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Mori T, Yoshizawa K, Nomura M, Isotani K, Torigoe K, Tsukiyama Y, Narita M, Suzuki T. Sigma-1 receptor function is critical for both the discriminative stimulus and aversive effects of the kappa-opioid receptor agonist U-50488H. Addict Biol 2012; 17:717-24. [PMID: 21392175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to identify possible similarities between the effects of kappa-opioid receptor agonist, N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor antagonist, and sigma receptor agonist on the discriminative stimulus effects of U-50488H, and the possible involvement of sigma receptors in the discriminative stimulus and aversive effects of U-50488H. The kappa-opioid receptor agonist U-50488H produced significant place aversion as measured by the conditioned place preference procedure, and this effect was completely abolished by treatment with the putative sigma-1 receptor antagonist NE-100. In addition, phencyclidine (+)-SKF-10047 and (+)-pentazocine, which are sigma receptor agonists, generalized to the discriminative stimulus effects of U-50488H in rats that had been trained to discriminate between U-50488H (3.0 mg/kg) and saline. Furthermore, NE-100 significantly attenuated the discriminative stimulus effects of U-50488H and the U-50488H-like discriminative stimulus effects of phencyclidine. These results suggest that the sigma-1 receptor is responsible for both the discriminative stimulus effects and aversive effects of U-50488H.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anisoles/pharmacology
- Avoidance Learning/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Discrimination Learning/drug effects
- Discrimination, Psychological/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Male
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Pentazocine/pharmacology
- Phenazocine/analogs & derivatives
- Phenazocine/pharmacology
- Phencyclidine/pharmacology
- Propylamines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, sigma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sigma-1 Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Mori
- Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Japan Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Japan
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2
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Yuan Y, Stevens DL, Braithwaite A, Scoggins KL, Bilsky EJ, Akbarali HI, Dewey WL, Zhang Y. 6β-N-heterocyclic substituted naltrexamine derivative NAP as a potential lead to develop peripheral mu opioid receptor selective antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4731-4. [PMID: 22683223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A 6β-N-heterocyclic substituted naltrexamine derivative, NAP, was proposed as a peripheral mu opioid receptor (MOR) selective antagonist based on the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies. To further validate this notion, several functional assays were carried out to fully characterize this compound. In the charcoal gavage and intestinal motility assay in morphine-pelleted mice, when administered 0.3 mg/kg or higher doses up to 3 mg/kg subcutaneously, NAP significantly increased the intestinal motility compared to the saline treatment. The comparative opioid withdrawal precipitation study and the lower locomotor assay demonstrated that NAP showed only marginal intrinsic effect in the central nervous system either given subcutaneously or intravenously: no jumps were witnessed for the tested animals even given up to a dose of 50 mg/kg, while similar noticeable wet-dog shakes only occurred at the dose 50 times of those for naloxone or naltrexone, and significant reduction of the hyper-locomotion only happened at the dose as high as 32 mg/kg. Collectively, these results suggested that NAP may serve as a novel lead to develop peripheral MOR selective antagonist which might possess therapeutic potential for opioid-induced bowel dysfunction (OBD), such as opioid-induced constipation (OIC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, PO Box 980540, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
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3
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Roth-Deri I, Green-Sadan T, Yadid G. Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 86:1-21. [PMID: 18602444 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. Beta-endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Roth-Deri
- Neuropharmacology Section, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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4
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Akhter N, Shiba K, Ogawa K, Kinuya S, Nakajima K, Mori H. In vivo characterization of radioiodinated (+)-2-[4-(4-iodophenyl) piperidino] cyclohexanol as a potential sigma-1 receptor imaging agent. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:697-702. [PMID: 17707810 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the (+)-enantiomer of radioiodinated 2-[4-(4-iodophenyl)piperidino]cyclohexanol [(+)-[(125)I]-p-iodovesamicol] [(+)-[(125)I]pIV], which is reported to bind with high affinity to sigma-1 receptors in vitro, was tested for its usefulness in imaging sigma-1 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) in vivo. In biodistribution studies, significant amounts (approximately 3% of the injected dose) of (+)-[(125)I]pIV accumulated in rat brain, and its retention was prolonged. In blocking studies, the accumulation of (+)-[(125)I]pIV in the rat brain was significantly reduced by the coadministration of sigma-ligands such as pentazocine (5.0 micromol), haloperidol (0.5 micromol) or SA4503 (0.5 micromol). The blocking effect of pentazocine (selective sigma-1 ligand) was similar to the blocking effects of SA4503 and haloperidol [nonselective sigma (sigma-1 and sigma-2) ligands]. Ex vivo autoradiography of the rat brain at 45 min following intravenous injection of (+)-[(125)I]pIV showed high localization in brain areas rich in sigma-1 receptors. Thus, the distribution of (+)-[(125)I]pIV was thought to bind to sigma-1 receptors in the CNS in vivo. These results indicate that radioiodinated (+)-pIV may have the potential to image sigma-1 receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasima Akhter
- Department of Biotracer Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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5
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6
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Illes P. Modulation of transmitter and hormone release by multiple neuronal opioid receptors. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 112:139-233. [PMID: 2573137 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0027497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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Mamiya T, Noda Y, Noda A, Hiramatsu M, Karasawa K, Kameyama T, Furukawa S, Yamada K, Nabeshima T. Effects of sigma receptor agonists on the impairment of spontaneous alternation behavior and decrease of cyclic GMP level induced by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in mice. Neuropharmacology 2000; 39:2391-8. [PMID: 10974323 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(00)00078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the involvement of the interaction between sigma receptors and the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in short term memory in mice, assessed through spontaneous alternation behavior in a Y-maze. N(G)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and 7-nitro indazole, both nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, impaired the spontaneous alternation behavior. These impairments were attenuated by (+) SKF 10,047 and (+) pentazocine, sigma(1) receptor agonists. Further, the sigma(1) receptor antagonist, NE-100, reversed the improvements made by sigma receptor agonists. Cyclic GMP levels and nitric oxide synthase activity in the hippocampus were reduced by treatment with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. The suppressive effects of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester on the cyclic GMP levels were reversed by co-treatment with (+) SKF 10,047, but the decline in nitric oxide synthase activity was not. These results suggest that the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in the hippocampus is responsible for spontaneous alternation behavior in a Y-maze. Further, the ameliorating effects of (+) SKF 10,047 on the impairment of spontaneous alternation behavior may be mediated through activation of guanylate cyclase, but not nitric oxide synthase in the hippocampus of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mamiya
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, 466-8560, Nagoya, Japan
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8
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Zou LB, Yamada K, Nabeshima T. Sigma receptor ligands (+)-SKF10,047 and SA4503 improve dizocilpine-induced spatial memory deficits in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 355:1-10. [PMID: 9754932 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of the sigma receptor ligands (+)-N-allylnormetazocine ((+)-SKF10,047) and 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (SA4503) on dizocilpine-induced impairment of working and reference memory in a radial arm maze task in rats. Dizocilpine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, significantly impaired both reference and working memory, an effect which was accompanied by ataxia and impairment of food intake. The dizocilpine-induced impairment of reference memory was dose-dependently attenuated by (+)-SKF10,047 and SA4503. SA4503 also attenuated the dizocilpine-induced working memory impairment, although (+)-SKF10,047 had no effect. Neither sigma receptor ligand affected the behavioral symptoms such as ataxia and impairment of food intake induced by dizocilpine. The ameliorating effects of both (+)-SKF10,047 and SA4503 on dizocilpine-induced spatial memory impairment were completely antagonized by a sigma1 receptor antagonist N,N-dipropyl-2-[4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl]-ethylamine-mon ohydrochloride. These results suggest that the interaction of sigma1 receptors with NMDA receptors modulates spatial memory in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Zou
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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9
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Faherty CJ, Earley B, Leonard BE. Behavioural effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors following direct micro injection into the left red nucleus of the rat. J Psychopharmacol 1997; 11:53-8. [PMID: 9097894 DOI: 10.1177/026988119701100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The behavioural effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine) and reference compounds (N,N'-di(o-tolyl)guanidine, haloperidol, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(l-propyl)piperidine and chlorpromazine) were studied for their ability to produce dystonia and torticollis following direct micro injection into the left red nucleus of the rat, an area of the brain containing a high density of sigma2 receptors but relatively devoid of biogenic amine receptors. Each animal was monitored for abnormalities in posture and movement for a period of 30 min and then sacrificed 40 min following drug administation. Only fluvoxamine (100 nmol) and fluoxetine (100 nmol) elicited acute dystonic behaviour (1-5 min). The onset of dystonia was accompanied by facial spasticity, vacuous chewing movements and grooming behaviour which reflected the extent of dystonia. The dystonic behaviour following the direct intrarubal injection of fluvoxamine and fluoxetine suggest the possible activation of sigma2 receptors while citalopram, sertraline and paroxetine were without effect. The results of this study support the role of sigma2 receptors in the regulation and control of movement and coordination and provides preliminary evidence to suggest the in vivo activity of sigma receptors by fluoxetine and fluvoxamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Faherty
- Department of Pharmacology, University College, Galway, Ireland
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10
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Kitaichi K, Noda Y, Hasegawa T, Furukawa H, Nabeshima T. In vivo functional interaction between phencyclidine binding sites and sigma receptors to produce head-weaving behavior in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 318:205-11. [PMID: 9016907 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(96)00771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the in vivo functional interaction between phencyclidine (1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine; PCP) binding sites and sigma receptors, we examined the effects of sigma receptor ligands on stereotyped head-weaving behavior induced by PCP, a putative PCP/sigma receptor ligand, and (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclo-hepten-5,10-imin e ((+)-MK-801; dizocilpine), a selective PCP binding site ligand, in rats. PCP (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced head-weaving behavior was inhibited by both N,N-dipropyl-2-[4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)-phenyl]-ethylamine (NE-100; 0.03-1.0 mg/kg, p.o.), a selective sigma1 receptor ligand, and alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperidine butanol (BMY-14802; 3 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.), a prototype sigma receptor ligand, in a dose-dependent manner, whereas NE-100 (0.1-1.0 mg/kg, p.o.) and BMY-14802 (3 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) did not inhibit dizocilpine (0.25 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced head-weaving behavior. These results suggest that NE-100 and BMY-14802 act via sigma receptors. Dizocilpine-induced head-weaving behavior was potentiated by 1,3-di-o-tolyl-guanidine (DTG; 0.03-0.3 microg/kg, i.v.) and (+)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1-propyl)piperidine ((+)-3-PPP; 3 and 6 mg/kg, i.p.), sigma1/sigma2 receptor ligands, as well as by (+)-N-allyl-normetazocine ((+)-SKF-10,047: 8 mg/kg, i.p.), a sigma1 receptor ligand, while DTG (0.3 microg/kg, i.v.), (+)-3-PPP (6 mg/kg, i.p.) and (+)-SKF-10,047 (8 mg/kg, i.p.) did not induce this behavior. Potentiation of dizocilpine-induced head-weaving behavior by DTG (0.3 microg/kg, i.v.), (+)-3-PPP (6 mg/kg, i.p.) and (+)-SKF-10,047 (8 mg/kg, i.p.) was completely blocked by NE-100 (0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) and BMY-14802 (10 mg/kg, p.o.). These results suggest that PCP binding sites and sigma receptors are involved in PCP-induced head weaving behavior, and that sigma1 receptors play an important role in modulation of the head-weaving behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kitaichi
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Japan
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11
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Kassiou M, Nguyen VH, Knott R, Christie MJ, Hambley TW. Trishomocubanes, a new class of selective and high affinity ligands for the sigma binding site. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Ohno M, Watanabe S. Intrahippocampal administration of (+)-SKF 10,047, a sigma ligand, reverses MK-801-induced impairment of working memory in rats. Brain Res 1995; 684:237-42. [PMID: 7583231 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00489-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to clarify the roles of the hippocampal sigma site and phencyclidine (PCP) binding site on the NMDA receptor/channel complex in the regulation of working memory in rats, the effects of intrahippocampal administration of ligands for both binding sites on this behavior were examined with a three-panel runway task. MK-801, a potent noncompetitive NMDA antagonist with high affinity for the PCP site, significantly increased the number of working memory errors (attempts to pass through two incorrect panels of the three panel-gates at four choice points), when injected bilaterally at 0.1 and 0.18 microgram/side into the dorsal hippocampus. However, intrahippocampal injection of (+)-SKF 10,047, a sigma ligand, at doses up to 1.0 microgram/side had no significant effect on the number of working memory errors. The working memory impairment induced by intrahippocampal MK-801 (0.18 microgram/side) was attenuated by concurrent injection of 1.0 microgram/side (+)-SKF 10,047, but not by that of 1.0 microgram/side (-)-SKF 10,047. These results suggest that activation of hippocampal sigma and PCP binding sites exerts antagonistic effects on working memory function, possibly through modulation of NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohno
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Kest B, Mogil JS, Sternberg WF, Pechnick RN, Liebeskind JC. Antinociception following 1,3,-di-o-tolylguanidine, a selective sigma receptor ligand. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995; 50:587-92. [PMID: 7617705 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(94)00346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The role of sigma receptors in antinociceptive processes remains equivocal, because previous sigma drugs also bind to PCP/NMDA and opiate receptors. The present study examined the antinociceptive effects of the high-affinity, sigma-selective ligand 1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG; 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg, IP) on tail-withdrawal latencies in mice. DTG produced significant but short-lived increases in withdrawal latencies at all dose levels. DTG also produced hypothermia, but this effect was dissociable from antinociception. The highly selective sigma ligand rimcazole (10 and 25 mg/kg, IP) antagonized DTG antinociception in a dose-dependent manner. The opiate antagonist naloxone and the PCP/NMDA antagonist MK-801 were, however, without effect. Haloperidol, which also binds to sigma receptors, increased withdrawal latencies but did not alter DTG antinociception. These data implicate sigma receptors as the site of DTG antinociception, and more generally support the distinction between sigma, opiate, and PCP/NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kest
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles 90024, USA
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14
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Sharp FR, Butman M, Koistinaho J, Aardalen K, Nakki R, Massa SM, Swanson RA, Sagar SM. Phencyclidine induction of the hsp 70 stress gene in injured pyramidal neurons is mediated via multiple receptors and voltage gated calcium channels. Neuroscience 1994; 62:1079-92. [PMID: 7845588 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, including phencyclidine, ketamine, and MK801, produce vacuoles and induce the hsp 70 stress gene in layer III pyramidal neurons of the rat cingulate cortex. This study shows that phencyclidine (50 mg/kg) induces hsp 70 messenger RNA and HSP70 stress protein primarily in pyramidal neurons in posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex, neocortex, insular cortex, piriform cortex, hippocampus, and in the basal nuclei of the amygdala. Several neurotransmitter receptor antagonists inhibited induction of HSP70 produced by phencyclidine (50 mg/kg): haloperidol (ED50 = 0.8 mg/kg), clozapine (ED50 = 1 mg/kg), valium (ED50 = 1 mg/kg), SCH 23390 (ED50 = 7 mg/kg) and muscimol (ED50 = 3 mg/kg). Baclofen had no effect. Nifedipine blocked the induction of HSP70 produced by phencyclidine in some regions (cingulate, neocortex, insular cortex) but only partially blocked HSP70 induction in other regions (piriform cortex, amygdala). These results suggest that phencyclidine injuries pyramidal neurons via dopamine D1, D2, D4, sigma and other receptors. Several factors appear to contribute to this unusual multi-receptor mediated injury. (1) Phencyclidine blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on GABAergic interneurons resulting in decreased inhibition of pyramidal neurons. This may help to explain why multiple excitatory receptors mediate the injury and why GABAA agonists decrease the injury produced by phencyclidine. (2) Phencyclidine blockade of an amine transporter helps explain why dopamine receptor antagonists ameliorate injury. (3) Phencyclidine depolarizes neurons and produces high, potentially damaging intracellular calcium levels probably by blocking K+ channels that may be linked to sigma receptors. Since nifedipine prevents injury in cingulate, insula, and neocortex, it appears that calcium entry through L-type voltage gated calcium channels plays a role in the pyramidal neuronal injury produced by phencyclidine in these regions. There are similarities between the cingulate neurons injured by phencyclidine and circuits recently hypothesized to explain receptor changes in cingulate gyrus of schizophrenic patients. The present and previous studies also provide approaches for decreasing the clinical side effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists to facilitate their possible use in the treatment of ischemia and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco
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15
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Reddy N, Fischer JB, Burke-Howie KJ, Barmettler P, Rhodes MR, Weber E, Keana JF. N,N′-disubstituted acetamidines as high affinity sigma receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)81027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Scalzo FM, Burge LJ. The ontogeny of phencyclidine-induced wall climbing and locomotor activity. Dev Psychobiol 1992; 25:597-612. [PMID: 1487084 DOI: 10.1002/dev.420250806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Wall climbing behavior is an age-specific behavior that is elicited during postnatal Days 7 through 17 by various stimuli that include heat, odors, shock, and the catecholaminergic agonists apomorphine, amphetamine, and clonidine. In a previous study, a significant amount of wall climbing behavior was observed during ataxia and activity testing following phencyclidine (PCP) administration in Day 19 but not Day 40 rat pups. The present study describes the ontogeny of PCP-induced wall climbing behavior and locomotor activity. Frequency and duration of wall climbing bouts and locomotor activity were recorded on Days 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, or 40 following PCP treatment. On Day 12, all doses of PCP induced significant amounts of wall climbing behavior. A similar pattern of results was observed on Day 5 although these effects were not statistically significant. After Day 12, PCP-induced wall climbing behavior declined precipitously. PCP increased locomotor activity at all ages tested with maximum activities observed on Day 19. These results demonstrate that PCP-elicited wall climbing behavior follows an ontogenetic profile similar to that previously reported for other stimuli and that there are robust ontogenetic differences in the locomotor response to PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Scalzo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
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17
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Sharp FR, Butman M, Wang S, Koistinaho J, Graham SH, Sagar SM, Noble L, Berger P, Longo FM. Haloperidol prevents induction of the hsp70 heat shock gene in neurons injured by phencyclidine (PCP), MK801, and ketamine. J Neurosci Res 1992; 33:605-16. [PMID: 1484394 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490330413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists, PCP (phencyclidine), MK801, and ketamine produce psychosis in humans and abnormal vacuoles in posterior cingulate and retrosplenial rat cortical neurons. We show that PCP (> or = 5 mg/kg), MK801 (> or = 0.1 mg/kg), and ketamine (> 20 mg/kg) induce hsp70 mRNA and HSP70 heat shock protein in these vacuolated, injured neurons, and PCP also induces hsp70 in injured neocortical, piriform, and amygdala neurons. The PCP, MK801, and ketamine drug induced injury occurs in 30 day and older rats, but not in 0-20 day old rats, and is prevented by prior administration of the antipsychotic drugs haloperidol and rimcazole. Since haloperidol and rimcazole block dopamine and sigma receptors, and since M1 muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists also prevent the injury produced by PCP, MK801, and ketamine, future studies will be needed to determine whether dopamine, sigma, M1, or other receptors mediate the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
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Carruth MK, Fowler AA, Fairman RP, Mayer DJ, Leichnetz GR. Respiratory failure without pulmonary edema following injection of a glutamate agonist into the ventral medullary raphe of the rat. Brain Res Bull 1992; 28:365-78. [PMID: 1375523 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(92)90036-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Injection of ibotenic acid (IA), a glutamate agonist, into the ventral medullary raphe (VMR; especially the nucleus raphe magnus) of the rat produced respiratory failure and death following a predictable course of events. The response to the IA injection was characterized initially by increased respiratory frequency and was followed by pulmonary arterial hypertension, systemic arterial hypoxemia, acidosis, and hypothermia. Within 90 min apnea occurred as a terminal event in all animals. Gravimetric, bronchoalveolar lavage protein, and histological analyses revealed no evidence of pulmonary edema. Intracerebral (VMR) pretreatment with PPP, a sigma receptor agonist, or scopolamine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, prevented pulmonary failure and death even though postmortem histological analysis showed VMR cell loss and gliosis consequent to the cytotoxic IA injection. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that the VMR has a role in regulation of pulmonary blood flow. Preliminary pharmacological studies suggested that a disruption of glutamatergic and cholinergic mechanisms mediates the lethal pulmonary phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Carruth
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298
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19
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Samovilova NN, Vinogradov VA. Subcellular distribution of (+)-[3H]SKF 10,047 binding sites in rat liver. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 225:69-74. [PMID: 1311691 DOI: 10.1016/0922-4106(92)90041-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of (+)-[3H]SKF 10,047 binding sites and the distribution of the established plasma membrane, nuclear, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum markers in subcellular fractions of rat liver have been studied. The distribution profile of (+)-[3H]SKF 10,047 binding sites coincided with that of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, the endoplasmic reticulum marker. (+)-[3H]SKF 10,047 binding sites in rat liver are therefore suggested to be located on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and to represent a membrane-bound enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Samovilova
- Preclinical Research Department, Joint Venture 'Constanta', Moscow, USSR
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20
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Ferris RM, Russell A, Tang FLM, Topham PA. Labeling in vivo of sigma receptors in mouse brain with [3H]-(+)-SKF 10,047: Effects of phencyclidine, (+)- and (?)-N-allylnormetazocine, and other drugs. Drug Dev Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430240107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Schwarz S, Zhou GZ, Katki AG, Rodbard D. Differential modulation by cations of sigma and phencyclidine binding sites in rat brain. JOURNAL OF RECEPTOR RESEARCH 1990; 10:11-27. [PMID: 2262931 DOI: 10.3109/10799899009064655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation attempted to differentiate haloperidol-sensitive sigma sites (sigma H) from phencyclidine (PCP) binding sites in rat brain membranes. We studied the effects of several cations at physiologically relevant concentrations on the binding of radioligands selective for sigma H sites ([3H]haloperidol, [3H](+)3-PPP**), and [3H](+)SKF10,047), or for PCP sites ([3H]PCP and [3H]TCP). The PCP sites displayed a markedly greater sensitivity to cations than sigma H sites. This property was reflected by a greater extent of inhibition of the binding of PCP-selective relative to sigma H-selective ligands at a given cation concentration, as well as by lower IC50's and by steeper slopes of the cation dose-response curves. Divalent cations were approximately 100 times more potent than monovalent cations. All cations were inhibitory, except Sr2+ and Ba2+ which, at micromolar concentrations, enhanced PCP binding but not sigma H binding. Thus, PCP-selective sites appeared to be distinct from sigma H sites with regards to several aspects of cation modulation. This is consistent with the view that PCP and sigma H sites are distinct molecular entities. Further, the marked cation sensitivity of the PCP site is consistent with the current hypothesis according to which the PCP site is linked to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-cation channel complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schwarz
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Physical Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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22
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Hansen JJ, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. Structural, conformational, and stereochemical requirements of central excitatory amino acid receptors. Med Res Rev 1990; 10:55-94. [PMID: 2153264 DOI: 10.1002/med.2610100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Hansen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen
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23
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24
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Tortella FC, Pellicano M, Bowery NG. Dextromethorphan and neuromodulation: old drug coughs up new activities. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1989; 10:501-7. [PMID: 2694543 DOI: 10.1016/0165-6147(89)90050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan is one of the most widely used non-opioid cough suppressants, representing the active ingredient in several over-the-counter antitussive formulations. It does not possess the CNS pharmacology of other opiates in humans (i.e. analgesia, respiratory depression, abuse liability or psychotomimetic properties), but since the discovery in 1981 of high affinity recognition sites in brain for dextromethorphan a unique neuropharmacological profile has emerged for this relatively innocuous drug. Anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties have been demonstrated, and treatment with dextromethorphan has been shown to improve the cerebrovascular and functional consequences of global cerebral ischemia. Frank Tortella and colleagues review the CNS pharmacology of dextromethorphan, its possible involvement with NMDA or sigma-receptors, and the potential clinical importance of this old 'new' drug.
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25
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Neumaier JF, Chavkin C. Calcium-dependent displacement of haloperidol-sensitive sigma receptor binding in rat hippocampal slices following tissue depolarization. Brain Res 1989; 500:215-22. [PMID: 2557959 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the possible existence of an endogenous ligand for the haloperidol-sensitive sigma receptor, we developed an in vitro competition assay to measure endogenous ligand release. Depolarization of in vitro hippocampal slices by either veratridine or potassium reduced [3H]ditolylguanidine binding in a calcium-dependent and transient manner. None of the drugs or iron substitutions directly affected [3H]ditolylguanidine binding to rat brain membranes. Veratridine-induced depolarization also reduced the binding of [3H](+)3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1-propyl)piperidine, another sigma radioligand, in a calcium-dependent manner. Radioligand displacement was not associated with alteration in sigma receptor dissociation kinetics or receptor degradation in the hippocampal slice. In contrast, KC1 depolarization had no effect on [3H]ditolyguanidine binding to sigma receptors in liver slices. The results suggest that a calcium-dependent, depolarization-induced reduction in sigma receptor binding may have been caused by the release of an endogenous sigma ligand in rat hippocampal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Neumaier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195
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26
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McClue SJ, Brazell C, Stahl SM. Hallucinogenic drugs are partial agonists of the human platelet shape change response: a physiological model of the 5-HT2 receptor. Biol Psychiatry 1989; 26:297-302. [PMID: 2742945 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have assayed several phenylalkylamine and indolealkylamine hallucinogens, as well as structurally similar nonhallucinogens, for their effect on human platelet shape change, a physiological model for the central serotonergic 5-HT2 receptor. The hallucinogenic drugs lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (N,N-DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT), 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (DOI), bufotenine, and mescaline all showed a characteristic 5-HT2 partial agonist effect on platelet shape change. Nonhallucinogens with structural similarity to hallucinogens did not share this profile. Lisuride, methysergide, and lysergic acid showed antagonism of 5-HT-induced shape change, but none were shape change agonists. Other "psychoactive" or mood-altering drugs (cocaine, amphetamine, phencyclidine) showed poor antagonism of 5-HT-induced platelet shape change. This work refines recent ideas that some of the behavioral effects of LSD-type hallucinogens in humans are due to their actions at 5-HT2 receptors and suggests that these hallucinogens are partial 5-HT2 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J McClue
- Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Harlow, Essex, England
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27
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Klein M, Paturzo JJ, Musacchio JM. The effect of prototypic sigma ligands on the binding of [3H]dextromethorphan to guinea pig brain. Neurosci Lett 1989; 97:175-80. [PMID: 2537477 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of several prototypic sigma site ligands on the binding of [3H]dextromethorphan ([3H]DM) to guinea pig brain. Haloperidol, 3-(-3-Hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1-propyl)piperidine [+)-3-PPP) and (+)-N-allyl-N-normetazocine [+)-NANM or (+)-SKF10,047), which are potent sigma site ligands, showed high affinity for [3H]DM binding sites. The rank order of potency of sigma ligands, as indicated by the Ki values for the high-affinity sites is: haloperidol greater than (+)-pentazocine greater than (+)-cyclazocine greater than (+)-SKF10,047 greater than (-)-butaclamol much greater than (+)-butaclamol greater than (-)-SKF10,047. This rank order of potency is similar to that for the sites labeled with [3H](+)-3-PPP and [3H](+)-SKF10,047. The (+)-isomers of several benzomorphans displayed higher affinity than the (-)-isomers. (-)-Butaclamol competed against [3H]DM binding more effectively than the (+)-isomer, displaying the same stereospecificity shown for sigma sites. The findings reported here demonstrate that there are previously unrecognized similarities between DM and sigma sites. It is evident that further exploration of the DM, sigma and phencyclidine (PCP) sites will be necessary to establish the physiological role and therapeutic potential of these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, N.Y.U. Medical Center, New York 10016
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28
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that sigma ligands and dextromethorphan (DM) bind to at least one common high-affinity site. DM and other antitussives do not produce psychotomimetic effects. This suggested that sigma ligands may produce their characteristic effects through another site, and prompted us to review critically the literature on the side effects of sigma opiates. Contrary to what is generally accepted, the dysphoric and psychotomimetic side effects of sigma opiates are mediated by the levo-and not by the dextrorotatory isomers. Moreover, these effects are unequivocally naloxone-reversible. Therefore, the current version of the "sigma receptor", with high affinity for the dextrorotatory sigma opiates, cannot explain the psychotomimetic effects of the levorotatory enantiomers. Thus, neither the "sigma ligands" nor its newly defined "receptor" are involved in the psychotomimetic effects of sigma opiates. Further experimentation with more selective drugs and with a combination of different methods will be necessary to identify the different binding sites, and to establish their physiological role and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Musacchio
- Department of Pharmacology, N.Y.U. Medical Center, NY 10016
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29
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Beart PM, Sheehan KA, Manallack DT. Absence of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on ovine cerebral microvessels. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1988; 8:879-82. [PMID: 2848048 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1988.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radioreceptor methods were used to quantitate the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-complex of ovine cerebral microvessels and cerebral gray matter. Specific binding of D[3H]2-amino-5-phosphono-pentanoate and [3H]1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine, ligands for the NMDA primary acceptor site and ionophore, respectively, was found in cerebral gray matter but was not detectable in membranes prepared from brain microvessels enriched in capillaries. Sigma receptors, another locus of action for phencyclidine congeners, were also not present on microvessels but were found in cortical homogenates. On the other hand, cerebral microvessels and gray matter contained significant numbers of beta-adrenoceptors. Our results indicate the NMDA receptors and NMDA antagonists are unlikely to regulate the function of the cerebral microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Beart
- University of Melbourne, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Malouf AT, Swearengen E, Chavkin C. Comparison of the actions of phencyclidine and sigma ligands on CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons in the rat. Neuropharmacology 1988; 27:1161-70. [PMID: 2849730 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(88)90012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To compare the actions of prototypic drugs which are selective for phencyclidine and sigma receptors, the electrophysiological effects of phencyclidine (PCP),3-[3-hydroxyphenyl]-N-(1-propyl)piperidine [+)3-PPP), and 1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine (DTG) on CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons were examined. A wide range of concentrations of drug was tested to differentiate specific, receptor-mediated effects from nonselective, anesthetic-like actions. At relatively large concentrations (0.1-1 mM), each compound reversibly increased the threshold of action potentials driven by Schaffer collaterals, the duration of action potentials and membrane resistance. The low potencies and rank order of potency suggested that phencyclidine, (+)3-PPP, and DTG were not acting through either high affinity sigma or phencyclidine receptors. These compounds did have receptor-mediated effects at smaller concentrations. Since none of the compounds affected evoked excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP or IPSP) or driven action potentials at subanesthetic concentrations (less than 100 microM), no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that the actions of phencyclidine result from enhanced release of transmitter, caused by the inhibition of a presynaptic potassium conductance. As observed in other neurons, phencyclidine blocked excitations in CA1 pyramidal cells mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) at behaviorally relevant concentrations (1-10 microM). However, (+)3-PPP (1 microM-1 mM) enhanced the pyramidal cell response to NMDA. Alone, DTG did not effect the NMDA-induced response but did inhibit the enhancement induced by (+)3-PPP. The agonist and antagonist actions of the sigma-selective ligands, (+)3-PPP and DTG, suggests that they modify NMDA-induced responses by acting at the sigma receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Malouf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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31
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Manallack DT, Beart PM. Up-regulation of rat cortical sigma receptors after subchronic administration of rimcazole and 1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine. Neuropharmacology 1988; 27:1201-3. [PMID: 2849732 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(88)90019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of subchronic administration of rimcazole and 1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine (DTG) on the central R(+)[3H]-3-[3-hydroxyphenyl]-N-(1-propyl)piperidine (R(+)[3H]-3-PPP) binding site were investigated in the rat. Subchronic treatment with rimcazole was characterized by a 30% increase in the density and a two-fold decrease in the affinity of R(+)[3H]-3-PPP binding sites relative to saline-treated animals. DTG, a more potent sigma ligand, produced a similar alteration to the affinity but a 130% increase in the density of R(+)[3H]-3-PPP binding sites. These data thus provide evidence for the functional involvement of sigma receptors in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Manallack
- University of Melbourne, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Klockgether T, Turski L, Schwarz M, Sontag KH, Lehmann J. Paradoxical convulsant action of a novel non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, tiletamine. Brain Res 1988; 461:343-8. [PMID: 2846121 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of tiletamine, 0.001 mumol, a presumed non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, protected mice from convulsions induced by NMDA and quinolinate, but not from those induced by excitatory amino acids interacting preferentially with non-NMDA receptors. At higher doses, however, tiletamine induced convulsions by itself. Tiletamine-induced convulsions were antagonized by the broad spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist, gamma-D-glutamylamino-methylsulphonate (gamma-D-GAMS), and were potentiated by the competitive NMDA antagonist, 2-amino-7-phosphonohepatanoate (AP7). Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of tiletamine, 0.01-1.0 mumol, dose-dependently suppressed spinal flexor reflexes. Tiletamine, 0.01 and 0.1 mumol, failed to affect spinal Hoffman- (H-) reflexes, whereas tiletamine, 1.0 mumol, led to a 50% increase of the H-reflex amplitude. It is concluded that the anticonvulsant and reflex suppressant action of tiletamine are due to antagonism of NMDA receptor-mediated excitation. The convulsant effect of tiletamine and its excitatory effect on spinal H-reflexes at higher doses, however, appear to be mediated by non-NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Klockgether
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, F.R.G
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33
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Davenport CJ, Monyer H, Choi DW. Tetrahydroaminoacridine selectively attenuates NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 1988; 154:73-8. [PMID: 2903064 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Addition of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor 1,2,3,4-tetra-9-hydroaminoacridine (THA) at 1-3 mM markedly reduced the neuronal cell loss that otherwise followed brief exposure of murine cortical cell cultures to 500 microM N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). This novel antagonism was selective for NMDA receptor-mediated toxicity, as it extended to glutamate toxicity but not to quisqualate toxicity, and was THA concentration-dependent between 100 microM and 3 mM, with IC50 approximately 500 microM. The antagonism was probably not due to enhancement of endogenous cholinergic action, as it was not mimicked by acetylcholine, carbachol, or bethanechol; rather, it likely reflected a recently described interaction of THA with the phencyclidine receptor. Exploration of structural specificity revealed some partial neuron-protection with high concentrations of other cholinesterase inhibitors--physostigmine, neostigmine, and edrophonium, but not the structurally related potassium channel blocker, 4-aminopyridine. Further examination of correlations between THA-like structure, and neuron-protective activity, may provide useful insights in the development of new antagonists of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Davenport
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305
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34
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Su TP, London ED, Jaffe JH. Steroid binding at sigma receptors suggests a link between endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. Science 1988; 240:219-21. [PMID: 2832949 DOI: 10.1126/science.2832949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Specific sigma binding sites have been identified in the mammalian brain and lymphoid tissue. In this study, certain gonadal and adrenal steroids, particularly progesterone, were found to inhibit sigma receptor binding in homogenates of brain and spleen. The findings suggest that steroids are naturally occurring ligands for sigma receptors and raise the possibility that these sites mediate some aspects of steroid-induced mental disturbances and alterations in immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Su
- Addiction Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
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35
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Parsons CG, Gibbens H, Magnago TS, Headley PM. At which 'sigma' site are the spinal actions of ketamine mediated? Neurosci Lett 1988; 85:322-8. [PMID: 2834675 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiological experiments have been performed on rat spinal nociceptive reflexes to examine whether the spinal actions of ketamine are mediated at the haloperidol-sensitive sigma-site (which is particularly concentrated in the spinal ventral horn) or at the other site which has been referred to as sigma and which is characterized by phencyclidine (PCP), an antagonist of N-methylaspartate (NMA). The effects of ketamine on nociceptive reflexes were not affected by haloperidol 1-100 micrograms/kg i.v. The anticonvulsive agent MK-801, which is active at the PCP site but relatively inactive at the haloperidol-sensitive sigma-site, behaved like ketamine in reducing nociceptive reflexes at NMA-blocking doses; its actions were not affected by haloperidol at up to 1 mg/kg. Ketamine thus appears to manifest its spinal actions at the PCP site, a finding supportive of these spinal nociceptive reflexes being mediated by NMA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Parsons
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Bristol, U.K
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36
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Keana JF, Scherz MW, Quarum M, Sonders MS, Weber E. Synthesis and characterization of a radiolabelled derivative of the phencyclidine/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligand (+) MK-801 with high specific radioactivity. Life Sci 1988; 43:965-73. [PMID: 2845205 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(88)90541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A [3H]-labelled derivative of the drug (+)MK-801 with a high specific radioactivity was synthesized by first preparing a tribromo derivative of (+)MK-801 followed by catalytic reduction in the presence of [3H]-gas and subsequent purification of the radioactive product by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). This resulted in pure (+) [3H]MK-801 with a specific radioactivity of 97 Ci/mmol. The (+) [3H]MK-801 was shown to interact with high affinity and selectivity with the phencyclidine (PCP) receptor in guinea pig brain membrane suspensions. The PCP receptor is associated with a cation channel that is chemically gated by glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Drugs that interact with the PCP receptor block this channel. The (+) [3H]MK-801 described here will be useful to investigate the biochemistry of PCP/NMDA receptors in experiments where a high specific radioactivity is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Keana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
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37
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Manallack DT, Beart PM. Quantitative conformational analyses predict distinct receptor sites for PCP-like and sigma drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 1987; 144:231-5. [PMID: 2830125 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(87)90524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Computer-assisted molecular modelling techniques have been employed to develop receptor models for the phencyclidine (PCP) and sigma binding sites. The models differ in the position of the nitrogen atom, direction of the nitrogen-lone pair vector and in the location and nature of secondary binding groups. This study predicts the existence of distinct receptors for sigma and PCP ligands, and our receptor models can be used to design and predict the activity of drugs with PCP and/or sigma activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Manallack
- University of Melbourne, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Quirion R, Chicheportiche R, Contreras PC, Johnson KM, Lodge D, William Tam S, Woods JH, Zukin SR. Classification and nomenclature of phencyclidine and sigma receptor sites. Trends Neurosci 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-2236(87)90094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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PCP-NMDA connection provides hope in cerebral ischemia but new direction for antipsychotics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-6147(87)90131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Compton DR, Bagley RB, Katzen JS, Martin BR. (+)- and (-)-N-allylnormetazocine binding sites in mouse brain: in vitro and in vivo characterization and regional distribution. Life Sci 1987; 40:2195-206. [PMID: 3035304 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro binding studies, both in whole brain and in selected areas, indicate that non-identical (+)- and (-)-NANM sites exist in the mouse brain, and each exhibits a different regional distribution. The in vivo binding of (+)-3H-NANM was found to be saturable at pharmacologically relevant doses, and represents a relatively small (10-22%) portion of total brain (+)-3H-NANM concentrations. The in vivo binding of (+)-3H-NANM was selectively displaced by (+)-NANM and PCP, and more sensitive to haloperidol and (+)-ketocyclazocine than the (-)-3H-NANM site. The in vivo binding of (-)-3H-NANM was selectively displaced by (-)-NANM, and more sensitive to naloxone and (-) ketocyclazocine than the (+)-3H-NANM site, and insensitive to PCP. This study indicates that the investigation of NANM binding sites is possible using in vivo binding techniques, and that each isomer apparently binds, in the mouse brain, to a single class of distinct sites.
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Taylor DP, Dekleva J. Potential antipsychotic BMY 14802 selectively binds to sigma sites. Drug Dev Res 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430110109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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