1
|
Dai W, Li X, Liu Z, Zhang C. Identification of four neutralizing antigenic sites on the enterovirus D68 capsid. J Virol 2023; 97:e0160023. [PMID: 38047678 PMCID: PMC10734511 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01600-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging respiratory pathogen associated with acute flaccid myelitis. Currently, no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs are available. Here, we report four functionally independent neutralizing antigenic sites (I to IV) by analyses of neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb)-resistant mutants. Site I is located in the VP1 BC loop near the fivefold axis. Site II resides in the VP2 EF loop, and site III is situated in VP1 C-terminus; both sites are located at the south rim of the canyon. Site IV is composed of residue in VP2 βB strand and residues in the VP3 BC loop and resides around the threefold axis. The developed MAbs targeting the antigenic sites can inhibit viral binding to cells. These findings advance the understanding of the recognition of EV-D68 by neutralizing antibodies and viral evolution and immune escape and also have important implications for the development of novel EV-D68 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Álvarez-Rodríguez B, Buceta J, Geller R. Comprehensive profiling of neutralizing polyclonal sera targeting coxsackievirus B3. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6417. [PMID: 37828013 PMCID: PMC10570382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their fundamental role in resolving viral infections, our understanding of how polyclonal neutralizing antibody responses target non-enveloped viruses remains limited. To define these responses, we obtained the full antigenic profile of multiple human and mouse polyclonal sera targeting the capsid of a prototypical picornavirus, coxsackievirus B3. Our results uncover significant variation in the breadth and strength of neutralization sites targeted by individual human polyclonal responses, which contrasted with homogenous responses observed in experimentally infected mice. We further use these comprehensive antigenic profiles to define key structural and evolutionary parameters that are predictive of escape, assess epitope dominance at the population level, and reveal a need for at least two mutations to achieve significant escape from multiple sera. Overall, our data provide a comprehensive analysis of how polyclonal sera target a non-enveloped viral capsid and help define both immune dominance and escape at the population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
| | - Javier Buceta
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
| | - Ron Geller
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, 46980, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang M, He D, Liu Y, Gong Y, Dong W, Chen Y, Ma S. Complete genome analysis of echovirus 30 strains isolated from hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Yunnan province, China. Virol J 2023; 20:215. [PMID: 37730633 PMCID: PMC10510139 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echovirus 30 is prone to cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease in infants and children. However, molecular epidemiologic information on the spread of E30 in southwestern China remains limited. In this study, we determined and analyzed the whole genomic sequences of E30 strains isolated from the stools of patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Yunnan Province, China, in 2019. METHODS E30 isolates were obtained from fecal samples of HFMD patients. The whole genomes were sequenced by segmented PCR and analyzed for phylogeny, mutation and recombination. MEGA and DNAStar were used to align the present isolates with the reference strains. The VP1 sequence of the isolates were analyzed for selection pressure using datamonkey server. RESULTS The complete genome sequences of four E30 were obtained from this virus isolation. Significant homologous recombination signals in the P2-3'UTR region were found in all four isolates with other serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four E30 isolates belonged to lineage H. Comparison of the VP1 sequences of these four isolates with other E30 reference strains using three selection pressure analysis models FUBAR, FEL, and MEME, revealed a positive selection site at 133rd position. CONCLUSIONS This study extends the whole genome sequence of E30 in GenBank, in which mutations and recombinations have driven the evolution of E30 and further improved and enriched the genetic characteristics of E30, providing fundamental data for the prevention and control of diseases caused by E30. Furthermore, we demonstrated the value of continuous and extensive surveillance of enterovirus serotypes other than the major HFMD-causing viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Daqian He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Yunnan Cancer Hospital,Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Yue Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Yunnan Cancer Hospital,Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Wenxun Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Yunnan Cancer Hospital,Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Yunnan Cancer Hospital,Yunnan Cancer Center), Kunming, 650118, China.
| | - Shaohui Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen QY, Sun ZH, Che YL, Chen RJ, Wu XM, Wu RJ, Wang LB, Zhou LJ. High Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Recombination of Porcine Sapelovirus in Pig Farms in Fujian, Southern China. Viruses 2023; 15:1751. [PMID: 37632093 PMCID: PMC10458035 DOI: 10.3390/v15081751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is a ubiquitous virus in farmed pigs that is associated with SMEDI syndrome, polioencephalomyelitis, and diarrhea. However, there are few reports on the prevalence and molecular characterization of PSV in Fujian Province, Southern China. In this study, the prevalence of PSV and a poetical combinative strain PSV2020 were characterized using real-time PCR, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. As a result, an overall sample prevalence of 30.8% was detected in 260 fecal samples, and a farm prevalence of 76.7% was observed in 30 Fujian pig farms, from 2020 to 2022. Noteably, a high rate of PSV was found in sucking pigs. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the full-length genome of PSV2020 was 7550 bp, and the genetic evolution of its ORF region was closest to the G1 subgroup, which was isolated from Asia and America; the similarity of nucleotides and amino acids to other PSVs was 59.5~88.7% and 51.7~97.0%, respectively. However, VP1 genetic evolution analysis showed a distinct phylogenetic topology from the ORF region; PSV2020 VP1 was closer to the DIAPD5469-10 strain isolated from Italy than strains isolated from Asia and America, which comprise the G1 subgroup based on the ORF region. Amino acid discrepancy analysis illustrated that the PSV2020 VP1 gene inserted twelve additional nucleotides, corresponding to four additional amino acids (STAE) at positions 898-902 AAs. Moreover, a potential recombination signal was observed in the 2A coding region, near the 3' end of VP1, owing to recombination analysis. Additionally, 3D genetic evolutionary analysis showed that all reference strains demonstrated, to some degree, regional conservation. These results suggested that PSV was highly prevalent in Fujian pig farms, and PSV2020, a PSV-1 genotype strain, showed gene diversity and recombination in evolutionary progress. This study also laid a scientific foundation for the investigation of PSV epidemiology, molecular genetic characteristics, and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yong Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Zhi-Hua Sun
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yong-Liang Che
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
| | - Ru-Jing Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
| | - Xue-Min Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
| | - Ren-Jie Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
| | - Long-Bai Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
| | - Lun-Jiang Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China; (Q.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.C.); (R.-J.C.); (X.-M.W.); (R.-J.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fu L, Zhang XY, Jin WP, Wang C, Qian SS, Wang MJ, Wang WH, Meng SL, Guo J, Wang ZJ, Chen XQ, Shen S. Identification of a Conserved, Linear Epitope on VP3 of Enterovirus A Species Recognized by a Broad-Spectrum Monoclonal Antibody. Viruses 2023; 15:v15041028. [PMID: 37113008 PMCID: PMC10145497 DOI: 10.3390/v15041028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) have occurred frequently in the Asian-Pacific region over the last two decades, caused mainly by the serotypes in Enterovirus A species. High-quality monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are needed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the diagnosis of enteroviruses associated HFMD. In this study, a mAb 1A11 was generated using full particles of CV-A5 as an immunogen. In indirect immunofluorescence and Western blotting assays, 1A11 bound to the viral proteins of CV-A2, CV-A4, CV-A5, CV-A6, CV-A10, CV-A16, and EV-A71 of the Enterovirus A and targeted VP3. It has no cross-reactivity to strains of Enterovirus B and C. By mapping with over-lapped and truncated peptides, a minimal and linear epitope 23PILPGF28 was identified, located at the N-terminus of the VP3. A BLAST sequence search of the epitope in the NCBI genus Enterovirus (taxid: 12059) protein database indicates that the epitope sequence is highly conserved among the Enterovirus A species, but not among the other enterovirus species, first reported by us. By mutagenesis analysis, critical residues for 1A11 binding were identified for most serotypes of Enterovirus A. It may be useful for the development of a cost-effective and pan-Enterovirus A antigen detection for surveillance, early diagnosis and differentiation of infections caused by the Enterovirus A species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lie Fu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Wei-Ping Jin
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Sha-Sha Qian
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Meng-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abd-Halin FN, Zakaria Z, Ismail S, Othman S. Characterisation of capsid polypeptide P1 and capsid protein VP1 of the Malaysia foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O and A isolates. ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:26-38. [DOI: 10.35118/apjmbb.2023.031.1.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the cause of foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in livestock worldwide, which affects domestic and international trade, resulting in significant economic losses and social consequences. For efficient monitoring and prevention of FMD outbreaks, the need for improved strategies to control FMDV and achieve FMD-free status with various control measures including vaccination can be established. In vaccinology, major advances and discoveries in vaccination variations including DNA and protein subunit vaccines proved to be more economical and sustainable. To develop a safe vaccine for animals, possible antigenic genes or antigens need to be identified and characterised. The FMDV is a single-stranded RNA virus consisting of a capsid precursor polypeptide, P1, which encodes for four structural proteins (VP4-1), leading to antigenic variation and VP1 potentially carrying the key epitope for vaccine development. This study aims to identify and characterise the capsid polypeptide, P1 and capsid protein, VP1 of the Malaysian FMDV serotype O and serotype A isolates. The nucleotide and protein sequences were identified based on the FMD outbreaks in Malaysia and the antigenicity of the P1 and VP1 was predicted by Kolaskar and Tongaonkar's semi-empirical method. Subsequently, the P1 and VP1 genes were inserted into pET-28a, respectively, and used for protein expression analysis. The P1 and VP1 were predicted to be antigenic via in silico analysis and successfully expressed and characterised through in vitro analysis. Hence, this study can be exploited as a tool to design a new novel vaccine for vaccine development against FMD in bovines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Najwa Abd-Halin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saila Ismail
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sarah Othman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheng D, Chiu YW, Huang SW, Lien YY, Chang CL, Tsai HP, Wang YF, Wang JR. Genetic and Cross Neutralization Analyses of Coxsackievirus A16 Circulating in Taiwan from 1998 to 2021 Suggest Dominant Genotype B1 can Serve as Vaccine Candidate. Viruses 2022; 14:2306. [PMID: 36298861 PMCID: PMC9608817 DOI: 10.3390/v14102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is well known for causing hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and outbreaks were frequently reported in Taiwan in the past twenty years. The epidemiology and genetic variations of CVA16 in Taiwan from 1998 to 2021 were analyzed in this study. CVA16 infections usually occurred in early summer and early winter, and showed increased incidence in 1998, 2000-2003, 2005, 2007-2008, and 2010 in Taiwan. Little or no CVA16 was detected from 2017 to 2021. CVA16 infection was prevalent in patients between 1 to 3 years old. A total of 69 isolates were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VP1 region showed that CVA16 subgenotype B1 was dominantly isolated in Taiwan from 1998 to 2019, and B2 was identified only from isolates collected in 1999 and 2000. There was a high frequency of synonymous mutations in the amino acid sequences of the VP1 region among CVA16 isolates, with the exception of position 145 which showed positive selection. The recombination analysis of the whole genome of CVA16 isolates indicated that the 5'-untranslated region and the non-structural protein region of CVA16 subgenotype B1 were recombined with Coxsackievirus A4 (CVA4) and enterovirus A71 (EVA71) genotype A, respectively. The recombination pattern of subgenotype B2 was similar to B1, however, the 3D region was similar to EVA71 genotype B. Cross-neutralization among CVA16 showed that mouse antisera from various subgenotypes viruses can cross-neutralize different genotype with high neutralizing antibody titers. These results suggest that the dominant CVA16 genotype B1 can serve as a vaccine candidate for CVA16.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayna Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Wei Chiu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Huang
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yin Lien
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lun Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Pin Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pezzoni G, Calzolari M, Foglia EA, Bregoli A, Nardo AD, Sghaier S, Madani H, Chiapponi C, Grazioli S, Relmy A, Bakkali Kassimi L, Brocchi E. Characterization of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d foot-and-mouth disease virus epidemic recorded in the Maghreb during 2014-2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2641-e2652. [PMID: 35686649 PMCID: PMC9796625 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d has been the main foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) lineage responsible for FMD epidemics outside the Indian subcontinent from 2013 to 2017. In 2014, outbreaks caused by this FMDV lineage were reported in Maghreb, where it was initially detected in Algeria and Tunisia and later in Morocco. This was the first incursion of an FMDV type O of exotic origin in the Maghreb region after 14 years of absence. In this study, we report analyses of both VP1 and whole-genome sequences (WGSs) generated from 22 isolates collected in Algeria and Tunisia between 2014 and 2015. All the WGSs analysed showed a minimum pairwise identity of 98.9% at the nucleotide level and 99% at the amino acid level (FMDV coding region). All Tunisian sequences shared a single putative common ancestor closely related to FMDV strains circulating in Libya during 2013. Whereas sequences from Algeria suggest the country experienced two virus introductions. The first introduction is represented by strains circulating in 2014 which are closely related to those from Tunisia, the second one, of which the origin is more uncertain, includes strains collected in Algeria in 2015 that gave origin to the 2015 outbreak reported in Morocco. Overall, our results demonstrated that a unique introduction of O/Ind-2001d FMDV occurred in Maghreb through Tunisia presumably in 2014, and from then the virus spread into Algeria and later into Morocco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - M. Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - E. A. Foglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Bregoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, PirbrightWokingSurreyUK
| | - S. Sghaier
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de TunisieRue Djebel Lakhdhar – TunisTunisia
| | - H. Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El HarrachAlgerAlgeria
| | - C. Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - S. Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Relmy
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES)Laboratoire de Santé Animale, UMR1161 (INRA, ANSES, ENVA)Maisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - L. Bakkali Kassimi
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES)Laboratoire de Santé Animale, UMR1161 (INRA, ANSES, ENVA)Maisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - E. Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Truong TN, Cheng LT. Development of a Subunit Vaccine against Duck Hepatitis A Virus Serotype 3. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040523. [PMID: 35455272 PMCID: PMC9028120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we sought to develop a subunit vaccine against the increasingly prevalent Duck hepatitis A virus serotype 3 (DHAV-3). The VP1 protein of DHAV-3 and a truncated version containing the C-terminal region of VP1, termed VP1-C, were expressed recombinantly in Escherichia coli as vaccine antigens. For enhanced immune response, a truncated version of flagellin, nFliC, was included as vaccine adjuvant. Ducklings were vaccinated once for immune response analysis and challenge test. Results showed that VP1-C elicited a higher level of virus-specific antibody response and neutralization titer than VP1. The addition of nFliC further enhanced the antibody response. In terms of cellular immune response, the VP1-C + nFliC vaccine elicited the highest level of T cell proliferation among the vaccine formulations tested. Examination of the cytokine expression profile showed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the VP1-C + nFliC vaccine group expressed the highest levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-6) and TH-1 type (IL-12 and IFN-γ) cytokines. Finally, in a DHAV-3 challenge test, the VP1-C + nFliC vaccine provided a 75% protection rate (n = 8), in contrast to 25% for the VP1 vaccine. In conclusion, E. coli-expressed VP1-C has been shown to be a promising antigen when combined with nFliC and may be further developed as a single-dose subunit vaccine against DHAV-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trang-Nhu Truong
- International Degree Program of Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Institute of Veterinary Research and Development in Central Vietnam, Km 4, Road 2/4, Vinh Hoa, Nha Trang City 57000, Vietnam
| | - Li-Ting Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-770-3202 (ext. 5336); Fax: +886-8-7740178
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ibrahim YM, Zhang W, Werid GM, Zhang H, Feng Y, Pan Y, Zhang L, Li C, Lin H, Chen H, Wang Y. Isolation, Characterization, and Molecular Detection of Porcine Sapelovirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020349. [PMID: 35215935 PMCID: PMC8877214 DOI: 10.3390/v14020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is an important emerging pathogen associated with a wide variety of diseases in swine, including acute diarrhoea, respiratory distress, skin lesions, severe neurological disorders, and reproductive failure. Although PSV is widespread, serological assays for field-based epidemiological studies are not yet available. Here, four PSV strains were recovered from diarrheic piglets, and electron microscopy revealed virus particles with a diameter of ~32 nm. Analysis of the entire genome sequence revealed that the genomes of PSV isolates ranged 7569–7572 nucleotides in length. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated viruses were classified together with strains from China. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies for the recombinant PSV-VP1 protein were developed to specifically detect PSV infection in cells, and we demonstrated that isolated PSVs could only replicate in cells of porcine origin. Using recombinant PSV-VP1 protein as the coating antigen, we developed an indirect ELISA for the first time for the detection of PSV antibodies in serum. A total of 516 swine serum samples were tested, and PSV positive rate was 79.3%. The virus isolates, monoclonal antibodies and indirect ELISA developed would be useful for further understanding the pathophysiology of PSV, developing new diagnostic assays, and investigating the epidemiology of the PSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yassein M. Ibrahim
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Gebremeskel Mamu Werid
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - He Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Yawen Feng
- Laboratory of Inspection and Testing, Hebei Provincial Station of Veterinary Drug and Feed, Shijiazhuang 050000, China;
| | - Yu Pan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Lin Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Changwen Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Huan Lin
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Yue Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.M.I.); (W.Z.); (G.M.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (L.Z.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Caridi F, Cañas-Arranz R, Vázquez-Calvo Á, de León P, Calderón KI, Domingo E, Sobrino F, Martín-Acebes MA. Adaptive value of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid substitutions with opposite effects on particle acid stability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23494. [PMID: 34873184 PMCID: PMC8648728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus that exhibits an extremely acid sensitive capsid. This acid lability is directly related to its mechanism of uncoating triggered by acidification inside cellular endosomes. Using a collection of FMDV mutants we have systematically analyzed the relationship between acid stability and the requirement for acidic endosomes using ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), an inhibitor of endosome acidification. A FMDV mutant carrying two substitutions with opposite effects on acid-stability (VP3 A116V that reduces acid stability, and VP1 N17D that increases acid stability) displayed a rapid shift towards acid lability that resulted in increased resistance to NH4Cl as well as to concanamicyn A, a different lysosomotropic agent. This resistance could be explained by a higher ability of the mutant populations to produce NH4Cl-resistant variants, as supported by their tendency to accumulate mutations related to NH4Cl-resistance that was higher than that of the WT populations. Competition experiments also indicated that the combination of both amino acid substitutions promoted an increase of viral fitness that likely contributed to NH4Cl resistance. This study provides novel evidences supporting that the combination of mutations in a viral capsid can result in compensatory effects that lead to fitness gain, and facilitate space to an inhibitor of acid-dependent uncoating. Thus, although drug-resistant variants usually exhibit a reduction in viral fitness, our results indicate that compensatory mutations that restore this reduction in fitness can promote emergence of resistance mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Caridi
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Patricia de León
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang T, Zhang L, Lu Y, Guo M, Zhang Z, Lin A. Characterization of porcine sapelovirus prevalent in western Jiangxi, China. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:273. [PMID: 34391425 PMCID: PMC8364068 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) infection can lead severe polioencephalomyelitis with high morbidity and mortality, which result in significant economic losses. Infection with the PSV is believed to be common yet limited information is available on the prevalence and molecular characterization of PSV in China. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence and genome of PSV strains identified in the western Jiangxi province of China. RESULTS A high specificity and sensitivity SYBR Green I-based RT-PCR method for PSV detection was developed. Two hundred and ninety four fecal samples were collected from December 2018 to March 2019 in 4 farms. An overall PSV-positivity rate of 11.22% (33/294) was detected with the real-time RT-PCR method, and a high infection rate and viral load of PSV were found in nursery pigs. In total, complete VP1 gene sequences of 11 PSV strains (PSV-YCs) were obtained. Homology comparisons of the VP1 gene of the 11 PSV-YCs with previously reported PSVs revealed nucleotide sequence identities ranging from 63% to 96.8%, and deduced amino acid sequence identities from 61.4% to 99.7%. Phylogenetic analyses based on the VP1 gene exhibited 2 main clades corresponding to PSV-1 and PSV-2, and all PSV-YCs prevalent in western Jiangxi belonged to the traditional genotype (PSV-1). In addition, the pairwise distances of VP1 gene sequences between PSV-YCs ranged from 0.009 to 0.198, which indicating that substantial genetic diversity among the PSVs in western Jiangxi. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of PSV in the Jiangxi province pig herds in China, and it is crucial to understand the epidemiology of the viruses in China. The results also provide an important theoretical foundation for diagnosis and early warning of epidemic diseases caused by PSVs prevailing in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Lingqian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yingmei Lu
- College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Minhong Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhibang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, 336000, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hou L, Zhang C, Yu X, Zhang Y, Du L, Chen J, Zheng Q, Hou J. Evaluation of CVC1302 for Improved Efficacy of FMD-Inactivated Vaccine in Oxidative Stressed Mice Generated with PCV2 Infection. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:428-436. [PMID: 33973807 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect of the immunopotentiator CVC1302 on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination in animals placed under oxidative stress. We established oxidative stress models using porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-infected PK-15 cells and mice model both in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The efficacy of CVC1302 on PK-15 cells or in addition to the FMD vaccine was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, histopathological and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. CVC1302 affected apoptosis of PCV2-infected PK-15 cells and significantly inhibited PCV2 replication, while it had no effect on the viability for blank PK-15 cell in vitro test with varying dilutions of CVC1302. Results showed that PCV2 induced a strong oxidative stress response in mice. CVC1302 reduced the viral load in spleen of PCV2-infected mice and ameliorated the pathological injury of spleen. Furthermore, CVC1302 significantly increased IgG antibody titer, cytokine expression, superoxide dismutase activity, catalase concentrations, and glutathione content in mice immunized with FMD vaccine. In conclusion, CVC1302 inhibits PCV2 replication and regulates oxidative stress in PCV2-infected mice, which can improve the immune efficacy of the FMD vaccine, providing a safe and effective immune enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liting Hou
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chenxin Zhang
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanpeng Zhang
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Luping Du
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qisheng Zheng
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jibo Hou
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ma H, Zhang M, Wu M, Ghonaim AH, Fan S, He Q. Isolation and genetic characteristics of a neurotropic teschovirus variant belonging to genotype 1 in northeast China. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1355-1370. [PMID: 33709216 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine teschovirus (PTV) is a causative agent of reproductive disorders, encephalomyelitis, respiratory diseases, and diarrhea in swine, with a worldwide distribution. In this work, we identified PTV-associated nonsuppurative encephalitis as a potential cause of posterior paralysis in neonatal pigs in northeast China. Using indirect immunofluorescence assay, western blot, electron microscopy, and genome sequencing, we identified a neurotropic PTV strain, named CHN-NP1-2016, in the supernatants of pooled cerebrum and cerebellum samples from an affected piglet. Nucleotide sequence alignment revealed that the whole genome of CHN-NP1-2016 shared the highest sequence similarity (86.76% identity) with PTV 1 strain Talfan. A combination of phylogenetic and genetic divergence analysis was applied based on the deduced amino acid sequence of the P1 gene with a cutoff value of the genetic distance (0.102 ± 0.008) for defining PTV genotypes, and this showed that CHN-NP1-2016 is a variant of genotype 1. In total, 16 unique mutations and five mutant clusters were detected in the capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 of CHN-NP1-2016 when compared to other PTV1 isolates. Importantly, we detected three mutant clusters located in the exposed surface loops of the capsid protein, potentially indicating significant differences in major neutralization epitopes. Moreover, a potential recombination event in the P1 region of PTV CHN-NP1-2016 was detected. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of recombination in the evolution of teschoviruses. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of PTV-1-associated encephalitis in northeast China. Future investigations will narrow on the serology and pathogenicity of this novel isolate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi-zi-shan Street, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mengjia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi-zi-shan Street, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meizhou Wu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ahmed H Ghonaim
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shengxian Fan
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qigai He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi-zi-shan Street, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Meta-analysis of Genetic Diversity of the VP1 Gene Among the Circulating O, A, and SAT2 Serotypes and Vaccine Strains of FMD Virus in Egypt. J Vet Res 2020; 64:487-493. [PMID: 33367136 PMCID: PMC7734679 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Three strains of the FMD virus (A, O, and SAT 2) were recognised as causes of the FMD circulating in Egypt. The aims of this study were to trace the FMDV isolates from outbreaks in Egypt to understand their epidemiology and evolution and to understand the situation of the vaccine strains compared with the circulating serotypes. Material and Methods A meta-analysis was carried out by using the data available for FMD outbreaks in Egypt from GenBank and the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD); a comparison was done with both data sets for the three serotypes. MEGA-X was used for the evolution analysis, through constructions of phylogenetic trees for all sequences recorded in GenBank for each serotype in different Egyptian outbreaks in different years and also within the same year. Additionally, nucleotide substitution rate, molecular clock, and mean evolutionary rates were estimated for the three serotypes to understand and compare their evolution. Results Absence of some records of certain serotype outbreaks from the WRLFMD database was noted as were subsequent missing appropriate vaccine programmes. Genetic variation was recorded among the virus isolates within the same years and also the vaccine strain was associated with up to 26 amino acid substitutions. The evolution rate of the SAT2 strain was the highest of the circulating strains. SAT2 had high amino acid substitution per year at an important immunogenic site (130–170), serotype A had less, and serotype O the least. Conclusion The need for different strategies for vaccine serotype selection is indicated.
Collapse
|
16
|
Detection and Characterization of Porcine Sapelovirus in Italian Pig Farms. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060966. [PMID: 32498384 PMCID: PMC7341194 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sapelovirus (PSV) is known to infect pigs asymptomatically but, sporadically, can cause reproductive failure and severe neurologic, enteric, or respiratory signs. Sapelovirus infections have been reported worldwide in pigs. However, information about PSV circulation in Italy is unavailable and rarely investigated across Europe. In this study, we reported the circulation of PSV in three Italian pig farms and added novel information about evolutionary heterogeneity of PSV strains showing a low genetic correlation with the other strains detected worldwide. The present study gives information about PSV circulation in intensive pig farms and highlights the need for further investigation. Abstract Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) belongs to the genus Sapelovirus of the family Picornaviridae. PSV infects pigs asymptomatically, but it can also cause severe neurologic, enteric, and respiratory symptoms or reproductive failure. Sapelovirus infections have been reported worldwide in pigs. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence and the prevalence of PSV in Italian swine farms in animals of different ages to clarify the occurrence of the infection and the genetic characteristics of circulating strains. In the present study, 92 pools of fecal samples, collected from pigs across three farms, were analyzed by Reverse Transcriptase-polymerase Chain Reaction-PCR (RT-PCR). Fecal pools from young growers (63/64) were found positive for Sapelovirus in all farms while detection in sows (4/28) was observed in only one farm. Phylogenetic analyses of the 19 partial capsid protein nucleotide sequences (VP1) (6–7 each farm) enable the classification of the virus sequences into three distinct clades and highlighted the high heterogeneity within one farm. The whole genome sequence obtained from one strain showed the highest correlation with the Italian strain detected in 2015. The study adds novel information about the circulation and heterogeneity of PSV strains in Italy and considering the movement of pigs across Europe would also be informative for other countries.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Viral population numbers are extremely large compared with those of their host species. Population bottlenecks are frequent during the life cycle of viruses and can reduce viral populations transiently to very few individuals. Viruses have to confront several types of constraints that can be divided into basal, cell-dependent, and organism-dependent constraints. Viruses overcome them exploiting a number of molecular mechanisms, with an important contribution of population numbers and genome variation. The adaptive potential of viruses is reflected in modifications of cell tropism and host range, escape to components of the host immune response, and capacity to alternate among different host species, among other phenotypic changes. Despite a fitness cost of most mutations required to overcome a selective constraint, viruses can find evolutionary pathways that ensure their survival in equilibrium with their hosts.
Collapse
|
18
|
Domingo E. Long-term virus evolution in nature. VIRUS AS POPULATIONS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153321 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816331-3.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Viruses spread to give rise to epidemics and pandemics, and some key parameters that include virus and host population numbers determine virus persistence or extinction in nature. Viruses evolve at different rates depending on the polymerase copying fidelity during genome replication and a number of environmental influences. Calculated rates of evolution in nature vary depending on the time interval between virus isolations. In particular, intrahost evolution is generally more rapid that interhost evolution, and several possible mechanisms for this difference are considered. The mechanisms by which the error-prone viruses evolve are very unlikely to render the operation of a molecular clock (constant rate of incorporation of mutations in the evolving genomes), although a clock is assumed in many calculations. Several computational tools permit the alignment of viral sequences and the establishment of phylogenetic relationships among viruses. The evolution of the virus in the form of dynamic mutant clouds in each infected individual, together with multiple environmental parameters renders the emergence and reemergence of viral pathogens an unpredictable event, another facet of biological complexity.
Collapse
|
19
|
Cell culture propagation of foot-and-mouth disease virus: adaptive amino acid substitutions in structural proteins and their functional implications. Virus Genes 2019; 56:1-15. [PMID: 31776851 PMCID: PMC6957568 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is endemic in livestock in large parts of Africa and Asia, where it is an important driver of food insecurity and a major obstacle to agricultural development and the international trade in animal products. Virtually all commercially available vaccines are inactivated whole-virus vaccines produced in cell culture, but the adaptation of a field isolate of the virus to growth in culture is laborious and time-consuming. This is of particular concern for the development of vaccines to newly emerging virus lineages, where long lead times from virus isolate to vaccine can delay the implementation of effective control programs. High antigen yields in production cells are also necessary to make vaccines affordable for less developed countries in endemic areas. Therefore, a rational approach to cell culture adaptation that combines prior knowledge of common adaptive mutations and reverse genetics techniques is urgently required. This review provides an overview of amino acid exchanges in the viral capsid proteins in the context of adaptation to cell culture.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bai XW, Bao HF, Li PH, Ma XQ, Sun P, Bai QF, Zhang M, Yuan H, Chen DD, Li K, Chen YL, Cao YM, Fu YF, Zhang J, Li D, Lu ZJ, Liu ZX, Luo JX. Engineering Responses to Amino Acid Substitutions in the VP0- and VP3-Coding Regions of PanAsia-1 Strains of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O. J Virol 2019; 93:e02278-18. [PMID: 30700601 PMCID: PMC6430551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02278-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of sequence divergence through adaptive mutations in the major capsid protein VP1, and also in VP0 (VP4 and VP2) and VP3, of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is relevant to a broad range of viral characteristics. To explore the potential role of isolate-specific residues in the VP0 and VP3 coding regions of PanAsia-1 strains in genetic and phenotypic properties of FMDV, a series of recombinant full-length genomic clones were constructed using Cathay topotype infectious cDNA as the original backbone. The deleterious and compensatory effects of individual amino acid substitutions at positions 4008 and 3060 and in several different domains of VP2 illustrated that the chain-based spatial interaction patterns of VP1, VP2, and VP3 (VP1-3), as well as between the internal VP4 and the three external capsid proteins of FMDV, might contribute to the assembly of eventually viable viruses. The Y2079H site-directed mutants dramatically induced a decrease in plaque size on BHK-21 cells and viral pathogenicity in suckling mice. Remarkably, the 2079H-encoding viruses displayed a moderate increase in acid sensitivity correlated with NH4Cl resistance compared to the Y2079-encoding viruses. Interestingly, none of all the 16 rescued viruses were able to infect heparan sulfate-expressing CHO-K1 cells. However, viral infection in BHK-21 cells was facilitated by utilizing non-integrin-dependent, heparin-sensitive receptor(s) and replacements of four uncharged amino acids at position 3174 in VP3 of FMDV had no apparent influence on heparin affinity. These results provide particular insights into the correlation of evolutionary biology with genetic diversity in adapting populations of FMDV.IMPORTANCE The sequence variation within the capsid proteins occurs frequently in the infection of susceptible tissue cultures, reflecting the high levels of genetic diversity of FMDV. A systematic study for the functional significance of isolate-specific residues in VP0 and VP3 of FMDV PanAsia-1 strains suggested that the interaction of amino acid side chains between the N terminus of VP4 and several potential domains of VP1-3 had cascading effects on the viability and developmental characteristics of progeny viruses. Y2079H in VP0 of the indicated FMDVs could affect plaque size and pathogenicity, as well as acid sensitivity correlated with NH4Cl resistance, whereas there was no inevitable correlation in viral plaque and acid-sensitive phenotypes. The high affinity of non-integrin-dependent FMDVs for heparin might be explained by the differences in structures of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the surfaces of different cell lines. These results may contribute to our understanding of the distinct phenotypic properties of FMDV in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui-Fang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ping-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qi-Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dong-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ying-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yi-Mei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zeng-Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zai-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jian-Xun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li Y, Du L, Jin T, Cheng Y, Zhang X, Jiao S, Huang T, Zhang Y, Yan Y, Gu J, Zhou J. Characterization and epidemiological survey of porcine sapelovirus in China. Vet Microbiol 2019; 232:13-21. [PMID: 31030837 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is a causative agent of acute diarrhoea, respiratory distress, reproductive failure, and polioencephalomyelitis in swine. Here, we report the isolation, genomic sequence, and biological characterization of PSV isolated from pig diarrhoeal samples. In our study, two PSV strains were identified with a diameter of approximately 25 nm, and their full genomes were 7564 nucleotides in length. We named the strains PSV-JXXY-a2 and PSV-JXXY-c. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two virus isolates were classified into the China cluster. Moreover, the PSV-JXXY-a2 strain could be inactivated quickly at 54℃ and adapted to grow on different cell lines of porcine, human, and baby hamster origin. Pathogenicity investigation showed that the isolated PSV could infect neonatal piglets efficiently and caused diarrhoea in piglets. Further epidemiological investigation revealed a high prevalence of PSV in pig herds, and the PSV-positive rates in pigs with diarrhoea were much higher than in asymptomatic samples in China. Together, our findings demonstrate that PSV-JXXY-a2 is pathogenic to neonatal piglets and advance knowledge on the prevalence of PSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liuyang Du
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Jin
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Shaoyong Jiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tong Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pezzoni G, Bregoli A, Grazioli S, Barbieri I, Madani H, Omani A, Sadaoui H, Bouayed N, Wadsworth J, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Knowles NJ, King DP, Brocchi E. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks due to an exotic virus serotype A lineage (A/AFRICA/G-IV) in Algeria in 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:7-13. [PMID: 30222914 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the genetic characterization of serotype A viruses collected during outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) that occurred in Algeria in 2017. These are the first reports of clinical cases due to this serotype in the country since 1977. One complete genomic sequence (comprising 8,119 nucleotides) and three additional near-complete genomic sequences were generated. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that these viruses were classified within the A/AFRICA/G-IV lineage, most closely related to viruses circulating in Nigeria between 2009 and 2015. These unexpected results motivate further studies to define the precise pathways by which this viral lineage has been introduced into North Africa in order to understand risks of future disease incursions into the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bregoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Hafsa Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Amel Omani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hassiba Sadaoui
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nadera Bouayed
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brito B, Pauszek SJ, Hartwig EJ, Smoliga GR, Vu LT, Dong PV, Stenfeldt C, Rodriguez LL, King DP, Knowles NJ, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Long NT, Dung DH, Arzt J. A traditional evolutionary history of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Southeast Asia challenged by analyses of non-structural protein coding sequences. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6472. [PMID: 29691483 PMCID: PMC5915611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination of rapidly evolving RNA-viruses provides an important mechanism for diversification, spread, and emergence of new variants with enhanced fitness. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes an important transboundary disease of livestock that is endemic to most countries in Asia and Africa. Maintenance and spread of FMDV are driven by periods of dominance of specific viral lineages. Current understanding of the molecular epidemiology of FMDV lineages is generally based on the phylogenetic relationship of the capsid-encoding genes, with less attention to the process of recombination and evolution of non-structural proteins. In this study, the putative recombination breakpoints of FMDVs endemic to Southeast Asia were determined using full-open reading frame sequences. Subsequently, the lineages’ divergence times of recombination-free genome regions were estimated. These analyses revealed a close relationship between two of the earliest endemic viral lineages that appear unrelated when only considering the phylogeny of their capsid proteins. Contrastingly, one lineage, named O/CATHAY, known for having a particular host predilection (pigs) has evolved independently. Additionally, intra-lineage recombination occurred at different breakpoints compared to the inter-lineage process. These results provide new insights about FMDV recombination patterns and the evolutionary interdependence of FMDV serotypes and lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA. .,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - George R Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Le T Vu
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham V Dong
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Ngo T Long
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Do H Dung
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mohamed FF, Mansour SMG, Orabi A, El-Araby IE, Ng TFF, Mor SK, Goyal SM. Detection and genetic characterization of bovine kobuvirus from calves in Egypt. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1439-1447. [PMID: 29423548 PMCID: PMC7087207 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kobuviruses are small non-enveloped RNA viruses that probably cause diarrhea in cattle and swine. Since its discovery in 2003, few studies have addressed bovine kobuvirus (BKoV; a species of Aichivirus B) infections. BKoV has been reported in Europe, Asia, and South America, suggesting a worldwide distribution. To investigate the presence of BKoV in Egypt, 36 fecal specimens from diarrheic calves in two different Egyptian provinces (Cairo and Sharkia) were screened by RT-PCR and 24 (66.7%) were found positive for BKoV. RNA from one of the positive samples (BKoV/Egy-1/KY407744) was subjected to next-generation sequencing to determine the complete BKoV genome sequence. When compared to the only recorded BKoV genome sequence (BKoV/U-1/AB084788), the studied strain showed 94 amino acid (aa) substitutions through its entire polyprotein (2463 aa), one nucleotide (nt) insertion and one nt deletion in the 2B gene and 4-nt deletions in the UTRs (2 each). Additionally, five VP1 and seven 3D sequences were obtained from other samples by using RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. A discrepancy in the phylogenetic topography of VP1 and 3D was observed, where the Egyptian VP1 sequences were classified as a distinct cluster within the proposed lineage 1 (genotype A), which also contained strains from the UK, Brazil, and Japan. While, the 3D sequences from Cairo were related to those of Chinese strains unlike Sharkia ones that were more closer to Korean strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detection and genomic characterization of BKoV in Egypt or indeed Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fakry F Mohamed
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Shimaa M G Mansour
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Orabi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - Iman E El-Araby
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA.
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Upfold N, Ross C, Bishop ÖT, Luke GA, Knox C. The generation and characterisation of neutralising antibodies against the Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) GDVII capsid reveals the potential binding site of the host cell co-receptor, heparan sulfate. Virus Res 2018; 244:153-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Tully DC, Fares MA. Unravelling Selection Shifts among Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus (FMDV) Serotypes. Evol Bioinform Online 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117693430600200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FMDV virus has been increasingly recognised as the most economically severe animal virus with a remarkable degree of antigenic diversity. Using an integrative evolutionary and computational approach we have compelling evidence for heterogeneity in the selection forces shaping the evolution of the seven different FMDV serotypes. Our results show that positive Darwinian selection has governed the evolution of the major antigenic regions of serotypes A, Asia1, O, SAT1 and SAT2, but not C or SAT3. Co-evolution between sites from antigenic regions under positive selection pinpoints their functional communication to generate immune-escape mutants while maintaining their ability to recognise the host-cell receptors. Neural network and functional divergence analyses strongly point to selection shifts between the different serotypes. Our results suggest that, unlike African FMDV serotypes, serotypes with wide geographical distribution have accumulated compensatory mutations as a strategy to ameliorate the effect of slightly deleterious mutations fixed by genetic drift. This strategy may have provided the virus by a flexibility to generate immune-escape mutants and yet recognise host-cell receptors. African serotypes presented no evidence for compensatory mutations. Our results support heterogeneous selective constraints affecting the different serotypes. This points to the possible accelerated rates of evolution diverging serotypes sharing geographical locations as to ameliorate the competition for the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien C. Tully
- Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biology Department, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mario A. Fares
- Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biology Department, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang T, Yu X, Yan M, Luo B, Li R, Qu T, Luo Z, Ge M, Zhao D. Molecular characterization of Porcine sapelovirus in Hunan, China. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2738-2747. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Xinglong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Meijun Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Binyu Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Runcheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Tailong Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Zhang Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Meng Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Dun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Identification of a conformational neutralizing epitope on the VP1 protein of type A foot-and-mouth disease virus. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:374-381. [PMID: 28711695 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), is a highly contagious infectious disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals worldwide. In recent years, outbreaks of serotype A FMD have occurred in many countries. High-affinity neutralizing antibodies against a conserved epitope could provide protective immunity against diverse subtypes of FMDV serotype A and protect against future pandemics. In this study, we generated a serotype A FMDV-specific potent neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb), 6C9, which recognizes a conformation-dependent epitope. MAb 6C9 potently neutralized FMDV A/XJBC/CHA/2010 with a 50% neutralization titer (NT50) of 4096. Screening of a phage-displayed random 12-mer peptide library revealed that MAb 6C9 bound to phages displaying the consensus motif YxxPxGDLG, which is highly homologous to the 135YxxPxxxxxGDLG147 motif found in the serotype A FMDV virus-encoded structural protein VP1. To further verify the authentic epitope recognized by MAb 6C9, two FMDV A/XJBC/CHA/2010 mutant viruses, P138A and G144A, were generated using a reverse genetic system. Subsequent micro-neutralization assays and double-antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA analyses revealed that the Pro138 and Gly144 residues of the conformational epitope that are recognized by 6C9 are important for MAb 6C9 binding. Importantly, the epitope 135YxxPxxxxxGDLG147 was highly conserved among different topotypes of serotype A FMDV strains in a sequence alignment analysis. Thus, the results of this study could have potential applications in the development of novel epitope-based vaccines and suitable a MAb-based diagnostic method for the detection of serotype A FMDV and the quantitation of antibodies against this serotype.
Collapse
|
29
|
Davies V, Reeve R, Harvey WT, Maree FF, Husmeier D. A sparse hierarchical Bayesian model for detecting relevant antigenic sites in virus evolution. Comput Stat 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00180-017-0730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
30
|
Fishbourne E, Ludi AB, Wilsden G, Hamblin P, Statham B, Bin-Tarif A, Brocchi E, Grazioli S, Dekker A, Eblé P, King DP. Efficacy of a high potency O 1 Manisa foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in cattle against heterologous challenge with a field virus from the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage collected in North Africa. Vaccine 2017; 35:2761-2765. [PMID: 28396208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in North Africa (2013) and the Gulf States (2013) of the Middle East have been caused by a FMD viral lineage (O/ME-SA/Ind-2001) that was before 2013 restricted to the Indian Sub-continent. This study was undertaken to assess the in vivo efficacy of a FMD virus emergency vaccine type O1 Manisa against heterologous challenge with a representative field virus (O/ALG/3/2014) from this emerging lineage. This widely available vaccine was selected since in vitro vaccine-matching results gave inconclusive results as to whether or not it would be protective. Three groups of five cattle were vaccinated with O1 Manisa (homologous potency ≥6PD50/dose) using study guidelines outlined in the European Pharmacopeia, and challenged at 21days post-vaccination by tongue inoculation. All animals that were vaccinated with the lowest dose (1/16) of vaccine developed generalised FMD, defined as vesicular lesions at the feet. One animal vaccinated with a 1/4 dose of the vaccine also developed generalised disease, as did two animals vaccinated with the full dose of vaccine. These results indicate that the heterologous potency of this high potency O1 Manisa vaccine was approximately 3.5 PD50/dose. These data support the use of the O1 Manisa vaccine for FMD control in areas where FMDV is endemic e.g. North Africa, and motivate further studies to evaluate other vaccine candidates (or multivalent combinations) that might be potentially used for emergency purposes in FMD-free settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Fishbourne
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Pip Hamblin
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Bob Statham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi, 9, 25024 Brescia, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi, 9, 25024 Brescia, Italy
| | - Aldo Dekker
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Phaedra Eblé
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Human Rhinovirus Diversity and Evolution: How Strange the Change from Major to Minor. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01659-16. [PMID: 28100614 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01659-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses are the most common causes of the common cold. Their many distinct lineages fall into "major" and "minor" groups that use different cell surface receptors to enter host cells. Minor-group rhinoviruses are more immunogenic in laboratory studies, although their patterns of transmission and their cold symptoms are broadly similar to those of the major group. Here we present evolutionary evidence that minor-group viruses are also more immunogenic in humans. A key finding is that rates of amino acid substitutions at exposed sites in the capsid proteins VP2, VP3, and VP1 tend to be elevated in minor-group relative to major-group viruses, while rates at buried sites show no consistent differences. A reanalysis of historical virus watch data also indicates a higher immunogenicity of minor-group viruses, consistent with our findings about evolutionary rates at amino acid positions most directly exposed to immune surveillance. The increased immunogenicity and speed of evolution in minor-group lineages may contribute to the very large numbers of rhinovirus serotypes that coexist while differing in virulence.IMPORTANCE Most colds are caused by rhinoviruses (RVs). Those caused by a subset known as the minor-group members of rhinovirus species A (RV-A) are correlated with the inception and aggravation of asthma in at-risk populations. Genetically, minor-group viruses are similar to major-group RV-A, from which they were derived, although they tend to elicit stronger immune responses. Differences in their rates and patterns of molecular evolution should be highly relevant to their epidemiology. All RV-A strains show high rates of amino acid substitutions in the capsid proteins at exposed sites not previously identified as being immunogenic, and this increase is significantly greater in minor-group viruses. These findings will inform future studies of the recently discovered RV-C, which also appears to exacerbate asthma in adults and children. In addition, these findings draw attention to the difficult problem of explaining the long-term coexistence of many serotypes of major- and minor-group RVs.
Collapse
|
32
|
Yang T, Li R, Peng W, Ge M, Luo B, Qu T, Yu X. First isolation and genetic characteristics of porcine sapeloviruses in Hunan, China. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1589-1597. [PMID: 28213873 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of diarrhea in piglets cause serious economic consequences in China. Diarrhetic fecal samples from 20 Hunan farm piglets were tested and found to be positive for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) by RT-PCR, although incubation with porcine kidney (PK-15) cells failed to produce infectious PEDV. Four porcine sapelovirus (PSV) strains (designated as PSV-HuNs) were isolated from four of the samples. Genomic sequence analysis revealed open reading frames encoding polyproteins of 2,331 (HuN1, 2 and 3) and 2,332 (HuN4) amino acids. Homology comparisons of the VP1 gene of the four Hunan strains with previously reported PSV strains revealed nucleotide sequence identities ranging from 74.2 to 98.6%, and deduced amino acid sequence identities from 79.5 to 98%. Phylogenetic analyses based on full-length and partial VP1 gene sequences showed that 3 of the PSV-HuN strains (HuN2, 3 and 4) clustered within a clade distinct from HuN1 as well as from all PSVs previously isolated in China, thereby showing that genetic diversity exists within Chinese PSVs. In addition, recombination analysis among PSVs indicates that a recombinant (HuN2 strain) exist in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Runcheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Wang Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Meng Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Binyu Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Tailong Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Xinglong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ross C, Upfold N, Luke GA, Bishop ÖT, Knox C. Subcellular localisation of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) capsid subunit VP1 vis-á-vis host protein Hsp90. Virus Res 2016; 222:53-63. [PMID: 27269472 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The VP1 subunit of the picornavirus capsid is the major antigenic determinant and mediates host cell attachment and virus entry. To investigate the localisation of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) VP1 during infection, a bioinformatics approach was used to predict a surface-exposed, linear epitope region of the protein for subsequent expression and purification. This region, comprising the N-terminal 112 amino acids of the protein, was then used for rabbit immunisation, and the resultant polyclonal antibodies were able to recognise full length VP1 in infected cell lysates by Western blot. Following optimisation, the antibodies were used to investigate the localisation of VP1 in relation to Hsp90 in infected cells by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. At 5h post infection, VP1 was distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm with strong perinuclear staining but was absent from the nucleus of all cells analysed. Dual-label immunofluorescence using anti-TMEV VP1 and anti-Hsp90 antibodies indicated that the distribution of both proteins colocalised in the cytoplasm and perinuclear region of infected cells. This is the first report describing the localisation of TMEV VP1 in infected cells, and the antibodies produced provide a valuable tool for investigating the poorly understood mechanisms underlying the early steps of picornavirus assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ross
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Nicole Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Scotland KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lian K, Yang F, Zhu Z, Cao W, Jin Y, Liu H, Li D, Zhang K, Guo J, Liu X, Zheng H. The VP1 S154D mutation of type Asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus enhances viral replication and pathogenicity. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:113-119. [PMID: 26792712 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the proteins encoded by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), the VP1 protein, a capsid protein, plays an important role in integrin receptor attachment and humoral immunity-mediated host responses. The integrin receptor recognition motif and an important antigenic epitope exist within the G-H loop, which is comprised of amino acids 134-160 of the VP1 protein. FMDV strain, Asia1/HN/CHA/06, isolated from a pig, was passaged four times in suckling mice and sequenced. Sequencing analyses showed that there was a mutation of the integrin receptor recognition motif Arg-Gly-Asp/Arg-Asp-Asp (RGD/RDD, VP1 143-145) and a VP1 154 serine/Asp (VP1 S154D) mutation in the G-H loop of the VP1 protein. The influence of the RGD/RDD mutation on Asia1 FMDV disease phenotype has been previously studied. In this study, to determine the influence of the VP1 S154D mutation on FMDV Asia1 replication and pathogenicity, two recombinant FMDVs with different residues only at the VP1 154 site were rescued by reverse genetics techniques and their infectious potential in host cells and pathogenicity in pigs were compared. Our data indicates that the VP1 S154D mutation increases the replication level of FMDV Asia1/HN/CHA/06 in BHK-21, IB-RS-2, and PK-15 cells and enhances pathogenicity in pigs. Through the transient transfection-infection assay to compare integrin receptor usage of two recombinant viruses, the result shows that the VP1 S154D mutation markedly increases the ability of type Asia1 FMDV to use the integrin receptors αυβ6 and αυβ8 from pig. This study identifies a key research target for illuminating the role of residues located at G-H loop in FMDV pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Domingo E. Long-Term Virus Evolution in Nature. VIRUS AS POPULATIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7149407 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800837-9.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Viruses spread to give rise to epidemics and pandemics, and some key parameters that include virus and host population numbers determine virus persistence or extinction in nature. Viruses evolve at different rates of evolution depending on the polymerase copying fidelity during genome replication. Calculated rates of evolution in nature vary depending on the time interval between virus isolations. In particular, intra-host evolution is generally more rapid that inter-host evolution and several possible mechanisms for this difference are considered. The mechanisms by which the error-prone viruses evolve render very unlikely the operation of a molecular clock (constant rate of incorporation of mutations in the evolving genomes). Several computational methods are reviewed that permit the alignment of viral sequences and the establishment of phylogenetic relationships among viruses. The evolution of virus in the form of dynamic mutant clouds in each infected individual, together with multiple environmental influences, render the emergence and reemergence of viral pathogens an unpredictable event, another example of biological complexity.
Collapse
|
36
|
Domingo E. Interaction of Virus Populations with Their Hosts. VIRUS AS POPULATIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7150142 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800837-9.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Viral population numbers are extremely large compared with those of their host species. Population bottlenecks are frequent during the life cycle of viruses and can reduce viral populations transiently to very few individuals. Viruses have to confront several types of constraints that can be divided in basal, cell-dependent, and organism-dependent constraints. Viruses overcome them exploiting a number of molecular mechanisms, with an important contribution of population numbers and genome variation. The adaptive potential of viruses is reflected in modifications of cell tropism and host range, escape to components of the host immune response, and capacity to alternate among different host species, among other phenotypic changes. Despite a fitness cost of most mutations required to overcome a selective constraint, viruses can find evolutionary pathways that ensure their survival in equilibrium with their hosts.
Collapse
|
37
|
Pounder KC, Watts PC, Niklasson B, Kallio ERK, Marston DA, Fooks AR, Begon M, McElhinney LM. Genome characterisation of two Ljungan virus isolates from wild bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in Sweden. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:156-164. [PMID: 26375731 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ljungan virus (LV) (family Picornaviridae, genus Parechovirus) is a suspected zoonotic pathogen with associations to human disease in Sweden. LV is a single-stranded RNA virus with a positive sense genome. There are five published Ljungan virus strains, three isolated from Sweden and two from America, and are classified into four genotypes. A further two strains described here were isolated from wild bank voles (Myodes glareolus) caught in Västmanlands county, Sweden in 1994. These strains were sequenced using next generation pyrosequencing technology on the GS454flx platform. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the obtained genomes confirms isolates LV340 and LV342 as two new putative members of genotype 2 along with LV145SL, with 92% and 99% nucleotide identities respectively. Only two codon sites throughout the entire genome were identified as undergoing positive selection, both situated within the VP3 structural region, in or near to major antigenic sites. Whilst these two strains do not constitute new genotypes they provide evidence, though weakly supported, which suggests the evolution of Ljungan viruses to be relatively slow, a characteristic unlike other picornaviruses. Additional genomic sequences are urgently required for Ljungan virus strains, particularly from different locations or hosts, to fully understand the evolutionary and epidemiological properties of this potentially zoonotic virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kieran C Pounder
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Phillip C Watts
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; University of Oulu, Department of Ecology, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Bo Niklasson
- Apodemus AB, Nobels väg 3, 17165 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva R K Kallio
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Denise A Marston
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; University of Liverpool Institute of Infection and Global Health, L69 7BE, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Michael Begon
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Lorraine M McElhinney
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; University of Liverpool Institute of Infection and Global Health, L69 7BE, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sikombe TKW, Mweene AS, Muma J, Kasanga C, Sinkala Y, Banda F, Mulumba M, Fana EM, Mundia C, Simuunza M. Serological Survey of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) in Zambia. Vet Med Int 2015; 2015:264528. [PMID: 26347208 PMCID: PMC4541020 DOI: 10.1155/2015/264528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) circulating in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) from selected areas in Zambia. Sera and probang samples were collected between 2011 and 2012 and analysed for presence of antibodies against FMDV while probang samples were used to isolate the FMDV by observing cytopathic effect (CPE). Samples with CPE were further analysed using antigen ELISA. High FMD seroprevalence was observed and antibodies to all the three Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes were detected in four study areas represented as follows: SAT2 was 72.7 percent; SAT1 was 62.6 percent; and SAT3 was 26.2 percent. Mixed infections accounted for 68.6 percent of those that were tested positive. For probang samples, CPE were observed in three of the samples, while the antigen ELISA results showed positivity and for SAT1 (n = 1) and SAT2 (n = 2). It is concluded that FMDV is highly prevalent in Zambian buffaloes which could play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. Therefore livestock reared at interface with the game parks should be included in all routine FMDV vaccination programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. K. W. Sikombe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Box 33980, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - A. S. Mweene
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - C. Kasanga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Y. Sinkala
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
- National Livestock Epidemiology and Information Centre, P.O. Box 30041, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - F. Banda
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Box 33980, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - M. Mulumba
- Southern African Development Community Secretariat, SADC House, Plot No. 54385, Central Business District, Private Bag 0095, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - E. M. Fana
- Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - C. Mundia
- Department of Veterinary Services, Southern African Development Community, Trans-Boundary Animal Disease Section, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, P.O. Box 50060, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - M. Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fan P, Li X, Sun S, Su W, An D, Gao F, Kong W, Jiang C. Identification of a common epitope between enterovirus 71 and human MED25 proteins which may explain virus-associated neurological disease. Viruses 2015; 7:1558-77. [PMID: 25826188 PMCID: PMC4411665 DOI: 10.3390/v7041558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative pathogen of hand, foot and mouth disease with especially severe neurologic complications, which mainly account for fatalities from this disease. To date, the pathogenesis of EV71 in the central neurons system has remained unclear. Cytokine-mediated immunopathogenesis and nervous tissue damage by virus proliferation are two widely speculated causes of the neurological disease. To further study the pathogenesis, we identified a common epitope (co-epitope) between EV71 VP1 and human mediator complex subunit 25 (MED25) highly expressed in brain stem. A monoclonal antibody (2H2) against the co-epitope was prepared, and its interaction with MED25 was examined by ELISA, immunofluorescence assay and Western blot in vitro and by live small animal imaging in vivo. Additionally, 2H2 could bind to both VP1 and MED25 with the affinity constant (Kd) of 10−7 M as determined by the ForteBio Octet System. Intravenously injected 2H2 was distributed in brain stem of mice after seven days of EV71 infection. Interestingly, 2H2-like antibodies were detected in the serum of EV71-infected patients. These findings suggest that EV71 infection induces the production of antibodies that can bind to autoantigens expressed in nervous tissue and maybe further trigger autoimmune reactions resulting in neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peihu Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; E-Mails: (P.F.); (X.L.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (D.A.); (F.G.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; E-Mails: (P.F.); (X.L.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (D.A.); (F.G.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shiyang Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; E-Mails: (P.F.); (X.L.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (D.A.); (F.G.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Weiheng Su
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; E-Mails: (P.F.); (X.L.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (D.A.); (F.G.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dong An
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; E-Mails: (P.F.); (X.L.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (D.A.); (F.G.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; E-Mails: (P.F.); (X.L.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (D.A.); (F.G.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; E-Mails: (P.F.); (X.L.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (D.A.); (F.G.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (W.K.); (C.J.); Tel.: +86-0431-8517-7701 (W.K.); +86-0431-8516-7790 (C.J.); Fax: +86-0431-8516-7751 (W.K. and C.J.)
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; E-Mails: (P.F.); (X.L.); (S.S.); (W.S.); (D.A.); (F.G.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (W.K.); (C.J.); Tel.: +86-0431-8517-7701 (W.K.); +86-0431-8516-7790 (C.J.); Fax: +86-0431-8516-7751 (W.K. and C.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ullah H, Siddique MA, Al Amin M, Das BC, Sultana M, Hossain MA. Re-emergence of circulatory foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes Asia1 in Bangladesh and VP1 protein heterogeneity with vaccine strain IND 63/72. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 60:168-173. [PMID: 25370946 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes O, A and Asia1 are responsible for significant number of disease outbreaks in Bangladesh; however serotype Asia1 has not been reported in circulation since 1996. The present investigation reports the detection of serotype FMDV Asia1 from local farms in 2012 and 2013 outbreaks. The farms were located in Jessore and Gazipur districts, and one of these farms was under vaccine control programme. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete VP1 gene revealed that FMDV Asia1 is under genetic lineage C having close similarity to the Asia1 sequences of Indian origin. The circulatory genotype Asia1 showed VP1 protein sequence heterogeneity of eight amino acid substitutions within the G-H loop with the vaccine strain [IND 63/72 (AY304994)] used in vaccination programme. ELISA assay revealed that, of seven, only one local field serum sample (cattle vaccinated 38 days earlier) was positive at a titre level of >2.4 (log10) but failed to protect the cattle from infection occurred by the virus. This investigation focused that the eight amino acid substitution in VP1 protein at G-H loop of the locally circulated FMDV serotype Asia1 strain may be a reason for current vaccination failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M A Siddique
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Al Amin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - B C Das
- Department of Livestock Services, Central Disease Investigation Laboratory, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M A Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nidaira M, Kuba Y, Saitoh M, Taira K, Maeshiro N, Mahoe Y, Kyan H, Takara T, Okano S, Kudaka J, Yoshida H, Oishi K, Kimura H. Molecular evolution of VP3, VP1, 3C(pro) and 3D(pol) coding regions in coxsackievirus group A type 24 variant isolates from acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in 2011 in Okinawa, Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:227-38. [PMID: 24517637 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A large acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) outbreak occurred in 2011 in Okinawa Prefecture in Japan. Ten strains of coxsackievirus group A type 24 variant (CA24v) were isolated from patients with AHC and full sequence analysis of the VP3, VP1, 3C(pro) and 3D(pol) coding regions performed. To assess time-scale evolution, phylogenetic analysis was performed using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. In addition, similarity plots were constructed and pairwise distance (p-distance) and positive pressure analyses performed. A phylogenetic tree based on the VP1 coding region showed that the present strains belong to genotype 4 (G4). In addition, the present strains could have divided in about 2010 from the same lineages detected in other countries such as China, India and Australia. The mean rates of molecular evolution of four coding regions were estimated at about 6.15 to 7.86 × 10(-3) substitutions/site/year. Similarity plot analyses suggested that nucleotide similarities between the present strains and a prototype strain (EH24/70 strain) were 0.77-0.94. The p-distance of the present strains was relatively short (<0.01). Only one positive selected site (L25H) was identified in the VP1 protein. These findings suggest that the present CA24v strains causing AHC are genetically related to other AHC strains with rapid evolution and emerged in around 2010.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nidaira
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 2085 Ozato, Nanjo-Shi, Okinawa, 901-1202
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yang M, Xu W, Goolia M, Zhang Z. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O and application in identification of antigenic variation in relation to vaccine strain selection. Virol J 2014; 11:136. [PMID: 25085313 PMCID: PMC4125342 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has severe implications for animal farming which leads to considerable financial losses because of its rapid spread, high morbidity and loss of productivity. For these reasons, the use of vaccine is often favoured to prevent and control FMD. Selection of the proper vaccine is extremely difficult because of the antigenic variation within FMDV serotypes. The aim of the current study was to produce a panel of mAbs and use it for the characterization of new isolates of FMDV serotype O. RESULTS A panel of FMDV/O specific mAb was produced. The generated mAbs were then characterized using the peptide array and mAb resistant mutant selection. Seven out of the nine mAbs reacted with five known antigenic sites, thus the other two mAbs against non-neutralizing sites were identified. The mAbs were then evaluated by antigenic ELISA for the detection of forty-six FMDV serotype O isolates representing seven of ten known topotypes. Isolates ECU/4/10 and HKN/2/11 demonstrated the highest antigenic variation compared to the others. Furthermore, the panel of mAbs was used in vaccine matching by antigenic profiling ELISA with O1/Manisa as the reference strain. However, there was no correlation between vaccine matching by antigenic ELISA and the gold standard method, virus neutralisation test (VNT), for the forty-six FMDV/O isolates. Nine isolates had particularly poor correlation with the reference vaccine strain as revealed by the low r1 values in VNT. The amino acid sequences of the outer capsid proteins for these nine isolates were analyzed and compared with the vaccine strain O1/Manisa. The isolate ECU/4/10 displayed three unique amino acid substitutions around the antigenic sites 1, 3 and 4. CONCLUSIONS The panel of mAbs is useful to monitor the emergence of antigenically different strains and determination of relevant antigenic site differences. However, for vaccine matching VNT remains the preferred method but a combination of VNT, antigenic profiling with a panel of mAbs and genetic sequencing would probably be more ideal for full characterization of any new outbreak isolates as well as for selection of vaccine strains from FMDV antigen banks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3 M4, Manitoba, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Routsias JG, Mavrouli MD, Antonaki G, Spanakis N, Tsakris A. Synthetic peptides for efficient discrimination of anti-enterovirus antibodies at the serotype level. Peptides 2014; 58:52-9. [PMID: 24929043 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are important human pathogens, causing a broad spectrum of diseases from minor common colds to fatal myocarditis. However, certain disease syndromes are caused by one or few serotypes. Serotype identification is difficult due to the laborious neutralization tests that lack of sensitivity, while in commercial ELISAs homotypic antibodies' activities are largely masked by the recognition of genera-specific epitopes by heterotypic antibodies. In the present study homotypic assays were developed with the ability to discriminate different enterovirus serotypes. Seventy-three children sera, positive for IgM antibodies against enterovirus genus and 49 healthy children were examined for the presence of antibodies against 14 synthetic peptides derived from a non-conserved region of the VP1 protein of coxsackieviruses B2, B3, B4, B5, A9, A16, A24, echoviruses 6, 7, 9, 11, 30, enterovirus 71 and parechovirus 1. 50% of the anti-enterovirus IgM positive sera (>150 BU) reacted with the peptides with the majority of them to preferentially recognize one of them, supporting the homotypic nature of our assay. Inhibition studies yielded homologous inhibition rates 67-95% suggesting that specific peptide recognition actually occurred. The diagnostic value of our assay was tested in blood samples drawn over a 1.5-year period from a 5-year old patient. The anti-enterovirus reactivity was clearly attributed to echovirus serotype 11. The IgM/IgG antibody ratio was reversed 4 months later and subsequently IgM antibodies dropped below the cutoff point. In this paper we demonstrate that our assay can be used to discriminate between antibodies targeting different enterovirus serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John G Routsias
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria D Mavrouli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Antonaki
- Department of Microbiology, NICU Aglaia Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Spanakis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Son KY, Kim DS, Matthijnssens J, Kwon HJ, Park JG, Hosmillo M, Alfajaro MM, Ryu EH, Kim JY, Kang MI, Cho KO. Molecular epidemiology of Korean porcine sapeloviruses. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1175-80. [PMID: 24232913 PMCID: PMC7087272 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of porcine sapeloviruses (PSVs) in Korea, a total of 100 diarrhea fecal samples from pigs were analyzed by RT-PCR and nested PCR assays with primer pairs specific for the VP1 gene. Overall, 34 % of the diarrhea samples tested positive for PSV, and a high proportion of infections occurred along with a variety of other enteric viruses and bacteria. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 genes revealed pronounced genetic diversities between PSVs from Korean and elsewhere. Our results indicate that PSV infections are very common in Korean pigs with diarrhea. The infecting strains are genetically diverse.
Collapse
|
45
|
Adeniji JA, Faleye TOC. Isolation and identification of enteroviruses from sewage and sewage-contaminated water in Lagos, Nigeria. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:75-86. [PMID: 24566762 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies have confirmed silent circulation of enteroviruses in the environment even in the absence of associated clinical conditions in the community. In this light, 26 samples of sewage and sewage-contaminated water serving selected high-risk communities in Lagos Nigeria were examined between June and September 2010. To concentrate virus particles in the sample, 480 μL of each sample was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 1 h at 4 °C. Subsequently, pellets were pooled, chloroform treated and further centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C. The water phase (concentrate) was then collected and stored at -20 °C. The concentrates were subsequently inoculated into RD and L20B cell lines. Recovered isolates were identified by real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR), serotyping, VP1 amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Overall, 9 (34.6%) of the samples showed characteristic enterovirus cytopathic effect in RD cell line and were subsequently confirmed by pan-enterovirus rRT-PCR. The isolates were further identified by serotyping to include three E7, one E11 and one E13 isolates whilst four isolates were untypable. Further characterisation by VP1 sequencing confirmed the results of serotyping and rRT-PCR for all but isolate E13. Also, the four previously untypable isolates were identified to include two E19, one E20 and one E7 by VP1 sequencing. Results of the study confirmed circulation of Sub-Saharan Africa-specific enterovirus clades in the region, provide information on their molecular epidemiology and emphasise the need to combine methods of identification to enhance enterovirus surveillance.
Collapse
|
46
|
Ayelet G, Gelaye E, Jenberie S, Asmare K. Sequence variability in the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A and O of Ethiopian isolates. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:558-66. [PMID: 24684893 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A total of 13 serotype O and 5 serotype A FMD Ethiopian isolates and some isolates from other countries (six for serotype A and four for serotype O) were sequenced on the structural protein (P1) coding region. The deduced amino acid sequences were aligned and investigated in an attempt to determine the amino acid variation. Differences were observed at 115 (15.6%) and 119 (16.1%) amino acid positions for serotype O and serotype A, respectively. The variation in the derived amino acid sequences is the highest in VP1, while VP4 was highly conserved in both serotypes A and O. In all isolates, hypervariable regions were located at regions corresponding to the highly immunogenic sites, the G-H loop (133-158) and the C-terminus (194-213) of the VP1 gene. The RGD cell attachment site within the G-H loop of the gene was conserved in all isolates. The study revealed the presence of significant amino acid variation at VP2 and VP3 in addition to known VP1 coding region. Hence, determination of amino acid sequence of the whole P1 region provides more information on antigenic variability of FMD virus and could be used in vaccine strain selection in parallel with serological vaccine matching assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gelagay Ayelet
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 19, Hora street, Debre-zeit, Ethiopia; Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 19, Hora street, Debre-zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Jenberie
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 19, Hora street, Debre-zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Asmare
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway; School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Phylogeny and genetic diversity of foot and mouth disease virus serotype Asia1 in India during 1964–2012. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:280-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
48
|
Evaluation of the stability of enterovirus 71 virus-like particle. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 117:366-71. [PMID: 24140131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is responsible for the outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease that caused significant mortality in children, but no vaccine is available yet. EV71 virus-like particle (VLP) is the empty capsid consisting of viral structural proteins but can elicit potent immune responses, rendering VLP a promising EV71 vaccine candidate. To evaluate whether VLP remains stable after long-term storage, which is crucial for advancing the VLP vaccine to the clinical setting, we evaluated the effects of NaCl concentration, buffers and temperatures on the VLP stability. We first validated the use of dynamic light scattering (DLS) for measuring the hydrodynamic diameter (≈30-35 nm) of VLP, which was close to the VLP diameter (≈25-27 nm) as measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Using these techniques, we found that EV71 VLP remained stable for 5 months in sodium phosphate (NaPi) buffers with various NaCl concentrations. EV71 VLP also remained morphologically stable in NaPi, citrate and TE(+) buffers for 5 months, yet the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that the VLP stored in citrate and TE(+) buffers partially lost the immunogenicity after 5 months. In contrast, the VLP stored in the NaPi buffer at 4°C remained stable macroscopically and microscopically for 5 months, as judged from the DLS, TEM and ELISA. The VLP stored at 25°C and 37°C also retained stability for 1 month, which would obviate the need of a cold chain during the shipping. These data altogether proved the stability of EV71 VLP and suggested that the VLP is amenable to bioprocessing and storage.
Collapse
|
49
|
Selection and characterization of an acid-resistant mutant of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus. Arch Virol 2013; 159:657-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
50
|
Phylogenetic patterns of human coxsackievirus B5 arise from population dynamics between two genogroups and reveal evolutionary factors of molecular adaptation and transmission. J Virol 2013; 87:12249-59. [PMID: 24006446 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02075-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to gain insights into the tempo and mode of the evolutionary processes that sustain genetic diversity in coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) and into the interplay with virus transmission. We estimated phylodynamic patterns with a large sample of virus strains collected in Europe by Bayesian statistical methods, reconstructed the ancestral states of genealogical nodes, and tested for selection. The genealogies estimated with the structural one-dimensional gene encoding the VP1 protein and nonstructural 3CD locus allowed the precise description of lineages over time and cocirculating virus populations within the two CVB5 clades, genogroups A and B. Strong negative selection shaped the evolution of both loci, but compelling phylogenetic data suggested that immune selection pressure resulted in the emergence of the two genogroups with opposed evolutionary pathways. The genogroups also differed in the temporal occurrence of the amino acid changes. The virus strains of genogroup A were characterized by sequential acquisition of nonsynonymous changes in residues exposed at the virus 5-fold axis. The genogroup B viruses were marked by selection of three changes in a different domain (VP1 C terminus) during its early emergence. These external changes resulted in a selective sweep, which was followed by an evolutionary stasis that is still ongoing after 50 years. The inferred population history of CVB5 showed an alternation of the prevailing genogroup during meningitis epidemics across Europe and is interpreted to be a consequence of partial cross-immunity.
Collapse
|