intraperitoneally. Lower concentrations of DAN2-10mg/kg and 5mg/kg protected more than 2/3s of the mice. All three dose levels reduced bacterial loads in blood and peritoneal fluid by 10-fold or more when counted six hours after bacterial challenge. We determined that DAN2 acts by compromising the integrity of the E. coli membrane. This study supports the potential of DAN2 peptide as a therapeutic agent for treating antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepesh Duwadi
- Colby-Sawyer College, New London, NH, United States of America
| | - James Jukosky
- Colby-Sawyer College, New London, NH, United States of America
| | - Steven N. Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
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18
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Prediction of calcification tendency in pediatric cystic adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma by using inflammatory markers, hormone markers, and radiological appearances. Childs Nerv Syst 2019; 35:1173-1180. [PMID: 31062140 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-019-04178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the different levels of inflammatory markers, hormone markers, and radiological appearances between PCACP with and without calcification so as to explore the relationships between these markers and calcification. METHODS The inflammatory markers, hormone markers, and radiological appearances were compared not only between PCACP with and without calcification, but also among its different forms of calcification. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to evaluate the diagnostic significance of all markers between these groups. RESULTS It was showed that the white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count, monocyte count, prognostic nutritional index (PNI), prolactin (PRL), and T1WI signal of cysts were higher in PCACP with calcification than in PCACP without calcification. The neutrophil count was significantly higher in PCACP with eggshell calcification than in other groups. The PCACP with mixed calcification had the highest PRL level in all kinds of PCACP with calcification. Only the area under curve (AUC) values of neutrophil count and PRL level were greater than 0.8. CONCLUSION It is found that inflammation and hormone are related to PCACP's calcification. High neutrophil count and PRL level may indicate possible calcification tendency in PCACP. Improved intracystic therapies based on these results may help to inhibit the formation of calcification in PCACP in future.
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19
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Harris TA, Gattu S, Propheter DC, Kuang Z, Bel S, Ruhn KA, Chara AL, Edwards M, Zhang C, Jo JH, Raj P, Zouboulis CC, Kong HH, Segre JA, Hooper LV. Resistin-like Molecule α Provides Vitamin-A-Dependent Antimicrobial Protection in the Skin. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:777-788.e8. [PMID: 31101494 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency increases susceptibility to skin infection. However, the mechanisms by which vitamin A regulates skin immunity remain unclear. Here, we show that resistin-like molecule α (RELMα), a small secreted cysteine-rich protein, is expressed by epidermal keratinocytes and sebocytes and serves as an antimicrobial protein that is required for vitamin-A-dependent resistance to skin infection. RELMα was induced by microbiota colonization of the murine skin, was bactericidal in vitro, and was protected against bacterial infection of the skin in vivo. RELMα expression required dietary vitamin A and was induced by the therapeutic vitamin A analog isotretinoin, which protected against skin infection in a RELMα-dependent manner. The RELM family member Resistin was expressed in human skin, was induced by vitamin A analogs, and killed skin bacteria, indicating a conserved function for RELM proteins in skin innate immunity. Our findings provide insight into how vitamin A promotes resistance to skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamia A Harris
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Sureka Gattu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daniel C Propheter
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zheng Kuang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shai Bel
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kelly A Ruhn
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Andrew L Chara
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Marshall Edwards
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chenlu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jay-Hyun Jo
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodore Fontane, 06847 Dessau, Germany
| | - Heidi H Kong
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julia A Segre
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lora V Hooper
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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20
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Wu Q, Patočka J, Kuča K. Insect Antimicrobial Peptides, a Mini Review. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110461. [PMID: 30413046 PMCID: PMC6267271 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are crucial effectors of the innate immune system. They provide the first line of defense against a variety of pathogens. AMPs display synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics, and thus present the potential for combined therapies. Insects are extremely resistant to bacterial infections. Insect AMPs are cationic and comprise less than 100 amino acids. These insect peptides exhibit an antimicrobial effect by disrupting the microbial membrane and do not easily allow microbes to develop drug resistance. Currently, membrane mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial effects of AMPs are proposed by different modes: the barrel-stave mode, toroidal-pore, carpet, and disordered toroidal-pore are the typical modes. Positive charge quantity, hydrophobic property and the secondary structure of the peptide are important for the antibacterial activity of AMPs. At present, several structural families of AMPs from insects are known (defensins, cecropins, drosocins, attacins, diptericins, ponericins, metchnikowins, and melittin), but new AMPs are frequently discovered. We reviewed the biological effects of the major insect AMPs. This review will provide further information that facilitates the study of insect AMPs and shed some light on novel microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Patočka
- Department of Radiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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21
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Díaz-Garrido P, Sepúlveda-Robles O, Martínez-Martínez I, Espinoza B. Variability of defensin genes from a Mexican endemic Triatominae: Triatoma (Meccus) pallidipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180988. [PMID: 30181380 PMCID: PMC6165835 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease remains a serious health problem for countries where the most common mode of transmission is infection contracted from the feces of a Triatominae insect vector. In México, 32 species of Triatoma have been identified; amongst them, Triatoma (Meccus) pallidipennis is an endemic species reported to have high percentages of infection with T. cruzi Defensins, cysteine-rich cationic peptides, are a family of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs); the synthesis of these molecules is crucial for insect's immune defense. In the present study, the genes encoding defensins in T. pallidipennis were sequenced with the purpose of identifying the variability of these genes in a Mexican vector of T. cruzi We found 12 different genes encoding three mature peptides, all of which had the typical folding of a functional insect defensin. In this work two Defensins type 1 and one type 4 were identified. The pro-peptide domain was highly variable and the mature peptide was not. This is the first report focus on variability of defensins from an epidemiologically important Triatoma in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Díaz-Garrido
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Omar Sepúlveda-Robles
- Catedrático CONACyT - Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica UMAE-Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Bertha Espinoza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM 04510, Ciudad de México, México
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Chaker AM. [Biologics in Rhinology - Forthcoming Personalized Concepts: the Future Starts Today]. Laryngorhinootologie 2018; 97:S142-S184. [PMID: 29905356 PMCID: PMC6541111 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-123484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sinunasale Erkrankungen zählen mit zu den häufigsten chronischen Erkrankungen und führen zu einer erheblichen Störung der Lebensqualität, ein komorbides Asthma ist häufig. Trotz leitliniengerechter Therapie ist anzunehmen, dass mind. 20% der Patienten ihre Erkrankungssymptome nicht adäquat kontrollieren können. Neben den etablierten chirurgischen und konservativen Therapieoptionen finden sich nun vielversprechende Therapieansätze, die bspw. mittels therapeutischer Antikörper mechanistisch gezielt in die Pathophysiologie der Erkrankungen eingreifen können. Die Auswahl der geeigneten Patienten durch geeignete Biomarker und die richtige Therapie zum richtigen Stadium der Erkrankung anbieten zu können, ist das Ziel stratifizierter Medizin und eine wichtige Perspektive für die HNO.Chronic diseases of the nose and the paranasal sinuses are most common, frequently associated with bronchial asthma, and result in substantial reduction of quality of life. Despite optimal treatment according to guidelines, approx. 20 % of the patients will report inadequate control of symptoms. Apart from well established surgical and conservative approaches in therapy new therapeutic antibodies are available that aim specifically pathophysiological targets. The optimal allocation of effective therapy for patients using appropriate biomarkers at the most suitable timepoint is the hallmark of stratified medicine and an important perspective in ENT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Chaker
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde und Zentrum für Allergie und Umwelt, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
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Roudi R, Syn NL, Roudbary M. Antimicrobial Peptides As Biologic and Immunotherapeutic Agents against Cancer: A Comprehensive Overview. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1320. [PMID: 29081781 PMCID: PMC5645638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a pervasive and evolutionarily ancient component of innate host defense which is present in virtually all classes of life. In recent years, evidence has accumulated that parallel or de novo mechanisms by which AMPs curb infectious pathologies are also effective at restraining cancer cell proliferation and dissemination, and have consequently stimulated significant interest in their deployment as novel biologic and immunotherapeutic agents against human malignancies. In this review, we explicate the biochemical underpinnings of their tumor-selectivity, and discuss results of recent clinical trials (outside of oncologic indications) which substantiate their safety and tolerability profiles. Next, we present evidence for their preclinical antitumor activity, systematically organized by the major and minor classes of natural AMPs. Finally, we discuss the barriers to their clinical implementation and envision directions for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Roudi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nicholas L Syn
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maryam Roudbary
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Massimi L, Martelli C, Caldarelli M, Castagnola M, Desiderio C. Proteomics in pediatric cystic craniopharyngioma. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:370-376. [PMID: 28414889 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is still often burdened by a poor prognosis in children as far as the risk of recurrence and the quality of life are concerned. Therefore, many efforts are now dedicated to investigate the molecular characteristics of this tumor aiming at finding new therapeutic options. ACP is prevalently a cystic lesion so that an increasing number of researches are focused on the analysis of its cystic content. In the present article, the main results of the current proteomic analysis (PA) on the ACP fluid are summarized. Both "bottom-up" and "top-down" approaches have been utilized. In the bottom-up approach, proteins and peptides are enzymatically or chemically digested prior to liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses. The bottom-up approach pointed out several proteins of the inflammation (namely, α2-HS-glycoprotein, α1-antichymotrypsin and apolipoproteins) as possibly involved in the genesis and growth of the cystic component of ACP. The top-down strategy analyzes proteins and peptides in the intact state, making it particularly suitable for the identification of peptides and low molecular weight proteins and for the characterization of their possible isoforms and post-translational modifications. The top-down approach disclosed the presence of the thymosin β family. Thymosin β4, in particular, which is involved in the cytoskeleton organization and migration of several tumors, could play a role in the progression of ACP. Finally, PA was utilized to investigate alterations in cyst fluid character after treatment with interferon-α. The analyzed samples showed a progressive reduction of the levels of α-defensins (proteins involved in the inflammatory-mediated response) after the intracystic injection of interferon-α, thus reinforcing the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to ACP cyst pathogenesis. Additional studies on the solid component of ACP are still necessary to further validate the previous results and to identify possible markers for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Massimi
- Neurochirurgia Pediatrica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Martelli
- Istituto di Biochimica e Chimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Caldarelli
- Neurochirurgia Pediatrica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e Chimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
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Rossoni RD, Fuchs BB, de Barros PP, Velloso MDS, Jorge AOC, Junqueira JC, Mylonakis E. Lactobacillus paracasei modulates the immune system of Galleria mellonella and protects against Candida albicans infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173332. [PMID: 28267809 PMCID: PMC5340386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been described as a potential strategy to control opportunistic infections due to their ability to stimulate the immune system. Using the non-vertebrate model host Galleria mellonella, we evaluated whether clinical isolates of Lactobacillus spp. are able to provide protection against Candida albicans infection. Among different strains of Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus fermentum, we verified that L. paracasei 28.4 strain had the greatest ability to prolong the survival of larvae infected with a lethal dose of C. albicans. We found that the injection of 107 cells/larvae of L. paracasei into G. mellonella larvae infected by C. albicans increased the survival of these insects compared to the control group (P = 0.0001). After that, we investigated the immune mechanisms involved in the protection against C. albicans infection, evaluating the number of hemocytes and the gene expression of antifungal peptides. We found that L. paracasei increased the hemocyte quantity (2.38 x 106 cells/mL) in relation to the control group (1.29 x 106 cells/mL), indicating that this strain is capable of raising the number of circulating hemocytes into the G. mellonella hemolymph. Further, we found that L. paracasei 28.4 upregulated genes that encode the antifungal peptides galiomicin and gallerymicin. In relation to the control group, L. paracasei 28.4 increased gene expression of galiomicin by 6.67-fold and 17.29-fold for gallerymicin. Finally, we verified that the prophylactic provision of probiotic led to a significant reduction of the number of fungal cells in G. mellonella hemolymph. In conclusion, L. paracasei 28.4 can modulate the immune system of G. mellonella and protect against candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisol dos Santos Velloso
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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Kawada-Matsuo M, Komatsuzawa H. Role of Streptococcus mutans two-component systems in antimicrobial peptide resistance in the oral cavity. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2017; 53:86-94. [PMID: 28725299 PMCID: PMC5501732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 100 trillion microorganisms exist in the oral cavity. For the commensal bacteria of the oral cavity, it is important to adapt to environmental stimuli, including human- or bacteria-derived antimicrobial agents. Recently, bacterial-specific signal transduction regulatory systems, called two-component systems (TCSs), which appear to be focused on sensing and adapting to the environment, were discovered. Streptococcus mutans is an oral commensal bacteria and is also known as a cariogenic bacteria. Although the virulence factors of S. mutans have been well demonstrated, the mechanism underlying the adaptation of the species to the oral cavity is poorly understood. S. mutans UA159 has 15 sets of TCSs. Among them, several have been demonstrated to be involved in acid tolerance, competence and biofilm formation. Recently, together with our findings, it was demonstrated that 5 TCSs were involved in resistance to antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, another TCS was associated with the production of bacteriocin. Six of 15 TCSs are associated with antimicrobial agents, implying that S. mutans can survive in the oral cavity by resisting various antimicrobial peptides. In this review, we highlight the role of antimicrobial peptides in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Kawada-Matsuo
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Defensins: The Case for Their Use against Mycobacterial Infections. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:7515687. [PMID: 27725944 PMCID: PMC5048032 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7515687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tuberculosis remains a huge global public health problem with an estimated 1/3rd of the population being infected. Defensins are antibacterial cationic peptides produced by a number of cell types, most notably neutrophil granulocytes and epithelial cells. All three defensin types (α-, β-, and θ-defensins) have antibacterial activities, mainly through bacterial membrane permeabilization. Defensins are effective against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including mycobacteria and are active both intra- and extracellularly. Mycobacterial resistance has never been demonstrated although the mprF gene encoding resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is present in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome. In addition to their antibacterial effect, defensins are chemoattractants for macrophages and neutrophils. There are many cases for their use for therapy or prophylaxis in tuberculosis as well. In conclusion, we propose that there is considerable scope and potential for exploring their use as therapeutic/prophylactic agents and more comprehensive survey of defensins from different species and their bioactivity is timely.
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Wiese A, Gutsmann T, Seydel U. Review: Towards antibacterial strategies: studies on the mechanisms of interaction between antibacterial peptides and model membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519030090020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) play a dual role as inflammation-inducing and as membrane-forming molecules. The former role attracts significantly more attention from scientists, possibly because it is more closely related to sepsis and septic shock. This review aims to focus the reader's attention to the other role, the function of LPS as the major constituent of the outer layer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, in particular those of enterobacterial strains. In this function, LPS is a necessary component of the cell envelope and guarantees survival of the bacterial organism. At the same time, it represents the first target for attacking molecules which may either be synthesized by the host's innate or adaptive immune system or administered to the human body. The interaction of these molecules with the outer membrane may not only directly cause the death of the bacterial organism, but may also lead to the release of LPS into the circulation. Here, we review membrane model systems and their application for the study of molecular mechanisms of interaction of peptides such as those of the human complement system, the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), cationic antibacterial peptide 18 kDa (CAP18) as an example of cathelicidins, defensins, and polymyxin B (PMB). Emphasis is on electrical measurements with a reconstitution system of the lipid matrix of the outer membrane which was established in the authors' laboratory as a planar asymmetric bilayer with one leaflet being composed solely of LPS and the other of the natural phospholipid mixture. The main conclusion, which can be drawn from these investigations, is that LPS and in general its negative charges are the dominant determinants for specific peptide—membrane interactions. However, the detailed mechanisms of interaction, which finally lead to bacterial killing, may involve further steps and differ for different antibacterial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Wiese
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Seydel
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany,
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Ramesh S, Govender T, Kruger HG, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Short AntiMicrobial Peptides (SAMPs) as a class of extraordinary promising therapeutic agents. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:438-51. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Ramesh
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4001 South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering; Biomaterials and Nanomedicine; Barcelona Science Park 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Barcelona; 08028 Barcelona Spain
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ŞABABOĞLU E, TÜRÜTOĞLU H. HAYVANLARDA DEFENSİNLER VE ÖZELLİKLERİ. MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2016. [DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.260788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Elevated Concentration of Defensins in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:8373819. [PMID: 27413763 PMCID: PMC4931052 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8373819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major etiological agent of human non-A and non-B hepatitis, affecting around 180 million people worldwide. Defensins, small cysteine-rich cationic peptides, are shown to have potent antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Defensins can be found in both normal and microbial infected patients, at variable concentrations. Notably, viral infections are often associated with elevated concentrations of defensins. The current study aimed to estimate the concentrations of total, α-, and β-defensins in serum taken from normal and HCV-infected patients. 12 healthy (noninfected) and 34 HCV-infected patients were enrolled. Standardized immunoassay kits were used to obtain serum concentrations of defensins. The obtained results were calibrated against kit standard reagents. Total defensin concentrations in HCV-infected patients were significantly higher (2- to 105-fold) compared to healthy individuals. The concentrations of α-defensins were also significantly elevated in the HCV-infected patients (31–1398 ng/50 μL). However, concentrations of β-defensins ranged from 44.5 ng/50 μL to 1056 ng/50 μL. The results did not reveal differences in serum defensin concentration between male and female HCV-infected patients. A-defensin concentration of ≥250 ng/50 μL was found to contain more β-defensins than total defensins and α-defensins. This study concludes, for the first time, that serum defensin levels are elevated in HCV-infected patients.
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Mondet F, Alaux C, Severac D, Rohmer M, Mercer AR, Le Conte Y. Antennae hold a key to Varroa-sensitive hygiene behaviour in honey bees. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10454. [PMID: 26000641 PMCID: PMC4441115 DOI: 10.1038/srep10454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In honey bees, Varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) behaviour, which involves the detection and removal of brood parasitised by the mite Varroa destructor, can actively participate in the survival of colonies facing Varroa outbreaks. This study investigated the mechanisms of VSH behaviour, by comparing the antennal transcriptomes of bees that do and do not perform VSH behaviour. Results indicate that antennae likely play a key role in the expression of VSH behaviour. Comparisons with the antennal transcriptome of nurse and forager bees suggest that VSH profile is more similar to that of nurse bees than foragers. Enhanced detection of certain odorants in VSH bees may be predicted from transcriptional patterns, as well as a higher metabolism and antennal motor activity. Interestingly, Deformed wing virus/Varroa destructor virus infections were detected in the antennae, with higher level in non-VSH bees; a putative negative impact of viral infection on bees' ability to display VSH behaviour is proposed. These results bring new perspectives to the understanding of VSH behaviour and the evolution of collective defence by focusing attention on the importance of the peripheral nervous system. In addition, such data might be useful for promoting marker-assisted selection of honey bees that can survive Varroa infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mondet
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon Cedex 09, France
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- AgroParisTech, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Alaux
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon Cedex 09, France
| | - Dany Severac
- MGX – Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Marine Rohmer
- MGX – Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Alison R. Mercer
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Yves Le Conte
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, 84914 Avignon Cedex 09, France
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Münch J, Ständker L, Forssmann WG, Kirchhoff F. Discovery of modulators of HIV-1 infection from the human peptidome. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:715-22. [PMID: 25110191 PMCID: PMC7097597 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Kirchhoff and colleagues discuss the discovery of novel antimicrobial peptides by systematic screening of complex peptide and protein libraries that have been derived from human bodily fluids and tissues, with a focus on the isolation of endogenous agents that affect HIV-1 infection. Almost all human proteins are subject to proteolytic degradation, which produces a broad range of peptides that have highly specific and sometimes unexpected functions. Peptide libraries that have been generated from human bodily fluids or tissues are a rich but mostly unexplored source of bioactive compounds that could be used to develop antimicrobial and immunomodulatory therapeutic agents. In this Innovation article, we describe the discovery, optimization and application of endogenous bioactive peptides from human-derived peptide libraries, with a particular focus on the isolation of endogenous inhibitors and promoters of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Münch
- 1] Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany. [2] Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Ständker
- 1] Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany. [2] Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolf-Georg Forssmann
- 1] Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany. [2] Pharis Biotec GmbH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- 1] Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany. [2] Ulm Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Akyol S, Ugurcu V, Balci M, Gurel A, Erden G, Cakmak O, Akyol O. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester: its protective role against certain major eye diseases. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:700-8. [PMID: 25100535 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2014.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As an effective compound found mainly in the honeybee product propolis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) has been commonly utilized as a medicine and remedial agent, in a number of countries. Specifically, it might inhibit nuclear factor kappa B at micromolar concentrations and demonstrate antioxidant, antineoplastic, antiproliferative, cytostatic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory features. This review article summarizes the recent progress regarding the favorable effects of CAPE on a number of eye disease models, including cataract and posterior capsule opacification, corneal diseases, retina and optic nerve-related diseases, ischemia/reperfusion injury of retina, inflammation and infection-related diseases. CAPE has been found to exhibit promising efficacy, with minimal adverse effects, in animal and cell culture studies of several eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeyya Akyol
- 1 Division of Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Medical Sciences, Turgut Ozal University , Ankara, Turkey
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Najafi A, Mojtahedzadeh M, Ahmadi KH, Abdollahi M, Mousavi M, Chelkeba L, Najmeddin F, Ahmadi A. The immunological benefit of higher dose N-acetyl cysteine following mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 22:57. [PMID: 25027749 PMCID: PMC4223415 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-22-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis complication is a major cause of death in multiple trauma critically ill patients. Defensin (cysteine rich anti-microbial peptides), as an important component of immune system, might play an important role in this process. There is also rising data on immunological effects of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a commonly used anti-oxidant in oxidative stress conditions and glutathione (GSH) deficiencies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of NAC administration on multiple trauma patients with sepsis. METHODS In a prospective, randomized controlled study, 44 multiple trauma critically ill patients who were mechanically ventilated and met the criteria of sepsis and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were randomized into two groups . Control group received all standard ICU therapies and NAC group received intravenous NAC 3 gr every 6 hours for 72 hours in addition to standard therapies. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores, length of ICU stay, ICU mortality were recorded. Levels of serum Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Human β-Defensin 2 (HβD2) and GSH were assessed at baseline and 24, 72, 120 hours after intervention. RESULTS During a period of 13-month screening, 44 patients underwent randomization but 5 patients had to be excluded. 21 patients in NAC group and 18 patients in control group completed the study. For both groups the length of ICU stay, SOFA score and systemic oxygenation were similar. Mortality rate (40% vs. 22% respectively, p = 0.209) and ventilator days (Mean ± SD 19.82 ± 19.55 days vs. 13.82 ± 11.89 days respectively, p = 0.266) were slightly higher for NAC group. IgM and GSH levels were similar between two groups (p = 0.325, 0.125 respectively), HβD2 levels were higher for NAC group (at day 3). CONCLUSION High dose of NAC administration not only did not improve patients' outcome, but also raised the risk of inflammation and was associated with increased serum creatinine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arezoo Ahmadi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Sina Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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de la Torre-Escudero E, Pérez-Sánchez R, Manzano-Román R, Oleaga A. Proteomic mapping of the lung vascular endothelial cell surface in Schistosoma bovis-infected hamsters. J Proteomics 2014; 106:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kang J, Zhao D, Lyu Y, Tian L, Yin X, Yang L, Teng K, Zhou X. Antimycobacterial activity of Pichia pastoris-derived mature bovine neutrophil β-defensins 5. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:1823-34. [PMID: 24839955 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an ongoing threat to global health, and the lack of effective therapies for treating it is also a global problem. Previous studies have shown that human cathelicidin and defensins have effective antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium spp. To our knowledge, there are no reports on the antimycobacterial effects of bovine neutrophil β-defensins so far. Here, we identified the antimicrobial effect of mature bovine neutrophil β-defensins (mBNBD) 5 against Mycobacterium infection both in vitro and in vivo. The mBNBD5 protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris. To increase the yield of β-defensins, a purification method was employed by adding a 6-His·tag to the C-terminus of the mBNBD5 gene. Our results indicated that recombinant mBNBD5 protein was successfully expressed and purified from Pichia pastoris with intact antimicrobial activity. The recombinant protein exhibited potent bactericidal activity in vitro against M. smegmatis and M. bovis, with a dose-dependent manner and a time-dependent manner. The electron microscope results showed that the bacterial cell wall of M. bovis was disrupted when incubated with mBNBD5 for 72 h. Our data also indicated that the exogenous addition of mBNBD5 could reduce the survival of Mycobacterium spp., especially M. tuberculosis and M. bovis in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results provide foundations for the development of mBNBD5 as a potential new therapeutic agent for TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kang
- The State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology; Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture; National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China,
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Foti D, Greco M, Cantiello F, Damiano R, Gulletta E, Pujia A, Montalcini T. Hypovitaminosis D and Low Urinary Tract Symptoms in a Female Population. EUR J INFLAMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1401200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have suggested a key role for low levels of vitamin D in the development of several chronic diseases and bacterial infections. In particular, its role in acute respiratory infection has been clarified, while the potential role of vitamin D for susceptibility to urinary tract infections still remains unexplored. Since the typical symptoms associated with urinary infections or with other conditions, like overactive bladder, include dysuria, urgency and frequency, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between these symptoms and vitamin D status. We conducted a retrospective study on 233 women who, in the previous year, had their serum levels of vitamin D measured. The subjects were queried about the presence of urinary symptoms and their frequency over the previous year. Women with low serum levels of vitamin D had a higher prevalence of symptoms than those with normal levels of vitamin D (p<0.001). In particular, women who reported high frequency of symptoms had a mean vitamin D level of ∼ 27 ng/mL, those with low frequency had a mean vitamin D level of ∼ 24 ng/mL, while asymptomatic women had mean levels of ∼ 37 ng/mL (p=0.004 among group). In this study hypovitaminosis D is associated with urinary symptoms in a population of women, and it may suggest a key role of this vitamin in the development of infections or other conditions affecting the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Foti
- Laboratory Unit, Clinical Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M. Greco
- Laboratory Unit, Clinical Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - F. Cantiello
- Urology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - R. Damiano
- Urology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - E. Gulletta
- Laboratory Unit, Clinical Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A. Pujia
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - T. Montalcini
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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Ghahremanpour MM, Sardari S. The effect of structural parameters and positive charge distance on the interaction free energy of antimicrobial peptides with membrane surface. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:502-12. [PMID: 24621111 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.893204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to find hints explaining the relationship between physicochemical and structural properties of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which are relevant to their antimicrobial activities. We here found that there is a difference in the percentages of hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and charged residues between AMPs killing both bacteria and fungi (Group A) and AMPs that only kill bacteria (Group B). The percentage of charged residues in Group A AMPs is highly elevated, while in Group B the percentage of hydrophobic residues is increased. This result suggests a sequence-based mechanism of selectivity for AMPs. Moreover, we examined how the distance between basic residues affects the interaction free energy of AMPs with the membrane surface, since most of the known AMPs act by membrane perturbation. We measured the average distance between basic residues throughout the 3D structure of AMPs by defining Dpr parameter and calculated the interaction free energy for 10 AMPs that interacted with the DPPC membrane using molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the changes of the interaction free energy correlates with the change of Dpr by a linear regression coefficient of r(2 )= .47 and a cubic regression coefficient of r(2 )= .70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Ghahremanpour
- a Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology , Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute , No. 69, Pasteur Ave., Tehran , 13164, Iran
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Zhu C, Wang J, Cheng T, Li Q, Shen H, Qin H, Cheng M, Zhang X. The potential role of increasing the release of mouse β- defensin-14 in the treatment of osteomyelitis in mice: a primary study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86874. [PMID: 24489798 PMCID: PMC3904979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian β-defensins are small cationic peptides that have been implicated in mediating innate immune defenses against microbial infection. Mouse β-defensin-14 (MBD-14), based on structural and functional similarities, appears to be an ortholog of human β-defensin-3 (HBD-3). Previous studies identified signaling pathway p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that contributed to the expression of MBD-14 in mouse osteoblasts upon contacted with methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) supernatant, which provided a theoretical basis as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of intramedullary infection with MRSA in vivo. In this study, the medullary cavities of tibiae were contaminated with MRSA 10(3) colony forming units and different doses of p38 MAPK agonists anisomycin were followed as group III or IV in 30 mice. Fifteen animals that received phosphate- buffered saline served as group II and 15 mice were not contaminated with MRSA and received phosphate-buffered saline served as controls (group I). Follow-up was 7 days. In day 1, day 4 and day 7 postoperatively, infection was evaluated by blood routine, microbiological and histological analyses after sacrifice. All animals of group II developed microbiological and histological signs of infection. Histological signs of infection, white blood counts and cultures of group III and IV showed significantly reduced bacterial growth compared to cultures of group II. Simultaneously, different doses of anisomycin significantly induced the expression of osteoblast-associated genes, including alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and collagen type I. In addition, the expression of HBD-3 in human interfacial membranes around infected periprosthetic joint by staphylococcus contaminated was evaluated, and the expression pattern changed with significant induction of HBD-3 in infected periprosthetic joint compared with aseptic loosening under inflammatory conditions. Our primary study indicated that the potential antibacterial role of increased MBD-14 in the osteomyelitis mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqi Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Narciandi F, Lloyd A, Meade KG, O'Farrelly C. A novel subclass of bovine β-defensins links reproduction and immunology. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014; 26:769-77. [DOI: 10.1071/rd13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-defensins are effector molecules of the innate immune system, found in many diverse species. Their presence in invertebrates as well as vertebrates suggests highly conserved functional roles. Most β-defensins are believed to act as antimicrobial agents at epithelial surfaces, although additional functions have also been described, including immune regulatory activity, wound repair and a role in coat-colour determination. High expression of β-defensins have been found in testis and epididymidal epithelium as well as in the seminal fluid of humans, macaque, rat, mouse and cow. Human and macaque β-defensins have recently been shown to affect sperm motility while a mutation in β-defensin 126 is associated with reduced fertility in men. Genetic variation in bovine defensin genes may explain the increased incidence of low fertility in cattle. Here, we present a summary of the known functions of β-defensins as well as their emerging role in reproduction and their potential to improve fertility in cattle.
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Simeon RL, Chen Z. A screen for genetic suppressor elements of hepatitis C virus identifies a supercharged protein inhibitor of viral replication. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84022. [PMID: 24391867 PMCID: PMC3877138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic suppressor elements (GSEs) are biomolecules derived from a gene or genome of interest that act as transdominant inhibitors of biological functions presumably by disruption of critical biological interfaces. We exploited a cell death reporter cell line for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, n4mBid, to develop an iterative selection/enrichment strategy for the identification of anti-HCV GSEs. Using this approach, a library of fragments of an HCV genome was screened for sequences that suppress HCV infection. A 244 amino acid gene fragment, B1, was strongly enriched after 5 rounds of selection. B1 derives from a single-base frameshift of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) which was used as a filler during fragment cloning. B1 has a very high net positive charge of 43 at neutral pH and a high charge-to-mass (kDa) ratio of 1.5. We show that B1 expression specifically inhibits HCV replication. In addition, five highly positively charged B1 fragments produced from progressive truncation at the C-terminus all retain the ability to inhibit HCV, suggesting that a high positive charge, rather than a particular motif in B1, likely accounts for B1's anti-HCV activity. Another supercharged protein, +36GFP, was also found to strongly inhibit HCV replication when added to cells at the time of infection. This study reports a new methodology for HCV inhibitor screening and points to the anti-HCV potential of positively charged proteins/peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudo L. Simeon
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhilei Chen
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Grupp C, Troche-Polzien I, Noeding C, Mueller CA, Mueller GA. Impaired immune defense in hemodialysis patients: role of α-defensins? Hemodial Int 2013; 18:443-9. [PMID: 24341412 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the impaired immune response in hemodialysis (HD) patients are not completely understood. The α-defensins human neutrophil peptides-1, 2, and 3 are low molecular weight peptides with antimicrobial activity and important effector molecules of innate immune responses. We now examined the expression of these peptides in HD patients. Seventy-six patients on chronic HD treatment (mean time on HD 5.8 years; mean age 70 years) were studied and compared with 38 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with infections and normal renal function. Expression of α-defensins was analyzed semiquantitatively in leukocytes on the messenger RNA (mRNA) level by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; the α-defensin protein levels in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. α-Defensin concentrations (140 ± 10.5 ng/mL; mean ± standard error of the mean) as well as mRNA levels in leukocytes (82.9 ± 7.9 arbitrary units [a.u.]) in HD patients were not significantly different from those in healthy volunteers (156 ± 15.2 ng/mL; 81.4 ± 11.3 a.u.). Defensin levels were independent of the time of the patient on HD and their age. During infection periods (mean increase of the C-reactive protein to 161 ± 17.3 mg/L), defensin serum levels increased to 321 ± 65 ng/mL (P < 0.005) and mRNA expression in leukocytes to 159 ± 19.2 a.u. (P < 0.05). These increases were not significantly different from those in patients with normal renal function (298 ± 46.8 ng/mL and 128 ± 9.1 a.u., respectively) suffering from infections (C-reactive protein 222 ± 26.6 mg/L). Our results suggest that the impaired immune defense in dialysis patients is not due to a deficiency in α-defensins in these patients as neither basal levels nor expression during infections were reduced compared with subjects with normal renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Grupp
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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van der Weerden NL, Bleackley MR, Anderson MA. Properties and mechanisms of action of naturally occurring antifungal peptides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3545-70. [PMID: 23381653 PMCID: PMC11114075 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are a vital component of the innate immune system of all eukaryotic organisms and many of these peptides have potent antifungal activity. They have potential application in the control of fungal pathogens that are a serious threat to both human health and food security. Development of antifungal peptides as therapeutics requires an understanding of their mechanism of action on fungal cells. To date, most research on antimicrobial peptides has focused on their activity against bacteria. Several antimicrobial peptides specifically target fungal cells and are not active against bacteria. Others with broader specificity often have different mechanisms of action against bacteria and fungi. This review focuses on the mechanism of action of naturally occurring antifungal peptides from a diverse range of sources including plants, mammals, amphibians, insects, crabs, spiders, and fungi. While antimicrobial peptides were originally proposed to act via membrane permeabilization, the mechanism of antifungal activity for these peptides is generally more complex and often involves entry of the peptide into the cell.
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Characterization of Antimicrobial Peptides toward the Development of Novel Antibiotics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1055-81. [PMID: 24276381 PMCID: PMC3817730 DOI: 10.3390/ph6081055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents have eradicated many infectious diseases and significantly improved our living environment. However, abuse of antimicrobial agents has accelerated the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, and there is an urgent need for novel antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted attention as a novel class of antimicrobial agents because AMPs efficiently kill a wide range of species, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, via a novel mechanism of action. In addition, they are effective against pathogens that are resistant to almost all conventional antibiotics. AMPs have promising properties; they directly disrupt the functions of cellular membranes and nucleic acids, and the rate of appearance of AMP-resistant strains is very low. However, as pharmaceuticals, AMPs exhibit unfavorable properties, such as instability, hemolytic activity, high cost of production, salt sensitivity, and a broad spectrum of activity. Therefore, it is vital to improve these properties to develop novel AMP treatments. Here, we have reviewed the basic biochemical properties of AMPs and the recent strategies used to modulate these properties of AMPs to enhance their safety.
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Méndez-Samperio P. Recent advances in the field of antimicrobial peptides in inflammatory diseases. Adv Biomed Res 2013; 2:50. [PMID: 24516850 PMCID: PMC3905337 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.114192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are cationic molecules, which participate in multiple aspects of the immune response including the control of inflammatory diseases, characteristic that make these molecules attractive as therapeutic tools. These peptides are produced in bacteria, insects, plants and vertebrates, and are classified together due to their capacity to directly inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and to regulate the immune response by inducing the secretion of chemokines and cytokines. Various families of antimicrobial peptides have been identified including the cathelicidins and defensins, the most investigated human antimicrobial peptides. This review will cover the main biological functions of antimicrobial and cell-penetrating peptides in inflammation, and describe the importance and utility of antimicrobial peptides as therapeutics for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Méndez-Samperio
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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Defensins: natural component of human innate immunity. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1069-79. [PMID: 23756165 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has contributed to a huge increase in the number of resistant bacteria. New classes of drugs are therefore being developed of which defensins are a potential source. Defensins are a group of antimicrobial peptides found in different living organisms, involved in the first line of defense in their innate immune response against pathogens. This review summarizes the results of studies of this family of human antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). There is a special emphasis on describing the entire group and individual peptides, history of their discovery, their functions and expression sites. The results of the recent studies on the use of the biologically active peptides in human medicine are also presented. The pharmaceutical potential of human defensins cannot be ignored, especially considering their strong antimicrobial activity and properties such as low molecular weight, reduced immunogenicity, broad activity spectrum and resistance to proteolysis, but there are still many challenges and questions regarding the possibilities of their practical application.
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Ebrahem MA. Expression of human beta defensins (HBDs) 1, 2 and 3 in gingival crevicular fluid of patients affected by localized aggressive periodontitis. Saudi Dent J 2013; 25:75-82. [PMID: 23960559 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on the expression frequencies of human beta-defensin (HBD)-1, -2, and -3 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients affected by localized aggressive periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients affected by localized aggressive periodontitis (age range, 20-35 years) and 20 healthy subjects (age range, 21-37 years) were examined with clinical periodontal parameters and radiographic examination with the long-cone parallel technique. All periodontitis patients underwent nonsurgical periodontal therapy combined with doxycycline treatment and a maintenance program (including brushing with regular toothpaste). GCF samples were collected from patients and healthy control subjects at baseline as well as 3 months after periodontal therapy for the patient group. RESULTS In the patient group, the expression frequencies of HBD-1, -2, and -3 mRNA at baseline were 30%, 85%, and 35%, respectively, which changed after periodontal therapy to 80%, 45%, and 85%, respectively (all P < 0.001). In the healthy control subjects, the expression frequencies were 95%, 40%, and 95% for HBD-1, -2, and -3, respectively, which were different from those of diseased patients at baseline (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The appropriate expression of HBD peptides in health and disease may contribute to the maintenance of periodontal homeostasis, possibly through its antimicrobial effects and the promotion of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdelmoniem Ebrahem
- Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Minia University, Egypt
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