1
|
Mercerón-Martínez D, Almaguer-Melian W, Bergado JA. Basolateral amygdala stimulation plus water maze training restore dentate gyrus LTP and improve spatial learning and memory. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113589. [PMID: 34547342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is a key mechanism of neural plasticity involved in learning and memory. A reduced or impaired synaptic plasticity could lead to a deficient learning and memory. On the other hand, besides reducing hipocampal dependent learning and memory, fimbria-fornix lesion affects LTP. However, we have consistently shown that stimulation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) 15 min after water maze training is able to improve spatial learning and memory in fimbria fornix lesioned rats while also inducing changes in the expression of plasticity-related genes expression in memory associated brain regions like the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In this study we test that hypothesis: whether BLA stimulation 15 min after water maze training can improve LTP in the hippocampus of fimbria-fornix lesioned rats. To address this question, we trained fimbria-fornix lesioned rats in water maze for four consecutive days, and the BLA was bilaterally stimulated 15 min after each training session.Our data show that trained fimbria-fornix lesioned rats develop a partially improved LTP in dentated gyrus compared with the non-trained fimbria-fornix lesioned rats. In contrast, dentated gyrus LTP in trained and BLA stimulated fimbria-fornix lesioned rats improved significantly compared to the trained fimbria-fornix lesioned rats, but was not different from that shown by healthy animals. BLA stimulation in non-trained FF lesioned rats did not improve LTP; instead produces a transient synaptic depression. Restoration of the ability to develop LTP by the combination of training and BLA stimulation would be one of the mechanisms involved in ameliorating memory deficits in lesioned animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge A Bergado
- Universidad del Sinú "Elías Bechara Zainum", Montería, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mercerón-Martínez D, Ibaceta-González C, Salazar C, Almaguer-Melian W, Bergado-Rosado JA, Palacios AG. Alzheimer’s Disease, Neural Plasticity, and Functional Recovery. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:S37-S50. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-201178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common and devastating neurodegenerative condition worldwide, characterized by the aggregation of amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau protein, and is accompanied by a progressive loss of learning and memory. A healthy nervous system is endowed with synaptic plasticity, among others neural plasticity mechanisms, allowing structural and physiological adaptations to changes in the environment. This neural plasticity modification sustains learning and memory, and behavioral changes and is severely affected by pathological and aging conditions, leading to cognitive deterioration. This article reviews critical aspects of AD neurodegeneration as well as therapeutic approaches that restore neural plasticity to provide functional recoveries, including environmental enrichment, physical exercise, transcranial stimulation, neurotrophin involvement, and direct electrical stimulation of the amygdala. In addition, we report recent behavioral results in Octodon degus, a promising natural model for the study of AD that naturally reproduces the neuropathological alterations observed in AD patients during normal aging, including neuronal toxicity, deterioration of neural plasticity, and the decline of learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daymara Mercerón-Martínez
- Experimental Electrophysiology Lab, International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Havana City, Cuba
| | | | - Claudia Salazar
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - William Almaguer-Melian
- Experimental Electrophysiology Lab, International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Havana City, Cuba
| | | | - Adrian G. Palacios
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kiltschewskij DJ, Cairns MJ. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Interplay between mRNA Stability, Translation and Small RNAs in Response to Neuronal Membrane Depolarization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197086. [PMID: 32992958 PMCID: PMC7582590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Experience-dependent changes to neural circuitry are shaped by spatially-restricted activity-dependent mRNA translation. Although the complexity of mRNA translation in neuronal cells is widely appreciated, translational profiles associated with neuronal excitation remain largely uncharacterized, and the associated regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we employed ribosome profiling, mRNA sequencing and small RNA sequencing to profile transcriptome-wide changes in mRNA translation after whole cell depolarization of differentiated neuroblast cultures, and investigate the contribution of sequence-specific regulatory mechanisms. Immediately after depolarization, a functional partition between transcriptional and translational responses was uncovered, in which many mRNAs were subjected to significant changes in abundance or ribosomal occupancy, but not both. After an extended (2 h) post-stimulus rest phase, however, these changes became synchronized, suggesting that there are different layers of post-transcriptional regulation which are temporally separated but become coordinated over time. Globally, changes in mRNA abundance and translation were found to be associated with a number of intrinsic mRNA features, including mRNA length, GC% and secondary structures; however, the effect of these factors differed between both post-depolarization time-points. Furthermore, small RNA sequencing revealed that miRNAs and tRNA-derived small RNA fragments were subjected to peak changes in expression immediately after stimulation, during which these molecules were predominantly associated with fluctuations in mRNA abundance, consistent with known regulatory mechanisms. These data suggest that excitation-associated neuronal translation is subjected to extensive temporal coordination, with substantial contributions from a number of sequence-dependent regulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Kiltschewskij
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia;
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton 2305, Australia
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia;
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton 2305, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick 2031, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-02-4921-8670
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Levitan D, Liu C, Yang T, Shima Y, Lin JY, Wachutka J, Marrero Y, Ali Marandi Ghoddousi R, da Veiga Beltrame E, Richter TA, Katz DB, Nelson SB. Deletion of Stk11 and Fos in mouse BLA projection neurons alters intrinsic excitability and impairs formation of long-term aversive memory. eLife 2020; 9:e61036. [PMID: 32779566 PMCID: PMC7445010 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a form of one-trial learning dependent on basolateral amygdala projection neurons (BLApn). Its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. RNAseq from BLApn identified changes in multiple candidate learning-related transcripts including the expected immediate early gene Fos and Stk11, a master kinase of the AMP-related kinase pathway with important roles in growth, metabolism and development, but not previously implicated in learning. Deletion of Stk11 in BLApn blocked memory prior to training, but not following it and increased neuronal excitability. Conversely, BLApn had reduced excitability following CTA. BLApn knockout of a second learning-related gene, Fos, also increased excitability and impaired learning. Independently increasing BLApn excitability chemogenetically during CTA also impaired memory. STK11 and C-FOS activation were independent of one another. These data suggest key roles for Stk11 and Fos in CTA long-term memory formation, dependent at least partly through convergent action on BLApn intrinsic excitability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Levitan
- Departments of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Chenghao Liu
- Departments of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Tracy Yang
- Departments of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Yasuyuki Shima
- Departments of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Jian-You Lin
- Departments of Psychology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Joseph Wachutka
- Departments of Psychology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Yasmin Marrero
- Departments of Psychology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | | | | | - Troy A Richter
- Departments of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Donald B Katz
- Departments of Psychology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Sacha B Nelson
- Departments of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schicknick H, Henschke JU, Budinger E, Ohl FW, Gundelfinger ED, Tischmeyer W. β-adrenergic modulation of discrimination learning and memory in the auditory cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3141-3163. [PMID: 31162753 PMCID: PMC6900137 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite vast literature on catecholaminergic neuromodulation of auditory cortex functioning in general, knowledge about its role for long‐term memory formation is scarce. Our previous pharmacological studies on cortex‐dependent frequency‐modulated tone‐sweep discrimination learning of Mongolian gerbils showed that auditory‐cortical D1/5‐dopamine receptor activity facilitates memory consolidation and anterograde memory formation. Considering overlapping functions of D1/5‐dopamine receptors and β‐adrenoceptors, we hypothesised a role of β‐adrenergic signalling in the auditory cortex for sweep discrimination learning and memory. Supporting this hypothesis, the β1/2‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol bilaterally applied to the gerbil auditory cortex after task acquisition prevented the discrimination increment that was normally monitored 1 day later. The increment in the total number of hurdle crossings performed in response to the sweeps per se was normal. Propranolol infusion after the seventh training session suppressed the previously established sweep discrimination. The suppressive effect required antagonist injection in a narrow post‐session time window. When applied to the auditory cortex 1 day before initial conditioning, β1‐adrenoceptor‐antagonising and β1‐adrenoceptor‐stimulating agents retarded and facilitated, respectively, sweep discrimination learning, whereas β2‐selective drugs were ineffective. In contrast, single‐sweep detection learning was normal after propranolol infusion. By immunohistochemistry, β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptors were identified on the neuropil and somata of pyramidal and non‐pyramidal neurons of the gerbil auditory cortex. The present findings suggest that β‐adrenergic signalling in the auditory cortex has task‐related importance for discrimination learning of complex sounds: as previously shown for D1/5‐dopamine receptor signalling, β‐adrenoceptor activity supports long‐term memory consolidation and reconsolidation; additionally, tonic input through β1‐adrenoceptors may control mechanisms permissive for memory acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Horst Schicknick
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia U Henschke
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eike Budinger
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank W Ohl
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tischmeyer
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saddic LA, Howard-Quijano K, Kipke J, Kubo Y, Dale EA, Hoover D, Shivkumar K, Eghbali M, Mahajan A. Progression of myocardial ischemia leads to unique changes in immediate-early gene expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1592-H1601. [PMID: 30216122 PMCID: PMC6336975 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00337.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathological consequences of ischemic heart disease involve signaling through the autonomic nervous system. Although early activation may serve to maintain hemodynamic stability, persistent aberrant sympathoexcitation contributes to the development of lethal arrhythmias and heart failure. We hypothesized that as the myocardium reacts and remodels to ischemic injury over time, there is an analogous sequence of gene expression changes in the thoracic spinal cord dorsal horn, the processing center for incoming afferent fibers from the heart to the central nervous system. Acute and chronic myocardial ischemia (MI) was induced in a large animal model of Yorkshire pigs, and the thoracic dorsal horn of treated pigs, along with control nonischemic pigs, was harvested for transcriptome analysis. We identified 32 differentially expressed genes between healthy and acute ischemia cohorts and 46 differentially expressed genes between healthy and chronic ischemia cohorts. The canonical immediate-early gene c-fos was upregulated after acute MI, along with fosB, dual specificity phosphatase 1 and 2 ( dusp1 and dusp2), and early growth response 2 (egr2). After chronic MI, there was a persistent yet unique activation of immediate-early genes, including fosB, nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A members 1-3 ( nr4a1, nr4a2, and nr4a3), egr3, and TNF-α-induced protein 3 ( tnfaip3). In addition, differentially expressed genes from the chronic MI signature were enriched in pathways linked to apoptosis, immune regulation, and the stress response. These findings support a dynamic progression of gene expression changes in the dorsal horn with maturation of myocardial injury, and they may explain how early adaptive autonomic nervous system responses can maintain hemodynamic stability, whereas prolonged maladaptive signals can predispose patients to arrhythmias and heart failure. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Activation of the autonomic nervous system after myocardial injury can provide early cardiovascular support or prolonged aberrant sympathoexcitation. The later response can lead to lethal arrhythmias and heart failure. This study provides evidence of ongoing changes in the gene expression signature of the spinal cord dorsal horn as myocardial injury progresses over time. These changes could help explain how an adaptive nervous system response can become maladaptive over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Saddic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Kimberly Howard-Quijano
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Jasmine Kipke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Yukiko Kubo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Erica A Dale
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Donald Hoover
- Quillen College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Mansoureh Eghbali
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Aman Mahajan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yanai S, Ito H, Endo S. Long-term cilostazol administration prevents age-related decline of hippocampus-dependent memory in mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 129:57-68. [PMID: 29122629 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that hydrolyze and inactivate 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and/or 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). The regulation of intracellular signaling pathways mediated by cyclic nucleotides is imperative to synaptic plasticity and memory in animals. Because PDEs play an important role in this regulation, PDE inhibitors are considered as candidate compounds for treating cognitive and memory disorders. In the present study, we tested whether cilostazol, a selective PDE3 inhibitor, prevents the cognitive deterioration that occurs during the course of normal aging in mice. Ten months of cilostazol administration (1.5%) in 13-month-old mice improved spatial memory when tested at 23 months of age. First, it prevented the decline in the ability of these aged mice to recognize a change in an object's location in the object recognition task. Second, spatial memory of these cilostazol-treated aged mice in the Morris water maze was comparable to that of untreated middle-aged mice (13 months old). Cilostazol administration had no effect on the emotional states and physical ability of aged mice. Thus, long-term cilostazol administration prevented hippocampus-dependent memory decline in aged mice, allowing them to achieve a level of cognitive performance similar to middle-aged mice and without negative behavioral side effects. Considering its well-established safety in other medical contexts, cilostazol may be a potential therapeutic candidate drug for staving off cognitive decline in the aging human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Yanai
- Aging Neuroscience Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hideki Ito
- Department of CNS Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Shogo Endo
- Aging Neuroscience Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abbas AK, Villers A, Ris L. Temporal phases of long-term potentiation (LTP): myth or fact? Rev Neurosci 2016; 26:507-46. [PMID: 25992512 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) remains the most widely accepted model for learning and memory. In accordance with this belief, the temporal differentiation of LTP into early and late phases is accepted as reflecting the differentiation of short-term and long-term memory. Moreover, during the past 30 years, protein synthesis inhibitors have been used to separate the early, protein synthesis-independent (E-LTP) phase and the late, protein synthesis-dependent (L-LTP) phase. However, the role of these proteins has not been formally identified. Additionally, several reports failed to show an effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on LTP. In this review, a detailed analysis of extensive behavioral and electrophysiological data reveals that the presumed correspondence of LTP temporal phases to memory phases is neither experimentally nor theoretically consistent. Moreover, an overview of the time courses of E-LTP in hippocampal slices reveals a wide variability ranging from <1 h to more than 5 h. The existence of all these conflictual findings should lead to a new vision of LTP. We believe that the E-LTP vs. L-LTP distinction, established with protein synthesis inhibitor studies, reflects a false dichotomy. We suggest that the duration of LTP and its dependency on protein synthesis are related to the availability of a set of proteins at synapses and not to the de novo synthesis of plasticity-related proteins. This availability is determined by protein turnover kinetics, which is regulated by previous and ongoing electrical activities and by energy store availability.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kähne T, Richter S, Kolodziej A, Smalla KH, Pielot R, Engler A, Ohl FW, Dieterich DC, Seidenbecher C, Tischmeyer W, Naumann M, Gundelfinger ED. Proteome rearrangements after auditory learning: high-resolution profiling of synapse-enriched protein fractions from mouse brain. J Neurochem 2016; 138:124-38. [PMID: 27062398 PMCID: PMC5089584 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Learning and memory processes are accompanied by rearrangements of synaptic protein networks. While various studies have demonstrated the regulation of individual synaptic proteins during these processes, much less is known about the complex regulation of synaptic proteomes. Recently, we reported that auditory discrimination learning in mice is associated with a relative down-regulation of proteins involved in the structural organization of synapses in various brain regions. Aiming at the identification of biological processes and signaling pathways involved in auditory memory formation, here, a label-free quantification approach was utilized to identify regulated synaptic junctional proteins and phosphoproteins in the auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of mice 24 h after the learning experiment. Twenty proteins, including postsynaptic scaffolds, actin-remodeling proteins, and RNA-binding proteins, were regulated in at least three brain regions pointing to common, cross-regional mechanisms. Most of the detected synaptic proteome changes were, however, restricted to individual brain regions. For example, several members of the Septin family of cytoskeletal proteins were up-regulated only in the hippocampus, while Septin-9 was down-regulated in the hippocampus, the frontal cortex, and the striatum. Meta analyses utilizing several databases were employed to identify underlying cellular functions and biological pathways. Data are available via ProteomeExchange with identifier PXD003089. How does the protein composition of synapses change in different brain areas upon auditory learning? We unravel discrete proteome changes in mouse auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum functionally implicated in the learning process. We identify not only common but also area-specific biological pathways and cellular processes modulated 24 h after training, indicating individual contributions of the regions to memory processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Richter
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Angela Kolodziej
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Smalla
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Pielot
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank W Ohl
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela C Dieterich
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze Seidenbecher
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tischmeyer
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Molecular Neuroscience, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past 60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning and fear conditioning to a tone) and one instrumental procedure (one-trial inhibitory avoidance). Fear memory is formed in the hippocampus (contextual conditioning and inhibitory avoidance), in the basolateral amygdala (inhibitory avoidance), and in the lateral amygdala (conditioning to a tone). The circuitry involves, in addition, the pre- and infralimbic ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the central amygdala subnuclei, and the dentate gyrus. Fear learning models, notably inhibitory avoidance, have also been very useful for the analysis of the biochemical mechanisms of memory consolidation as a whole. These studies have capitalized on in vitro observations on long-term potentiation and other kinds of plasticity. The effect of a very large number of drugs on fear learning has been intensively studied, often as a prelude to the investigation of effects on anxiety. The extinction of fear learning involves to an extent a reversal of the flow of information in the mentioned structures and is used in the therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder and fear memories in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Izquierdo
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R. G. Furini
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jociane C. Myskiw
- National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Almaguer-Melian W, Mercerón-Martínez D, Delgado-Ocaña S, Pavón-Fuentes N, Ledón N, Bergado JA. EPO induces changes in synaptic transmission and plasticity in the dentate gyrus of rats. Synapse 2016; 70:240-52. [PMID: 26860222 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin has shown wide physiological effects on the central nervous system in animal models of disease, and in healthy animals. We have recently shown that systemic EPO administration 15 min, but not 5 h, after daily training in a water maze is able to induce the recovery of spatial memory in fimbria-fornix chronic-lesioned animals, suggesting that acute EPO triggers mechanisms which can modulate the active neural plasticity mechanism involved in spatial memory acquisition in lesioned animals. Additionally, this EPO effect is accompanied by the up-regulation of plasticity-related early genes. More remarkably, this time-dependent effects on learning recovery could signify that EPO in nerve system modulate specific living-cellular processes. In the present article, we focus on the question if EPO could modulate the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity like LTP and LTD, which presumably could support our previous published data. Our results show that acute EPO peripheral administration 15 min before the induction of synaptic plasticity is able to increase the magnitude of the LTP (more prominent in PSA than fEPSP-Slope) to facilitate the induction of LTD, and to protect LTP from depotentiation. These findings showing that EPO modulates in vivo synaptic plasticity sustain the assumption that EPO can act not only as a neuroprotective substance, but is also able to modulate transient neural plasticity mechanisms and therefore to promote the recovery of nerve function after an established chronic brain lesion. According to these results, EPO could be use as a molecular tool for neurorestaurative treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nancy Pavón-Fuentes
- Centro Internacional De Restauración Neurológica (CIREN), La Habana 11300, Cuba
| | - Nuris Ledón
- Centro De Inmunología Molecular, Playa, 11600, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jorge A Bergado
- Centro Internacional De Restauración Neurológica (CIREN), La Habana 11300, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Levitan D, Gal-Ben-Ari S, Heise C, Rosenberg T, Elkobi A, Inberg S, Sala C, Rosenblum K. The differential role of cortical protein synthesis in taste memory formation and persistence. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2016; 1:16001. [PMID: 27721985 PMCID: PMC5053367 DOI: 10.1038/npjscilearn.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The current dogma suggests that the formation of long-term memory (LTM) is dependent on protein synthesis but persistence of the memory trace is not. However, many of the studies examining the effect of protein synthesis inhibitors (PSIs) on LTM persistence were performed in the hippocampus, which is known to have a time-dependent role in memory storage, rather than the cortex, which is considered to be the main structure to store long-term memories. Here we studied the effect of PSIs on LTM formation and persistence in male Wistar Hola (n ≥ 5) rats by infusing the protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin (100 μg, 1 μl), into the gustatory cortex (GC) during LTM formation and persistence in conditioned taste aversion (CTA). We found that local anisomycin infusion to the GC before memory acquisition impaired LTM formation (P = 8.9E - 5), but had no effect on LTM persistence when infused 3 days post acquisition (P = 0.94). However, when we extended the time interval between treatment with anisomycin and testing from 3 days to 14 days, LTM persistence was enhanced (P = 0.01). The enhancement was on the background of stable and non-declining memory, and was not recapitulated by another amnesic agent, APV (10 μg, 1 μl), an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist (P = 0.54). In conclusion, CTA LTM remains sensitive to the action of PSIs in the GC even 3 days following memory acquisition. This sensitivity is differentially expressed between the formation and persistence of LTM, suggesting that increased cortical protein synthesis promotes LTM formation, whereas decreased protein synthesis promotes LTM persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Levitan
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shunit Gal-Ben-Ari
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Christopher Heise
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tali Rosenberg
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alina Elkobi
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sharon Inberg
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Carlo Sala
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Kobi Rosenblum
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, Haifa, Israel
- ()
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The learning of fear extinction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 47:670-83. [PMID: 25452113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent work on the extinction of fear-motivated learning places emphasis on its putative circuitry and on its modulation. Extinction is the learned inhibition of retrieval of previously acquired responses. Fear extinction is used as a major component of exposure therapy in the treatment of fear memories such as those of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is initiated and maintained by interactions between the hippocampus, basolateral amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which involve feedback regulation of the latter by the other two areas. Fear extinction depends on NMDA receptor activation. It is positively modulated by d-serine acting on the glycine site of NMDA receptors and blocked by AP5 (2-amino-5-phosphono propionate) in the three structures. In addition, histamine acting on H2 receptors and endocannabinoids acting on CB1 receptors in the three brain areas mentioned, and muscarinic cholinergic fibers from the medial septum to hippocampal CA1 positively modulate fear extinction. Importantly, fear extinction can be made state-dependent on circulating epinephrine, which may play a role in situations of stress. Exposure to a novel experience can strongly enhance the consolidation of fear extinction through a synaptic tagging and capture mechanism; this may be useful in the therapy of states caused by fear memory like PTSD.
Collapse
|
14
|
Almaguer-Melian W, Mercerón-Martínez D, Pavón-Fuentes N, Alberti-Amador E, Leon-Martinez R, Ledón N, Delgado Ocaña S, Bergado Rosado JA. Erythropoietin Promotes Neural Plasticity and Spatial Memory Recovery in Fimbria-Fornix-Lesioned Rats. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 29:979-88. [PMID: 25847024 DOI: 10.1177/1545968315572389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (EPO) upregulates the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, a central signaling pathway in cellular plastic mechanisms, and is critical for normal brain development. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that EPO could modulate the plasticity mechanisms supporting spatial memory recovery in fimbria-fornix-transected animals. METHODS Fimbria-fornix was transected in 3 groups of rats. Seven days later, EPO was injected daily for 4 consecutive days within 10 minutes after training on a water maze task. RESULTS Our results show that EPO injections 10 minutes after training produced a substantial spatial memory recovery in fimbria-fornix-lesioned animals. In contrast, an EPO injection shortly after fimbria-fornix lesion surgery does not promote spatial-memory recovery. Neither does daily EPO injection 5 hours after the water maze performance. EPO, on the other hand, induced the expression of plasticity-related genes like arc and bdnf, but this effect was independent of training or lesion. CONCLUSIONS This finding supports our working hypothesis that EPO can modulate transient neuroplastic mechanisms triggered by training in lesioned animals. Consequently, we propose that EPO administration can be a useful trophic factor to promote neural restoration when given in combination with training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nuris Ledón
- Centro de Inmunología Molecular, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Reichenbach N, Herrmann U, Kähne T, Schicknick H, Pielot R, Naumann M, Dieterich DC, Gundelfinger ED, Smalla KH, Tischmeyer W. Differential effects of dopamine signalling on long-term memory formation and consolidation in rodent brain. Proteome Sci 2015; 13:13. [PMID: 25852303 PMCID: PMC4387680 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-015-0069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Using auditory discrimination learning in gerbils, we have previously shown that activation of auditory-cortical D1/D5 dopamine receptors facilitates mTOR-mediated, protein synthesis-dependent mechanisms of memory consolidation and anterograde memory formation. To understand molecular mechanisms of this facilitatory effect, we tested the impact of local pharmacological activation of different D1/D5 dopamine receptor signalling modes in the auditory cortex. To this end, protein patterns in soluble and synaptic protein-enriched fractions from cortical, hippocampal and striatal brain regions of ligand- and vehicle-treated gerbils were analysed by 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry 24 h after intervention. Results After auditory-cortical injection of SKF38393 – a D1/D5 dopamine receptor-selective agonist reported to activate the downstream effectors adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C – prominent proteomic alterations compared to vehicle-treated controls appeared in the auditory cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, whereas only minor changes were detectable in the frontal cortex. In contrast, auditory-cortical injection of SKF83959 – a D1/D5 agonist reported to preferentially stimulate phospholipase C – induced pronounced changes in the frontal cortex. At the molecular level, we detected altered regulation of cytoskeletal and scaffolding proteins, changes in proteins with functions in energy metabolism, local protein synthesis, and synaptic signalling. Interestingly, abundance and/or subcellular localisation of the predominantly presynaptic protein α-synuclein displayed dopaminergic regulation. To assess the role of α-synuclein for dopaminergic mechanisms of memory modulation, we tested the impact of post-conditioning systemic pharmacological activation of different D1/D5 dopamine receptor signalling modes on auditory discrimination learning in α-synuclein-mutant mice. In C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice, bearing a spontaneous deletion of the α-synuclein-encoding gene, but not in the related substrains C57BL/6JCrl and C57BL/6JRccHsd, adenylyl cyclase-mediated signalling affected acquisition rates over future learning episodes, whereas phospholipase C-mediated signalling affected final memory performance. Conclusions Dopamine signalling modes via D1/D5 receptors in the auditory cortex differentially impact protein profiles related to rearrangement of cytomatrices, energy metabolism, and synaptic neurotransmission in cortical, hippocampal, and basal brain structures. Altered dopamine neurotransmission in α-synuclein-deficient mice revealed that distinct D1/D5 receptor signalling modes may control different aspects of memory consolidation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-015-0069-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Reichenbach
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany ; Present address: Research Group Neurovascular Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, 53175 Germany
| | - Ulrike Herrmann
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany ; Present address: Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, 38106 Germany
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120 Germany
| | - Horst Schicknick
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany
| | - Rainer Pielot
- Department Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, 39120 Germany
| | - Daniela C Dieterich
- Research Group Neuralomics, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany ; Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39120 Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, 39106 Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Department Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, 39106 Germany ; Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39120 Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Smalla
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, 39106 Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tischmeyer
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118 Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, 39106 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rosenberg T, Gal-Ben-Ari S, Dieterich DC, Kreutz MR, Ziv NE, Gundelfinger ED, Rosenblum K. The roles of protein expression in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:86. [PMID: 25429258 PMCID: PMC4228929 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The amount and availability of proteins are regulated by their synthesis, degradation, and transport. These processes can specifically, locally, and temporally regulate a protein or a population of proteins, thus affecting numerous biological processes in health and disease states. Accordingly, malfunction in the processes of protein turnover and localization underlies different neuronal diseases. However, as early as a century ago, it was recognized that there is a specific need for normal macromolecular synthesis in a specific fragment of the learning process, memory consolidation, which takes place minutes to hours following acquisition. Memory consolidation is the process by which fragile short-term memory is converted into stable long-term memory. It is accepted today that synaptic plasticity is a cellular mechanism of learning and memory processes. Interestingly, similar molecular mechanisms subserve both memory and synaptic plasticity consolidation. In this review, we survey the current view on the connection between memory consolidation processes and proteostasis, i.e., maintaining the protein contents at the neuron and the synapse. In addition, we describe the technical obstacles and possible new methods to determine neuronal proteostasis of synaptic function and better explain the process of memory and synaptic plasticity consolidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tali Rosenberg
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Daniela C Dieterich
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany ; Research Group Neuralomics, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Noam E Ziv
- Network Biology Research Laboratories and Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa, Israel
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany ; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Germany ; Medical School, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kobi Rosenblum
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel ; Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schneider F, Baldauf K, Wetzel W, Reymann KG. Effects of methylphenidate on the behavior of male 5xFAD mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 128:68-77. [PMID: 25449360 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a loss of memory and spatial orientation. It is also reported that the dopamine system is affected. Dopamine plays a prominent role in motor functions, motivation, emotion, arousal and reward, and it is important for learning and memory. One model that represents characteristic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease is the 5xFAD mouse model, in which parenchymal plaque load starts at 2months of age. Transgenic 5xFAD mice show the first behavioral deficits at 6months, which are evident at 9months of age. In this study, we investigated the pharmacological influence of methylphenidate (MPH) on behavioral deficits of 5xFAD mice. Using a battery of behavioral tests, we observed no influence of MPH on anxiety in the elevated plus maze, whereas the locomotion and explorative activity in the open field was increased in transgenic and non-transgenic 5xFAD mice after the application of MPH. Further MPH inhibits habituation in the open field in healthy 5xFAD littermates after the application of 10mg/kg MPH. On the other hand, 10mg/kg MPH improved spatial memory in 6-month-old transgenic 5xFAD males, i.e., at a time point when deficits start to occur. However, in 9-month-old transgenic mice, MPH did not improve persisting learning and memory deficits. We concluded that MPH might improve the non-cognitive, apathy-like behavior (indicated by a reduced exploration), but it has no influence on sustained Alzheimer typical learning and memory deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Schneider
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg D-39120, Germany.
| | - K Baldauf
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg D-39120, Germany.
| | - W Wetzel
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, Magdeburg D-39118, Germany.
| | - K G Reymann
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg D-39120, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, Magdeburg D-39118, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Competition between recently potentiated synaptic inputs reveals a winner-take-all phase of synaptic tagging and capture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12217-21. [PMID: 25092326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403643111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical models suggest that mechanisms of long-term memory consist of a synapse-specific, protein synthesis-independent induction phase (changes in synaptic weights/temporary tagging of such synapses) and, within adjacent dendritic compartments, a protein synthesis-dependent distribution phase that may accompany or immediately precede induction and whose protein products enable consolidation through synaptic capture. We now report that this distribution phase is competitive in a "winner-take-all" fashion when synapses potentiated at induction compete with each other for plasticity-related proteins. This finding highlights the importance of synaptic competition in creating stable long-lasting memory in neural networks without disruption.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kähne T, Kolodziej A, Smalla KH, Eisenschmidt E, Haus UU, Weismantel R, Kropf S, Wetzel W, Ohl FW, Tischmeyer W, Naumann M, Gundelfinger ED. Synaptic proteome changes in mouse brain regions upon auditory discrimination learning. Proteomics 2012; 12:2433-44. [PMID: 22696468 PMCID: PMC3509369 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Changes in synaptic efficacy underlying learning and memory processes are assumed to be associated with alterations of the protein composition of synapses. Here, we performed a quantitative proteomic screen to monitor changes in the synaptic proteome of four brain areas (auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus striatum) during auditory learning. Mice were trained in a shuttle box GO/NO-GO paradigm to discriminate between rising and falling frequency modulated tones to avoid mild electric foot shock. Control-treated mice received corresponding numbers of either the tones or the foot shocks. Six hours and 24 h later, the composition of a fraction enriched in synaptic cytomatrix-associated proteins was compared to that obtained from naïve mice by quantitative mass spectrometry. In the synaptic protein fraction obtained from trained mice, the average percentage (±SEM) of downregulated proteins (59.9 ± 0.5%) exceeded that of upregulated proteins (23.5 ± 0.8%) in the brain regions studied. This effect was significantly smaller in foot shock (42.7 ± 0.6% down, 40.7 ± 1.0% up) and tone controls (43.9 ± 1.0% down, 39.7 ± 0.9% up). These data suggest that learning processes initially induce removal and/or degradation of proteins from presynaptic and postsynaptic cytoskeletal matrices before these structures can acquire a new, postlearning organisation. In silico analysis points to a general role of insulin-like signalling in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Matamales M. Neuronal activity-regulated gene transcription: how are distant synaptic signals conveyed to the nucleus? F1000Res 2012; 1:69. [PMID: 24327840 PMCID: PMC3752646 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.1-69.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic activity can trigger gene expression programs that are required for the stable change of neuronal properties, a process that is essential for learning and memory. Currently, it is still unclear how the stimulation of dendritic synapses can be coupled to transcription in the nucleus in a timely way given that large distances can separate these two cellular compartments. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain long distance communication between synapses and the nucleus, the possible co-existence of these models and their relevance in physiological conditions remain elusive. One model suggests that synaptic activation triggers the translocation to the nucleus of certain transcription regulators localised at postsynaptic sites that function as synapto-nuclear messengers. Alternatively, it has been hypothesised that synaptic activity initiates propagating regenerative intracellular calcium waves that spread through dendrites into the nucleus where nuclear transcription machinery is thereby regulated. It has also been postulated that membrane depolarisation of voltage-gated calcium channels on the somatic membrane is sufficient to increase intracellular calcium concentration and activate transcription without the need for transported signals from distant synapses. Here I provide a critical overview of the suggested mechanisms for coupling synaptic stimulation to transcription, the underlying assumptions behind them and their plausible physiological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Matamales
- Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zanella CA, Treichel H, Cansian RL, Roman SS. The effects of acute administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) (Lamiaceae) in animal models of memory. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502012000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) demonstrates antioxidant, antidepressant, diuretic, antinociceptive and antiulcerogenic activities. The present study was designed to examine the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of R. officinalis on the memory of male mice. The behavioral tasks employed were social recognition (SR), the Morris water maze (MWM) and an inhibitory avoidance task (IA). The treatment with 150 and 300 mg/kg of R. officinalis improved the acquisition phase of learning of a new social memory in the SR task because a decrease was observed in the duration of social investigation. In the Morris water maze, no significant effect was observed on spatial memory when the groups were compared for the time spent in the correct quadrant. In the inhibitory avoidance task, the decrease in the step-down latencies in the test session indicate that 150 mg/kg of R. officinalis improved long-term memory when administered in the consolidation phase of learning. In conclusion, the present study showed that, the hydroalcoholic extract of R. officinalis at 150 and 300 mg/kg modulated the short- and long-term memories of mice, in a social recognition and inhibitory avoidance task, respectively. This modulator effect was shown to improve learning and memory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Treichel
- Regional Integrated University of High Uruguay and Missions
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gal-Ben-Ari S, Kenney JW, Ounalla-Saad H, Taha E, David O, Levitan D, Gildish I, Panja D, Pai B, Wibrand K, Simpson TI, Proud CG, Bramham CR, Armstrong JD, Rosenblum K. Consolidation and translation regulation. Learn Mem 2012; 19:410-22. [PMID: 22904372 PMCID: PMC3418764 DOI: 10.1101/lm.026849.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
mRNA translation, or protein synthesis, is a major component of the transformation of the genetic code into any cellular activity. This complicated, multistep process is divided into three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation is the step at which the ribosome is recruited to the mRNA, and is regarded as the major rate-limiting step in translation, while elongation consists of the elongation of the polypeptide chain; both steps are frequent targets for regulation, which is defined as a change in the rate of translation of an mRNA per unit time. In the normal brain, control of translation is a key mechanism for regulation of memory and synaptic plasticity consolidation, i.e., the off-line processing of acquired information. These regulation processes may differ between different brain structures or neuronal populations. Moreover, dysregulation of translation leads to pathological brain function such as memory impairment. Both normal and abnormal function of the translation machinery is believed to lead to translational up-regulation or down-regulation of a subset of mRNAs. However, the identification of these newly synthesized proteins and determination of the rates of protein synthesis or degradation taking place in different neuronal types and compartments at different time points in the brain demand new proteomic methods and system biology approaches. Here, we discuss in detail the relationship between translation regulation and memory or synaptic plasticity consolidation while focusing on a model of cortical-dependent taste learning task and hippocampal-dependent plasticity. In addition, we describe a novel systems biology perspective to better describe consolidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunit Gal-Ben-Ari
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huerta-Rivas A, López-Rubalcava C, Sánchez-Serrano SL, Valdez-Tapia M, Lamas M, Cruz SL. Toluene impairs learning and memory, has antinociceptive effects, and modifies histone acetylation in the dentate gyrus of adolescent and adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
24
|
Schicknick H, Reichenbach N, Smalla KH, Scheich H, Gundelfinger ED, Tischmeyer W. Dopamine modulates memory consolidation of discrimination learning in the auditory cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:763-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.07994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
25
|
Novelty exposure overcomes foot shock-induced spatial-memory impairment by processes of synaptic-tagging in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:953-8. [PMID: 22215603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114198109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novelty processing can transform short-term into long-term memory. We propose that this memory-reinforcing effect of novelty could be explained by mechanisms outlined in the "synaptic tagging hypothesis." Initial short-term memory is sustained by a transient plasticity change at activated synapses and sets synaptic tags. These tags are later able to capture and process the plasticity-related proteins (PRPs), which are required to transform a short-term synaptic change into a long-term one. Novelty is involved in inducing the synthesis of PRPs [Moncada D, et al. (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:12937-12936], which are then captured by the tagged synapses, consolidating memory. In contrast to novelty, stress can impair learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. Here, we address questions as to whether novelty-induced PRPs are able to prevent the loss of memory caused by stress and if the latter would not interact with the tag-setting process. We used water-maze (WM) training as a spatial learning paradigm to test our hypothesis. Stress was induced by a strong foot shock (FS; 5 × 1 mA, 2 s) applied 5 min after WM training. Our data show that FS reduced long-term but not short-term memory in the WM paradigm. This negative effect on memory consolidation was time- and training-dependent. Interestingly, novelty exposure prevented the stress-induced memory loss of the spatial task and increased BDNF and Arc expression. This rescuing effect was blocked by anisomycin, suggesting that WM-tagged synapses were not reset by FS and were thus able to capture the novelty-induced PRPs, re-establishing FS-impaired long-term memory.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pérez-Cadahía B, Drobic B, Davie JR. Activation and function of immediate-early genes in the nervous system. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:61-73. [PMID: 21326363 DOI: 10.1139/o10-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immediate-early genes have important roles in processes such as brain development, learning, and responses to drug abuse. Further, immediate-early genes play an essential role in cellular responses that contribute to long-term neuronal plasticity. Neuronal plasticity is a characteristic of the nervous system that is not limited to the first stages of brain development but persists in adulthood and seems to be an inherent feature of everyday brain function. The plasticity refers to the neuron's capability of showing short- or long-lasting phenotypic changes in response to different stimuli and cellular scenarios. In this review, we focus on the immediate-early genes encoding transcription factors (AP-1 and Egr) that are relevant for neuronal responses. Our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the induction of the immediate-early genes is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pérez-Cadahía
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Almaguer-Melian W, Bergado JA, López-Rojas J, Frey S, Frey JU. Differential effects of electrical stimulation patterns, motivational-behavioral stimuli and their order of application on functional plasticity processes within one input in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats in vivo. Neuroscience 2010; 165:1546-58. [PMID: 19963044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Jüch M, Smalla KH, Kähne T, Lubec G, Tischmeyer W, Gundelfinger ED, Engelmann M. Congenital lack of nNOS impairs long-term social recognition memory and alters the olfactory bulb proteome. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2009; 92:469-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
29
|
Bergado JA, Scherf T, Almaguer-Melian W, Frey S, López J, Frey JU. Stimulation of the nucleus raphe medialis modifies basal synaptic transmission at the dentate gyrus, but not long-term potentiation or its reinforcement by stimulation of the basolateral amygdala. Neurosci Lett 2009; 464:179-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
30
|
Porte Y, Buhot MC, Mons NE. Spatial memory in the Morris water maze and activation of cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB) protein within the mouse hippocampus. Learn Mem 2008; 15:885-94. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.1094208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
31
|
Streck EL, Comim CM, Barichello T, Quevedo J. The septic brain. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:2171-7. [PMID: 18461451 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a major disease entity with important clinical implications. Sepsis-induced multiple organ failure is associated with a high mortality rate in humans and is clinically characterized by pulmonary, cardiovascular, renal and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that sepsis survivors present long-term cognitive impairment, including alterations in memory, attention, concentration and/or global loss of cognitive function. However, the pathogenesis and natural history of septic encephalopathy and cognitive impairment are still poorly known and further understanding of these processes is necessary for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions. This review discusses the clinical presentation and underlying pathophysiology of the encephalopathy and cognitive impairment associated with sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schicknick H, Schott BH, Budinger E, Smalla KH, Riedel A, Seidenbecher CI, Scheich H, Gundelfinger ED, Tischmeyer W. Dopaminergic modulation of auditory cortex-dependent memory consolidation through mTOR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 18:2646-58. [PMID: 18321872 PMCID: PMC2567422 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in the auditory cortex of Mongolian gerbils on discrimination learning of the direction of frequency-modulated tones (FMs) revealed that long-term memory formation involves activation of the dopaminergic system, activity of the protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and protein synthesis. This led to the hypothesis that the dopaminergic system might modulate memory formation via regulation of mTOR, which is implicated in translational control. Here, we report that the D1/D5 dopamine receptor agonist SKF-38393 substantially improved gerbils’ FM discrimination learning when administered systemically or locally into the auditory cortex shortly before, shortly after, or 1 day before conditioning. Although acquisition performance during initial training was normal, the discrimination of FMs was enhanced during retraining performed hours or days after agonist injection compared with vehicle-injected controls. The D1/D5 receptor antagonist SCH-23390, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, and the protein synthesis blocker anisomycin suppressed this effect. By immunohistochemistry, D1 dopamine receptors were identified in the gerbil auditory cortex predominantly in the infragranular layers. Together, these findings suggest that in the gerbil auditory cortex dopaminergic inputs regulate mTOR-mediated, protein synthesis-dependent mechanisms, thus controlling for hours or days the consolidation of memory required for the discrimination of complex auditory stimuli.
Collapse
|
33
|
Smith AM. An essay on the evolution of cognition: constructing a theoretical conceptual framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 101:257-72. [PMID: 18291631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this essay we provide an interdisciplinary approach to the problem of the evolution of human cognition and suggest the theoretical framework of genetic system theory (GST) for organizing the relevant content of several disciplines. This bio-social-cultural theory is based on the assumption that organisms are dynamic systems which interact with one another and their environment and are themselves composed of dynamic internal relations at several levels. Special emphasis will be placed upon these internal cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological mechanisms of learning and memory. The human individual organism is emphasized because in its experiential activity over time it is the site of integration for social, and cultural stimuli and because of its unique properties among living things. The primary disciplines for our discussion are drawn from the biological, social, and humanistic sciences and several concrete examples are given from each science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Smith
- University of Utah, Honors College, 1975 DeTrobriand Salt Lake City, UT 84113-5003, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Myskiw JC, Rossato JI, Bevilaqua LRM, Medina JH, Izquierdo I, Cammarota M. On the participation of mTOR in recognition memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 89:338-51. [PMID: 18039584 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that activation of the neuronal protein synthesis machinery is required in areas of the brain relevant to memory for consolidation and persistence of the mnemonic trace. Here, we report that inhibition of hippocampal mTOR, a protein kinase involved in the initiation of mRNA translation, immediately or 180min but not 540min after training impairs consolidation of long-term object recognition memory without affecting short-term memory retention or exploratory behavior. When infused into dorsal CA1 after long-term memory reactivation in the presence of familiar objects the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (RAP) did not affect retention. However, when given immediately after exposing animals to a novel and a familiar object, RAP impaired memory for both of them. The amnesic effect of the post-retrieval administration of RAP was long-lasting, did not happen after exposure to two novel objects or following exploration of the training arena in the absence of other stimuli, suggesting that it was contingent with reactivation of the consolidated trace in the presence of a behaviorally relevant and novel cue. Our results indicate that mTOR activity is required in the dorsal hippocampus for consolidation of object recognition memory and suggest that inhibition of this kinase after memory retrieval in the presence of a particular set of cues hinders persistence of the original recognition memory trace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jociane C Myskiw
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ng KT. Reinforcement, glucose metabolism and memory formation: A possible role for astrocytes. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00049539708260460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
36
|
Bergado JA, Frey S, López J, Almaguer-Melian W, Frey JU. Cholinergic afferents to the locus coeruleus and noradrenergic afferents to the medial septum mediate LTP-reinforcement in the dentate gyrus by stimulation of the amygdala. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 88:331-41. [PMID: 17596976 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transient long-term potentiation (E-LTP) can be transformed into a long-lasting LTP (L-LTP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) by behavioral stimuli with high motivational content. Previous research from our group has identified several brain structures, such as the basolateral amygdala (BLA), the locus coeruleus (LC), the medial septum (MS) and transmitters as noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh) that are involved in these processes. Here we have investigated the functional interplay among brain structures and systems which result in the conversion of a E-LTP into a L-LTP (reinforcement) by stimulation of the BLA (BLA-R). We used topical application of specific drugs into DG, and other targets, while following the time course of LTP induced by stimulation of the perforant pathway (PP) to study their specific contribution to BLA-R. One injection cannula, a recording electrode in the DG and stimulating electrodes in the PP and the BLA were stereotactically implanted one week before electrophysiological experiments. Topical application of atropine or propranolol into the DG blocked BLA-R in both cases, but the effect of propranolol occurred earlier, suggesting a role of NA within the DG during an intermediate stage of LTP maintenance. The injection of lidocaine into the LC abolished BLA-R indicating that the LC is part of the functional neural reinforcing system. The effect on the LC is mediated by cholinergic afferents because application of atropine into the LC produced the same effect. Injection of lidocaine inactivating the MS also abolished BLA-R. This effect was mediated by noradrenergic afferents (probably from the LC) because the application of propranolol into the MS prevented BLA-R. These findings suggest a functional loop for BLA-R involving cholinergic afferents to the LC, a noradrenergic projection from the LC to the DG and the MS, and finally, the cholinergic projection from the MS to the DG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Bergado
- International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sajikumar S, Navakkode S, Frey JU. Identification of compartment- and process-specific molecules required for "synaptic tagging" during long-term potentiation and long-term depression in hippocampal CA1. J Neurosci 2007; 27:5068-80. [PMID: 17494693 PMCID: PMC6672381 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4940-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis-dependent forms of hippocampal long-term potentiation (late LTP) and long-term depression (late LTD) are prominent cellular mechanisms underlying memory formation. Recent data support the hypothesis that neurons store relevant information in dendritic functional compartments during late LTP and late LTD rather than in single synapses. It has been suggested that processes of "synaptic tagging" are restricted to such functional compartments. Here, we show that in addition to apical CA1 dendrites, synaptic tagging also takes place within basal CA1 dendritic compartments after LTP induction. We present data that tagging in the basal dendrites is restricted to these compartments. Plasticity-related proteins, partially nonspecific to the locally induced process, are synthesized in dendritic compartments and then captured by local, process-specific synaptic tags. We support these findings in two ways: (1) late LTP/LTD, locally induced in apical or basal (late LTP) dendrites of hippocampal CA1 neurons, does not spread to the basal or apical compartment, respectively; (2) the specificity of the synaptic plasticity event is achieved by the activation of process- and compartment-specific synaptic tag molecules. We have identified calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II as the first LTP-specific and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 as LTD-specific tag molecules in apical dendritic CA1 compartments, whereas either protein kinase A or protein kinase Mzeta mediates LTP-specific tags in basal dendrites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Department of Neurophysiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sheeja Navakkode
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Department of Neurophysiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julietta U. Frey
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Department of Neurophysiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sajikumar S, Navakkode S, Sacktor TC, Frey JU. Synaptic tagging and cross-tagging: the role of protein kinase Mzeta in maintaining long-term potentiation but not long-term depression. J Neurosci 2006; 25:5750-6. [PMID: 15958741 PMCID: PMC6724879 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1104-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase Mzeta (PKMzeta) is a persistently active protein kinase C isoform that is synthesized during long-term potentiation (LTP) and is critical for maintaining LTP. According to "synaptic tagging," newly synthesized, functionally important plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) may prolong potentiation not only at strongly tetanized pathways, but also at independent, weakly tetanized pathways if synaptic tags are set. We therefore investigated whether PKMzeta is involved in tagging and contributes to a sustained potentiation by providing strong and weak tetanization to two independent pathways and then disrupting the function of the kinase by a selective myristoylated zeta-pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide. We found that persistent PKMzeta activity maintains potentiated responses, not only of the strongly tetanized pathway, but also of the weakly tetanized pathway. In contrast, an independent, nontetanized pathway was unaffected by the inhibitor, indicating that the function of PKMzeta was specific to the tagged synapses. To further delineate the specificity of the function of PKMzeta in synaptic tagging, we examined synaptic "cross-tagging," in which late LTP in one input can transform early into late long-term depression (LTD) in a separate input or, alternatively, late LTD in one input can transform early into late LTP in a second input, provided that the tags of the weak inputs are set. Although the PKMzeta inhibitor reversed late LTP, it did not prevent the persistent depression at the weakly stimulated, cross-tagged LTD input. Conversely, although the agent did not reverse late LTD, it blocked the persistent potentiation of weakly tetanized, cross-tagged synapses. Thus, PKMzeta is the first LTP-specific PRP and is critical for the transformation of early into late LTP during both synaptic tagging and cross-tagging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Neurophysiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Koles K, McDowell W, Mileusnic R, Rose SPR. Glycan analysis of the chicken synaptic plasma membrane glycoproteins--a major synaptic N-glycan carries the LewisX determinant. Int J Biol Sci 2005; 1:126-34. [PMID: 16244702 PMCID: PMC1252636 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of synaptic plasma membrane components are glycosylated. It is now widely accepted that this post-translational modification is crucial during the establishment, maintenance and function of the nervous system. Despite its significance, structural information about the glycosylation of nervous system specific glycoproteins is very limited. In the present study the major glycan structures of the chicken synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) associated glycoprotein glycans were determined. N-glycans were released by hydrazinolysis, labelled with 2-aminobenzamide, treated with neuraminidase and subsequently fractionated by size exclusion chromatography. Individual fractions were characterized by the combination of high-pressure liquid chromatography, exoglycosidase treatment or reagent array analysis method (RAAM). In addition to oligomannose-type glycans, core-fucosylated complex glycans with biantennary bisecting glycans carrying the LewisX epitope were most abundant. The overall chicken glycan profile was strikingly similar to the rat brain glycan profile. The presence of the LewisX determinant in relatively large proportions suggests a tissue-specific function for these glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Koles
- Brain and Behaviour Research Group, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bando T, Sekine K, Kobayashi S, Watabe AM, Rump A, Tanaka M, Suda Y, Kato S, Morikawa Y, Manabe T, Miyajima A. Neuronal leucine-rich repeat protein 4 functions in hippocampus-dependent long-lasting memory. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:4166-75. [PMID: 15870286 PMCID: PMC1087730 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.10.4166-4175.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRRs) are type I transmembrane proteins and expressed in neuronal tissues, but their function remains unknown. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a new member of the NLRR family, NLRR4, and its potential role in long-lasting memory. We generated NLRR4-deficient (NLRR4(-/-)) mice and found that they showed impaired memory retention. In hippocampus-dependent learning tasks, NLRR4(-/-) mice were able to learn and maintain the memories for one day but unable to retain the memories for four days after learning. In contrast, in a hippocampus-independent task, NLRR4(-/-) mice were able to retain the memory normally for at least seven days. These results suggest that NLRR4 plays a key role in hippocampus-dependent long-lasting memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Bando
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Almaguer-Melian W, Cruz-Aguado R, Riva CDL, Kendrick KM, Frey JU, Bergado J. Effect of LTP-reinforcing paradigms on neurotransmitter release in the dentate gyrus of young and aged rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 327:877-83. [PMID: 15649427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of memory processing. A short-lasting early-LTP can be prolonged into a late-L TP (>4h) by stimulation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) or motivational behavioral stimuli in young, but not in aged, cognitively impaired rats. We measured the changes in transmitter release-induced by BLA or behavioral reinforcement-in young and aged cognitively impaired rats, after implanting a microdialysis cannula at the dentate gyrus. Samples were taken under baseline conditions and during stimulation of BLA. Rats were water deprived and tested again next day, taking samples after allowing access to water. Higher concentrations of choline, HIAA, aspartate, glutamate, and glycine were found in baseline samples from young animals compared to aged. In young animals, BLA stimulation increased the levels of ACh and reduced norepinephrine and serotonine, while behavioral reinforcement reduced the levels of glutamate and glycine. These effects were absent among aged rats, suggesting that this reduced neurochemical response might be linked to the impaired LTP-reinforcement reported previously.
Collapse
|
42
|
Josselyn SA. What's right with my mouse model? New insights into the molecular and cellular basis of cognition from mouse models of Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome. Learn Mem 2005; 12:80-3. [PMID: 15805305 DOI: 10.1101/lm.93505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
43
|
Cammarota M, Bevilaqua LRM, Köhler C, Medina JH, Izquierdo I. Learning twice is different from learning once and from learning more. Neuroscience 2005; 132:273-9. [PMID: 15802182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rat hippocampus plays a crucial role in the consolidation of a variety of memories, including that for a one trial inhibitory avoidance learning task in which stepping down from a platform is associated with a footshock. Here we show that this is the case regardless of the intensity of the footshock used and hence, of the strength of the learned response. However, additional learning produced by a second training session in this task does not involve the hippocampus but, instead, the striatum. Memory consolidation of the second trial requires glutamate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate, N-methyl-D-aspartate and metabotropic receptors, activation of signaling pathways, gene expression and protein synthesis in the striatum, as are required in the hippocampus during memory consolidation of the first trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cammarota
- Laboratorio de Neuroreceptores, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias Prof. Dr. Eduardo de Robertis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires CP 1121, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Learning and memory processes are thought to underlie a variety of human psychiatric disorders, including generalised anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Basic research performed in laboratory animals may help to elucidate the aetiology of the respective diseases. This chapter gives a short introduction into theoretical and practical aspects of animal experiments aimed at investigating acquisition, consolidation and extinction of aversive memories. It describes the behavioural paradigms most commonly used as well as neuroanatomical, cellular and molecular correlates of aversive memories. Finally, it discusses clinical implications of the results obtained in animal experiments in respect to the development of novel pharmacotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C T Wotjak
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity/Mouse Behaviour, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rogelj B, Hartmann CEA, Yeo CH, Hunt SP, Giese KP. Contextual fear conditioning regulates the expression of brain-specific small nucleolar RNAs in hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 18:3089-96. [PMID: 14656304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2003.03026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Some small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are exclusively expressed in the brain but they have no known role in higher brain function. We analysed the expression pattern of four brain-specific snoRNAs: MBI-36, MBII-48, MBII-52 and MBII-85, in mouse brain using in situ hybridization. All of these genes were expressed in the hippocampus and, except for MBII-85, their levels in ventral parts were higher than those in dorsal parts. Using quantitative real-time polymer chain reaction we determined hippocampal expression changes after contextual fear conditioning in mice. Ninety minutes, but not 25 h, after conditioning, we observed significant downregulation of MBII-48 and upregulation of MBII-52. Our finding that the expression of MBII-48 and MBII-52 is regulated during learning suggests that these snoRNAs have an important role in higher brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Rogelj
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Small non-messenger RNAs (snmRNAs) are a heterogeneous group of non-coding RNAs with a variety of regulatory functions including regulation of protein expression and guidance in RNA modifications. They are actively being investigated in Archaebacteria, yeast, invertebrates and mammals. Brain-specific snmRNAs have been identified in mammals and they seem to contribute to neuronal differentiation during development and to brain functions subserving learning and memory. Here we review the current knowledge of the properties, expression and functions of three groups of brain-specific snmRNAs: small nucleolar RNAs, BC1/BC200 RNAs and microRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Rogelj
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wetzel W, Wagner T, Balschun D. REM sleep enhancement induced by different procedures improves memory retention in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18:2611-7. [PMID: 14622163 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the idea that sleep following learning is critically involved in memory formation. Recent studies suggest that information acquired during waking is reactivated and possibly consolidated during subsequent sleep, especially during rapid-eye movement (REM) or paradoxical sleep (PS). Critical reviews, however, have questioned PS and memory relationships, particularly because of shortcomings of the PS deprivation paradigm applied in many studies. Therefore, in the present study we used an opposite strategy, i.e. we investigated the effects of PS enhancement on memory retention. In three experiments, we found that selective PS enhancement, induced by different procedures after discrimination training in rats, results in increased retention tested 24 h later. Moreover, calculated in all animals (n = 61), there was a highly significant correlation between post-training PS values and retention scores. Our results suggest that an experimentally induced increase of PS after learning facilitates memory consolidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Wetzel
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Quevedo J, Feier G, Agostinho FR, Martins MR, Roesler R. [Memory consolidation and posttraumatic stress disorder]. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2003; 25 Suppl 1:25-30. [PMID: 14523507 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462003000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence from animal and human studies has shown that memory formation is enhanced by an endogenous modulatory system mediated by stress hormones and activation of the amygdala. This system is an evolutionarily adaptive method of enhancing important memories. Under emotional stress, this system is activated promoting the formation of vivid, long lasting traumatic memories, which are the hallmark of PTSD. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying memory modulation might lead to an improved ability to assess and treat PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurotoxicologia da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense. Criciúma, SC, Brasil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tischmeyer W, Schicknick H, Kraus M, Seidenbecher CI, Staak S, Scheich H, Gundelfinger ED. Rapamycin-sensitive signalling in long-term consolidation of auditory cortex-dependent memory. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18:942-50. [PMID: 12925020 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
New memories initially persist in a labile state and require protein synthesis-dependent processes of consolidation for long-term manifestation. Using differential conditioning to linearly frequency-modulated tones (FMs) we have recently shown that post-training injections of protein synthesis inhibitors into the auditory cortex of Mongolian gerbils interfere with long-term memory for a number of days. Here, we have used rapamycin as a pharmacological tool to elucidate signalling pathways that control the synthesis of proteins required for persistent memory storage. In mammalian cells, inhibition of target of rapamycin (TOR)-mediated pathways was shown to block the translation of distinct classes of mRNAs. Bilateral infusions of rapamycin into the gerbil auditory cortex shortly after FM discrimination training did not impair the maintenance of the newly acquired memory trace for 24 h, but caused profound retention deficits at 48 h after injection. Control experiments showed that the amnesic action is rapamycin-dependent, confined to the context of memory formation, and suppressed by the antagonist FK506. These data indicate that, in the mammalian brain, activation of rapamycin-sensitive signalling pathways contributes to long-term consolidation of a cerebral cortex-dependent form of memory. Moreover, the finding that rapamycin-induced amnesia parallels only late effects of conventional protein synthesis inhibitors on FM discrimination memory implies that at least two different protein synthesis-dependent processes control memory formation. Both are activated during or shortly after learning. Whereas one process is required for the initial maintenance of memory for about one day the second one is involved in the regulation of its long-lasting persistence in conditioning to FMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Tischmeyer
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestrasse 6, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Frey S, Bergado JA, Frey JU. Modulation of late phases of long-term potentiation in rat dentate gyrus by stimulation of the medial septum. Neuroscience 2003; 118:1055-62. [PMID: 12732250 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The prolonged maintenance of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) seems to require heterosynaptic events during its induction. We have previously shown that stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) within a distinct time window can reinforce a transient early-LTP into a long-lasting late-LTP in the dentate gyrus (DG) in freely moving rats. We have shown that this reinforcement was dependent on beta-adrenergic and/or muscarinergic receptor activation and protein synthesis. However, since the BLA does not directly stimulate the DG the question remained by which inputs such heterosynaptic processes are triggered. We have now directly stimulated the medial septal pathway 15 min after induction of early-LTP in the DG and show that this input is capable of reinforcing early into late-LTP in a frequency-dependent manner. This septal reinforcement of DG LTP was dependent on beta-adrenergic receptor activation and protein synthesis. We suggest that the reinforcing effect of the BLA stimulation can, potentially, be mediated via the septal input to the DG, though it differs in its ability to induce or modulate functional plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Frey
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Brenneckestrasse 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|