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Borges JMP, de Jesus LB, Dos Santos Souza C, da Silva VDA, Costa SL, de Fátima Dias Costa M, El-Bachá RS. Astrocyte Reaction to Catechol-Induced Cytotoxicity Relies on the Contact with Microglia Before Isolation. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:973-994. [PMID: 35708826 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes preserve the brain microenvironment homeostasis in order to protect other brain cells, mainly neurons, against damages. Glial cells have specific functions that are important in the context of neuronal survival in different models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Microglia are among these cells, secreting several molecules that can modulate astrocyte functions. Although 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol) is a neurotoxic monoaromatic compound of exogenous origin, several endogenous molecules also present the catechol group. This study compared two methods to obtain astrocyte-enriched cultures from newborn Wistar rats of both sexes. In the first technique (P1), microglial cells began to be removed early 48 h after primary mixed glial cultures were plated. In the second one (P2), microglial cells were late removed 7 to 10 days after plating. Both cultures were exposed to catechol for 72 h. Catechol was more cytotoxic to P1 cultures than to P2, decreasing cellularity and changing the cell morphology. Microglial-conditioned medium (MCM) protected P1 cultures and inhibited the catechol autoxidation. P2 cultures, as well as P1 in the presence of 20% MCM, presented long, dense, and fibrillary processes positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, which retracted the cytoplasm when exposed to catechol. The Ngf and Il1beta transcription increased in P1, meanwhile astrocytes expressed more Il10 in P2. Catechol decreased Bdnf and Il10 in P2 cultures, and it decreased the expression of Il1beta in both conditions. A prolonged contact with microglia before isolation of astrocyte-enriched cultures modifies astrocyte functions and morphology, protecting these cells against catechol-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Maria Pereira Borges
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), 40.110-902, Salvador, Bahia (BA), Brazil. .,Department of Science and Technology, Southwest Bahia State University (UESB), 45.208-409, Jequie, BA, Brazil.
| | - Lívia Bacelar de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), 40.110-902, Salvador, Bahia (BA), Brazil
| | - Cleide Dos Santos Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), 40.110-902, Salvador, Bahia (BA), Brazil
| | - Victor Diogenes Amaral da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), 40.110-902, Salvador, Bahia (BA), Brazil
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), 40.110-902, Salvador, Bahia (BA), Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Dias Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), 40.110-902, Salvador, Bahia (BA), Brazil
| | - Ramon Santos El-Bachá
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), 40.110-902, Salvador, Bahia (BA), Brazil.
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Pérez-Santos I, Palomero-Gallagher N, Zilles K, Cavada C. Distribution of the Noradrenaline Innervation and Adrenoceptors in the Macaque Monkey Thalamus. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4115-4139. [PMID: 34003210 PMCID: PMC8328208 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Noradrenaline (NA) in the thalamus has important roles in physiological, pharmacological, and pathological neuromodulation. In this work, a complete characterization of NA axons and Alpha adrenoceptors distributions is provided. NA axons, revealed by immunohistochemistry against the synthesizing enzyme and the NA transporter, are present in all thalamic nuclei. The most densely innervated ones are the midline nuclei, intralaminar nuclei (paracentral and parafascicular), and the medial sector of the mediodorsal nucleus (MDm). The ventral motor nuclei and most somatosensory relay nuclei receive a moderate NA innervation. The pulvinar complex receives a heterogeneous innervation. The lateral geniculate nucleus (GL) has the lowest NA innervation. Alpha adrenoceptors were analyzed by in vitro quantitative autoradiography. Alpha-1 receptor densities are higher than Alpha-2 densities. Overall, axonal densities and Alpha adrenoceptor densities coincide; although some mismatches were identified. The nuclei with the highest Alpha-1 values are MDm, the parvocellular part of the ventral posterior medial nucleus, medial pulvinar, and midline nuclei. The nucleus with the lowest Alpha-1 receptor density is GL. Alpha-2 receptor densities are highest in the lateral dorsal, centromedian, medial and inferior pulvinar, and midline nuclei. These results suggest a role for NA in modulating thalamic involvement in consciousness, limbic, cognitive, and executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pérez-Santos
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Calle Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Carmen Cavada
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Calle Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Wahis J, Holt MG. Astrocytes, Noradrenaline, α1-Adrenoreceptors, and Neuromodulation: Evidence and Unanswered Questions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:645691. [PMID: 33716677 PMCID: PMC7947346 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.645691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Noradrenaline is a major neuromodulator in the central nervous system (CNS). It is released from varicosities on neuronal efferents, which originate principally from the main noradrenergic nuclei of the brain - the locus coeruleus - and spread throughout the parenchyma. Noradrenaline is released in response to various stimuli and has complex physiological effects, in large part due to the wide diversity of noradrenergic receptors expressed in the brain, which trigger diverse signaling pathways. In general, however, its main effect on CNS function appears to be to increase arousal state. Although the effects of noradrenaline have been researched extensively, the majority of studies have assumed that noradrenaline exerts its effects by acting directly on neurons. However, neurons are not the only cells in the CNS expressing noradrenaline receptors. Astrocytes are responsive to a range of neuromodulators - including noradrenaline. In fact, noradrenaline evokes robust calcium transients in astrocytes across brain regions, through activation of α1-adrenoreceptors. Crucially, astrocytes ensheath neurons at synapses and are known to modulate synaptic activity. Hence, astrocytes are in a key position to relay, or amplify, the effects of noradrenaline on neurons, most notably by modulating inhibitory transmission. Based on a critical appraisal of the current literature, we use this review to argue that a better understanding of astrocyte-mediated noradrenaline signaling is therefore essential, if we are ever to fully understand CNS function. We discuss the emerging concept of astrocyte heterogeneity and speculate on how this might impact the noradrenergic modulation of neuronal circuits. Finally, we outline possible experimental strategies to clearly delineate the role(s) of astrocytes in noradrenergic signaling, and neuromodulation in general, highlighting the urgent need for more specific and flexible experimental tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Wahis
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew G. Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. Physiology of Astroglia. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:239-389. [PMID: 29351512 PMCID: PMC6050349 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 916] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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6
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Giorgi FS, Ryskalin L, Ruffoli R, Biagioni F, Limanaqi F, Ferrucci M, Busceti CL, Bonuccelli U, Fornai F. The Neuroanatomy of the Reticular Nucleus Locus Coeruleus in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:80. [PMID: 28974926 PMCID: PMC5610679 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) features the accumulation of β-amyloid and Tau aggregates, which deposit as extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), respectively. Neuronal Tau aggregates may appear early in life, in the absence of clinical symptoms. This occurs in the brainstem reticular formation and mostly within Locus Coeruleus (LC), which is consistently affected during AD. LC is the main source of forebrain norepinephrine (NE) and it modulates a variety of functions including sleep-waking cycle, alertness, synaptic plasticity, and memory. The iso-dendritic nature of LC neurons allows their axons to spread NE throughout the whole forebrain. Likewise, a prion-like hypothesis suggests that Tau aggregates may travel along LC axons to reach out cortical neurons. Despite this timing is compatible with cross-sectional studies, there is no actual evidence for a causal relationship between these events. In the present mini-review, we dedicate special emphasis to those various mechanisms that may link degeneration of LC neurons to the onset of AD pathology. This includes the hypothesis that a damage to LC neurons contributes to the onset of dementia due to a loss of neuroprotective effects or, even the chance that, LC degenerates independently from cortical pathology. At the same time, since LC neurons are lost in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders we considered which molecular mechanism may render these brainstem neurons so vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo S Giorgi
- Section of Neurology, Pisa University Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Larisa Ryskalin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ruffoli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | | | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | | | - Ubaldo Bonuccelli
- Section of Neurology, Pisa University Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. I.N.M. NeuromedPozzilli, Italy
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7
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Liu B, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S. Neuroprotective potential of astroglia. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2126-2139. [PMID: 28836687 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia are the homoeostatic cells of the central nervous system, which participate in all essential functions of the brain. Astrocytes support neuronal networks by handling water and ion fluxes, transmitter clearance, provision of antioxidants, and metabolic precursors and growth factors. The critical dependence of neurons on constant support from the astrocytes confers astrocytes with intrinsic neuroprotective properties. On the other hand, loss of astrocytic support or their pathological transformation compromises neuronal functionality and viability. Manipulating neuroprotective functions of astrocytes is thus an important strategy to enhance neuronal survival and improve outcomes in disease states. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihui Liu
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - A G Teschemacher
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.,Institute of Living Systems, School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
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8
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Ruchti E, Roach P, DePaoli-Roach A, Magistretti P, Allaman I. Protein targeting to glycogen is a master regulator of glycogen synthesis in astrocytes. IBRO Rep 2016; 1:46-53. [PMID: 30135927 PMCID: PMC6084890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The storage and use of glycogen, the main energy reserve in the brain, is a metabolic feature of astrocytes. Glycogen synthesis is regulated by Protein Targeting to Glycogen (PTG), a member of specific glycogen-binding subunits of protein phosphatase-1 (PPP1). It positively regulates glycogen synthesis through de-phosphorylation of both glycogen synthase (activation) and glycogen phosphorylase (inactivation). In cultured astrocytes, PTG mRNA levels were previously shown to be enhanced by the neurotransmitter noradrenaline. To achieve further insight into the role of PTG in the regulation of astrocytic glycogen, its levels of expression were manipulated in primary cultures of mouse cortical astrocytes using adenovirus-mediated overexpression of tagged-PTG or siRNA to downregulate its expression. Infection of astrocytes with adenovirus led to a strong increase in PTG expression and was associated with massive glycogen accumulation (>100 fold), demonstrating that increased PTG expression is sufficient to induce glycogen synthesis and accumulation. In contrast, siRNA-mediated downregulation of PTG resulted in a 2-fold decrease in glycogen levels. Interestingly, PTG downregulation strongly impaired long-term astrocytic glycogen synthesis induced by insulin or noradrenaline. Finally, these effects of PTG downregulation on glycogen metabolism could also be observed in cultured astrocytes isolated from PTG-KO mice. Collectively, these observations point to a major role of PTG in the regulation of glycogen synthesis in astrocytes and indicate that conditions leading to changes in PTG expression will directly impact glycogen levels in this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ruchti
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre de Neurosciences Psychiatriques, CHUV, Département de Psychiatrie, Site de Cery, CH-1008 Prilly/Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P.J. Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - A.A. DePaoli-Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - P.J. Magistretti
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre de Neurosciences Psychiatriques, CHUV, Département de Psychiatrie, Site de Cery, CH-1008 Prilly/Lausanne, Switzerland
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - I. Allaman
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Ciszek BP, O'Buckley SC, Nackley. AG. Persistent Catechol-O-methyltransferase-dependent Pain Is Initiated by Peripheral β-Adrenergic Receptors. Anesthesiology 2016; 124:1122-35. [PMID: 26950706 PMCID: PMC5015695 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic pain disorders exhibit increased levels of catecholamines alongside diminished activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines. The authors found that acute pharmacologic inhibition of COMT in rodents produces hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli via β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) activation. The contribution of distinct βAR populations to the development of persistent pain linked to abnormalities in catecholamine signaling requires further investigation. METHODS Here, the authors sought to determine the contribution of peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal βARs to persistent COMT-dependent pain. They implanted osmotic pumps to deliver the COMT inhibitor OR486 (Tocris, USA) for 2 weeks. Behavioral responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli were evaluated before and every other day after pump implantation. The site of action was evaluated in adrenalectomized rats receiving sustained OR486 or in intact rats receiving sustained βAR antagonists peripherally, spinally, or supraspinally alongside OR486. RESULTS The authors found that male (N = 6) and female (N = 6) rats receiving sustained OR486 exhibited decreased paw withdrawal thresholds (control 5.74 ± 0.24 vs. OR486 1.54 ± 0.08, mean ± SEM) and increased paw withdrawal frequency to mechanical stimuli (control 4.80 ± 0.22 vs. OR486 8.10 ± 0.13) and decreased paw withdrawal latency to thermal heat (control 9.69 ± 0.23 vs. OR486 5.91 ± 0.11). In contrast, adrenalectomized rats (N = 12) failed to develop OR486-induced hypersensitivity. Furthermore, peripheral (N = 9), but not spinal (N = 4) or supraspinal (N = 4), administration of the nonselective βAR antagonist propranolol, the β2AR antagonist ICI-118,511, or the β3AR antagonist SR59230A blocked the development of OR486-induced hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral adrenergic input is necessary for the development of persistent COMT-dependent pain, and peripherally-acting βAR antagonists may benefit chronic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney P. Ciszek
- Center for Pain Research and Innovation, Koury Oral Health Sciences Building, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7455
| | - Sandra C. O'Buckley
- Center for Pain Research and Innovation, Koury Oral Health Sciences Building, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7455
| | - Andrea G. Nackley.
- Center for Pain Research and Innovation, Koury Oral Health Sciences Building, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599-7455
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Kalil B, Ribeiro AB, Leite CM, Uchôa ET, Carolino RO, Cardoso TSR, Elias LLK, Rodrigues JA, Plant TM, Poletini MO, Anselmo-Franci JA. The Increase in Signaling by Kisspeptin Neurons in the Preoptic Area and Associated Changes in Clock Gene Expression That Trigger the LH Surge in Female Rats Are Dependent on the Facilitatory Action of a Noradrenaline Input. Endocrinology 2016; 157:323-35. [PMID: 26556532 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In rodents, kisspeptin neurons in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V) of the preoptic area are considered to provide a major stimulatory input to the GnRH neuronal network that is responsible for triggering the preovulatory LH surge. Noradrenaline (NA) is one of the main modulators of GnRH release, and NA fibers are found in close apposition to kisspeptin neurons in the RP3V. Our objective was to interrogate the role of NA signaling in the kisspeptin control of GnRH secretion during the estradiol induced LH surge in ovariectomized rats, using prazosin, an α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. In control rats, the estradiol-induced LH surge at 17 hours was associated with a significant increase in GnRH and kisspeptin content in the median eminence with the increase in kisspeptin preceding that of GnRH and LH. Prazosin, administered 5 and 3 hours prior to the predicted time of the LH surge truncated the LH surge and abolished the rise in GnRH and kisspeptin in the median eminence. In the preoptic area, prazosin blocked the increases in Kiss1 gene expression and kisspeptin content in association with a disruption in the expression of the clock genes, Per1 and Bmal1. Together these findings demonstrate for the first time that NA modulates kisspeptin synthesis in the RP3V through the activation of α1-adrenergic receptors prior to the initiation of the LH surge and indicate a potential role of α1-adrenergic signaling in the circadian-controlled pathway timing of the preovulatory LH surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Kalil
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Aline B Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M Leite
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ernane T Uchôa
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ruither O Carolino
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Thais S R Cardoso
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - José A Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Tony M Plant
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Maristela O Poletini
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Janete A Anselmo-Franci
- Departamento de Fisiologia (B.K., A.B.R., E.T.U., L.L.K.E., J.A.R.), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, and Departamento de Morfologia, Fisiologia, e Patologia Básica (C.M.L., R.O.C., J.A.A.-F.), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (T.M.P.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica (T.S.R.C., M.O.P.), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas (E.T.U.), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
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11
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Tang F, Lane S, Korsak A, Paton JFR, Gourine AV, Kasparov S, Teschemacher AG. Lactate-mediated glia-neuronal signalling in the mammalian brain. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3284. [PMID: 24518663 PMCID: PMC3926012 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes produce and release L-lactate as a potential source of energy for neurons. Here we present evidence that L-lactate, independently of its caloric value, serves as an astrocytic signalling molecule in the locus coeruleus (LC). The LC is the principal source of norepinephrine to the frontal brain and thus one of the most influential modulatory centers of the brain. Optogenetically activated astrocytes release L-lactate, which excites LC neurons and triggers release of norepinephrine. Exogenous L-lactate within the physiologically relevant concentration range mimics these effects. L-lactate effects are concentration-dependent, stereo-selective, independent of L-lactate uptake into neurons and involve a cAMP-mediated step. In vivo injections of L-lactate in the LC evokes arousal similar to the excitatory transmitter, L-glutamate. Our results imply the existence of an unknown receptor for this ‘glio-transmitter’. The astrocytic release of the metabolite L-lactate is implicated in modulating neuronal activity in the brain. Here, the authors show that L-lactate released from astrocytes excites noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus and triggers the release of noradrenaline, increasing network excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tang
- 1] School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK [2]
| | - S Lane
- 1] School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK [2]
| | - A Korsak
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - J F R Paton
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - A V Gourine
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - S Kasparov
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - A G Teschemacher
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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12
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DiNuzzo M, Giove F, Maraviglia B, Mangia S. Monoaminergic Control of Cellular Glucose Utilization by Glycogenolysis in Neocortex and Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2493-504. [PMID: 26168779 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brainstem nuclei are the principal sites of monoamine (MA) innervation to major forebrain structures. In the cortical grey matter, increased secretion of MA neuromodulators occurs in response to a wealth of environmental and homeostatic challenges, whose onset is associated with rapid, preparatory changes in neural activity as well as with increases in energy metabolism. Blood-borne glucose is the main substrate for energy production in the brain. Once entered the tissue, interstitial glucose is equally accessible to neurons and astrocytes, the two cell types accounting for most of cellular volume and energy metabolism in neocortex and hippocampus. Astrocytes also store substantial amounts of glycogen, but non-stimulated glycogen turnover is very small. The rate of cellular glucose utilization in the brain is largely determined by hexokinase, which under basal conditions is more than 90 % inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P). During rapid increases in energy demand, glycogen is a primary candidate in modulating the intracellular level of Glc-6-P, which can occur only in astrocytes. Glycogenolysis can produce Glc-6-P at a rate higher than uptake and phosphorylation of glucose. MA neurotransmitter are released extrasinaptically by brainstem neurons projecting to neocortex and hippocampus, thus activating MA receptors located on both neuronal and astrocytic plasma membrane. Importantly, MAs are glycogenolytic agents and thus they are exquisitely suitable for regulation of astrocytic Glc-6-P concentration, upstream substrate flow through hexokinase and hence cellular glucose uptake. Conforming to such mechanism, Gerald A. Dienel and Nancy F. Cruz recently suggested that activation of noradrenergic locus coeruleus might reversibly block astrocytic glucose uptake by stimulating glycogenolysis in these cells, thereby anticipating the rise in glucose need by active neurons. In this paper, we further develop the idea that the whole monoaminergic system modulates both function and metabolism of forebrain regions in a manner mediated by glycogen mobilization in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro DiNuzzo
- Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy. .,Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federico Giove
- Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Maraviglia
- Magnetic Resonance for Brain Investigation Laboratory, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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13
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Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition alters pain and anxiety-related volitional behaviors through activation of β-adrenergic receptors in the rat. Neuroscience 2015; 290:561-9. [PMID: 25659347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reduced catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity resulting from genetic variation or pharmacological depletion results in enhanced pain perception in humans and nociceptive behaviors in animals. Using phasic mechanical and thermal reflex tests (e.g. von Frey, Hargreaves), recent studies show that acute COMT-dependent pain in rats is mediated by β-adrenergic receptors (βARs). In order to more closely mimic the characteristics of human chronic pain conditions associated with prolonged reductions in COMT, the present study sought to determine volitional pain-related and anxiety-like behavioral responses following sustained as well as acute COMT inhibition using an operant 10-45°C thermal place preference task and a light/dark preference test. In addition, we sought to evaluate the effects of sustained COMT inhibition on generalized body pain by measuring tactile sensory thresholds of the abdominal region. Results demonstrated that acute and sustained administration of the COMT inhibitor OR486 increased pain behavior in response to thermal heat. Further, sustained administration of OR486 increased anxiety behavior in response to bright light, as well as abdominal mechanosensation. Finally, all pain-related behaviors were blocked by the non-selective βAR antagonist propranolol. Collectively, these findings provide the first evidence that stimulation of βARs following acute or chronic COMT inhibition drives cognitive-affective behaviors associated with heightened pain that affects multiple body sites.
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14
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Medullary norepinephrine neurons modulate local oxygen concentrations in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1128-37. [PMID: 24714037 PMCID: PMC4083375 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling is understood to be the underlying mechanism of functional hyperemia, but the actions of the neurotransmitters involved are not well characterized. Here we investigate the local role of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST) of the anesthetized rat by measuring O₂, which is delivered during functional hyperemia. Extracellular changes in norepinephrine and O₂ were simultaneously monitored using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Introduction of norepinephrine by electrical stimulation of the ventral noradrenergic bundle or by iontophoretic ejection induced an initial increase in O₂ levels followed by a brief dip below baseline. Supporting the role of a hyperemic response, the O₂ increases were absent in a brain slice containing the vBNST. Administration of selective pharmacological agents demonstrated that both phases of this response involve β-adrenoceptor activation, where the delayed decrease in O₂ is sensitive to both α- and β-receptor subtypes. Selective lesioning of the locus coeruleus with the neurotoxin DSP-4 confirmed that these responses are caused by the noradrenergic cells originating in the nucleus of the solitary tract and A1 cell groups. Overall, these results support that non-coerulean norepinephrine release can mediate activity-induced O₂ influx in a deep brain region.
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Zhang C, Rui YY, Zhou YY, Ju Z, Zhang HH, Hu CY, Xiao Y, Xu GY. Adrenergic β2-receptors mediates visceral hypersensitivity induced by heterotypic intermittent stress in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94726. [PMID: 24733123 PMCID: PMC3986230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic visceral pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been difficult to treat effectively partially because its pathophysiology is not fully understood. Recent studies show that norepinephrine (NE) plays an important role in the development of visceral hypersensitivity. In this study, we designed to investigate the role of adrenergic signaling in visceral hypersensitivity induced by heterotypical intermittent stress (HIS). Abdominal withdrawal reflex scores (AWRs) used as visceral sensitivity were determined by measuring the visceromoter responses to colorectal distension. Colon-specific dorsal root ganglia neurons (DRGs) were labeled by injection of DiI into the colon wall and were acutely dissociated for whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Blood plasma level of NE was measured using radioimmunoassay kits. The expression of β2-adrenoceptors was measured by western blotting. We showed that HIS-induced visceral hypersensitivity was attenuated by systemic administration of a β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol, in a dose-dependent manner, but not by a α-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine. Using specific β-adrenoceptor antagonists, HIS-induced visceral hypersensitivity was alleviated by β2 adrenoceptor antagonist but not by β1- or β3-adrenoceptor antagonist. Administration of a selective β2-adrenoceptor antagonist also normalized hyperexcitability of colon-innervating DRG neurons of HIS rats. Furthermore, administration of β-adrenoceptor antagonist suppressed sustained potassium current density (IK) without any alteration of fast-inactivating potassium current density (IA). Conversely, administration of NE enhanced the neuronal excitability and produced visceral hypersensitivity in healthy control rats, and blocked by β2-adrenoceptor antagonists. In addition, HIS significantly enhanced the NE concentration in the blood plasma but did not change the expression of β2-adrenoceptor in DRGs and the muscularis externa of the colon. The present study might provide a potential molecular target for therapy of visceral hypersensitivity in patents with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Yun Rui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Ju
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chuang-Ying Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
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16
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β2- and β3-adrenergic receptors drive COMT-dependent pain by increasing production of nitric oxide and cytokines. Pain 2014; 155:1346-1355. [PMID: 24727346 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Decreased activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines, contributes to pain in humans and animals. Previously, we demonstrated that development of COMT-dependent pain is mediated by both β2- and β3-adrenergic receptors (β2ARs and β3ARs). Here we investigated molecules downstream of β2- and β3ARs driving pain in animals with decreased COMT activity. Based on evidence linking their role in pain and synthesis downstream of β2- and β3AR stimulation, we hypothesized that nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines drive COMT-dependent pain. To test this, we measured plasma NO derivatives and cytokines in rats receiving the COMT inhibitor OR486 in the presence or absence of the β2AR antagonist ICI118,551+β3AR antagonist SR59320A. We also assessed whether the NO synthase inhibitor L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and cytokine-neutralizing antibodies block the development of COMT-dependent pain. Results showed that animals receiving OR486 exhibited higher levels of NO derivatives, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in a β2- and β3AR-dependent manner. Additionally, inhibition of NO synthases and neutralization of the innate immunity cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 blocked the development of COMT-dependent pain. Finally, we found that NO influences TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2 levels, whereas TNFα and IL-6 influence NO levels. Altogether, these results demonstrate that β2- and β3ARs contribute to COMT-dependent pain, at least partly, by increasing NO and cytokines. Furthermore, they identify β2- and β3ARs, NO, and proinflammatory cytokines as potential therapeutic targets for pain patients with abnormalities in COMT physiology.
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Abstract
The central noradrenergic neurone, like the peripheral sympathetic neurone, is characterized by a diffusely arborizing terminal axonal network. The central neurones aggregate in distinct brainstem nuclei, of which the locus coeruleus (LC) is the most prominent. LC neurones project widely to most areas of the neuraxis, where they mediate dual effects: neuronal excitation by α₁-adrenoceptors and inhibition by α₂-adrenoceptors. The LC plays an important role in physiological regulatory networks. In the sleep/arousal network the LC promotes wakefulness, via excitatory projections to the cerebral cortex and other wakefulness-promoting nuclei, and inhibitory projections to sleep-promoting nuclei. The LC, together with other pontine noradrenergic nuclei, modulates autonomic functions by excitatory projections to preganglionic sympathetic, and inhibitory projections to preganglionic parasympathetic neurones. The LC also modulates the acute effects of light on physiological functions ('photomodulation'): stimulation of arousal and sympathetic activity by light via the LC opposes the inhibitory effects of light mediated by the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus on arousal and by the paraventricular nucleus on sympathetic activity. Photostimulation of arousal by light via the LC may enable diurnal animals to function during daytime. LC neurones degenerate early and progressively in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, leading to cognitive impairment, depression and sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elemer Szabadi
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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18
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Ferrucci M, Giorgi FS, Bartalucci A, Busceti CL, Fornai F. The effects of locus coeruleus and norepinephrine in methamphetamine toxicity. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:80-94. [PMID: 23814540 PMCID: PMC3580794 DOI: 10.2174/157015913804999522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons has been extensively investigated in a variety of behavioural states. In fact this norepinephrine (NE)-containing nucleus modulates many physiological and pathological conditions including the sleep-waking cycle, movement disorders, mood alterations, convulsive seizures, and the effects of drugs such as psychostimulants and opioids. This review focuses on the modulation exerted by central NE pathways on the behavioural and neurotoxic effects produced by the psychostimulant methamphetamine, essentially the modulation of the activity of mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons. In fact, although NE in itself mediates some behavioural effects induced by methamphetamine, NE modulation of DA release is pivotal for methamphetamine-induced behavioural states and neurotoxicity. These interactions are discussed on the basis of the state of the art of the functional neuroanatomy of central NE- and DA systems. Emphasis is given to those brain sites possessing a remarkable overlapping of both neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Fornai F, Ruffoli R, Giorgi FS, Paparelli A. The role of locus coeruleus in the antiepileptic activity induced by vagus nerve stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:2169-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gillespie DD, Duhl DM, Manier DH, Sulser F. β-Adrenoceptor mRNA Levels Can Be Increased Via β-Adrenoceptor-independent Events. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb05735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The drug (-)-oxaprotiline has been used as a tool to study the regulation of the β-adrenoceptor in rat C6 glioma cells.
Treatment with (-)-oxaprotiline for 30 min results in an increase in steady-state β-adrenoceptor mRNA levels. The effect is β-adrenoceptor-independent, is not additive or synergistic with isoprenaline treatment, and does not involve activation of adenylate cyclase.
The data show that (-)-oxaprotiline can affect β-adrenoceptor mRNA levels via a mechanism that bypasses the receptor, perhaps involving direct activation of protein kinase A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Duhl
- Department of Psychiatry
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2647, USA
| | | | - Fridolin Sulser
- Department of Psychiatry
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2647, USA
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The dopamine β-hydroxylase -1021C/T polymorphism is associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Epistasis Project. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:162. [PMID: 21070631 PMCID: PMC2994840 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The loss of noradrenergic neurones of the locus coeruleus is a major feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) catalyses the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline. Interactions have been reported between the low-activity -1021T allele (rs1611115) of DBH and polymorphisms of the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, IL1A and IL6, contributing to the risk of AD. We therefore examined the associations with AD of the DBH -1021T allele and of the above interactions in the Epistasis Project, with 1757 cases of AD and 6294 elderly controls. Methods We genotyped eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the three genes, DBH, IL1A and IL6. We used logistic regression models and synergy factor analysis to examine potential interactions and associations with AD. Results We found that the presence of the -1021T allele was associated with AD: odds ratio = 1.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.4, p = 0.005). This association was nearly restricted to men < 75 years old: odds ratio = 2.2 (1.4-3.3, 0.0004). We also found an interaction between the presence of DBH -1021T and the -889TT genotype (rs1800587) of IL1A: synergy factor = 1.9 (1.2-3.1, 0.005). All these results were consistent between North Europe and North Spain. Conclusions Extensive, previous evidence (reviewed here) indicates an important role for noradrenaline in the control of inflammation in the brain. Thus, the -1021T allele with presumed low activity may be associated with misregulation of inflammation, which could contribute to the onset of AD. We suggest that such misregulation is the predominant mechanism of the association we report here.
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Cloix JF, Tahi Z, Boissonnet A, Hévor T. Brain glycogen and neurotransmitter levels in fast and slow methionine sulfoximine-selected mice. Exp Neurol 2010; 225:274-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kasparov S, Teschemacher AG. The use of viral gene transfer in studies of brainstem noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:2565-76. [PMID: 19651657 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to some other neuronal populations, for example hippocampal or cortical pyramidal neurons, mechanisms of synaptic integration and transmitter release in central neurons that contain noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5HT) are not well understood. These cells, crucial for a wide range of autonomic and behavioural processes, have long un-myelinated axons with hundreds of varicosities where transmitters are synthesized and released. Both seem to signal mostly in 'volume transmission' mode. Very little is known about the rules that apply to this type of transmission in the brain and the factors that regulate the release of NA and 5HT. We discuss some of our published studies and more recent experiments in which viral vectors were used to investigate the physiology of these neuronal populations. We also focus on currently unresolved issues concerning the mechanism of volume transmission by NA and 5HT in the brain. We suggest that clarifying the role of astroglia in this process could be essential for our understanding of central noradrenergic and 5HT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kasparov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bristol Heart Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, , Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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24
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De Keyser J, Steen C, Mostert JP, Koch MW. Hypoperfusion of the cerebral white matter in multiple sclerosis: possible mechanisms and pathophysiological significance. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:1645-51. [PMID: 18594554 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by patchy areas of demyelination, inflammation, axonal loss and gliosis, and a diffuse axonal degeneration throughout the so-called normal-appearing white matter (NAWM). A number of recent studies using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging in both relapsing and progressive forms of MS have shown a decreased perfusion of the NAWM, which does not appear to be secondary to axonal loss. The reduced perfusion of the NAWM in MS might be caused by a widespread astrocyte dysfunction, possibly related to a deficiency in astrocytic beta(2)-adrenergic receptors and a reduced formation of cAMP, resulting in a reduced uptake of K(+) at the nodes of Ranvier and a reduced release of K(+) in the perivascular spaces. Pathologic and imaging studies suggest that ischemic changes might be involved in the development of a subtype of focal demyelinating lesions (type III lesions), and there appears to exist a relationship between decreased white matter perfusion and cognitive dysfunction in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques De Keyser
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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25
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Marino L, Butti C, Connor RC, Fordyce RE, Herman LM, Hof PR, Lefebvre L, Lusseau D, McCowan B, Nimchinsky EA, Pack AA, Reidenberg JS, Reiss D, Rendell L, Uhen MD, Van der Gucht E, Whitehead H. A claim in search of evidence: reply to Manger's thermogenesis hypothesis of cetacean brain structure. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2008; 83:417-40. [PMID: 18783363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a recent publication in Biological Reviews, Manger (2006) made the controversial claim that the large brains of cetaceans evolved to generate heat during oceanic cooling in the Oligocene epoch and not, as is the currently accepted view, as a basis for an increase in cognitive or information-processing capabilities in response to ecological or social pressures. Manger further argued that dolphins and other cetaceans are considerably less intelligent than generally thought. In this review we challenge Manger's arguments and provide abundant evidence that modern cetacean brains are large in order to support complex cognitive abilities driven by social and ecological forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Marino
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Bekar LK, He W, Nedergaard M. Locus coeruleus alpha-adrenergic-mediated activation of cortical astrocytes in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 18:2789-95. [PMID: 18372288 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) provides the sole source of norepinephrine (NE) to the cortex for modulation of cortical synaptic activity in response to salient sensory information. NE has been shown to improve signal-to-noise ratios, sharpen receptive fields and function in learning, memory, and cognitive performance. Although LC-mediated effects on neurons have been addressed, involvement of astrocytes has thus far not been demonstrated in these neuromodulatory functions. Here we show for the 1st time in live mice, that astrocytes exhibit rapid Ca(2+) increases in response to electrical stimulation of the LC. Additionally, robust peripheral stimulation known to result in phasic LC activity leads to Ca(2+) responses in astrocytes throughout sensory cortex that are independent of sensory-driven glutamate-dependent pathways. Furthermore, the astrocytic Ca(2+) transients are competitively modulated by alpha(2)-specific agonist/antagonist combinations known to impact LC output, are sensitive to the LC-specific neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine, and are inhibited locally by an alpha-adrenergic antagonist. Future investigations of LC function must therefore consider the possibility that LC neuromodulatory effects are in part derived from activation of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane K Bekar
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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27
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Ng KT. Reinforcement, glucose metabolism and memory formation: A possible role for astrocytes. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00049539708260460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ghosh M, Das S. Increased beta(2)-adrenergic receptor activity by thyroid hormone possibly leads to differentiation and maturation of astrocytes in culture. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 27:1007-21. [PMID: 17828453 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
(1) Our earlier studies indicate a downsteam regulatory role of the beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) system in thyroid hormone induced differentiation and maturation of astrocytes. In the present study we have investigated the contributions of the subtypes of beta-AR in the above phenomenon. (2) Primary astrocyte cultures were grown under thyroid hormone deficient as well as under euthyroid conditions. [(125)I]Pindolol ([(125)I]PIN) binding studies showed a gradual increase in the specific binding to beta(2)-AR when observed at 5, 10, 15, and 20 days under both cultural conditions. Thyroid hormone caused an increase in binding of [(125)I]PIN to beta(2)-AR compared to thyroid hormone deficient controls at all ages of astrocyte culture. (3) Saturation studies using [(125)I]PIN in astrocyte membranes prepared from 20-day-old cultures showed a significant increase in the affinity of the receptors (K (D)) in the thyroid hormone treated cells without any change in receptor number (B (max)). (4) beta(2)-AR mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR during ontogenic development as well as during exposure of 10-day-old hypothyroid cultures to normal levels of thyroid hormone for 2, 6, 12, and 24 h. None of the conditions caused any significant change in the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor mRNA levels when compared with corresponding hypothyroid controls. (5) Over expression of beta(2)-AR cDNA in hypothyroid astrocytes caused morphological transformation in spite of the absence of thyroid hormone in the medium. (6) Taken together, results suggest thyroid hormone causes a selective increase in [(125)I]PIN binding to beta(2)-AR due to increase in receptor affinity, which may lead to maturation of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausam Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
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29
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Fuxe K, Dahlström A, Höistad M, Marcellino D, Jansson A, Rivera A, Diaz-Cabiale Z, Jacobsen K, Tinner-Staines B, Hagman B, Leo G, Staines W, Guidolin D, Kehr J, Genedani S, Belluardo N, Agnati LF. From the Golgi–Cajal mapping to the transmitter-based characterization of the neuronal networks leading to two modes of brain communication: Wiring and volume transmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:17-54. [PMID: 17433836 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
After Golgi-Cajal mapped neural circuits, the discovery and mapping of the central monoamine neurons opened up for a new understanding of interneuronal communication by indicating that another form of communication exists. For instance, it was found that dopamine may be released as a prolactin inhibitory factor from the median eminence, indicating an alternative mode of dopamine communication in the brain. Subsequently, the analysis of the locus coeruleus noradrenaline neurons demonstrated a novel type of lower brainstem neuron that monosynaptically and globally innervated the entire CNS. Furthermore, the ascending raphe serotonin neuron systems were found to globally innervate the forebrain with few synapses, and where deficits in serotonergic function appeared to play a major role in depression. We propose that serotonin reuptake inhibitors may produce antidepressant effects through increasing serotonergic neurotrophism in serotonin nerve cells and their targets by transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), involving direct or indirect receptor/RTK interactions. Early chemical neuroanatomical work on the monoamine neurons, involving primitive nervous systems and analysis of peptide neurons, indicated the existence of alternative modes of communication apart from synaptic transmission. In 1986, Agnati and Fuxe introduced the theory of two main types of intercellular communication in the brain: wiring and volume transmission (WT and VT). Synchronization of phasic activity in the monoamine cell clusters through electrotonic coupling and synaptic transmission (WT) enables optimal VT of monoamines in the target regions. Experimental work suggests an integration of WT and VT signals via receptor-receptor interactions, and a new theory of receptor-connexin interactions in electrical and mixed synapses is introduced. Consequently, a new model of brain function must be built, in which communication includes both WT and VT and receptor-receptor interactions in the integration of signals. This will lead to the unified execution of information handling and trophism for optimal brain function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Fulceri F, Biagioni F, Ferrucci M, Lazzeri G, Bartalucci A, Galli V, Ruggieri S, Paparelli A, Fornai F. Abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) following pulsatile dopaminergic stimulation: Severe deterioration and morphological correlates following the loss of locus coeruleus neurons. Brain Res 2007; 1135:219-29. [PMID: 17222394 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinsonian patients are treated with dopamine replacement therapy (typically, intermittent administration of the dopamine precursor L-DOPA); however, this is associated with the onset of abnormal involuntary movements, which seriously impair the quality of life. The molecular mechanisms underlying abnormal involuntary movements represent an intense field of investigation in the area of neurobiology of disease, although their aetiology remains unclear. Apart from the fine cellular mechanisms, the pathways responsible for the generation of abnormal involuntary movements may involve changes in neurotransmitter systems. A potential candidate is noradrenaline, since a severe loss of this neurotransmitter characterizes Parkinson's disease, and noradrenergic drugs produce a symptomatic relief of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. In previous studies we found that pulsatile dopamine release, in the absence of the physiological noradrenaline innervation, produces motor alterations and ultrastructural changes within striatal neurons. In the present study we demonstrate that a unilateral damage to the noradrenaline system anticipates the onset and worsens the severity of L-DOPA-induced contralateral abnormal involuntary movements in hemi-parkinsonian rats. Similarly, ubiquitin-positive striatal ultrastructural changes occur in unilaterally dopamine-depleted, noradrenaline-deficient rats following chronic L-DOPA administration. This study confirms a significant impact of the noradrenergic system in the natural history of Parkinson's disease and extends its role to the behavioural and morphological effects taking place during pulsatile dopamine replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fulceri
- Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Italy
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31
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Nackley AG, Tan KS, Fecho K, Flood P, Diatchenko L, Maixner W. Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition increases pain sensitivity through activation of both beta2- and beta3-adrenergic receptors. Pain 2006; 128:199-208. [PMID: 17084978 PMCID: PMC1905861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines, has recently been implicated in the modulation of pain. Our group demonstrated that human genetic variants of COMT are predictive for the development of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJD) and are associated with heightened experimental pain sensitivity [Diatchenko, L, Slade, GD, Nackley, AG, Bhalang, K, Sigurdsson, A, Belfer, I, et al., Genetic basis for individual variations in pain perception and the development of a chronic pain condition, Hum Mol Genet 2005;14:135-43.]. Variants associated with heightened pain sensitivity produce lower COMT activity. Here we report the mechanisms underlying COMT-dependent pain sensitivity. To characterize the means whereby elevated catecholamine levels, resulting from reduced COMT activity, modulate heightened pain sensitivity, we administered a COMT inhibitor to rats and measured behavioral responsiveness to mechanical and thermal stimuli. We show that depressed COMT activity results in enhanced mechanical and thermal pain sensitivity. This phenomenon is completely blocked by the nonselective beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol or by the combined administration of selective beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenergic antagonists, while administration of beta(1)-adrenergic, alpha-adrenergic, or dopaminergic receptor antagonists fail to alter COMT-dependent pain sensitivity. These data provide the first direct evidence that low COMT activity leads to increased pain sensitivity via a beta(2/3)-adrenergic mechanism. These findings are of considerable clinical importance, suggesting that pain conditions resulting from low COMT activity and/or elevated catecholamine levels can be treated with pharmacological agents that block both beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gail Nackley
- Center for Neurosensory Disorders, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA Comprehensive Center for Inflammatory Disorders, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455, USA Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7010, USA
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Abstract
Functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging has been used extensively to map regional changes in brain activity. The signal used by both techniques is based on changes in local circulation and metabolism (brain work). Our understanding of the cell biology of these changes has progressed greatly in the past decade. New insights have emerged on the role of astrocytes in signal transduction as has an appreciation of the unique contribution of aerobic glycolysis to brain energy metabolism. Likewise our understanding of the neurophysiologic processes responsible for imaging signals has progressed from an assumption that spiking activity (output) of neurons is most relevant to one focused on their input. Finally, neuroimaging, with its unique metabolic perspective, has alerted us to the ongoing and costly intrinsic activity within brain systems that most likely represents the largest fraction of the brain's functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus E Raichle
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Manger PR. An examination of cetacean brain structure with a novel hypothesis correlating thermogenesis to the evolution of a big brain. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2006; 81:293-338. [PMID: 16573845 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793106007019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review examines aspects of cetacean brain structure related to behaviour and evolution. Major considerations include cetacean brain-body allometry, structure of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampal formation, specialisations of the cetacean brain related to vocalisations and sleep phenomenology, paleoneurology, and brain-body allometry during cetacean evolution. These data are assimilated to demonstrate that there is no neural basis for the often-asserted high intellectual abilities of cetaceans. Despite this, the cetaceans do have volumetrically large brains. A novel hypothesis regarding the evolution of large brain size in cetaceans is put forward. It is shown that a combination of an unusually high number of glial cells and unihemispheric sleep phenomenology make the cetacean brain an efficient thermogenetic organ, which is needed to counteract heat loss to the water. It is demonstrated that water temperature is the major selection pressure driving an altered scaling of brain and body size and an increased actual brain size in cetaceans. A point in the evolutionary history of cetaceans is identified as the moment in which water temperature became a significant selection pressure in cetacean brain evolution. This occurred at the Archaeoceti - modern cetacean faunal transition. The size, structure and scaling of the cetacean brain continues to be shaped by water temperature in extant cetaceans. The alterations in cetacean brain structure, function and scaling, combined with the imperative of producing offspring that can withstand the rate of heat loss experienced in water, within the genetic confines of eutherian mammal reproductive constraints, provides an explanation for the evolution of the large size of the cetacean brain. These observations provide an alternative to the widely held belief of a correlation between brain size and intelligence in cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.
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Joardar A, Sen AK, Das S. Docosahexaenoic acid facilitates cell maturation and β-adrenergic transmission in astrocytes. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:571-81. [PMID: 16352524 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500415-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3), a major omega-3 PUFA in the mammalian brain, on the structure and function of astrocytes were studied using primary cultures from rat cerebra. Gas-liquid chromatography of methyl esters of FAs isolated from cultures exposed to individual FAs, namely, stearic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and DHA, showed alterations in the lipid profiles of the membranes, with a preferential incorporation of the FA to which the cells were exposed. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that unlike treatment with other FAs, after which the astrocytes remained as immature radial forms, DHA-treated astrocytes showed distinct differentiation, having morphology comparable to those grown in normal serum-containing medium. Receptor binding studies to determine the concentration of various neurotransmitter receptors showed that DHA selectively increased the number of beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-ARs) compared with FA-untreated controls, suggesting a greater role of DHA on beta-AR expression in membranes. This was also reflected by an increase in downstream events of the beta-AR pathways, such as the induction of protein kinase A and glycogen turnover by isoproterenol (ISP), a beta-AR agonist in DHA-treated cells. Moreover, ISP completely transformed DHA-treated cells into mature astrocytes bearing long processes, as in cells grown under normal conditions. Together, our observations suggest that DHA plays a unique role in facilitating some of the vital functions of astrocytes in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Joardar
- Neurobiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Herold S, Hecker C, Deitmer JW, Brockhaus J. alpha1-Adrenergic modulation of synaptic input to Purkinje neurons in rat cerebellar brain slices. J Neurosci Res 2006; 82:571-9. [PMID: 16237725 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory activity in the cerebellar network, as investigated in acute brain slices from 14-20 days old rats, is modulated by alpha1-adrenergic stimulation. The specific alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (PhE; 10 microM) or the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist 6-fluoronoradrenaline (10 microM) increases the frequency and the amplitude of spontaneous postsynaptic currents (sPSC) in Purkinje neurons. The effects are sensitive to the alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists prazosin (30 microM) and phentolamine (10 microM). The PhE-induced augmentation is suppressed when phospholipase C is blocked by preincubation with U73122 (10 microM) but is not affected by inhibition of protein kinases with H7 (10 microM) or GF109203X (10 microM). Involvement of intracellular Ca(2+) stores was shown by a reduced PhE effect after blocking of SERCA pumps with cyclopiazonic acid (30 microM) and thapsigargin (1 microM). The persistence of the PhE effect on the frequency of miniature postsynaptic currents, as recorded in presence of tetrodotoxin, indicates a presynaptic localization of the alpha1-adrenoceptors. A block of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels with nifedipine, verapamil, or omega-conotoxin MVIIC did not suppress the PhE-induced increase of the frequency and amplitude of sPSC. The results suggest that alpha1-adrenoceptors at presynaptic terminals mediate an increase of the spontaneous synaptic inhibition of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellar cortex via release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Herold
- Abteilung Allgemeine Zoologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern,Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Giorgi FS, Pizzanelli C, Biagioni F, Murri L, Fornai F. The role of norepinephrine in epilepsy: from the bench to the bedside. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004; 28:507-24. [PMID: 15465138 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2004] [Revised: 06/13/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a brief review of the role of norepinephrine (NE) in epilepsy, starting from early studies reproducing the kindling model in NE-lesioned rats, through the use of specific ligands for adrenergic receptors in experimental models of epilepsy, up to recent advances obtained by using transgenic and knock-out mice for specific genes expressed in the NE system. Data obtained from multiple experimental models converge to demonstrate the antiepileptic role of endogenous NE. This effect predominantly consists in counteracting the development of an epileptic circuit (such as in the kindling model) rather than increasing the epileptic threshold. This suggests that NE activity is critical in modifying epilepsy-induced neuronal changes especially on the limbic system. These data encompass from experimental models to clinical applications as recently evidenced by the need of an intact NE innervation for the antiepileptic mechanisms of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) in patients suffering from refractory epilepsy. Finally, recent data demonstrate that NE loss increases neuronal damage following focally induced limbic status epilepticus, confirming a protective effect of brain NE, which has already been shown in other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo S Giorgi
- Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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Khawaja XZ, Storm S, Liang JJ. Effects of venlafaxine on p90Rsk activity in rat C6-gliomas and brain. Neurosci Lett 2004; 372:99-103. [PMID: 15531096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular actions of the antidepressant, venlafaxine, were studied in C6-gliomas using a phosphoproteomics approach. Long-term pre-treatment of C6-gliomas with venlafaxine followed by an acute challenge with isoproterenol (a beta-adrenoceptor agonist), resulted in increased p90Rsk phosphorylation (three-fold) versus control levels (isoproterenol alone). The effect of venlafaxine pre-treatment on p90Rsk activity was dose-dependent (EC(50)=3.75nM) in C6 gliomas. In rat brain sections, intense immunoreactive phospho-p90Rsk labeling was observed for both neurons and glia, especially in cortical layers II/III and hippocampal formations. In vivo studies demonstrated an intense but similar distribution pattern of phospho-p90Rsk staining after chronic venlafaxine dosing of rats compared to naives and no region-specific drug effect was observed in vivo. In conclusion, our findings suggest that some of the centrally-mediated benefits of venlafaxine in depression may be due to its intracellular properties especially on the neuro-glial circuitry and MAPK/p90Rsk-dependent pathways at an early stage.
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Marien MR, Colpaert FC, Rosenquist AC. Noradrenergic mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases: a theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 45:38-78. [PMID: 15063099 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A deficiency in the noradrenergic system of the brain, originating largely from cells in the locus coeruleus (LC), is theorized to play a critical role in the progression of a family of neurodegenerative disorders that includes Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Consideration is given here to evidence that several neurodegenerative diseases and syndromes share common elements, including profound LC cell loss, and may in fact be different manifestations of a common pathophysiological process. Findings in animal models of PD indicate that the modification of LC-noradrenergic activity alters electrophysiological, neurochemical and behavioral indices of neurotransmission in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, and influences the response of this system to experimental lesions. In models related to AD, noradrenergic mechanisms appear to play important roles in modulating the activity of the basalocortical cholinergic system and its response to injury, and to modify cognitive functions including memory and attention. Mechanisms by which noradrenaline may protect or promote recovery from neural damage are reviewed, including effects on neuroplasticity, neurotrophic factors, neurogenesis, inflammation, cellular energy metabolism and excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress. Based on evidence for facilitatory effects on transmitter release, motor function, memory, neuroprotection and recovery of function after brain injury, a rationale for the potential of noradrenergic-based approaches, specifically alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonists, in the treatment of central neurodegenerative diseases is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Marien
- Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Neurobiology I, 17 Avenue Jean Moulin, 81106 Castres Cedex, France.
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Antonopoulos J, Latsari M, Dori I, Chiotelli M, Parnavelas JG, Dinopoulos A. Noradrenergic innervation of the developing and mature septal area of the rat. J Comp Neurol 2004; 476:80-90. [PMID: 15236468 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The noradrenergic innervation of the developing and mature septal area of the rat was examined with light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry using an antibody against dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. At birth, a small number of relatively thick noradrenergic fibers were found to innervate the lateral septum (mainly its intermediate part) and the nuclei of the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca. By postnatal day 7, a substantial increase in their density was observed. At this age some labeled fibers left the medial forebrain bundle and invaded the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band. These fibers then ran in a ventrodorsal direction and innervated the nucleus of the vertical limb before entering the medial septum. Immunoreactive fibers were finer and more varicose than at birth. In the subsequent 2 weeks, the density of labeled fibers in the septal area was further increased. By postnatal day 21, the distribution pattern and density of the noradrenergic innervation appeared similar to the adult. In the adult, noradrenergic fibers exhibited more varicosities than in younger rats. Electron microscopic analysis revealed a low proportion (peaked at P7) of noradrenergic varicosities engaged in synaptic contacts throughout development. The overwhelming majority of these synapses were symmetrical, predominantly with small or medium-sized dendrites. The present findings provide the morphological basis for the functional interactions between noradrenergic afferents and neuronal elements in the septal area. The low proportion of synaptic contacts found in this study suggests that noradrenaline may exert its action in the septal area mainly through transmission by diffusion (volume transmission), as has been suggested for other areas of the developing and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Antonopoulos
- Department of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Gharami K, Das S. Delayed but sustained induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity is associated with β-adrenergic receptor-mediated morphological differentiation of astrocytes. J Neurochem 2003; 88:12-22. [PMID: 14675145 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-ARs) are functionally linked to regulate cellular morphology. In primary cultures, the beta-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISP) can transform flat polygonal astrocytes into process-bearing, mature stellate cells by 48 h, an effect that can be blocked by the beta-AR antagonist, propranolol. ISP induced immediate activation of protein kinase A (PKA) which persisted up to 2 h, with no visible change in cell morphology. However, activation of PKA was sufficient to drive the process of transformation to completion, suggesting the involvement of downstream regulators of PKA. In addition to PKA inhibitors, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase inhibitor PD098059 also blocked ISP-induced morphological transformation. ISP treatment resulted in a biphasic response of cellular phosphorylated MAPK (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase; p-ERK) level: an initial decline in p-ERK level followed by a sustained induction at 12-24 h, both of which were blocked by PKA inhibitor. The induction in pERK level coincided with initiation of morphological differentiation of the astrocytes and nuclear translocation of p-ERK. A long-lasting activation of p-ERK activity by ISP, at a later stage, appears to be critical for the transformation of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusumika Gharami
- Neurobiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Calcutta, India
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Berridge CW, Waterhouse BD. The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2003; 42:33-84. [PMID: 12668290 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(03)00143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1699] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Through a widespread efferent projection system, the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. Initial studies provided critical insight into the basic organization and properties of this system. More recent work identifies a complicated array of behavioral and electrophysiological actions that have in common the facilitation of processing of relevant, or salient, information. This involves two basic levels of action. First, the system contributes to the initiation and maintenance of behavioral and forebrain neuronal activity states appropriate for the collection of sensory information (e.g. waking). Second, within the waking state, this system modulates the collection and processing of salient sensory information through a diversity of concentration-dependent actions within cortical and subcortical sensory, attention, and memory circuits. Norepinephrine-dependent modulation of long-term alterations in synaptic strength, gene transcription and other processes suggest a potentially critical role of this neurotransmitter system in experience-dependent alterations in neural function and behavior. The ability of a given stimulus to increase locus coeruleus discharge activity appears independent of affective valence (appetitive vs. aversive). Combined, these observations suggest that the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system is a critical component of the neural architecture supporting interaction with, and navigation through, a complex world. These observations further suggest that dysregulation of locus coeruleus-noradrenergic neurotransmission may contribute to cognitive and/or arousal dysfunction associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, sleep and arousal disorders, as well as certain affective disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder. Independent of an etiological role in these disorders, the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system represents an appropriate target for pharmacological treatment of specific attention, memory and/or arousal dysfunction associated with a variety of behavioral/cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Berridge
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706,USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Hong Kong DNA Chips, Ltd., Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Hansson∗ E, Rönnbäck L. Astrocytic receptors and second messenger systems. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(03)31021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Marin P, Delumeau JC, Cordier J, Glowinski J, Premont J. Both Astrocytes and Neurons Contribute to the Potentiation Mediated by alpha1-Adrenoceptors of the beta-Adrenergic-Stimulated Cyclic AMP Production in Brain. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 2:1110-1117. [PMID: 12106071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1990.tb00022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using primary neuronal or astrocyte cultures from the striatum of the embryonic mouse, we have observed that the beta-adrenergic agonist isoprenaline (10-5 M) induced a more pronounced accumulation of cAMP in astrocytes than in neurons. In both cell types, the alpha-adrenergic selective agonist methoxamine (10-4 M), which alone did not affect the production of cAMP, potentiated the isoprenaline-evoked response. In support of these observations, when associated alpha2-noradrenergic and D1-dopaminergic responses were prevented, the mixed alpha1- and beta-adrenergic agonist noradrenaline (10-5 M) induced a production of cAMP which was totally blocked by propranolol (10-6 M) and partially abolished by prazosin (10-6 M). Since experiments were made in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (1 mM), the observed effects of cAMP accumulation were not related to a modulation of phosphodiesterase activities. In addition, both in astrocytes and in neurons, the potentiation by alpha1-adrenergic agonists of the beta-adrenergic-evoked response required external calcium. Using INDo 1 as a fluorescent probe, methoxamine (25 microM) was shown to induce in astrocytes an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration which was prolonged by isoprenaline (10-5 M) only in the presence of external calcium. These results suggest that the prolonged increase in cytosolic calcium concentration linked to the activation of alpha1- and beta-adrenergic receptors is responsible for the potentiation of the beta-adrenergic-induced production of cAMP, which is partially dependent on external calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Marin
- College de France-INSERM U114, Chaire de Neuropharmacologie, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Hertz L, Hansson E, Rönnbäck L. Signaling and gene expression in the neuron-glia unit during brain function and dysfunction: Holger Hydén in memoriam. Neurochem Int 2001; 39:227-52. [PMID: 11434981 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(01)00017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Holger Hydén demonstrated almost 40 years ago that learning changes the base composition of nuclear RNA, i.e. induces an alteration in gene expression. An equally revolutionary observation at that time was that a base change occurred in both neurons and glia. From these findings, Holger Hydén concluded that establishment of memory is correlated with protein synthesis, and he demonstrated de novo synthesis of several high-molecular protein species after learning. Moreover, the protein, S-100, which is mainly found in glial cells, was increased during learning, and antibodies towards this protein inhibited memory consolidation. S-100 belongs to a family of Ca(2+)-binding proteins, and Holger Hydén at an early point realized the huge importance of Ca(2+) in brain function. He established that glial cells show more marked and earlier changes in RNA composition in Parkinson's disease than neurons. Holger Hydén also had the vision and courage to suggest that "mental diseases could as well be thought to depend upon a disturbance of processes in glia cells as in the nerve cells", and he showed that antidepressant drugs cause profound changes in glial RNA. The importance of Holger Hydén's findings and visions can only now be fully appreciated. His visionary concepts of the involvement of glia in neurological and mental illness, of learning being associated with changes in gene expression, and of the functional importance of Ca(2+)-binding proteins and Ca(2+) are presently being confirmed and expanded by others. This review briefly summarizes highlights of Holger Hydén's work in these areas, followed by a discussion of recent research, confirming his findings and expanding his visions. This includes strong evidence that glial dysfunction is involved in the development of Parkinson's disease, that drugs effective in mood disorders alter gene expression and exert profound effects on astrocytes, and that neuronal-astrocytic interactions in glutamate signaling, NO synthesis, Ca(2+) signaling, beta-adrenergic activity, second messenger production, protein kinase activities, and transcription factor phosphorylation control the highly programmed events that carry the memory trace through the initial, signal-mediated short-term and intermediate memory stages to protein synthesis-dependent long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hertz
- Hong Kong DNA Chips Ltd., Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Podkletnova I, Rothstein JD, Helén P, Alho H. Microglial response to the neurotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine in neonatal rat cerebellum. Int J Dev Neurosci 2001; 19:47-52. [PMID: 11226754 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of noradrenaline in newborn rats by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) affects the postnatal development and reduces the granular cell area in the neocerebellum (lobules V-VII). During the first postnatal month, Bergmann glial fibers guide the migration of immature granule cells to the internal granule cell layer. Microglia and Bergmann glia may play an important role in this process, but the exact mechanism behind this phenomenon is not known. We studied the effect of systemic administration of 6-OHDA on the expression and localization on microglia and Bergmann glia in the neonatal cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. In the neocerebellum, 6-OHDA treatment caused a significant increase in the number of activated microglia. The increase was observed mainly in the granule cell layer and the cerebellar medulla. Bergmann glial cells in treated brains were abnormally located, did not form intimate associations with Purkinje cells, and the glial fibers were structurally different. Our findings indicate that a noradrenergic influence may be necessary for the normal maturation and migration of granule cells, and abnormal migration may be the result of Bergmann glia destruction and the activation of microglia. Activated microglia in the granule cell layer may be used as a marker for an injured cerebellar area.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Podkletnova
- University of Tampere, Medical School, PO Box 607, 33101, Tampere, Finland.
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Gharami K, Das S. Thyroid hormone-induced morphological differentiation and maturation of astrocytes are mediated through the beta-adrenergic receptor. J Neurochem 2000; 75:1962-9. [PMID: 11032885 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0751962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms associated with thyroid hormone (TH)-induced maturation of astrocytes have been studied using primary cultures. We have previously demonstrated that unlike normal astrocyte cultures, hypothyroid cultures fail to differentiate from flat polygonal cells with epithelioid morphology into mature process-bearing cells with stellate morphology. Addition of TH to the hypothyroid cells reverses the effect, and astrocytes transform into stellate cells. The beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) agonist isoproterenol (ISP) has a similar effect, whereas simultaneous addition of the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol blocks the differentiation induced by TH or ISP. Addition of TH or ISP to hypothyroid cultures is also associated with a decrease in the level of filamentous cytoskeletal (F(i)) actin and an increase in the level of actin mRNA. Although addition of propranolol inhibited the decline in the level of F(i) actin in the TH- or ISP-supplemented cells as well as the induction of actin mRNA by TH, it partially inhibited the ISP-induced actin mRNA in these cultures. The hormone-induced maturation appears to be selectively regulated through the beta(2)-AR. The overall results indicate that the beta-adrenergic system plays an obligatory role in promoting TH-induced differentiation and maturation of astrocytes and in regulating the hormone-induced expression of actin and its intracellular organization in a way conducive to the morphological differentiation of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gharami
- Neurobiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta, India
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Gesi M, Soldani P, Giorgi FS, Santinami A, Bonaccorsi I, Fornai F. The role of the locus coeruleus in the development of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000; 24:655-68. [PMID: 10940440 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, together with the classic loss of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, neuropathological studies and biochemical findings documented the occurrence of a concomitant significant cell death in the locus coeruleus. This review analyzes the latest data obtained from experimental parkinsonism indicating that, the loss of norepinephrine in Parkinson's disease might worsen the dopamine nigrostriatal damage. Within this latter context, basic research provided a new provocative hypothesis on the significance of locus coeruleus in conditioning the natural history of Parkinson's disease. In particular, the loss of a trophic influence of these neurons might be crucial in increasing the sensitivity of nigrostriatal dopamine axons to various neurotoxic insults. In line with this, recently, it has been shown that locus coeruleus activity plays a pivotal role in the expression of various immediate early genes and in inducing the phosphorilation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding proteins, suggesting a role of the nucleus in sustaining a protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gesi
- Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Milner TA, Shah P, Pierce JP. beta-adrenergic receptors primarily are located on the dendrites of granule cells and interneurons but also are found on astrocytes and a few presynaptic profiles in the rat dentate gyrus. Synapse 2000; 36:178-93. [PMID: 10819898 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(20000601)36:3<178::aid-syn3>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the rat dentate gyrus, beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) activation is thought to be important in mediating the effects of norepinephrine (NE). beta-AR-immunoreactivity (beta-AR-I) was localized in this study by light and electron microscopy in the rat dentate gyrus by using two previously characterized antibodies to the beta-AR. By light microscopy, dense beta-AR-I was observed in the somata of granule cells and a few hilar interneurons. Diffuse and slightly granular beta-AR-I was found in all laminae, although it was most noticeable in the molecular layer. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm of granule cell and interneuronal perikarya (some of which contained parvalbumin immunoreactivity) contained beta-AR-I. beta-AR-I was associated primarily with the endoplasmic reticula; however, a few patches were observed near the plasmalemma. Quantitative analysis revealed that the greatest proportion of beta-AR-labeled profiles was found in the molecular layer. The majority of beta-AR-labeled profiles were either dendritic or astrocytic. In dendritic profiles, beta-AR-I was prominent near postsynaptic densities in large dendrites, many of which originated from granule cell somata. Moreover, some beta-AR-I was found in dendritic spines, sometimes affiliated with the spine apparati. Astrocytic profiles with beta-AR-I were commonly found next to unlabeled terminals which formed asymmetric (excitatory-type) synapses with dendritic spines. Additionally, beta-AR-I was observed in a few unmyelinated axons and axon terminals, many of which formed synapses with dendritic spines. Dual-labeling studies revealed that axons and axon terminals containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, often were near both neuronal and glial profiles containing beta-AR-I. These studies demonstrate that hippocampal beta-AR-I is localized: 1) principally in postsynaptic sites on granule cells and a few interneurons (some of which were basket cells); and 2) in glial processes. These observations add further support to the contention that beta-AR-activation modulates synaptic function through disparate pathways: directly, at either postsynaptic densities or presynaptic processes, or indirectly, through adjacent glial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Milner
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Laming PR, Kimelberg H, Robinson S, Salm A, Hawrylak N, Müller C, Roots B, Ng K. Neuronal-glial interactions and behaviour. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000; 24:295-340. [PMID: 10781693 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Both neurons and glia interact dynamically to enable information processing and behaviour. They have had increasingly intimate, numerous and differentiated associations during brain evolution. Radial glia form a scaffold for neuronal developmental migration and astrocytes enable later synapse elimination. Functionally syncytial glial cells are depolarised by elevated potassium to generate slow potential shifts that are quantitatively related to arousal, levels of motivation and accompany learning. Potassium stimulates astrocytic glycogenolysis and neuronal oxidative metabolism, the former of which is necessary for passive avoidance learning in chicks. Neurons oxidatively metabolise lactate/pyruvate derived from astrocytic glycolysis as their major energy source, stimulated by elevated glutamate. In astrocytes, noradrenaline activates both glycogenolysis and oxidative metabolism. Neuronal glutamate depends crucially on the supply of astrocytically derived glutamine. Released glutamate depolarises astrocytes and their handling of potassium and induces waves of elevated intracellular calcium. Serotonin causes astrocytic hyperpolarisation. Astrocytes alter their physical relationships with neurons to regulate neuronal communication in the hypothalamus during lactation, parturition and dehydration and in response to steroid hormones. There is also structural plasticity of astrocytes during learning in cortex and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Laming
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK.
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