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Ciftciler R, Ciftciler AE, Yıldırımel C. Evaluation of vitamin D status in adult patients with newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia. J Investig Med 2024; 72:326-332. [PMID: 38373911 DOI: 10.1177/10815589241235660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
It has been shown that 25-OH vitamin D not only preserves calcium and bone homeostasis but also has immunomodulatory effects. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between adult patients with recently diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and vitamin D levels. Retrospective technique was employed in this study. The associations between 25(OH)D value and platelet count, as well as the clinical symptoms of ITP upon diagnosis and 25(OH)D value, were our main findings. A total of 60 patients diagnosed and followed up in our clinic were included in the study. Forty-one patients (68.3%) were female and 19 (31.7%) were male. The median age of the patients was 52.5 (19-88). The median vitamin D level of all patients at diagnosis of ITP was 11.5 (3-86). There was no statistically significant difference between the patients divided into three groups according to their vitamin D levels, in terms of laboratory parameters. There was no statistically significant difference in clinical findings according to vitamin D status in ITP patients. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of relapse-free survival in all three groups (p = 0.71). In conclusion, in our study, no correlation was found between laboratory and clinical findings at diagnosis and vitamin D levels in adult ITP patients. Additional investigations, particularly randomized controlled trials, are required to examine the relationship between 25(OH)D and the incidence and severity of ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiye Ciftciler
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Català-Senent JF, Andreu Z, Hidalgo MR, Soler-Sáez I, Roig FJ, Yanguas-Casás N, Neva-Alejo A, López-Cerdán A, de la Iglesia-Vayá M, Stranger BE, García-García F. A deep transcriptome meta-analysis reveals sex differences in multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106113. [PMID: 37023829 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic auto-immune, inflammatory, and degenerative disease of the central nervous system, affects both males and females; however, females suffer from a higher risk of developing MS (2-3:1 ratio relative to males). The precise sex-based factors influencing risk of MS are currently unknown. Here, we explore the role of sex in MS to identify molecular mechanisms underlying observed MS sex differences that may guide novel therapeutic approaches tailored for males or females. METHODS We performed a rigorous and systematic review of genome-wide transcriptome studies of MS that included patient sex data in the Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress databases following PRISMA statement guidelines. For each selected study, we analyzed differential gene expression to explore the impact of the disease in females (IDF), in males (IDM) and our main goal: the sex differential impact of the disease (SDID). Then, for each scenario (IDF, IDM and SDID) we performed 2 meta-analyses in the main tissues involved in the disease (brain and blood). Finally, we performed a gene set analysis in brain tissue, in which a higher number of genes were dysregulated, to characterize sex differences in biological pathways. RESULTS After screening 122 publications, the systematic review provided a selection of 9 studies (5 in blood and 4 in brain tissue) with a total of 474 samples (189 females with MS and 109 control females; 82 males with MS and 94 control males). Blood and brain tissue meta-analyses identified, respectively, 1 (KIR2DL3) and 13 (ARL17B, CECR7, CEP78, IFFO2, LOC401127, NUDT18, RNF10, SLC17A5, STMP1, TRAF3IP2-AS1, UBXN2B, ZNF117, ZNF488) MS-associated genes that differed between males and females (SDID comparison). Functional analyses in the brain revealed different altered immune patterns in females and males (IDF and IDM comparisons). The pro-inflammatory environment and innate immune responses related to myeloid lineage appear to be more affected in females, while adaptive responses associated with the lymphocyte lineage in males. Additionally, females with MS displayed alterations in mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, purine, and glutamate metabolism, while MS males displayed alterations in stress response to metal ion, amine, and amino acid transport. CONCLUSION We found transcriptomic and functional differences between MS males and MS females (especially in the immune system), which may support the development of new sex-based research of this disease. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the role of biological sex in MS to guide a more personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoraida Andreu
- Foundation Valencian Institute of Oncology (FIVO), 46009 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta R Hidalgo
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Principe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Soler-Sáez
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Principe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco José Roig
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Principe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, San Jorge University, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Natalia Yanguas-Casás
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Grupo de Investigación en Linfomas, C/Joaquín Rodrigo 2, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Neva-Alejo
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Principe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Adolfo López-Cerdán
- Biomedical Imaging Unit FISABIO-CIPF, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - María de la Iglesia-Vayá
- Biomedical Imaging Unit FISABIO-CIPF, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Barbara E Stranger
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francisco García-García
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Principe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain.
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Kiropoulos L, Kilpatrick T, Kalincik T, Churilov L, McDonald E, Wijeratne T, Threader J, Rozenblat V, O’Brien-Simpson N, Van Der Walt A, Taylor L. Comparison of the effectiveness of a tailored cognitive behavioural therapy with a supportive listening intervention for depression in those newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (the ACTION-MS trial): protocol of an assessor-blinded, active comparator, randomised controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:100. [PMID: 31959224 PMCID: PMC6971867 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-4018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable, chronic neurological disease accompanied with high rates of depression and anxiety, particularly in the early stages of diagnosis. There is evidence to suggest that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective for the treatment of depression amongst individuals with MS; however, there is a paucity of tailored CBT interventions designed to be offered in the newly diagnosed period. This trial is the first to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a tailored CBT intervention compared to a supportive listening (SL) intervention amongst individuals with MS who are depressed. METHODS ACTION-MS is a two-arm parallel group, assessor-blinded, active comparator, randomised controlled trial which will test whether a tailored CBT-based intervention compared to an SL intervention can reduce depression and related factors such as anxiety, fatigue, pain and sleep problems in those newly diagnosed with MS. Sixty participants who are within 5 years of having received a diagnosis of MS and scored within the mild to moderate range of depression on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) will be recruited from MS clinics located across three hospital sites in Melbourne, Australia. The primary outcome is depression severity using the BDI-II at post-assessment. Intervention satisfaction and acceptability will be assessed. A cost-effectiveness analysis will also be conducted. Data will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. DISCUSSION There is a scarcity of psychological interventions for depression targeting the newly diagnosed period. However, interventions during this time point have the potential to have a major impact on the mental and physical wellbeing of those newly diagnosed with MS. The current trial will provide data on the effectiveness of a tailored CBT intervention for the treatment of depression in those newly diagnosed with MS. Findings will also provide effect size estimates that can be used to power a later-stage multi-centre trial of treatment efficacy, and will provide information on the mechanisms underlying any treatment effects and cost-effectiveness data for delivering this intervention in outpatient MS clinics. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN trials registry, ISRCTN63987586. Current controlled trials. Retrospectively registered on 20 October 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litza Kiropoulos
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Trevor Kilpatrick
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonid Churilov
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth McDonald
- Rehabilitation and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neuroscience, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tissa Wijeratne
- Department of Neurology, Western Health, Sunshine, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Threader
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Vanja Rozenblat
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Anneke Van Der Walt
- Department of Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Taylor
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hypovitaminosis D Influences the Clinical Presentation of Immune Thrombocytopenia in Children with Newly Diagnosed Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111861. [PMID: 31684180 PMCID: PMC6912626 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune disorder characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia defined as platelet count in peripheral blood <100 × 109/L. Hypovitaminosis D is very common in children with autoimmune diseases. To analyze whether hypovitaminosis D is associated with the clinical presentation of ITP in children, medical records of 45 pediatric patients with newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia in the coastal region of Croatia were evaluated. The severity of bleeding was assessed using two bleeding scores. Children with lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) values had higher values of the skin-mucosa-organ-gradation (SMOG) bleeding score and respectively more severe bleeding on diagnosis of ITP. With further analysis of the main domains of that score, we found that patients with a lower 25(OH)D value had more severe bleeding in the skin and organs. When 25(OH)D and ITP Bleeding Scale (IBLS) score were analyzed, a negative correlation was found, but it was not significant. Our findings suggest that hypovitaminosis D influences the severity of the clinical presentation of ITP in children on initial diagnosis of the disease. Therefore, therapy with 25(OH)D could be a new potential option for treatment of ITP. To investigate the connection between 25(OH)D and the incidence and severity of ITP, further studies, especially randomized controlled studies, are needed.
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Cerebrospinal fluid IL-10 as an early stage discriminative marker between multiple sclerosis and neuro-Behçet disease. Cytokine 2018; 108:160-167. [PMID: 29625335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Neuro-Behçet's Disease (NBD) are two recurrent disorders affecting the central nervous system (CNS) by causing inflammation and irreversible damage. Inaugural clinical symptoms for both diseases might be very similar and definitive diagnosis could be delayed. The present study aimed to find out possible differences at early stages in the transcription factors/cytokines expression profiles in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS and NBD patients which could be useful discriminative markers. Cytokines and transcription factors related to Th1, Th2, Th17 and T regulatory populations were studied by quantitative RT-PCR simultaneously in PBMCs and CSF, from 40 patients presenting a first episode of clinical features related to CNS inflammation and 22 controls with non inflammatory neurological diseases enrolled mainly for severe headache. The follow up of 12 months did allow a definitive diagnosis of remitting relapsing MS (RRMS) in 21 patients and of NBD in the other 19 among those with CNS inflammation compared to controls. In initial blood samples, T-bet was significantly increased in NBD patients only while IFN-γ was elevated in patients who evolved into RRMS or NBD. IL-17a, GATA-3 and IL-4 were significantly lower in RRMS patients than in the NBD group. In initial CSF samples, ROR-γt, IL-17a and IFN-γ were significantly elevated in patients compared to controls. The most striking finding was the significant increase of CSF IL-10 that we did observe in NBD patients only. Thus, we propose CSF IL-10 as a predictive marker to help clinicians discriminating between these two neurological disorders.
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Sestito C, Brevé JJP, van Eggermond MCJA, Killestein J, Teunissen CE, van Rossum J, Wilhelmus MMM, Drukarch B, van den Elsen PJ, van Dam AM. Monocyte-derived tissue transglutaminase in multiple sclerosis patients: reflecting an anti-inflammatory status and function of the cells? J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:257. [PMID: 29268771 PMCID: PMC5740592 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukocyte infiltration into the central nervous system is an important feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. Among the infiltrating cells, monocytes comprise the largest population and are considered to play a dual role in the course of the disease. The enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2), produced by monocytes, plays a central role in monocyte adhesion/migration in animal models of MS. In the present study, we questioned whether TG2 expression is altered in monocytes from MS patients compared to healthy control (HC) subjects. Moreover, we determined the inflammatory status of these TG2-expressing monocytes, what inflammatory factor regulates TG2 expression, and whether TG2 can functionally contribute to their adhesion/migration processes. METHODS Primary human monocytes from MS patients and HC subjects were collected, RNA isolated and subjected to qPCR analysis. Human THP-1 monocytes were lentivirally transduced with TG2 siRNA or control and treated with various cytokines. Subsequently, mRNA levels of inflammatory factors, adhesion properties, and activity of RhoA were analyzed in interleukin (IL)-4-treated monocytes. RESULTS TG2 mRNA levels are significantly increased in monocytes derived from MS patients compared to HC subjects. In addition, correlation analyses indicated that TG2-expressing cells display a more anti-inflammatory, migratory profile in MS patients. Using THP-1 monocytes, we observed that IL-4 is a major trigger of TG2 expression in these cells. Furthermore, knockdown of TG2 expression leads to a pro-inflammatory profile and reduced adhesion/migration properties of IL-4-treated monocytes. CONCLUSIONS TG2-expressing monocytes in MS patients have a more anti-inflammatory profile. Furthermore, TG2 mediates IL-4-induced anti-inflammatory status in THP-1 monocytes, adhesion, and cytoskeletal rearrangement in vitro. We thus propose that IL-4 upregulates TG2 expression in monocytes of MS patients, driving them into an anti-inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sestito
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Present Address: Brain Plasticity Group, Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John J P Brevé
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marja C J A van Eggermond
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Killestein
- Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joram van Rossum
- Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J van den Elsen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Kiropoulos LA, Kilpatrick T, Holmes A, Threader J. A pilot randomized controlled trial of a tailored cognitive behavioural therapy based intervention for depressive symptoms in those newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:435. [PMID: 27927175 PMCID: PMC5142334 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the effectiveness and acceptability of an 8-week individual tailored cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) intervention for the treatment of depressive symptoms in those newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. METHODS The current study presents a pilot, parallel group randomized controlled trial (RCT) with an allocation ratio of 1:1 conducted in a large research and teaching hospital in Melbourne, Australia. 30 individuals with a mean age of 36.93 years (SD = 9.63) who were newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) (X = 24.87 months, SD = 15.61) were randomized to the CBT intervention (n = 15) or treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 15). The primary outcome was level of depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Secondary outcomes were level of anxiety, fatigue and pain impact, sleep quality, coping, acceptance of MS illness, MS related quality of life, social support, and resilience. Tertiary outcomes were acceptability and adherence to the intervention. RESULTS Large between group treatment effects were found for level of depressive symptoms at post and at 20 weeks follow-up (d = 1.66-1.34). There were also small to large group treatment effects for level of anxiety, fatigue and pain impact, sleep quality, MS related quality of life, resilience, and social support at post and at 20 weeks follow-up (d = 0.17-1.63). There were no drop-outs and participants completed all treatment modules. All participants reported the treatment as 'very useful', and most (73.4%) reported that the intervention had addressed their problems 'completely'. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the tailored early intervention is appropriate and clinically effective for the treatment of depressive symptoms in those newly diagnosed with MS. A larger RCT comparing the CBT intervention with an active comparative treatment with longer term follow-up and cost effectiveness analyses is warranted. The pilot trial has been retrospectively registered on 28/04/2016 with the ISRCTN registry (trial ID ISRCTN10423371).
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Affiliation(s)
- Litza A. Kiropoulos
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia
- Psychology Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Trevor Kilpatrick
- Melbourne Brain Centre and MS unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience and the Melbourne Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
- Florey Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Alex Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Jennifer Threader
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia
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Čulić S, Markić J, Petrović D, Konjevoda P, Pavelić J. Serum vitamin D levels in children with newly diagnosed and chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Semin Hematol 2016; 53 Suppl 1:S67-9. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bhargava P, Gocke A, Calabresi PA. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 impairs the differentiation of effector memory T cells in vitro in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 279:20-4. [PMID: 25669995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) and increased disease activity. Vitamin D is a potent immunomodulator but the effects of vitamin D treatment on T cell memory have not been explored. We studied the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on T cell memory in MS patients (n = 10) and healthy controls (n = 10). In vitro treatment of PBMC cultures with 1,25(OH)2D3, led to a decrease in the proportion of effector memory T cells with an increase in naïve T cells, compared to vehicle in both groups. Further studies to unravel the mechanism of this effect and to understand its long-term implications are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Bhargava
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne Gocke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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The contribution of immune and glial cell types in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int 2014; 2014:285245. [PMID: 25374694 PMCID: PMC4211315 DOI: 10.1155/2014/285245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterised by widespread areas of focal demyelination. Its aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear despite substantial insights gained through studies of animal models, most notably experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is widely believed to be immune-mediated and pathologically attributable to myelin-specific autoreactive CD4+ T cells. In recent years, MS research has expanded beyond its focus on CD4+ T cells to recognise the contributions of multiple immune and glial cell types to the development, progression, and amelioration of the disease. This review summarises evidence of T and B lymphocyte, natural killer cell, macrophage/microglial, astrocytic, and oligodendroglial involvement in both EAE and MS and the intercommunication and influence of each cell subset in the inflammatory process. Despite important advances in the understanding of the involvement of these cell types in MS, many questions still remain regarding the various subsets within each cell population and their exact contribution to different stages of the disease.
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Minagar A. Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Neuroimaging, and Treatment Options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4199/c00116ed1v01y201408isp055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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12
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Saha PK, Sharma PK, Sharma SK, Singh A, Mitra DK. Recruitment of Th1 effector cells in human tuberculosis: hierarchy of chemokine receptor(s) and their ligands. Cytokine 2013; 63:43-51. [PMID: 23643185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Selective recruitment of IFN-γ biased Th1 effector cells at the pathologic site(s) determines the local immunity of tuberculosis (TB). We observed the enrichment of CXCR3, CCR5 and CD11a(high) T cells in the peripheral blood, pleural fluid and bronchoalveolar lavage of TB pleural effusion (TB-PE) and miliary tuberculosis (MTB) patients respectively. CXCR3(+)CCR5(+) T cells were significantly high at the local disease site(s) in both the forms of TB and their frequency was highest among activated lymphocytes in TB-PE. Interestingly, all CCR5(+) cells were invariably positive for CXCR3 but all CXCR3(+) cells did not co-express CCR5 in pleural fluid whereas the situation was reverse in bronchoalveolar lavage. These CXCR3(+)CCR5(+) cells dominantly produced IFN-γ in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. In vitro chemotaxis assay indicates dominant role of RANTES and IP-10 in the selective recruitment of CXCR3(+)CCR5(+)cells at the tubercular pathologic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K Saha
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhat K Sharma
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Surendra K Sharma
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Amar Singh
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipendra K Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Minagar A, Maghzi AH, McGee JC, Alexander JS. Emerging roles of endothelial cells in multiple sclerosis pathophysiology and therapy. Neurol Res 2012; 34:738-45. [PMID: 22828184 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis (MS) has traditionally been viewed and researched as an immune-mediated demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the human central nervous system (CNS), its highly complex pathogenesis clearly includes a significant vascular inflammatory component and many therapeutic approaches achieve benefit by direct or indirect effects on cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Cerebral endothelial cells create and separate the compartments of the peripheral circulation and CNS creating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a selectively permeable boundary layer between these spaces. Interactions between activated leukocytes and cerebral endothelium play essential roles in mediating their trans-BBB diapedesis during normal immune surveillance and during pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases like MS. Extravasation of activated and committed leukocytes from the peripheral circulation through the endothelial layer of the BBB into the CNS milieu is the most fundamental step in formation of MS lesions. During MS pathogenesis, once the activated leukocytes enter the CNS environment, they propagate a massive wave of destruction which culminates in the loss of both myelin/oligodendrocyte complex and neurodegeneration. Multiple clinical and basic scientific observations support endothelial cell 'stress' and apoptosis as a hallmark characteristic of MS. The manipulation of the endothelial biology aiming to block trans-endothelial migration of activated immune cells into the CNS is a potent form of treatment for MS achieving significant reductions in disease activity and new lesion formation. In particular, endothelial microparticles are now well-recognized as important biomarkers and mediators of this type of stress. In this review, we discuss recent findings and new advances in our knowledge regarding leukocyte migration through the endothelial frontier of the BBB and how this can be exploited toward treating MS patients.
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15
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Sellebjerg F, Bendtzen K, Christiansen M, Frederiksen J. Cytokines and soluble IL-4 in patients with acute optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2011; 4:59-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.1997.tb00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sholl-Franco A, da Silva AGLS, Adão-Novaes J. Interleukin-4 as a neuromodulatory cytokine: roles and signaling in the nervous system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1153:65-75. [PMID: 19236329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although interleukin (IL)-4 is described as a prototypical anti-inflammatory cytokine, in recent years its role as a neuromodulatory cytokine has been extensively discussed. This review highlights the pivotal contributions of IL-4 during the development and normal physiology of neural cells as well as IL-4 connections with the pathophysiology of degenerative or inflammatory processes observed in the central and peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Sholl-Franco
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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17
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Brudek T, Christensen T, Hansen HJ, Petersen T, Møller-Larsen A. Synergistic immune responses induced by endogenous retrovirus and herpesvirus antigens result in increased production of inflammatory cytokines in multiple sclerosis patients. Scand J Immunol 2008; 67:295-303. [PMID: 18261041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) and herpesviruses are increasingly associated with the pathogenesis of the neurological inflammatory disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Herpesviruses are capable of HERV activation and simultaneous presence of HERV and herpesvirus antigens have a synergistic effect on cell-mediated immune responses, which tend to be higher in MS patients in comparison with healthy individuals. Here, we investigate whether these synergistic immune responses are reflected in changes in the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), we have performed a comparative study between MS patients and healthy controls to investigate the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL) 2, or IL-10 as well as the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses in supernatants from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with HERV and herpes antigen combinations. We have found a significant disproportion in Th1/Th2 responses in PBMCs from MS patients caused by the joint presence of HERV and herpes antigens. The results also showed a significantly higher IFN-gamma production in cells from MS patients; additionally, this production correlated with the synergistic cell proliferations whereas we did not find such a correlation in healthy controls. Our findings suggest that the increased production of IFN-gamma and the induced imbalance in Th1/Th2 responses favouring the inflammatory reactions in MS patients may lead to progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brudek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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18
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Br J Nutr 2008; 98 Suppl 1:S46-53. [PMID: 17922959 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507833010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological, biochemical, animal model and clinical trial data described in this overview strongly suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly n-6 fatty acids, have a role in the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Data presented provides further evidence for a disturbance in n-6 fatty acid metabolism in MS. Disturbance of n-6 fatty acid metabolism and dysregulation of cytokines are shown to be linked and a "proof of concept clinical trial" further supports such a hypothesis. In a randomised double-blind, placebo controlled trial of a high dose and low dose selected GLA (18:3n-6)-rich oil and placebo control, the high dose had a marked clinical effect in relapsing-remitting MS, significantly decreasing the relapse rate and the progression of disease. Laboratory findings paralleled clinical changes in the placebo group in that production of mononuclear cell pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta) was increased and anti-inflammatory TGF-beta markedly decreased with loss of membrane n-6 fatty acids linoleic (18:2n-6) and arachidonic acids (20:4n-6). In contrast there were no such changes in the high dose group. The improvement in disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale) in the high dose suggests there maybe a beneficial effect on neuronal lipids and neural function in MS. Thus disturbed n-6 fatty acid metabolism in MS gives rise to loss of membrane long chain n-6 fatty acids and loss of the anti-inflammatory regulatory cytokine TGF-beta, particularly during the relapse phase, as well as loss of these important neural fatty acids for CNS structure and function and consequent long term neurological deficit in MS.
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19
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Moldovan IR, Cotleur AC, Zamor N, Butler RS, Pelfrey CM. Multiple sclerosis patients show sexual dimorphism in cytokine responses to myelin antigens. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 193:161-9. [PMID: 18022700 PMCID: PMC2235927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis affects more women than men. The reasons for this are unknown. Previously, we have shown significant differences in women versus men in inflammatory cytokine responses to the major protein component of myelin, proteolipid protein (PLP), which is thought to be a target in MS patients. Here, using the ELISPOT assay, we examined sex differences in single-cell secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines from freshly isolated PBMC between relapsing remitting (RR) MS patients and healthy individuals. Cells were stimulated with MS-associated antigens including proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and non-disease related antigens. Our data show a sex bias in the cytokine responses to multiple MS-relevant myelin antigens: Women with MS show IFNgamma-skewed responses and men with MS show IL-5-skewed responses. These data extend our previous findings [Pelfrey, C.M., Cotleur, A.C., Lee, J.C., Rudick, R.A. 2002. Sex differences in cytokine responses to myelin peptides in multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 130, 211-223.]: (1) by demonstrating gender skewing in cytokine responses to an expanded myelin antigen repertoire, which includes MBP, MOG and PLP; (2) by showing TNFalpha and IL-10 do not display comparable gender skewing compared to IFNgamma and IL5; (3) by defining the patient population as early, untreated RRMS patients to avoid confounding factors, such as different disease stages/disability and immunomodulatory therapy; and (4) by showing HLA type does not appear to underlie the gender differences. These findings may explain increased susceptibility to MS in women and could contribute to the differences in disease severity between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana R. Moldovan
- Department of Neurosciences, NC30, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Anne C. Cotleur
- Department of Neurosciences, NC30, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Natacha Zamor
- Department of Neurosciences, NC30, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Robert S. Butler
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute
| | - Clara M. Pelfrey
- Department of Neurosciences, NC30, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106
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20
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Kamali-Sarvestani E, Nikseresht A, Aflaki E, Sarvari J, Gharesi-Fard B. TNF-alpha, TNF-beta and IL-4 gene polymorphisms in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 115:161-6. [PMID: 17295710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) G-308A, tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-beta) G+252A and interleukin-4 (IL-4) C-590T polymorphisms and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) development and clinical course of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and seventy patients with MS and 542 sex and ethnic matched controls were enrolled in the present study. An allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the polymorphism at position -308 of the TNF-alpha gene. The genotypes of TNF-beta and IL-4 were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Allelic and genotypic frequencies for these polymorphisms were similar in patients with MS and population controls or among different types of the disease. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that the three mentioned functional polymorphisms are not likely to cause susceptibility to MS in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kamali-Sarvestani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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21
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Sepulcre J, Sanchez-Ibarrola A, Moreno C, de Castro P. Association between peripheral IFN-γ producing CD8+ T-cells and disability score in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Cytokine 2005; 32:111-6. [PMID: 16246570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence supports the involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Nevertheless, how the peripheral T-cells phenotypes are associated with factors such as the disability score, the effects of immunomodulatory treatments, or the activation period is poorly understood. In this study, we have centered our attention on the presence of IFN-gamma and IL-4 producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the peripheral blood of 58 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients, 48 that were stable and 10 who were in relapse period, and 30 healthy controls (HC). Our results support the existence of an independent association between the percentage of IFN-gamma producing CD8+ lymphocytes and the increased levels of disability score. Furthermore, the number of IFN-gamma producing CD8+ lymphocytes and the disability score were not correlated in patients treated with interferon-beta, evidence of its possible benefits in combating a pro-inflammatory profile. Finally, we compared the T-cell populations in RRMS patients in the stable or active period, and we found a significant decrease of IFN-gamma producing CD4+ lymphocytes in active patients. In conclusion our study supports the hypothesis that different peripheral blood T-cell phenotypes are associated with disability score or active period of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sepulcre
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic of Navarra, University of Navarra, Spain
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22
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Khademi M, Illés Z, Gielen AW, Marta M, Takazawa N, Baecher-Allan C, Brundin L, Hannerz J, Martin C, Harris RA, Hafler DA, Kuchroo VK, Olsson T, Piehl F, Wallström E. T Cell Ig- and Mucin-Domain-Containing Molecule-3 (TIM-3) and TIM-1 Molecules Are Differentially Expressed on Human Th1 and Th2 Cells and in Cerebrospinal Fluid-Derived Mononuclear Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7169-76. [PMID: 15153541 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.7169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell Ig- and mucin-domain-containing molecules (TIMs) comprise a recently described family of molecules expressed on T cells. TIM-3 has been shown to be expressed on murine Th1 cell clones and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Th1-driven experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In contrast, association of TIM-1 polymorphisms to Th2-related airway hyperreactivity has been suggested in mice. The TIM molecules have not been investigated in human Th1- or Th2-mediated diseases. Using real-time (TaqMan) RT-PCR, we show that human Th1 lines expressed higher TIM-3 mRNA levels, while Th2 lines demonstrated a higher expression of TIM-1. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells obtained from patients with multiple sclerosis revealed significantly higher mRNA expression of TIM-1 compared with controls. Moreover, higher TIM-1 expression was associated with clinical remissions and low expression of IFN-gamma mRNA in cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells. In contrast, expression of TIM-3 correlated well with high expression of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. These data imply the differential expression of human TIM molecules by Th1 and Th2 cells and may suggest their differential involvement in different phases of a human autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khademi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Haerter K, Vroon A, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, Limmroth V, Espinosa E, Schedlowski M, Elsenbruch S. In vitro adrenergic modulation of cellular immune functions in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 146:126-32. [PMID: 14698854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects in vitro of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor agonists on splenocyte proliferation and on proinflammatory cytokine production in splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages (MF) in different stages of EAE. METHODS Splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages were harvested in the acute phase of EAE and in remission, and from controls. The beta-agonist terbutaline, the alpha(1)-agonist methoxamine, and the alpha(2)-agonist UK-14304 were added with ConA or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma contents in supernatant and splenocyte proliferation were determined. RESULTS Terbutaline and UK-14304 significantly suppressed TNF-alpha production by MF. However, EAE acute phase rats were resistant to the suppressive effect of UK-14304. Terbutaline significantly suppressed IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production by splenocytes. EAE acute phase and remission animals showed reduced terbutaline-induced inhibition of IFN-gamma production. CONCLUSIONS Disturbed sympathetic-immune communication in EAE is characterized by alterations in adrenergic sensitivity via both alpha- and beta-adrenergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Haerter
- Department of Medical Psychology, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
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24
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Soldan SS, Alvarez Retuerto AI, Sicotte NL, Voskuhl RR. Dysregulation of IL-10 and IL-12p40 in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 146:209-15. [PMID: 14698865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a putative T helper 1 (Th-1) mediated inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, and levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been found to correlate with changes in MS relapses. However, it is unclear if cytokine profiles differ between relapsing-remitting (RRMS) versus secondary progressive (SPMS) disease stages. Cytokine production (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p40, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma) was assessed by cytometric bead array (CBA) and intracellular cytokine staining from alphaCD3 antibody and mitogen stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from female RRMS and SPMS patients, and healthy controls. Significantly increased production of IL-12p40 and decreased production of IL-10 were observed in SPMS patients. Differences in immune responsiveness in RRMS and SPMS are important in the understanding of the evolution of the immunopathogenesis of the disease and for the development of disease type specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Soldan
- Department of Neurology, Reed Neurological Research Center, University of California School of Medicine, 750 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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25
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Murphy TK, Sajid M, Soto O, Shapira N, Edge P, Yang M, Lewis MH, Goodman WK. Detecting pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and tics. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:61-8. [PMID: 14706426 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subgroup of children with obsessive-compulsive and tic disorders are proposed to have an infectious trigger. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between group A streptococcal titers and symptom fluctuations in children with a clinical course resembling that described for pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus. METHODS Twenty-five children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and/or tic disorder were evaluated for neuropsychiatric severity and group A streptococcal antibody titers (streptolysin O, deoxyribonuclease B, and carbohydrate A) at 6-week intervals for > or = six consecutive evaluations (total visits=277). RESULTS Children with large symptom fluctuations (n=15) were compared with children without dramatic fluctuations (n=10). Co-movements of obsessive-compulsive/tic severity and group A streptococcal antibodies were assessed. In subjects with large symptom changes, positive correlations were found between streptococcal titers and obsessive-compulsive severity rating changes (p=.0130). These subjects were also more likely to have elevated group A streptococcal titers during the majority of observations (p=.001). Tic symptom exacerbations occurred more often in the fall/winter months than spring/summer months (p=.03). CONCLUSIONS Patients with marked obsessive-compulsive/tic symptom changes may be characterized by streptococcal titer elevations and exhibit evidence of seasonal tic exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya K Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0256, USA
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26
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Reske D, Schoppe S, Broicher C, Petereit HF. The immunomodulatory properties of in vitro immunoglobulins are dose-dependent. Acta Neurol Scand 2003; 108:267-73. [PMID: 12956861 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2003.00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mechanism by which intravenous immunoglobulins (immunoglobulin G, IgG) exert their beneficial effect on multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown. Furthermore, there is uncertainty about the optimal dosage of IgG. Therefore, we investigated the influence of different IgG dosages on cytokine production in MS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five MS patients and 15 healthy controls were enrolled. We measured the production of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in peripheral blood lymphocytes by flowcytometry after stimulation without and with IgG in different doses (1, 5 and 10 mg/ml). RESULTS IFN-gamma and TNF were decreased significantly (P = 0.001) in the untreated and interferon beta (IFN-beta) treated patients after stimulation with IgG. In contrast, IL-10 production was significantly enhanced (P = 0.001) at least in the untreated patient group. The reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF after stimulation with different IgG doses was clearly dose-dependent in all groups. CONCLUSION Besides a suppression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF, IgG enhances the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. This effect is dose-dependent, speaking in favour of higher IgG doses in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reske
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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27
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Coppin H, Roth MP, Liblau RS. Cytokine and cytokine receptor genes in the susceptibility and resistance to organ-specific autoimmune diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 520:33-65. [PMID: 12613571 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0171-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Coppin
- Laboratoire d'immunologie Cellulaire INSERM CJF 97-11, Hospital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France
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28
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Pon RA, Freedman MS. Study of Herpesvirus saimiri immortalization of gammadelta T cells derived from peripheral blood and CSF of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 139:119-32. [PMID: 12799029 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human gammadelta T cells are an integral part of the innate immune system and have been difficult to study owing primarily to their relatively low abundance and their fastidious culture properties associated with short in vitro lifespan. Their increased presence within multiple sclerosis (MS) white matter plaques compared to peripheral blood (PB) suggests a specific interaction with central nervous system (CNS) tissues. This fact, together with their innate ability to lyse human oligodendrocytes in culture implicate them possibly in the pathogenesis of MS. To further investigate their potential role in MS, we studied whether gammadelta T cells could be effectively immortalized using Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), so that they could be studied in longer-term cultures. Effective culture conditions were established resulting in efficient HVS growth transformation of multiple PB and CSF gammadelta T cell lines and clones that could exist in IL-2-dependent culture for periods in excess of 2 years. Phenotypic and functional comparison studies with parental nontransformed gammadelta T cells were performed to characterize the changes that possibly induced by viral transformation. Using panels of transformed gammadelta T cell clones representing discrete gammadelta TcR subtypes, there was no apparent correlation between intracytoplasmic cytokine expression or tumor cell cytotoxicity with a specific TcR. All transformed gammadelta T cells analyzed, regardless of their compartment of origin, strongly expressed intracytoplasmic IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, but little IL-2 or anti-inflammatory IL-4 or IL-10. These results indicate that HVS transformation of gammadelta T cells can be used to generate lines and clones from both the CSF and PB compartments for further study and elucidation of their potential role in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Pon
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital-General Campus, 501 Smyth Rd., K1H 8L6, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
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29
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Hollifield RD, Harbige LS, Pham-Dinh D, Sharief MK. Evidence for cytokine dysregulation in multiple sclerosis: peripheral blood mononuclear cell production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during relapse and remission. Autoimmunity 2003; 36:133-41. [PMID: 12911279 DOI: 10.1080/0891693031000089427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated circulating anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and their ex vivo PBMC production in the absence or presence of the neuroantigens myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and T cell mitogen (PHA) in MS patients in relapse and remission, patients with other neurological disorders (OND) and normal healthy controls. MS patients in relapse exhibited significantly increased PBMC production of TNF-alpha spontaneously compared with MS remission and healthy controls and with MBP compared with MS remission. Patients in relapse had significantly increased spontaneous, PHA- and MBP-induced PBMC IL-1beta production compared with remission MS, and was increased compared (PHA only) with OND and healthy controls. In relapse there was also significantly increased PBMC IFN-gamma production (PHA only) compared with remission and a significantly lower production of biologically active TGF-beta1 (PHA only) compared with remission MS and OND. In contrast, MS patients in remission produced significantly less spontaneous and MBP-induced TNF-alpha, spontaneous, PHA- and MBP-induced IL-1beta and PHA-induced IFN-gamma together with increased production of biologically active TGF-beta1. MOG non-specifically increased PBMC TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production in all groups. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in corresponding plasma samples were undetectable whilst the concentration of biologically active TGF-beta1 was the reverse of ex vivo PBMC findings. The increase in biologically active TGF-beta1 production ex vivo in OND patients, despite active disease, compared with the low level in the MS relapse may indicate a regulatory defect in MS. We conclude that the balance between biologically active TGF-beta1 and the pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IFN-gamma is dysregulated during MS relapse-remission and that normal counter-regulatory mechanisms during the relapse phase are defective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Hollifield
- Biological Sciences Research Centre, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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30
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Zoukos Y, Thomaides TN, Kidd D, Cuzner ML, Thompson A. Expression of beta2 adrenoreceptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal six month study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74:197-202. [PMID: 12531948 PMCID: PMC1738290 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.74.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta(2) adrenoreceptor expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells is increased in progressive multiple sclerosis. This increase has been correlated with disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. OBJECTIVE To determine the beta(2) adrenoreceptor expression in primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis in relation to findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical disease activity. METHODS 10 patients with multiple sclerosis were studied (five with primary progressive and five with secondary progressive forms of the disease) over a period of six months. Monthly clinical and MRI assessments of the brain and spinal cord were carried out. Beta(2) adrenoreceptor expression was assessed monthly using a ligand binding assay with [(125)I]iodocyanopindolol. Expression of beta(2) adrenoceptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also assessed in five normal controls over a similar period. RESULTS The mean (SEM) value of beta(2) adrenoreceptor density for the five normal controls was 1346 (183) sites/cell, with affinity Kd of 120 (40) pM. MRI disease activity in primary progressive multiple sclerosis was reported on two occasions and on those occasions the expression of beta(2) adrenoreceptors was increased in excess of 1900 sites/cell; in the remaining 28 observations beta(2) adrenoreceptor expression was within the normal range (800 to 1900 sites/cell). In patients with secondary progressive disease, MRI disease activity was observed on 16 occasions. In these patients expression of beta(2) adrenoreceptors was increased in excess of 2000 sites/cell in all measurements except in one subject who did not show MRI activity throughout the six months period of study. The affinity of the receptors was within the normal range in all cases. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of beta(2) adrenoreceptors was correlated with MRI disease activity in two patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. In secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, increased expression of beta(2) adrenoreceptors tended not to correlate with MRI disease activity. This may reflect a persistent Th1 immune reaction in the secondary progressive form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zoukos
- Department of Neurology, The Royal London and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London E1, UK.
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31
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Goris A, Heggarty S, Marrosu MG, Graham C, Billiau A, Vandenbroeck K. Linkage disequilibrium analysis of chromosome 12q14-15 in multiple sclerosis: delineation of a 118-kb interval around interferon-gamma (IFNG) that is involved in male versus female differential susceptibility. Genes Immun 2002; 3:470-6. [PMID: 12486605 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported the association of a polymorphic intronic CA-repeat in the interferon-gamma gene (IFNG) with gender bias in susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) in a Sardinian population. This association could refer to a functional polymorphism within IFNG or could be due to linkage disequilibrium between the IFNG marker and a neighbouring susceptibility locus. Within the average reach of linkage disequilibrium, various other candidate genes are located. Among these the most striking ones are the genes coding for the cytokines interleukin-22 (IL-22) and interleukin-26 (IL-26) that constitute together with IFNG a cytokine cluster on chromosome 12q14. To determine more precisely the location of this gender-associated susceptibility locus, we have now performed a more extensive linkage disequilibrium screen of this region using nine additional microsatellite markers. This locus appeared to be confined to a 118-kb interval that is bordered by the markers D12S313 and D12S2511, in which IFNG itself remains the main candidate gene. Haplotype analysis confirmed that this MS-associated locus protects males from developing MS according to a recessive or allele-dosage model. Our results indicate that the well-documented gender differences in susceptibility to MS are at least partially caused by genetic factors in the region surrounding IFNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goris
- Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Pelfrey CM, Cotleur AC, Lee JC, Rudick RA. Sex differences in cytokine responses to myelin peptides in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 130:211-23. [PMID: 12225904 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many autoimmune diseases preferentially affect women; however, the underlying mechanisms for the sex differences are poorly understood. We examined sex-dependent differences in the immunologic response to myelin proteins in 22 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 22 healthy controls. Using ELISA spot assay (ELISPOT) methodology, interferon (IFN) gamma and IL-5 secretions were examined at the single cell level in response to overlapping proteolipid protein (PLP) peptides. As previously reported, we observed an overall disease effect in the IFNgamma response, such that MS patients were significantly higher than controls. With respect to PLP-induced IFNgamma secretion, both MS and control females responded higher than their corresponding males. Female MS patients demonstrated the highest responses compared to MS males or healthy controls of either sex. Although MS females had high IFNgamma responses to PLP, they had no IL-5 responses at all, suggesting strong Th1 skewing. In contrast, MS males had more IL-5 than control males, who lacked IL-5 responses. These IL-5 responses suggested that disease and gender are not independent, but rather interact to influence the cytokine response to myelin. The data suggest a gender bias towards Th1 responses in MS, which may contribute to the female predominance in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M Pelfrey
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 44195, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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33
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Mohr DC, Cox D. Multiple sclerosis: empirical literature for the clinical health psychologist. J Clin Psychol 2001; 57:479-99. [PMID: 11255203 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the empirical literature related to clinical health psychology in multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a disease in which the immune system attacks the central nervous system. As such, the interactions between medical and psychological variables are complex, and potentially of considerable importance to patients. Common neuropsychological and psychological problems associated with MS and their etiologies are reviewed. The effects of stress and depression on MS exacerbation are discussed, including clinical, immune, endocrine, and neuroimaging findings. The types of coping common in MS and their effects on adjustment are discussed. The empirical literature on psychological and neuropsychological intervention is reviewed. The small literature on caregiving in MS is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Mohr
- University of California, San Francisco
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34
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Differential Patterns of T Cell Chemokine Receptor Expression in Human Th1- and Th2-Associated Diseases. Inflammation 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9702-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Balashov KE, Comabella M, Ohashi T, Khoury SJ, Weiner HL. Defective regulation of IFNgamma and IL-12 by endogenous IL-10 in progressive MS. Neurology 2000; 55:192-8. [PMID: 10908889 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.55.2.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MS is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS postulated to be a Th1 type cell-mediated autoimmune disease. There is increased interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) secretion in MS, and IFNgamma administration induces exacerbations of disease. IFNgamma expression is closely regulated by a number of cytokines produced by different cells of the immune system. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a major factor leading to Th1-type responses, including IFNgamma secretion, and there is increased secretion of IL-12 in MS. IL-10 is a potent inhibitor of both IL-12 and IFNgamma expression. METHODS The authors investigated cytokine production and proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with soluble anti-CD3 in healthy controls and patients with stable relapsing-remitting MS or progressive MS. RESULTS The authors found that T cell receptor-mediated IFNgamma and IL-10 secretion were increased in progressive MS, whereas IL-4 and IL-2 secretion and lymphocyte proliferative responses were normal. Anti-IL-12 antibody suppressed raised IFNgamma in progressive MS but did not affect raised IL-10. In addition, neutralization of endogenous IL-10 upregulated IFNgamma in controls but not progressive MS. IL-10 was produced by CD4+ cells whereas IFNgamma was produced by both CD4+ and CD8+ cells. There were no differences in IL-10 receptor expression in MS patients. CONCLUSIONS These abnormalities in IL-10 regulation were not seen in the relapsing-remitting form of MS. Thus, the defect in regulation of both IL-12 and IFNgamma production by endogenous IL-10 in progressive MS could be an important factor involved in the transition of MS from the relapsing to the progressive stage and has implications for treating MS patients with exogenous IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Balashov
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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36
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McDonnell GV, Kirk CW, Hawkins SA, Graham CA. An evaluation of interleukin genes fails to identify clear susceptibility loci for multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2000; 176:4-12. [PMID: 10865086 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Differential expression of interleukins may influence susceptibility to inflammatory diseases such as MS. IL-1a production is increased in MS patients during acute relapse, IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) secretion correlates with disease activity in several inflammatory disorders and is variable in MS. Both IL-4 and IL-10 expression vary significantly with relapse/remission in MS and IL-9 is postulated to inhibit steroid-induced apoptosis. To examine the influence of interleukin (IL) genes on MS susceptibility and clinical course, gene association studies using separate polymorphic microsatellite markers for il-1 alpha, il-2, il-2r beta, il-4 il-9 and il-10 were performed, incorporating 150-177 relapsing-remitting or secondary progressive MS (RR/SPMS) patients, 100-110 primary progressive (PPMS) patients and 152-210 controls. No significant differences existed in allele frequencies between either MS group and controls for any of the interleukin microsatellite markers studied, nor were statistically significant differences observed in PPMS vs. RR/SPMS for any marker. These data indicate that the IL-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-2R beta, IL-4, IL-9 and IL-10 genes are unlikely to be susceptibility loci for MS in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V McDonnell
- Northern Ireland Neurology Service, Royal Victoria Hospital, Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK
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37
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Maffione AB, Tatò E, Losito S, Nacci C, Mitolo V, Troiano M, Ruggieri M, Livrea P, Jirillo E. In vivo effects of recombinant-interferon-beta1b treatment on polymorphonuclear cell and monocyte functions and on T-cell-mediated antibacterial activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2000; 22:1-18. [PMID: 10737253 DOI: 10.3109/08923970009016402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with Interferon (IFN)-beta has been proposed as a therapeutic approach in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, mostly in view of its immunomodulating actions. At the same time, evidence has been provided that MS patients exhibit polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) deficits, which can explain the increased susceptibility to infections in these subjects. Here, in 28 patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) MS under treatment with recombinant (r)-IFN-beta PMN polarization and PMN and monocyte (MO) phagocytosis and killing, as well as T-cell mediated antibacterial activity, were evaluated before treatment and over a period of nine months of treatment. Our results point out an enhanced rate of polarization (both "spontaneous" or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced) in MS patients. After r-IFN-beta1b treatment the polarization rate was further increased. On the contrary, PMN and MO phagocytosis and killing were depressed in comparison to controls and values were further reduced by r-IFN-beta1b treatment. In patients T-cell mediated antibacterial activity was decreased at T0 and dramatically dropped in the course of r-IFN-beta1b therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Maffione
- Anatomy, University of Bari, Medical School, Italy
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38
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Horiuchi I, Kawano Y, Yamasaki K, Minohara M, Furue M, Taniwaki T, Miyazaki T, Kira JI. Th1 dominance in HAM/TSP and the optico-spinal form of multiple sclerosis versus Th2 dominance in mite antigen-specific IgE myelitis. J Neurol Sci 2000; 172:17-24. [PMID: 10620655 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the Th1/Th2 balance in spinal cord inflammation, we used ELISA to measure the total and allergen-specific IgE in 69 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS), including 24 patients with the optico-spinal form of MS, 45 with HAM/TSP, 30 HTLV-I carriers without HAM/TSP, 40 patients with acute myelitis, 43 with neurodegenerative disorders, and 42 healthy subjects, and flow cytometry to study the intracellular IFNgamma-positive versus IL-4-positive cell ratio (intracellular IFNgamma/IL-4 ratio) in peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells in 40 patients with MS, including 17 patients with the optico-spinal form of MS, 23 with HAM/TSP, 22 with acute myelitis, 23 with neurodegenerative disorders, and 36 healthy subjects. Patients with HAM/TSP showed a significantly higher intracellular IFNgamma/IL-4 ratio, lower IL-4(+)/IFN-gamma(-) cell percentages, lower total IgE level, and lower frequency of cedar pollen-specific IgE than did the controls. The patients with optico-spinal MS showed a significantly higher intracellular IFNgamma/IL-4 ratio and higher IL-4(-)/IFN-gamma(+) cell percentages than the controls even at remission or in the convalescence phase. In contrast, in the patients with acute myelitis, the total serum IgE level and the frequency of mite antigen-specific IgE were significantly elevated in comparison to the controls, while those having mite antigen-specific IgE myelitis showed a significantly lower IFNgamma/IL-4 ratio in the CD4(+) T cells in comparison to the controls. These findings suggest that the Th1 cell response is predominant in HAM/TSP and optico-spinal MS, whereas the Th2 cell response is predominant in mite antigen-specific IgE myelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Horiuchi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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39
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Huang WX, Huang P, Link H, Hillert J. Cytokine analysis in multiple sclerosis by competitive RT - PCR: A decreased expression of IL-10 and an increased expression of TNF-alpha in chronic progression. Mult Scler 1999; 5:342-8. [PMID: 10516778 DOI: 10.1177/135245859900500507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease that is specific to the central nervous system. Cytokines are thought to be key mediators of the autoimmune attack against central nervous system myelin in MS. To investigate the involvement of cytokines in MS, the mRNA levels of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells without stimulation in vitro were quantified by a competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique. The level of IL-10 specific mRNA was significantly decreased in 47 MS patients compared with 42 healthy controls (P<0.0001). TNF-alpha was significantly increased in MS patients compared with healthy controls (P=0.014), especially in the patients with chronic progressive MS (P=0.0003). Thus we conclude that there are significant in vivo alterations in cytokine gene expression in the periphery in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- W X Huang
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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40
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Rohowsky-Kochan C, Molinaro D, Choudhry A, Kahn M, Cook SD. Impaired interleukin-12 production in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 1999; 5:327-34. [PMID: 10516776 DOI: 10.1177/135245859900500505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a disease of the human central nervous system, is believed to be a T cell mediated autoimmune disorder with genetic and environmental influences. Interleukin-12 (IL-12), a proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by antigen presenting cells is a potent inducer of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and other Th1 cytokines that may play an important role in MS pathogenesis. We have investigated IL-12 production induced by the T cell independent pathway in untreated and IFN-beta treated MS patients, healthy individuals and other neurological disease (OND) patients in response to the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. We report that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from untreated MS patients produce normal amounts of the biologically active IL-12 p70 heterodimer but significantly less free IL-12 p40 heavy chain than PBMC from both healthy and disease controls when challenged in vitro with Staphylococcus aureus. Both mRNA expression of the inducible IL-12 p40 chain and protein levels were found to be reduced in untreated MS patients. No decrease in the production of the IL-12 p40 was seen in MS patients on IFN-beta therapy. The decreased production of IL-12 p40 heavy chain is not attributed to increased IL-10 secretion, a defect in the production of cytokines by macrophages or the number of cytokine producing cells. The factor(s) responsible for the decrease in p40 remain to be determined. Since IL-12 p40 antagonizes the biological activity of IL-12 in vitro and in vivo, identification of a defect in the 'natural' antagonist of IL-12, may provide the basis for immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rohowsky-Kochan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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41
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Balashov KE, Rottman JB, Weiner HL, Hancock WW. CCR5(+) and CXCR3(+) T cells are increased in multiple sclerosis and their ligands MIP-1alpha and IP-10 are expressed in demyelinating brain lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:6873-8. [PMID: 10359806 PMCID: PMC22009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.12.6873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T cell-dependent chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The role of chemokines in MS and its different stages is uncertain. Recent data suggest a bias in expression of chemokine receptors by Th1 vs. Th2 cells; human Th1 clones express CXCR3 and CCR5 and Th2 clones express CCR3 and CCR4. Chemokine receptors expressed by Th1 cells may be important in MS, as increased interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) precedes clinical attacks, and IFN-gamma injection induces disease exacerbations. We found CXCR3(+) T cells increased in blood of relapsing-remitting MS, and both CCR5(+) and CXCR3(+) T cells increased in progressive MS compared with controls. Furthermore, peripheral blood CCR5(+) T cells secreted high levels of IFN-gamma. In the brain, the CCR5 ligand, MIP-1alpha, was strongly associated with microglia/macrophages, and the CXCR3 ligand, IP-10, was expressed by astrocytes in MS lesions but not unaffected white matter of control or MS subjects. Areas of plaque formation were infiltrated by CCR5-expressing and, to a lesser extent, CXCR3-expressing cells; Interleukin (IL)-18 and IFN-gamma were expressed in demyelinating lesions. No leukocyte expression of CCR3, CCR4, or six other chemokines, or anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and transforming growth factor-beta was observed. Thus, chemokine receptor expression may be used for immunologic staging of MS and potentially for other chronic autoimmune/inflammatory processes such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diabetes, or chronic transplant rejection. Furthermore, these results provide a rationale for the use of agents that block CCR5 and/or CXCR3 as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Balashov
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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Nguyen LT, Ramanathan M, Munschauer F, Brownscheidle C, Krantz S, Umhauer M, Miller C, DeNardin E, Jacobs LD. Flow cytometric analysis of in vitro proinflammatory cytokine secretion in peripheral blood from multiple sclerosis patients. J Clin Immunol 1999; 19:179-85. [PMID: 10404403 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020555711228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytokines, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) are important endogenous proinflammatory proteins and have been linked to disease activity in multiple sclerosis. In this study, we use flow cytometric methodology to compare the secretion of IFN-gamma, IL-2, and TNF-alpha from peripheral blood-derived T cells of multiple sclerosis patients to the secretion in healthy controls. The percentages of IFN-gamma, IL-2, and TNF-alpha secreting cells are not significantly different between multiple sclerosis patients and controls. However, the TNF-alpha secreting CD3 cell percentage is correlated with the IFN-gamma and IL-2 secreting CD3 cell percentages in multiple sclerosis patients. In the controls, only the TNF-alpha secreting CD3 cell percentage is correlated with IFN-gamma. These findings show that correlated secretion of cytokines occurs in multiple sclerosis and suggest that concerted intercytokine interactions may play an important role in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, State University of New York at Buffalo 14260, USA
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43
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Inogés S, Merino J, Bandrés E, De Castro P, Subirá ML, Sánchez-Ibarrola A. Cytokine flow cytometry differentiates the clinical status of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 115:521-5. [PMID: 10193428 PMCID: PMC1905256 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have examined intracellular cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of MS patients by flow cytometry (cytokine flow cytometry). MS progressive patients showed an increased number of cells producing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) after activation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin, compared with patients with clinically inactive forms (P < 0001) and with healthy controls (P = 0001). These cells belonged to the CD4+ and CD8+ subsets in similar proportions. Clinically inactive patients showed a lower level of cells producing IL-2 than controls (P = 0.03) and active MS patients (P = 0.03). Most IL-2-producing cells were CD4+ lymphocytes, although a small part of the IL-2 was also produced by CD8+ cells. The percentage of cells producing simultaneously IL-2 and IFN-gamma was increased in active MS and they were mainly CD4+ lymphocytes. No differences in the production of IL-4 were observed between groups. However, we found an increased IL-10 production in clinically active MS patients (P = 0.03). Treatment with IFN-beta of active MS patients showed lower levels of cytokines when compared with untreated MS patients. This methodological approach could help in the follow up and therapeutic monitoring of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inogés
- Department of Immunology, Clínica Universitaria and School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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44
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Mohr DC, Goodkin DE. Treatment of depression in multiple sclerosis: Review and meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/clipsy.6.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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45
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Bright JJ, Du C, Coon M, Sriram S, Klaus SJ. Prevention of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis via Inhibition of IL-12 Signaling and IL-12-Mediated Th1 Differentiation: An Effect of the Novel Anti-Inflammatory Drug Lisofylline. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.12.7015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory, CD4+ Th1-mediated autoimmune disease, which serves as a model for multiple sclerosis. We examined the effect of a novel anti-inflammatory drug, lisofylline (LSF), on EAE induced either by injection of mouse spinal cord homogenate or following transfer of myelin basic protein-reactive T cells. Orally administered LSF significantly inhibited EAE in both cases, decreasing peak clinical scores by >70% and >80%, respectively. In addition, analysis of representative spinal cord sections from LSF-treated mice showed complete lack of demyelination and lymphocyte infiltration. The reduction in EAE correlated with the inhibition of Th1 differentiation by LSF in vivo, as indicated by a reduction in T cell IFN-γ production ex vivo after Ag restimulation. The inhibition of Th1 differentiation in vivo is consistent with a block in IL-12 receptor signaling, because LSF blocked IL-12-driven Th1 differentiation and T cell proliferation in vitro, yet had no effect on IL-12 secretion from APCs ex vivo or in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Bright
- *Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212; and
| | - Caigan Du
- *Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212; and
| | | | - Subramaniam Sriram
- *Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212; and
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46
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Abstract
1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] exerts several effects on the immune system, by regulating lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation of monocytes and secretion of cytokines as IL-2, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IFN-gamma in T cells. Here, we analyze the effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on IFN-gamma gene transcription. Transient transfection assays in Jurkat T cells indicate that activation of the IFN-gamma promoter is down-regulated by 1,25-(OH)2D3. This effect is enhanced by retinoid X receptor (RXR), and a functional vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) DNA-binding domain in necessary for repression. We delineated two important promoter regions mainly involved in this modulation. The first of these is situated at the level of a promoter-silencer previously characterized and binds the heterodimer VDR-RXR in electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Residual negative regulation was also detected at the level of the promoter fragment -108 to +64 bp from the transcription start site and, surprisingly, the activity of the IFN-gamma enhancer from -108 to -36 bp in the context of a heterologous promoter was not affected by 1,25-(OH)2D3. Moreover, binding activity for VDR-RXR has been detected in the IFN-gamma minimal promoter, suggesting a possible mechanism of interference with transcription initiation/progression. The overall data indicate that direct modulation of the IFN-gamma promoter activity is one of the possible mechanisms involved in the repressive effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on IFN-gamma gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cippitelli
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
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47
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Ackerman KD, Martino M, Heyman R, Moyna NM, Rabin BS. Stressor-induced alteration of cytokine production in multiple sclerosis patients and controls. Psychosom Med 1998; 60:484-91. [PMID: 9710295 DOI: 10.1097/00006842-199807000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We administered an acute psychological stressor to multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and normal controls to determine whether differences in subjective and physiological responses to stress may underlie the susceptibility of MS patients to stress-related exacerbations. METHOD Twenty-five MS patients (18 female, 7 male) and 25 age- and gender-matched controls participated in the study. They were asked to give a 5-minute videotaped speech defending themselves in a hypothetical scenario in which they were wrongly accused of stealing. Subjective and autonomic responses were monitored, and blood was sampled at baseline, 5, 20, and 60 minutes after the stressor to assess mitogen-stimulated production of interleukin-1beta(IL-1beta), interleukin-4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). RESULTS MS patients and controls demonstrated similar subjective and physiological responses to the stressor that were independent of gender, mood, and disability status. The macrophage-derived cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were increased during the stressor, and remained elevated through 60 minutes. Th1 lymphocyte-derived IFN-gamma production also was increased at 5 and 60 minutes relative to baseline; however, there was no change in the Th2 lymphocyte-derived cytokine IL-4. CONCLUSIONS These results favor the hypothesis that MS patients do not differ in stress response from normal controls; however, psychological stress may enhance cellular immune responses that would be potentially harmful to MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Ackerman
- The Brain, Behavior and Immunity Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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48
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Hohnoki K, Inoue A, Koh CS. Elevated serum levels of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and TNF-alpha/unelevated serum levels of IL-10 in patients with demyelinating diseases during the acute stage. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 87:27-32. [PMID: 9670842 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10 and TNF-alpha in the sera of 42 patients with demyelinating diseases: multiple sclerosis (MS) (21), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) (14), Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) (7) during the acute or active stage and 12 normal controls using an originally devised sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found elevated serum levels of IFN-gamma derived from T helper 1 (Th1) cells and of IL-4 derived from Th2 cells in MS, GBS and MFS. It has been reported in several studies that IL-4 production is increased in MS; however, there have been no reports of elevated serum IL-4 levels in MS. We here describe elevated serum levels of IL-4 in MS, GBS and MFS for the first time. Serum TNF-alpha levels were significantly elevated in patients with MS (p < 0.01). Serum TNF-alpha levels also tended to be elevated in patients with GBS and MFS, but not significantly elevated compared with those of controls. Serum IL-10 levels were not elevated significantly in these diseases, although several patients had higher levels of serum IL-10 than controls. These findings suggest that simultaneous activation of both Th1 and Th2 cells may occur during the acute stage, indicating systemic involvement of the immune system in patients with MS, GBS and MFS. Levels of serum IFN-gamma were two- to three-fold higher than those of serum IL-4 in all three demyelinating diseases. We may then conclude that Th1 response may be dominant in GBS and MFS during the acute stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hohnoki
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Higashinagano National Hospital, Uwano, Nagano, Japan
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49
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Abstract
The total and mite antigen-specific IgE in the sera were measured in 60 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 40 healthy controls by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using two common mite antigens, Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, in order to study the role of atopy in MS. Neither the total IgE level nor the frequency of mite antigen-specific IgE differed significantly between the MS patients (mean total IgE 162 U/ml, 42% mite IgE-positive) and healthy controls (mean total IgE 168 U/ml, 35% mite IgE-positive). The MS patients with mite antigen-specific IgE showed a significantly higher level of serum total IgE (mean 293 U/ml, P=0.0005) and a higher frequency of atopic disorders (36%, P=0.0508) than did the MS patients without mite antigen-specific IgE (mean total IgE 68 U/ml, atopic disorders 14%). The former group also showed a significantly higher frequency of male (P=0.0216), a younger age of onset (P=0.0081), a lower expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score (P=0.03) and a lower protein content in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (P=0.0426) than the latter, while the duration of disease and a number of relapses did not differ significantly between the two groups. In addition, the mite IgE-positive MS showed a very low frequency of oligoclonal IgG bands in CSF (4%) and a significantly higher association of HLA-A24 (87.5%) than the healthy controls (45%). Therefore, the presence of IgE response to the mite antigens and atopy appeared to significantly lessen the severity of the disease and the immunologic abnormalities in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kira
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Petereit HF, Bamborschke S, Esse AD, Heiss WD. Interferon gamma producing blood lymphocytes are decreased by interferon beta therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 1997; 3:180-3. [PMID: 9310963 DOI: 10.1177/135245859700300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the individual course of interferon gamma producing blood lymphocyte count (IFGC) of 15 multiple sclerosis patients started on 8 MIU beta interferon administered subcutaneously each other day. METHODS Mononuclear blood cells were prepared before treatment and on day 3, 9, 15, as well as after month 1, 2, 3 and 4 of therapy. After stimulation intracellular interferon gamma was detected with monoclonal fluorescent antibodies and measured by flow cytometry. IFGC is given as percentage of all gated lymphocytes. RESULTS forty-eight hours after first interferon beta application the mean IFGC dropped significantly from 11.37 to 7.09 (P < 0.05) and to 4.22 within 4 months. Whereas the majority of patients showed a decrease of IFGC from the beginning of therapy, in three of the 15 patients a transient increase of IFGC was seen suggesting a different response to immunomodulatory therapy. CONCLUSIONS Interferon gamma producing lymphocyte count might be a useful tool to determine the biological effect of interferon beta therapy in multiple sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Petereit
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Neurologie, Medzinische Einrichtungen, Universität zu Köln, Germany
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