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Gao M, Wang F, Sun C, Zhang S, Su R. Effects of olanzapine on hippocampal CA3 and the prefrontal cortex local field potentials. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 969:176396. [PMID: 38325793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Olanzapine is an antipsychotic drug applied in psychiatry to treat psychoses, especially schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders with similar or better improvement than haloperidol and risperidone in the treatment of depressive and negative symptoms. The effect of olanzapine on neural synchrony remains to be explored. We investigated the effects of olanzapine on gamma oscillations in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and frontal association cortex. Olanzapine reduced carbachol (CCh)-induced gamma oscillation power in CA3 slice and gamma oscillation power in the frontal association cortex in vivo. The power of theta oscillations was increased in the presence of olanzapine. The phase amplitude coupling of theta and gamma wave was strengthened by the administration of olanzapine in the frontal association cortex in vivo. Taken together, these results show that olanzapine modulates local field potential and the neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Fuqi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chuanyao Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shuzhuo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Ruibin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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2
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Air Force Pilot Expertise Assessment with Regard to Mental Effort Requested during Unusual Attitude Recovery Flight Training Simulations. SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/safety8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pilot training and expertise are key aspects in aviation. A traditional way of evaluating pilot expertise is to measure performance output. However, this approach provides a narrow view of the pilot’s capacity, especially with regard to mental and emotional profile. The aim of this study is hence to investigate whether neurophysiological data can be employed as an additional objective measure to assess the expertise of pilots. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that mental effort can be used as an indirect measure of operator expertise and capacity. An increase in mental effort, for instance, can automatically result in a decrease in the remaining capacity of the operator. To better investigate this aspect, we ask two groups of Italian Air Force pilots, experienced (Experts) and unexperienced (Novices), to undergo unusual attitude recovery flight training simulations. Their behavioral (unusual attitude recovery time), subjective (mental effort demand perception) and neurophysiological data (Electroencephalogram, EEG; Electrocardiogram, ECG) are collected during the entire flight simulations. Although the two groups do not exhibit differences in terms of unusual attitude recovery time and mental effort demand perception, the EEG-based mental effort index shows how Novices request significantly higher mental effort during unusual conditions.
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McFerren A, Riddle J, Walker C, Buse JB, Frohlich F. Causal role of frontal-midline theta in cognitive effort: a pilot study. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1221-1233. [PMID: 34469696 PMCID: PMC8560423 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00068.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontal-midline theta (FMT) oscillations are increased in amplitude during cognitive control tasks. Since these tasks often conflate cognitive control and cognitive effort, it remains unknown if FMT amplitude maps onto cognitive control or effort. To address this gap, we utilized the glucose facilitation effect to manipulate cognitive effort without changing cognitive control demands. We performed a single-blind, crossover human study in which we provided participants with a glucose drink (control session: volume-matched water) to reduce cognitive effort and improve performance on a visuospatial working memory task. Following glucose consumption, participants performed the working memory task at multiple time points of a 3-h window to sample across the rise and fall of blood glucose. Using high-density electroencephalography (EEG), we calculated FMT amplitude during the delay period of the working memory task. Source localization analysis revealed that FMT oscillations originated from bilateral prefrontal cortex. We found that glucose increased working memory accuracy during the high working memory load condition but decreased FMT amplitude. The decrease in FMT amplitude coincided with both peak blood glucose elevation and peak performance enhancement for glucose relative to water. Therefore, the positive association between glucose consumption and task performance provided causal evidence that the amplitude of FMT oscillations may correspond to cognitive effort, rather than cognitive control. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, data collection was terminated prematurely; the preliminary nature of these findings due to small sample size should be contextualized by rigorous experimental design and use of a novel causal perturbation to dissociate cognitive effort and cognitive control.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated whether frontal-midline theta (FMT) oscillations tracked with cognitive control or cognitive effort by simultaneous manipulation of cognitive control demands in a working memory task and causal perturbation of cognitive effort using glucose consumption. Facilitation of performance from glucose consumption corresponded with decreased FMT amplitude, which provided preliminary causal evidence for a relationship between FMT amplitude with cognitive effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber McFerren
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Justin Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher Walker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John B Buse
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Flavio Frohlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Riddle J, Ahn S, McPherson T, Girdler S, Frohlich F. Progesterone modulates theta oscillations in the frontal-parietal network. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13632. [PMID: 33400260 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The neuroactive metabolites of the steroid hormones progesterone (P4) and testosterone (T) are GABAergic modulators that influence cognition, yet, the specific effect of P4 and T on brain network activity remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated if a fundamental oscillatory network activity pattern, often related to cognitive control, frontal midline theta (FMT) oscillations, are modulated by steroids hormones, P4 and T. We measured the concentration of P4 and T using salivary enzyme immunoassay and FMT oscillations using high-density electroencephalography (EEG) during eyes-open resting-state in 55 healthy women and men. Electrical brain activity was analyzed using Fourier analysis, aperiodic signal fitting, and beamformer source localization. Steroid hormone concentrations and biological sex were used as predictors for scalp and source-estimated amplitude of theta oscillations. Elevated concentrations of P4 predicted increased amplitude of FMT oscillations across both sexes, and no relationship was found with T. The positive correlation with P4 was specific to the frontal midline electrodes and survived correction for the background aperiodic signal of the brain. Using source localization, FMT oscillations were localized to the frontal-parietal network (FPN). Additionally, theta amplitude within the FPN, but not the default mode network, positively correlated with P4 concentration. Our results suggest that P4 concentration modulates brain activity via upregulation of theta oscillations in the FPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Center for Women's Mood Disorders, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sangtae Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,School of Electronic Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Trevor McPherson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susan Girdler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Center for Women's Mood Disorders, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Flavio Frohlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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5
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Paprocki R, Lenskiy A. What Does Eye-Blink Rate Variability Dynamics Tell Us About Cognitive Performance? Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:620. [PMID: 29311876 PMCID: PMC5742176 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive performance is defined as the ability to utilize knowledge, attention, memory, and working memory. In this study, we briefly discuss various markers that have been proposed to predict cognitive performance. Next, we develop a novel approach to characterize cognitive performance by analyzing eye-blink rate variability dynamics. Our findings are based on a sample of 24 subjects. The subjects were given a 5-min resting period prior to a 10-min IQ test. During both stages, eye blinks were recorded from Fp1 and Fp2 electrodes. We found that scale exponents estimated for blink rate variability during rest were correlated with subjects' performance on the subsequent IQ test. This surprising phenomenon could be explained by the person to person variation in concentrations of dopamine in PFC and accumulation of GABA in the visual cortex, as both neurotransmitters play a key role in cognitive processes and affect blinking. This study demonstrates the possibility that blink rate variability dynamics at rest carry information about cognitive performance and can be employed in the assessment of cognitive abilities without taking a test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Paprocki
- Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Artem Lenskiy
- Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, South Korea
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Tatum WO, DiCiaccio B, Kipta JA, Yelvington KH, Stein MA. The Texting Rhythm: A Novel EEG Waveform Using Smartphones. J Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 33:359-66. [PMID: 26744835 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report a unique EEG phenomenon in patients with paroxysmal neurological events undergoing video EEG monitoring. METHODS Two epilepsy centers analyzed the interictal scalp EEG in patients using personal electronic devices during epilepsy monitoring. The texting rhythm (TR) was defined as a reproducible, stimulus-evoked, generalized frontocentral monomorphic burst of 5-6 Hz theta consistently induced by active text messaging. An independent prospective and retrospective cohort was analyzed and compared from two sites in Florida and Illinois. We assessed age, gender, diagnosis, epilepsy classification, MRI, and EEG to compare patients with a TR. Analysis was performed with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. RESULTS We identified 24 of 98 evaluable patients with a TR in a prospective arm at one center and 7 of 31 patients in a retrospective arm at another totaling 31/129 (24.0%). The waveform prevalence was similar at both centers independent of location. TR was highly specific to active texting. A similar waveform during independent cognitive, speech or language, motor activation and audio cellular telephone use was absent (P < 0.0001). It appeared to be increased in patients with epilepsy in one cohort (P = 0.03) and generalized seizures in the other (P = 0.025). Age, gender, epilepsy type, MRI results, and EEG lateralization in patients with focal epileptic seizures did not bear a relationship to the presence of a TR in either arm of the study (P = NS). CONCLUSIONS The TR is a novel waveform time-locked to text messaging and associated with active use of smartphones. Electroencephalographers should be aware of the TR to separate it from an abnormality in patients undergoing video EEG monitoring. Larger sample sizes and additional research may help define the significance of this unique cognitive-visual-cognitive-motor network that is technology-related and task-specific with implications in communication research and transportation safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- William O Tatum
- *Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A.; †University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.; and ‡Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
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Iijima M, Nishitani N. Cortical dynamics during simple calculation processes: A magnetoencephalography study. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2016; 2:54-61. [PMID: 30214971 PMCID: PMC6123856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We elucidated active cortical areas and their time courses during simple calculation by using whole-scalp magnetoencephalography. METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers were asked to view meaningless figures (figure viewing) or digits (digit viewing) and add single digits (calculation). The magnetic signals of the brain were measured using a helmet-shaped 122-channel neuromagnetometer during the three tasks. RESULTS The occipital, inferior posterior temporal, and middle temporal areas of each hemisphere and the left superior temporal area (STA) were activated during all tasks (approximately 250 ms after the stimulus onset). The calculation-related sources were located in the left inferior parietal area (IPA) in 8 subjects, right IPA in 5, left STA in 3, right STA in 5, right inferior frontal area in 2, and left inferior frontal area in 1. The IPA and STA of the left hemisphere were activated more strongly and significantly earlier than those of the right hemisphere: the left IPA was activated first (mean activation timing: 301 ms), followed by activations of the left STA (369 ms), right IPA (419 ms), and right STA (483 ms). CONCLUSIONS Simple digit addition is executed mainly in the left IPA and left STA, followed by the recognition processes of results in the right IPA and right STA. SIGNIFICANCE This study clarified the cortical process during simple calculation, with excellent temporal and spatial resolution; the IPA and STA of the left hemisphere were activated more strongly and earlier than the corresponding areas of the right hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Iijima
- Department of Sensory & Communicative Disorders, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for the Disabled, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nishitani
- Department of Sensory & Communicative Disorders, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for the Disabled, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Bell Land General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Time-frequency distribution properties of event-related potentials in mental fatigue induced by visual memory tasks. Neuroreport 2016; 27:1031-6. [PMID: 27489099 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged periods of demanding cognitive tasks lead to an exhausted feeling known as mental fatigue. The neural underpinnings of mental fatigue are still under exploration. In the present study, we aimed to identify neurophysiological indicators of mental fatigue by studying the time-frequency distribution of the event-related potentials (ERPs) measured in N=26 adults in nonfatigued versus fatigued states. We were interested in the frontal theta and occipital alpha variations, which have shown consistent relationships with mental fatigue in previous studies. Furthermore, we expected differential changes in left and right electrodes, in line with previously detected lateralization effects in cognitive tasks. Mental fatigue was induced by a sustained two-back verbal visual memory task for 125 min and assessed using the Chalder Fatigue Scale. We applied a high-resolution time-frequency analysis method called smoothed pseudo Wigner Ville distribution and used regional integrals as indicators for changing trends of signal energy. Results showed an increase in ERP frontal theta energy (P=0.03) and a decrease in occipital alpha energy (P=0.028) when participants became mentally fatigued. The change in frontal theta was more pronounced in left electrode sites (P=0.032), hinting toward a differential fatigue effect in the two hemispheres. The results were discussed on the basis of previous lateralization studies with memory tasks and interpreted as an indicator of a causal relationship between the sustained task execution and the physiological changes. Our findings also suggest that the ERP signal energy variations in frontal theta and occipital alpha might be used as neural biomarkers to assess mental fatigue.
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9
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Zarjam P, Epps J, Lovell NH. Beyond Subjective Self-Rating: EEG Signal Classification of Cognitive Workload. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1109/tamd.2015.2441960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Meyer L, Grigutsch M, Schmuck N, Gaston P, Friederici AD. Frontal-posterior theta oscillations reflect memory retrieval during sentence comprehension. Cortex 2015; 71:205-18. [PMID: 26233521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Successful working-memory retrieval requires that items be retained as distinct units. At the neural level, it has been shown that theta-band oscillatory power increases with the number of to-be-distinguished items during working-memory retrieval. Here we hypothesized that during sentence comprehension, verbal-working-memory retrieval demands lead to increased theta power over frontal cortex, supposedly supporting the distinction amongst stored items during verbal-working-memory retrieval. Also, synchronicity may increase between the frontal cortex and the posterior cortex, with the latter supposedly supporting item retention. We operationalized retrieval by using pronouns, which refer to and trigger the retrieval of antecedent nouns from a preceding sentence part. Retrieval demand was systematically varied by changing the pronoun antecedent: Either, it was non-embedded in the preceding main clause, and thus easy-to-retrieve across a single clause boundary, or embedded in the preceding subordinate clause, and thus hard-to-retrieve across a double clause boundary. We combined electroencephalography (EEG), scalp-level time-frequency analysis, source localization, and source-level coherence analysis, observing a frontal-midline and broad left-hemispheric theta-power increase for embedded-antecedent compared to non-embedded-antecedent retrieval. Sources were localized to left-frontal, left-parietal, and bilateral-inferior-temporal cortices. Coherence analyses suggested synchronicity between left-frontal and left-parietal and between left-frontal and right-inferior-temporal cortices. Activity of an array of left-frontal, left-parietal, and bilateral-inferior-temporal cortices may thus assist retrieval during sentence comprehension, potentially indexing the orchestration of item distinction, verbal working memory, and long-term memory. Our results extend prior findings by mapping prior knowledge on the functional role of theta oscillations onto processes genuine to human sentence comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Meyer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Maren Grigutsch
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Noura Schmuck
- Department of English and Linguistics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Phoebe Gaston
- Neuroscience of Language Laboratory, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela D Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Nakayama D, Baraki Z, Onoue K, Ikegaya Y, Matsuki N, Nomura H. Frontal association cortex is engaged in stimulus integration during associative learning. Curr Biol 2014; 25:117-23. [PMID: 25496961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The frontal association cortex (FrA) is implicated in higher brain function. Aberrant FrA activity is likely to be involved in dementia pathology. However, the functional circuits both within the FrA and with other regions are unclear. A recent study showed that inactivation of the FrA impairs memory consolidation of an auditory fear conditioning in young mice. In addition, dendritic spine remodeling of FrA neurons is sensitive to paired sensory stimuli that produce associative memory. These findings suggest that the FrA is engaged in neural processes critical to associative learning. Here we characterize stimulus integration in the mouse FrA during associative learning. We experimentally separated contextual fear conditioning into context exposure and shock, and found that memory formation requires protein synthesis associated with both context exposure and shock in the FrA. Both context exposure and shock trigger Arc, an activity-dependent immediate-early gene, expression in the FrA, and a subset of FrA neurons was dually activated by both stimuli. In addition, we found that the FrA receives projections from the perirhinal (PRh) and insular (IC) cortices and basolateral amygdala (BLA), which are implicated in context and shock encoding. PRh and IC neurons projecting to the FrA were activated by context exposure and shock, respectively. Arc expression in the FrA associated with context exposure and shock depended on PRh activity and both IC and BLA activities, respectively. These findings indicate that the FrA is engaged in stimulus integration and contributes to memory formation in associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nakayama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zohal Baraki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kousuke Onoue
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norio Matsuki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nomura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Zarjam P, Epps J, Chen F, Lovell NH. Estimating cognitive workload using wavelet entropy-based features during an arithmetic task. Comput Biol Med 2013; 43:2186-95. [PMID: 24290935 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Hsieh LT, Ranganath C. Frontal midline theta oscillations during working memory maintenance and episodic encoding and retrieval. Neuroimage 2013; 85 Pt 2:721-9. [PMID: 23933041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural oscillations in the theta band (4-8 Hz) are prominent in the human electroencephalogram (EEG), and many recent electrophysiological studies in animals and humans have implicated scalp-recorded frontal midline theta (FMT) in working memory and episodic memory encoding and retrieval processes. However, the functional significance of theta oscillations in human memory processes remains largely unknown. Here, we review studies in human and animals examining how scalp-recorded FMT relates to memory behaviors and also their possible neural generators. We also discuss models of the functional relevance of theta oscillations to memory processes and suggest promising directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Tien Hsieh
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis.,Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis.,Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis
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Cognitive-neural effects of brush writing of chinese characters: cortical excitation of theta rhythm. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:975190. [PMID: 23533532 PMCID: PMC3600314 DOI: 10.1155/2013/975190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chinese calligraphy has been scientifically investigated within the contexts and principles of psychology, cognitive science, and the cognitive neuroscience. On the basis of vast amount of research in the last 30 years, we have developed a cybernetic theory of handwriting and calligraphy to account for the intricate interactions of several psychological dimensions involved in the dynamic act of graphic production. Central to this system of writing are the role of sensory, bio-, cognitive, and neurofeedback mechanisms for the initiation, guidance, and regulation of the writing motions vis-a-vis visual-geometric variations of Chinese characters. This experiment provided the first evidence of cortical excitation in EEG theta wave as a neural hub that integrates information coming from changes in the practitioner's body, emotions, and cognition. In addition, it has also confirmed neurofeedback as an essential component of the cybernetic theory of handwriting and calligraphy.
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Moazami-Goudarzi M, Michels L, Weisz N, Jeanmonod D. Temporo-insular enhancement of EEG low and high frequencies in patients with chronic tinnitus. QEEG study of chronic tinnitus patients. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:40. [PMID: 20334674 PMCID: PMC2858736 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The physiopathological mechanism underlying the tinnitus phenomenon is still the subject of an ongoing debate. Since oscillatory EEG activity is increasingly recognized as a fundamental hallmark of cortical integrative functions, this study investigates deviations from the norm of different resting EEG parameters in patients suffering from chronic tinnitus. Results Spectral parameters of resting EEG of male tinnitus patients (n = 8, mean age 54 years) were compared to those of age-matched healthy males (n = 15, mean age 58.8 years). On average, the patient group exhibited higher spectral power over the frequency range of 2-100 Hz. Using LORETA source analysis, the generators of delta, theta, alpha and beta power increases were localized dominantly to left auditory (Brodmann Areas (BA) 41,42, 22), temporo-parietal, insular posterior, cingulate anterior and parahippocampal cortical areas. Conclusions Tinnitus patients show a deviation from the norm of different resting EEG parameters, characterized by an overproduction of resting state delta, theta and beta brain activities, providing further support for the microphysiological and magnetoencephalographic evidence pointing to a thalamocortical dysrhythmic process at the source of tinnitus. These results also provide further confirmation that reciprocal involvements of both auditory and associative/paralimbic areas are essential in the generation of tinnitus.
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Tsujimoto T, Shimazu H, Isomura Y, Sasaki K. Theta Oscillations in Primate Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortices in Forewarned Reaction Time Tasks. J Neurophysiol 2010; 103:827-43. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00358.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we introduced a monkey model for human frontal midline theta oscillations as a possible neural correlate of attention. It was based on homologous theta oscillations found in the monkey's prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices (areas 9 and 32) in a self-initiated hand-movement task. However, it has not been confirmed whether theta activity in the monkey model consistently appears in other situations demanding attention. Here, we examined the detailed properties of theta oscillations in four variations of forewarned reaction time tasks with warning (S1) and imperative (S2) stimuli. We characterized the theta oscillations generated exclusively in areas 9 and 32, as follows: 1) in the S1-S2 interval where movement preparation and reward expectation were presumably involved, the theta power was higher than in the pre-S1 period; 2) in the no-go trials of go/no-go tasks instructed by S1, the theta power in the S1-S2 interval was lower than in the pre-S1 period in an asymmetrical reward condition, whereas it was moderately higher in a symmetrical condition; 3) the theta power after reward delivery was higher than in the unrewarded trials; 4) the theta power in the pre-S1 period was higher than in the resting condition; and 5) when the monkey had to guess the S1-S2 duration internally without seeing S2, the theta power in the pre-S1 period was higher than in the original S1-S2 experiment. These findings suggest that attentional loads associated with different causes can induce the same theta activity, thereby supporting the consistency of attention-dependent theta oscillations in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tsujimoto
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki
| | - Hideki Shimazu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto
- Department of System Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Tokyo; and
- Neural Circuit Theory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sasaki
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki
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Ando Y, Sawada M, Morita M, Kawamura M, Nakano I. [Incomplete Gerstmann syndrome with a cerebral infarct in the left middle frontal gyrus]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2009; 49:560-565. [PMID: 19928685 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.49.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A 65-year-old right-handed man noted a sudden onset of numbness and weakness of the right hand. On the initial visit to our hospital, he showed severe acalculia, and transient agraphia (so called incomplete Gerstmann syndrome) and transcortical sensory aphasia. Brain MRI revealed a fresh infarct in the left middle frontal gyrus. The paragraphia and aphasia improved within 14 days after onset, but the acalculia persisted even at seven months after onset In an 123I-IMP SPECT study, the cerebral blood flow (CBF) was found to be decreased in the infarction lesion and its adjacent wide area, the ipsilateral angular and supramarginal gyri, and contralateral cerebellar hemisphere. We speculate that inactivation in the infarction lesion caused the CBF decrease in the non-infarcted areas due to diaschisis. This case indicates that Gerstmann syndrome can be caused by not only dysfunction of the angular gyrus but also of the left middle frontal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Ando
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
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Mitchell DJ, McNaughton N, Flanagan D, Kirk IJ. Frontal-midline theta from the perspective of hippocampal “theta”. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 86:156-85. [PMID: 18824212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damon J Mitchell
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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19
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Xuan D, Wang S, Yang Y, Meng P, Xu F, Yang W, Sheng W, Yang Y. Age difference in numeral recognition and calculation: an event-related potential study. Child Neuropsychol 2007; 13:1-17. [PMID: 17364561 DOI: 10.1080/09297040600760465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the age difference in numeral recognition and calculation in one group of school-aged children (n = 38) and one of undergraduate students (n = 26) using the event-related potential (ERP) methods. Consistent with previous reports, the age difference was significant in behavioral results. Both numeral recognition and calculation elicited a negativity peaking at about 170-280 ms (N2) and a positivity peaking at 200-470 ms (pSW) in raw ERPs, and a difference potential (dN3) between 360 and 450 ms. The difference between the two age groups indicated that more attention resources were devoted to arithmetical tasks in school-aged children, and that school-aged children and undergraduate students appear to use different strategies to solve arithmetical problems. The analysis of frontal negativity suggested that numeral recognition and mental calculation impose greater load on working memory and executive function in schoolchildren than in undergraduate students. The topography data determined that the parietal regions were responsible for arithmetical function in humans, and there was an age-related difference in the area of cerebral activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xuan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, China
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20
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Kawamata M, Kirino E, Inoue R, Arai H. Event-related desynchronization of frontal-midline theta rhythm during preconscious auditory oddball processing. Clin EEG Neurosci 2007; 38:193-202. [PMID: 17993201 DOI: 10.1177/155005940703800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to explore the frontal-midline theta rhythm (Fm theta) generation mechanism employing event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) analysis in relation to task-irrelevant external stimuli. A dual paradigm was employed: a videogame and the simultaneous presentation of passive auditory oddball stimuli. We analyzed the data concerning ERD/ERS using both Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) and wavelet transform (WT). In the FFT data, during the periods with appearance of Fm theta, apparent ERD of the theta band was observed at Fz and Cz. ERD when Fm theta was present was much more prominent than when Fm theta was absent. In the WT data, as in the FFT data, ERD was seen again, but in this case the ERD was preceded by ERS during both the periods with and without Fm theta. Furthermore, the WT analysis indicated that ERD was followed by ERS during the periods without Fm theta. However, during Fm theta, no apparent ERS following ERD was seen. In our study, Fm theta was desynchronized by the auditory stimuli that were independent of the video game task used to evoke the Fm theta. The ERD of Fm theta might be reflecting the mechanism of "positive suppression" to process external auditory stimuli automatically and preventing attentional resources from being unnecessarily allocated to those stimuli. Another possibility is that Fm theta induced by our dual paradigm may reflect information processing modeled by multi-item working memory requirements for playing the videogame and the simultaneous auditory processing using a memory trace. ERS in the WT data without Fm theta might indicate further processing of the auditory information free from "positive suppression" control reflected by Fm theta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kawamata
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Koshigaya-shi Saitama, Japan
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21
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Sammler D, Grigutsch M, Fritz T, Koelsch S. Music and emotion: Electrophysiological correlates of the processing of pleasant and unpleasant music. Psychophysiology 2007; 44:293-304. [PMID: 17343712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human emotion and its electrophysiological correlates are still poorly understood. The present study examined whether the valence of perceived emotions would differentially influence EEG power spectra and heart rate (HR). Pleasant and unpleasant emotions were induced by consonant and dissonant music. Unpleasant (compared to pleasant) music evoked a significant decrease of HR, replicating the pattern of HR responses previously described for the processing of emotional pictures, sounds, and films. In the EEG, pleasant (contrasted to unpleasant) music was associated with an increase of frontal midline (Fm) theta power. This effect is taken to reflect emotional processing in close interaction with attentional functions. These findings show that Fm theta is modulated by emotion more strongly than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sammler
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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22
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Tsujimoto T, Shimazu H, Isomura Y. Direct Recording of Theta Oscillations in Primate Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortices. J Neurophysiol 2006; 95:2987-3000. [PMID: 16467430 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00730.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that theta-frequency (4–7 Hz) oscillations around the human anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and frontal cortex—that is, frontal midline theta (Fm theta) oscillations—may be involved in attentional processes in the brain. However, little is known about the physiological basis of Fm theta oscillations because invasive study in the human is allowed in only limited cases. In the present study, we developed a monkey model for Fm theta oscillations and located the generators of theta waves using electrodes implanted in various cortical areas. Monkeys were engaged in a self-initiated hand-movement task with a waiting period. The theta power in area 9 (the medial prefrontal cortex) and area 32 (the rostral ACC) was gradually increased from a few seconds before the movement and reached a peak immediately after the movement. When the movement was rewarded, the theta power attained a second peak, whereas it swiftly decreased in the unrewarded trials. Theta oscillations in areas 9 and 32 were coherent and phase locked together. This theta activity may be associated with “executive attention” including self-control, internal timing, and assessment of reward. It is probably a homologue of human Fm theta oscillations, as judged from the similar localization, corresponding frequency, and dependency on attentional processes. The monkey model would be useful for studying executive functions in the frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tsujimoto
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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23
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Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is located on the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere in humans and non-human primates, and has well developed intracortical and subcortical connections. Recent brain-imaging studies have suggested the possible involvement of the ACC in a variety of cognitive and motor-related functions. To clarify the cellular mechanisms underlying such higher-order functions in the ACC, neuronal activity in distinct areas of the ACC and its adjacent cingulate areas has been examined, through single unit recordings, in monkeys performing specific tasks. Each of the rostral (CMAr), dorsal (CMAd), and ventral (CMAv) cingulate motor areas basically participates in motor-related functions such as preparation and execution of movements. In particular, the CMAr appears to be involved in selection of appropriate motor responses as well as in planning of sequential movements. Furthermore, the CMAr and area 32 may participate in attentional functions which are necessary to select correct actions. These areas have also been implicated in detection of error actions and/or monitoring of action performance. Finally, a number of neurons in the ACC exhibit specific or modulated activity relevant to reward expectation. The primate ACC may play critical roles in performing appropriate actions with attention and in checking the performance to acquire rewards efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Isomura
- Department of System Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Tsujimoto T, Shimazu H, Isomura Y, Sasaki K. Prefrontal theta oscillations associated with hand movements triggered by warning and imperative stimuli in the monkey. Neurosci Lett 2003; 351:103-6. [PMID: 14583392 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the functional significance of theta oscillations in the brain, we recorded the cortical field potential in monkeys engaged in a visually-initiated hand movement task. In each trial a warning signal (S1) was followed 3 s later by an imperative signal (S2) to which the monkey had to respond to get a reward. The theta power in the prefrontal area 9 and the prelimbic area 32 was higher in the S1-S2 interval than in the pre-S1 period. This theta activity may be related to attentional processes and is probably a homologue of the human frontal midline theta (Fm theta) rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tsujimoto
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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25
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Jeanmonod D, Schulman J, Ramirez R, Cancro R, Lanz M, Morel A, Magnin M, Siegemund M, Kronberg E, Ribary U, Llinas R. Neuropsychiatric thalamocortical dysrhythmia: surgical implications. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2003; 14:251-65. [PMID: 12856492 DOI: 10.1016/s1042-3680(02)00116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clearly, more clinical experience must be amassed to define in detail the possibilities of this surgical approach in disabling neuropsychiatric disorders. We propose, however, that the evidence for benign and efficient surgical intervention against the neuropsychiatric TCD syndrome is already compelling. The potential appearance of strong postoperative reactive manifestations requires a close association between surgery and psychotherapy, with the latter providing support for the integration of the new situation as well as the resolution of old unresolved issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jeanmonod
- Neurosurgical Clinic, Laboratory for Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Sternwartstrasse 6, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Burgess AP, Ali L. Functional connectivity of gamma EEG activity is modulated at low frequency during conscious recollection. Int J Psychophysiol 2002; 46:91-100. [PMID: 12433386 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(02)00108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined two subjectively distinct memory states that are elicited during recognition memory in humans and compared them in terms of the gamma oscillations (20-60 Hz) in the electroencepahalogram (EEG) that they induced. These subjective states, 'recollection' and 'familiarity' both entail correct recognition but one involves a clear and conscious recollection of the event including memory for contextual detail whilst the other involves a sense of familiarity without clear recollection. Here we show that during a verbal recognition memory test, the subjective experience of 'recollection' induced higher amplitude gamma oscillations than the subjective experience of 'familiarity' in the time period 300-500 ms after stimulus presentation. Recollection, but not familiarity, was also associated with greater functional connectivity in the gamma frequency range between frontal and parietal sites. Furthermore, the magnitude of the gamma functional connectivity varied over time and was modulated at 3 Hz. Previous studies in animals have shown local theta frequency modulation (3-7 Hz) of gamma-oscillations but this is the first time that a similar effect has been reported in the human EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Burgess
- Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine, Imperial College School of Science, Technology and Medicine, St Dunstan's Road, W6 8RP, London, UK.
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27
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Stam CJ, van Cappellen van Walsum AM, Micheloyannis S. Variability of EEG synchronization during a working memory task in healthy subjects. Int J Psychophysiol 2002; 46:53-66. [PMID: 12374646 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(02)00041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is associated with an increase in EEG theta synchronization and a decrease in lower alpha band synchronization. We investigated whether such changes in mean synchronization level are accompanied by changes in small scale fluctuations of synchronization. EEGs (19 channels; average reference; sample frequency 250 Hz) were recorded in 21 healthy subjects (12 males; mean age 62.5 years; S.D. 2.1) at rest and during a visual working memory condition. EEG synchronization was computed in six frequency bands (2-6; 6-10; 10-14; 14-18; 18-22; 22-50 Hz) using the synchronization likelihood. Variability of the synchronization was quantified with synchronization entropy. During the working memory condition synchronization increased in the 2-6 Hz band, and decreased in the 6-10, 14-18 and 18-22 Hz bands. Working memory was associated with increased variability in the 2-6 Hz band, and decreased variability in the 6-10 Hz band and, to a lesser extent, in the 14-18 and 18-22 Hz bands. Working memory is accompanied not only by characteristic changes in the mean level of interactions between neural networks, but also by changes in small scale fluctuations in such interactions. Strong, but rapidly fluctuating coupling between neural systems might provide a mechanism to optimize the balance between local differentiation and global integration of brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J Stam
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Razoumnikova OM. Functional organization of different brain areas during convergent and divergent thinking: an EEG investigation. BRAIN RESEARCH. COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 10:11-8. [PMID: 10978688 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6410(00)00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the task-related changes in EEG patterns during the experimental condition of convergent and divergent thinking in 36 healthy male subjects. EEG was recorded from 16 sites (10/20 system). After FFT a power was calculated for all 16 loci, and a coherence was estimated for all 120 electrode pairs in six frequency bands (4-30 Hz). Different patterns of the significant changes for the obtained EEG parameters were found during the two thinking types. When compared with the rest, both mental experiences produced the significant desynchronization of alpha1,2 rhythms. At the same time, the convergent thinking induced coherence increases in the θ1 band that were more caudal and right-sided, whereas divergent thinking showed mainly amplitude decreases in the caudal regions of the cortex in theta1,2 bands and the massive increases of a amplitude and coherence in the beta2 indicating a close interaction between both hemispheres. Distinct task-related discrepancies of EEG pattern in the beta2 band between the subjects divided into groups of good and bad performers of divergent thinking are also found. Good performance is related to the special organization of the cerebral areas in the beta2 band: (i) increased functional connectivity of central-parietal areas of both hemispheres; and (ii) greater ipsilateral connections between the cortex regions of the right hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Razoumnikova
- Cognitive Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Timakov Str. 4, 630117, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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29
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Hayashi N, Ishii K, Kitagaki H, Kazui H. Regional differences in cerebral blood flow during recitation of the multiplication table and actual calculation: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurol Sci 2000; 176:102-8. [PMID: 10930591 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Regional cerebral differences in activation by two types of calculation, quantitative number processing and use of rote verbal arithmetic memory, were investigated. METHODS The two types of processing were induced by serial number subtraction (the Subtra-task) and recitation of the multiplication table (the Multi-task), respectively. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) under the two tasks was measured in ten healthy right-handed Japanese men using (15)O-labeled water and positron emission tomography (PET). Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was used for estimating rCBF differences during these tasks. RESULTS The activated areas during the Subtra-task were consistent with those reported to be involved in quantitative number processing. Although most of the regions activated during the Multi-task were in common with the regions activated during the Subtra-task, the spatial extent of the activation during the Multi-task was smaller. Moreover, the left lenticular nucleus was activated during the Multi-task, but not in the Subtra-task, while the prefrontal cortex was activated in the Subtra-task but not in the Multi-task. CONCLUSION The difference in the regions activated by the two tasks, and the difference in the spatial extent of each region by the two tasks indicated that the anatomical networks of the two processes were segregated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hayashi
- Department of Radiology, Kobe University School of Medicine, 7-5-2, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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30
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Abstract
The first real breakthrough in the research of brain organization and thinking in the 20th century was made in neurophysiological investigations performed in direct contact with different sites of the brain, which became possible in diagnosis and treatment. The second breakthrough is happening at present. It is based on the opportunities provided by the non-invasive technique. The theory of the unique character of the brain system consisting of rigid and flexible elements maintaining thinking was created as well as concepts on the reliability in the system, of the error detector and intrinsic protective mechanisms of the brain. In the clinic these data enabled us to help patients who had lost various functions due to stroke. In confirmation with the above theory it was revealed that the same task could be solved in the brain by systems consisting of different elements due to environmental changes or even direction of attention. Data on the functional properties or every zone of the cortex and subcortex as well as cerebellum are rapidly increasing in number. The first priority lies in neurophysiologically penetrating into the physiological character and micromosaic of the activation sites of PET. The main aim of future brain research lies in the investigation of the fine physiological rearrangements which underlie thinking, i.e. deciphering its brain code. This is going to be the basis for the third, extremely valid breakthrough in the research on brain organization of thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Bechtereva
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Thinking and Consciousness, Institute of the Human Brain, Academy of Science of Russia, 9 Pavlov St, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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31
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Iguchi Y, Hashimoto I. Sequential information processing during a mental arithmetic is reflected in the time course of event-related brain potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111:204-13. [PMID: 10680555 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(99)00244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that mental arithmetic is a complex of sequential information processing. In order to test the hypothesis, event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured during 3 mental tasks. METHODS Fifteen normal human subjects performed the following tasks; (1) subjects added up every digit delivered successively on a computer display, (2) subjects counted the number of presented digits, or (3) subjects counted the number of meaningless patterns. Spatiotemporal differences between ERP waveforms under the 3 tasks were studied within the period of 1200 ms post-stimulus. RESULTS During the adding task, N120-P180-N220 complex advanced in latency in the left frontal, central and parietal regions. P300 increased in amplitude in the frontal and temporal regions during adding and counting digits, which was specific to the digit presentation. A positive slow potential depended on the adding task and showed two spatiotemporal distributions; one was a widespread brain activity over the frontal, central, temporal and parietal regions observed within 400-820 ms, and another was a brain activity restricted to the frontal region lasting up to 1150 ms. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the early portion of ERPs reflects identification of physical attributes of stimuli and numeric meaning of digits, and that the positive slow potential reflects processes associated with calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Iguchi
- Department of Psychophysiology, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, Japan
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32
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Neuroscience of the mechanisms of mind and behavior. ARTIFICIAL LIFE AND ROBOTICS 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02481479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Ito M. Consciousness from the Viewpoint of the Structural-functional Relationships of the Brain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/002075998400385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Sasaki K, Nambu A, Tsujimoto T, Matsuzaki R, Kyuhou S, Gemba H. Studies on integrative functions of the human frontal association cortex with MEG. BRAIN RESEARCH. COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 5:165-74. [PMID: 9049083 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6410(96)00053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our MEG studies on the human frontal association cortex are briefly reviewed. (1) The no-go potential was first found at go/no-go reaction-time hand movement task with discrimination between different colour light stimuli in the prefrontal cortex of monkeys. The potential was recorded in human subjects with EEG over the scalp, but its current dipoles could be localized only by use of MEG, in the dorsolateral part of the frontal association cortex in both cerebral hemispheres. The function for no-go decision and subsequent suppressor action was thus substantiated in the human frontal cortex. (2) Utterance of a short noun in Japanese was found to be initially preceded by an activity in the lower lateral part of the frontal lobe and then by that around the central sulcus. The area of the former, often in both hemispheres, appears to correspond to Broca's motor speech centre and that of the latter, always in both hemispheres, to correspond to the motor-somatosensory cortices. (3) Intensive and continuous concentration on mental calculation and some 'abstract' thinking for a few minutes were often associated with magnetic theta (5-7 Hz) wave bursts in the frontal part of the scalp. Dipole fitting suggested that the electrical current dipoles occur successively and scattered in wide areas of the frontal lobe on both sides. They are to be called "frontal mental theta wave", revealing dynamic and active participation of the frontal lobe in mental functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sasaki
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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35
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Kuriki S, Hirata Y, Fujimaki N, Kobayashi T. Magnetoencephalographic study on the cerebral neural activities related to the processing of visually presented characters. BRAIN RESEARCH. COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 4:185-99. [PMID: 8924047 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6410(96)00030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuromagnetic fields were recorded from normal subjects to study the time course of cerebral neural activation while they performed a matching task of visual stimuli in which sequentially presented Japanese characters or unreadable pseudo-characters were compared according to phonological (reading of the characters) or graphical (geometry of the pseudo-characters) identity. In response to the single real-character or pseudo-character which was presented the latest distinct magnetic field components were observed, from which current dipole sources of the fields were localized in the individual magnetic resonance images of the brain. In the phonological identification, the sources were found in the parieto-occipital extrastriate cortex at 155-210 ms following the character presentation, and in the posterior temporal region (part of the Wernicke's area) and the posterior superior temporal region of the visual/auditory association cortex at 210-410 ms. The activity in these temporal regions was left hemisphere dominant, and may be the neural basis of phonological processing of the visual characters. In the graphical identification, sources occurring at 125-250 ms were noted in the inferior temporo-occipital region, and those at 180-460 ms in the posterior temporal and posterior superior temporal regions of the right hemisphere. These results indicate that the activities in the temporal area are lateralized to the left for the phonological processing and to the right for the graphical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuriki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Sasaki K, Tsujimoto T, Nishikawa S, Nishitani N, Ishihara T. Frontal mental theta wave recorded simultaneously with magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography. Neurosci Res 1996; 26:79-81. [PMID: 8895895 DOI: 10.1016/0168-0102(96)01082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Frontal mental theta waves were recorded simultaneously with magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) in normal subjects. MEG analyses demonstrated that theta burst activities distribute widely in the frontal cortices of both the cerebral hemispheres during concentration on mental calculation. On the other hand, EEG showed the theta activities seemed maximal on the frontal midline part (Fz), as if they might have been generated mainly in the frontal midline cortical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sasaki
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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Abstract
Five women with an unclassifiable nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) characterized by young age at onset, prolonged confusions, focal motor seizures, and both generalized spike-and-wave discharges and focal epileptic discharges on the EEG were studied with video-EEG monitoring. Electrographically, the NCSE originated from the left frontal lobe in 4 patients, and the left hemisphere with multifocal seizure discharges in 1 patient. Focal motor seizures seemed to originate from the left hemisphere in all 5 patients, particularly from its anterior part in 3 of them. Results show that the NCSE is complex partial status epilepticus of frontal lobe origin electroclinically mimicking absence status epilepticus once it reaches a full-blown phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kudo
- National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Higashi Hospital, Japan
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Sasaki K, Kyuhou S, Nambu A, Matsuzaki R, Tsujimoto T, Gemba H. Motor speech centres in the frontal cortex. Neurosci Res 1995; 22:245-8. [PMID: 7566705 DOI: 10.1016/0168-0102(95)00896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Activities of the frontal cortices in both cerebral hemispheres preceding utterance of a short word were recorded and analyzed with multichannel SQUID gradiometers. Light stimuli of two different colours of 500 ms duration were delivered in front of a subject at random time intervals and in irregular order of the different colours. The subject should respond to either of the stimuli by uttering a short word, e.g., 'en' [en] ('round' in Japanese) or another by a short simple voice without meaning as a word, e.g., 'e' [e]. The initial sounds of both voices are to be the same, i.e., 'e' [e] in these examples. The 37 gradiometers covering either the left or the right frontal-parietal part of the hemisphere recorded different magnetic fields between the word and the simple voice. Magnetic fields averaged 100 times at the onset of the stimuli revealed that the utterance of a word is preceded by significant magnetic field changes at a peak latency of 120-165 ms from the onset of light stimuli, whereas the utterance of a simple voice is not preceded by such changes. At a peak latency of 160-190 ms, about 20-40 ms before the start of perioral EMGs, both the utterances are commonly preceded by magnetic field changes. Dipole fittings based on these magnetic fields suggest that the earlier magnetic fields reflect electrical activities in the ventral lateral part of the frontal association area, usually in both left and right hemispheres, and that the later fields represent those in the sensorimotor area in both the hemispheres. That part of the frontal association area appears to be the centre for organizing words to speak and to correspond possibly to the Broca's speech area.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sasaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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