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Umar M, Rehman Y, Ambreen S, Mumtaz SM, Shaququzzaman M, Alam MM, Ali R. Innovative approaches to Alzheimer's therapy: Harnessing the power of heterocycles, oxidative stress management, and nanomaterial drug delivery system. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 97:102298. [PMID: 38604453 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a complex pathology involving amyloidogenic proteolysis, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cholinergic deficits. Oxidative stress exacerbates AD progression through pathways like macromolecular peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metal ion redox potential alteration linked to amyloid-beta (Aβ). Despite limited approved medications, heterocyclic compounds have emerged as promising candidates in AD drug discovery. This review highlights recent advancements in synthetic heterocyclic compounds targeting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation in AD. Additionally, it explores the potential of nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems to overcome challenges in AD treatment. Nanoparticles with heterocyclic scaffolds, like polysorbate 80-coated PLGA and Resveratrol-loaded nano-selenium, show improved brain transport and efficacy. Micellar CAPE and Melatonin-loaded nano-capsules exhibit enhanced antioxidant properties, while a tetra hydroacridine derivative (CHDA) combined with nano-radiogold particles demonstrates promising acetylcholinesterase inhibition without toxicity. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of nanotechnology-driven drug delivery for optimizing the therapeutic outcomes of novel synthetic heterocyclic compounds in AD management. Furthermore, the inclusion of various promising heterocyclic compounds with detailed ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) data provides valuable insights for planning the development of novel drug delivery treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Umar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Yasir Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Subiya Ambreen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Sayed Md Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Shaququzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ruhi Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India.
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2
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Ivanov A, Shamagsumova R, Larina M, Evtugyn G. Electrochemical Acetylcholinesterase Sensors for Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Drug Determination. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:93. [PMID: 38392012 PMCID: PMC10886970 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and Alzheimer's disease (AD), as one of the most common causes of dementia, result in progressive losses of cholinergic neurons and a reduction in the presynaptic markers of the cholinergic system. These consequences can be compensated by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) followed by a decrease in the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis. For this reason, anticholinesterase drugs with reversible inhibition effects are applied for the administration of neurodegenerative diseases. Their overdosage, variation in efficiency and recommendation of an individual daily dose require simple and reliable measurement devices capable of the assessment of the drug concentration in biological fluids and medications. In this review, the performance of electrochemical biosensors utilizing immobilized cholinesterases is considered to show their advantages and drawbacks in the determination of anticholinesterase drugs. In addition, common drugs applied in treating neurodegenerative diseases are briefly characterized. The immobilization of enzymes, nature of the signal recorded and its dependence on the transducer modification are considered and the analytical characteristics of appropriate biosensors are summarized for donepezil, huperzine A, rivastigmine, eserine and galantamine as common anti-dementia drugs. Finally, the prospects for the application of AChE-based biosensors in clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Ivanov
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (R.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Rezeda Shamagsumova
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (R.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Marina Larina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Gennady Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov’ Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (R.S.); (G.E.)
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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3
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Tang D, Sun C, Yang J, Fan L, Wang Y. Advances in the Study of the Pathology and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Its Association with Periodontitis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2203. [PMID: 38004343 PMCID: PMC10672606 DOI: 10.3390/life13112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become one of the leading causes of health problems in the elderly, and studying its causes and treatments remains a serious challenge for researchers worldwide. The two main pathological features of Alzheimer's disease are the extracellular deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) to form senile plaques and the intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein to form neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Researchers have proposed several hypotheses to elucidate the pathogenesis of AD, but due to the complexity of the pathophysiologic factors involved in the development of AD, no effective drugs have been found to stop the progression of the disease. Currently, the mainstay drugs used to treat AD can only alleviate the patient's symptoms and do not have a therapeutic effect. As researchers explore interactions among diseases, much evidence suggests that there is a close link between periodontitis and AD, and that periodontal pathogenic bacteria can exacerbate Aβ deposition and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation through neuroinflammatory mechanisms, thereby advancing the pathogenesis of AD. This article reviews recent advances in the pathogenesis of AD, available therapeutic agents, the relevance of periodontitis to AD, and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China; (C.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Chang Sun
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China; (C.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Jumei Yang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Lili Fan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China; (C.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Yonggang Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China; (C.S.); (L.F.)
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4
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Hatami M, Basri Z, Sakhvidi BK, Mortazavi M. Thiadiazole – A promising structure in design and development of anti-Alzheimer agents. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110027. [PMID: 37011500 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The design and development of effective multitargeted agents in treating Alzheimer disease (AD) has always been a hot topic in the field of drug discovery. Since AD is a multifactorial disorder, various key hidden players such as deficit of acetylcholine (ACh), tau-protein aggregation, and oxidative stress have been associated with the incidence and progress of AD. In pursuit of improving efficacy and expanding the range of pharmacological activities of current AD drugs, the molecular hybridization method is also used intensively. Five-membered heterocyclic systems such as thiadiazole scaffolds have previously been shown to have therapeutic activity. Thiadiazole analogs as an anti-oxidant compound have been known to include a wide range of biological activity from anti-cancer to anti-Alzheimer properties. The suitable pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of the thiadiazole scaffold have introduced it as a therapeutic target in medicinal chemistry. The current review portrays the critical role of the thiadiazole scaffold in the design of various compounds with potential effects in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the rationale used behind hybrid-based design strategies and the outcomes achieved through the hybridization of Thiadiazole analogs with various core structures have been discussed. In addition, the data in the present review may help researchers in the design of new multidrug combinations that may provide new options for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hatami
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Basri
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Batool Khani Sakhvidi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mortazavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
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5
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Nascimento LA, Nascimento ÉCM, Martins JBL. In silico study of tacrine and acetylcholine binding profile with human acetylcholinesterase: docking and electronic structure. J Mol Model 2022; 28:252. [PMID: 35947248 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative process, one of the most common and incident dementia in the population over 60 years. AD manifests the presence of complex biochemical processes involved in neuronal degeneration, such as the formation of senile plaques containing amyloid-β peptides, the development of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and the suppression of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. In this way, we performed a set of theoretical tests of tacrine ligand and acetylcholine neurotransmitter against the human acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Molecular docking was used to understand the most important interactions of these molecules with the enzyme. Computational chemistry calculation was carried out using MP2, DFT, and semi-empirical methods, starting from molecular docking structures. We have also performed studies regarding the non-covalent interactions, electron localization function, molecular electrostatic potential and explicit water molecule influence. For Trp86 residue, we show two main interactions in accordance to the results of the literature for TcAChE. First, intermolecular interactions of the cation-π and sigma-π type were found. Second, close stacking interactions were stablished between THA+ and Trp86 residue on one side and with Tyr337 residue on the other side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia A Nascimento
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Érica C M Nascimento
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - João B L Martins
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
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de Oliveira RL, Voss GT, da C. Rodrigues K, Pinz MP, Biondi JV, Becker NP, Blodorn E, Domingues WB, Larroza A, Campos VF, Alves D, Wilhelm EA, Luchese C. Prospecting for a quinoline containing selenium for comorbidities depression and memory impairment induced by restriction stress in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:59-81. [PMID: 35013761 PMCID: PMC8747877 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depression is often associated with memory impairment, a clinical feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but no effective treatment is available. 7-Chloro-4-(phenylselanyl) quinoline (4-PSQ) has been studied in experimental models of diseases that affect the central nervous system. OBJECTIVES The pharmacological activity of 4-PSQ in depressive-like behavior associated with memory impairment induced by acute restraint stress (ARS) in male Swiss mice was evaluated. METHODS ARS is an unavoidable stress model that was applied for a period of 240 min. Ten minutes after ARS, animals were intragastrically treated with canola oil (10 ml/kg) or 4-PSQ (10 mg/kg) or positive controls (paroxetine or donepezil) (10 mg/kg). Then, after 30 min, mice were submitted to behavioral tests. Corticosterone levels were evaluated in plasma and oxidative stress parameters; monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and MAO -B isoform activity; mRNA expression levels of kappa nuclear factor B (NF-κB); interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and IL-33; phosphatidylinositol-se-kinase (PI3K); protein kinase B (AKT2), as well as acetylcholinesterase activity were evaluated in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS 4-PSQ attenuated the depressive-like behavior, self-care, and memory impairment caused by ARS. Based on the evidence, we believe that effects of 4-PSQ may be associated, at least in part, with the attenuation of HPA axis activation, attenuation of alterations in the monoaminergic system, modulation of oxidative stress, reestablishment of AChE activity, modulation of the PI3K/AKT2 pathway, and reduction of neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that 4-PSQ exhibited an antidepressant-like effect and attenuated the memory impairment induced by ARS, and it is a promising molecule to treat these comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata L. de Oliveira
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica E Bioprospecção (PPGBBio), Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas E de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS CEP 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Guilherme T. Voss
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica E Bioprospecção (PPGBBio), Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas E de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS CEP 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Karline da C. Rodrigues
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica E Bioprospecção (PPGBBio), Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas E de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS CEP 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Mikaela P. Pinz
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica E Bioprospecção (PPGBBio), Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas E de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS CEP 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Julia V. Biondi
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica E Bioprospecção (PPGBBio), Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas E de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS CEP 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Nicole P. Becker
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica E Bioprospecção (PPGBBio), Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas E de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS CEP 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Eduardo Blodorn
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - William B. Domingues
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Allya Larroza
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa (LaSOL), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas E de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Química, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Vinícius F. Campos
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa (LaSOL), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas E de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Química, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Ethel A. Wilhelm
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica E Bioprospecção (PPGBBio), Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas E de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS CEP 96010-900 Brazil
| | - Cristiane Luchese
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica E Bioprospecção (PPGBBio), Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas E de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil.
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Yan L, Wu X, Zhang Y, Sankaran M, Xu L, Ling L, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Ma J, Kong L. An expedient multi‐component synthesis of pyridinyl‐spirooxindoles and their effect on proliferation of lung cancer
A549
cells. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Macro‐molecules Research Wannan Medical College Wuhu Anhui China
| | - Xu Wu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Macro‐molecules Research Wannan Medical College Wuhu Anhui China
| | - Yizongheng Zhang
- First Clinical College Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Mathan Sankaran
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Lei Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Macro‐molecules Research Wannan Medical College Wuhu Anhui China
| | - Liefeng Ling
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Macro‐molecules Research Wannan Medical College Wuhu Anhui China
| | - Yi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology Jiaxing University College of Medicine Jiaxing Zhejiang China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Macro‐molecules Research Wannan Medical College Wuhu Anhui China
| | - Lingyu Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing China
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8
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Bajgar J. Differential Inhibition of the Brain Acetylcholinesterase Molecular Forms Following Sarin, Soman and VX Intoxication in Laboratory Rats. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2020. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2020.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The female Wistar rats were intoxicated (i.m.) with sarin, soman and VX in doses equal to 1xLD50 and pontomedullar areas of the brain were prepared, homogenized, centrifuged and in these samples, acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) activities were determined. In the same samples, AChE was separated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and AChE molecular forms were detected and densitometrically evaluated. In control animals, AChE was separated into four forms differing in their electrophoretic mobility and their quantitative content in the sample. The form with lowest electrophoretic mobility represent the main part of AChE activity constituting the whole enzymatic activity. Following intoxication with the nerve agents mentioned, the whole AChE activity in the pontomedullar area of the brain was decreasing in intervals of ten minutes (soman and sarin) or one hour (VX). The AChE activity at the time of death (or terminal stage) was represented 5-30 % of controls. Molecular forms of AChE were inhibited in different extent: the form with lowest electrophoretic mobility was diminished to zero level while the form with the highest mobility was practically unaffected, independently on the type of nerve agent. From quantitative expression of percentage content of the forms vs their activity we can imply that values of the total AChE activity represent the ãmeanÒ activity of the forms determined.
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Nepovimova E, Korabecny J, Hepnarova V, Jun D, Dolezal R, Muckova L, Jost P, Soukup O, Janockova J, Pham NL, Nguyen TD, Valis M, Kuca K. N-alkylated Tacrine Derivatives as Potential Agents in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:333-343. [PMID: 30873921 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190314163942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the prevalence studies, the number of people suffering from dementia will almost double every 20 years, to 65.7 million in 2030 and 115.4 million in 2050, assuming no changes in mortality, effective preventative measures, definitive diagnostic guidelines or curative treatment. From the abovementioned epidemiological data, it is obvious that dementia constitutes a major public health problem not only at present, but unfortunately also in the future. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS Several N-alkylated tacrine (THA) derivatives have already been synthesized by Pomponi et al., in 1997. However, these compounds were tested for their anti-AChE activity using enzyme isolated from Electrophorus electricus. For this reason, we have decided to extend the previously reported series of THA derivatives and consequently test them in the battery of experiments, the results of which have served to more relevant evaluation of these compounds from the perspective of Alzeimer´s disease compared to that published by Pomponi. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In summary, all compounds of interest effectively inhibited ChEs in vitro. One of the most promising derivatives 8 bearing an N-octyl chain showed 2.5-fold higher AChE inhibitory activity in relation to tacrine. With respect to blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, it can be claimed that synthesized analogues are presumably able to cross the BBB. From the point of view of hepatotoxicity, selected Nalkylated tacrine derivatives exerted worse results compared to tacrine. However, in vitro results are only illustrative, therefore, only in vivo experiments could determine the real value of selected N-alkylated THA derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Intensive Medicine and Forensic Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jost
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ngoc Lam Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Thuy Duong Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valis
- Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870/13, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Center; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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10
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Begum MM, Thangapandiyan S, Rahman MS, Aleya L, Mathew B, Ahmed M, Barreto GE, Ashraf GM. Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease: Multitargeting Strategy Based on Anti-Alzheimer's Drugs Repositioning. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3519-3535. [PMID: 31593530 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191008103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, acetylcholine (ACh) is regarded as one of the major neurotransmitters. During the advancement of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cholinergic deficits occur and this can lead to extensive cognitive dysfunction and decline. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) remains a highly feasible target for the symptomatic improvement of AD. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) remains a highly viable target for the symptomatic improvement in AD because cholinergic deficit is a consistent and early finding in AD. The treatment approach of inhibiting peripheral AChE for myasthenia gravis had effectively proven that AChE inhibition was a reachable therapeutic target. Subsequently tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine were developed and approved for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Since then, multiple cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) have been continued to be developed. These include newer ChEIs, naturally derived ChEIs, hybrids, and synthetic analogues. In this paper, we summarize the different types of ChEIs which are under development and their respective mechanisms of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md Sohanur Rahman
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Muniruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - George E Barreto
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Derabli C, Boulebd H, Abdelwahab AB, Boucheraine C, Zerrouki S, Bensouici C, Kirsch G, Boulcina R, Debache A. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of novel 2-alkylthiopyrimidino-tacrines as anticholinesterase agents and their DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Luchese C, Vogt AG, Pinz MP, Dos Reis AS, Gomes CB, Alves D, Wilhelm EA. Amnesia-ameliorative effect of a quinoline derivative through regulation of oxidative/cholinergic systems and Na +/K +-ATPase activity in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:589-600. [PMID: 32048104 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the anti-amnesic activity of 1-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-5-methyl-N-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide (QTCA-1) against scopolamine (SCO)-induced amnesia in mice. It was evaluated cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice. Male Swiss mice were treated with QTCA-1 (10 mg/kg, intragastrically (i.g.), daily) for nine days. Thirty minutes after the treatment with compound, the animals received a injection of SCO (0.4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)). Mice were submitted to the behavioral tasks 30 min after injection of SCO (Barnes maze, open-field, object recognition and location, and step-down inhibitory avoidance tasks) during nine days. In day 9, cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice were removed to determine the thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels, and catalase (CAT), Na+/K+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. SCO caused amnesia in mice for changing in step-down inhibitory avoidance, Barnes maze, and object recognition and object location tasks. QTCA-1 treatment attenuated the behavioral changes caused by SCO. Moreover, SCO increased AChE and CAT activities, decreased Na+/K+-ATPase activity and increased TBARS levels in the cerebral structures of mice. QTCA-1 protected against these brain changes. In conclusion, QTCA-1 had anti-amnesic action in the experimental model used in the present study, through the anticholinesterase effect, modulation of Na+/K+-ATPase activity and antioxidant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Luchese
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ane G Vogt
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mikaela P Pinz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Angélica S Dos Reis
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina B Gomes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - (LASOL), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), P.O. Box 354, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - (LASOL), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), P.O. Box 354, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Ethel A Wilhelm
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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13
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Igartúa DE, Martinez CS, del V. Alonso S, Prieto MJ. Combined Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease: Tacrine and PAMAM Dendrimers Co-Administration Reduces the Side Effects of the Drug without Modifying its Activity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:110. [PMID: 32215751 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease has become a public health priority, so an investigation of new therapies is required. Tacrine (TAC) was licensed for treatments; however, its oral administration caused hepatotoxicity, so it is essential to reduce the side effects. PAMAM dendrimer generation 4.0 and 4.5 (DG4.0 and DG4.5) can be used as drug delivery systems and as nanodrugs per se. Our work aims to propose a combined therapy based on TAC and PAMAM dendrimer co-administration. TAC and dendrimer interactions were studied by in vitro drug release, drug stability, and FTIR. The toxicity profile of co-administration was evaluated in human red blood cells, in Neuro-2a cell culture, and in zebrafish larvae. Also, the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity was studied in cell culture. It was possible to obtain DG4.0-TAC and DG4.5-TAC suspensions, without reducing the drug solubility and stability. FTIR and in vitro release studies confirmed that interaction between TAC and DG4.5 was of the electrostatic type. No toxicity effects on human red blood cells were observed, whereas the co-administration with DG4.5 reduced cytotoxicity of TAC on the Neuro-2a cell line. Moreover, in vivo co-administration of both DG4.0-TAC and DG4.5-TAC reduced the morphological and hepatotoxic effects of TAC in zebrafish larvae. The reduction of TAC toxicity was not accompanied by a reduction in its activity since the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity remains when it is co-administrated with dendrimers. In conclusion, the co-administration of TAC with both DG4.0 and DG4.5 is a novel therapy since it was less-toxic, was more biocompatible, and has the same effectiveness than the free drug. Graphical abstract.
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14
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Hu XM, Ren S, Li K, Li XT. Tacrine modulates Kv2.1 channel gene expression and cell proliferation. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:781-787. [PMID: 31847645 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1705811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: Besides as a cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, tacrine is able to act on multiple targets such as nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) and voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels. Kv2.1, a Kv channel subunit underlying delayed rectifier currents with slow kinetics of inactivation, is highly expressed in the mammalian brain, especially in the hippocampus. Nevertheless, limited data are available concerning the relationship between tacrine and Kv2.1 channels. In the present study, we explore the possible effects of tacrine on Kv2.1 channels in heterologous expression systems and N2A cells.Materials and methods: The change of expression and currents of Kv2.1 after treatment with tacrine was detected by PCR and whole-cell recordings, respectively. WST-8 experiments were performed to reveal the effects of tacrine on cell proliferation.Results: Incubation with tacrine induced a significant reduction of the mRNA level of Kv2.1 channels in HEK293 cells. The decline of corresponding currents carried by Kv2.1 was also observed. Moreover, the proliferation rates of HEK293 cells with Kv2.1 channel were substantially enhanced after treatment with this chemical for 24 h. Similar results were also detected after exposure to tacrine in N2A cells with native expression of Kv2.1 channels.Conclusion: These lines of evidence indicate that application of tacrine downregulates the expression of Kv2.1 channels and increase cell proliferation. The effect of tacrine on Kv2.1 channels may provide an alternative explanation for its neuroprotective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Mu Hu
- Graduate Institute of South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Ren
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Li
- Graduate Institute of South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Tao Li
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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15
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Scheiner M, Dolles D, Gunesch S, Hoffmann M, Nabissi M, Marinelli O, Naldi M, Bartolini M, Petralla S, Poeta E, Monti B, Falkeis C, Vieth M, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Maitra R, Maurice T, Decker M. Dual-Acting Cholinesterase-Human Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Ligands Show Pronounced Neuroprotection in Vitro and Overadditive and Disease-Modifying Neuroprotective Effects in Vivo. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9078-9102. [PMID: 31609608 PMCID: PMC7640639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized a series of 14 hybrid molecules out of the cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor tacrine and a benzimidazole-based human cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (hCB2R) agonist and investigated them in vitro and in vivo. The compounds are potent ChE inhibitors, and for the most promising hybrids, the mechanism of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) inhibition as well as their ability to interfere with AChE-induced aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ), and Aβ self-aggregation was assessed. All hybrids were evaluated for affinity and selectivity for hCB1R and hCB2R. To ensure that the hybrids retained their agonist character, the expression of cAMP-regulated genes was quantified, and potency and efficacy were determined. Additionally, the effects of the hybrids on microglia activation and neuroprotection on HT-22 cells were investigated. The most promising in vitro hybrids showed pronounced neuroprotection in an Alzheimer's mouse model at low dosage (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), lacking hepatotoxicity even at high dose (3 mg/kg, i.p.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Scheiner
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Dolles
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Gunesch
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Oliviero Marinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marina Naldi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Petralla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Eleonora Poeta
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Christina Falkeis
- Pathology, Clinical Center Bayreuth, Preuschwitzer Straße 101, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Pathology, Clinical Center Bayreuth, Preuschwitzer Straße 101, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, UMR-S1198, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Bajgar J, Kassa J, Kucera T, Musilek K, Jun D, Kuca K. Some Possibilities to Study New Prophylactics against Nerve Agents. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:970-979. [PMID: 30827238 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190301112530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents belong to the most dangerous chemical warfare agents and can be/were misused by terrorists. Effective prophylaxis and treatment is necessary to diminish their effect. General principles of prophylaxis are summarized (protection against acetylcholinesterase inhibition, detoxification, treatment "in advance" and use of different drugs). They are based on the knowledge of mechanism of action of nerve agents. Among different examinations, it is necessary to test prophylactic effectivity in vivo and compare the results with protection in vitro. Chemical and biological approaches to the development of new prophylactics would be applied simultaneously during this research. Though the number of possible prophylactics is relatively high, the only four drugs were introduced into military medical practice. At present, pyridostigmine seems to be common prophylactic antidote; prophylactics panpal (tablets with pyridostigmine, trihexyphenidyl and benactyzine), transant (transdermal patch containing HI-6) are other means introduced into different armies as prophylactics. Scavenger commercionally available is Protexia®. Future development will be focused on scavengers, and on other drugs either reversible cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., huperzine A, gallantamine, physostigmine, acridine derivatives) or other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bajgar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - J Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - T Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - K Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - D Jun
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - K Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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17
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Zdarova Karasova J, Soukup O, Korabecny J, Hroch M, Krejciova M, Hrabinova M, Misik J, Novotny L, Hepnarova V, Kuca K. Tacrine and its 7-methoxy derivate; time-change concentration in plasma and brain tissue and basic toxicological profile in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 44:207-214. [PMID: 31257938 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1566350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The search for tacrine derivatives, as potential Alzheimer´s disease treatment, is still being at the forefront of scientific efforts. 7-MEOTA was found to be a potent, centrally active acetylcholinesterase inhibitor free of the serious side effects observed for tacrine. Unfortunately, a relevant argumentation about pharmacokinetics and potential toxicity is incomplete; information about tacrine derivatives absorption and especially CNS penetration are still rare as well as detailed toxicological profile in vivo. Although the structural changes between these compounds are not so distinctive, differences in plasma profile and CNS targeting were found. The maximum plasma concentration were attained at 18th min (tacrine; 38.20 ± 3.91 ng/ml and 7-MEOTA; 88.22 ± 15.19 ng/ml) after i.m. application in rats. Although the brain profiles seem to be similar; tacrine achieved 19.34 ± 0.71 ng/ml in 27 min and 7-MEOTA 15.80 ± 1.13 ng/ml in 22 min; the tacrine Kp (AUCbrain/AUCplasma) fit 1.20 and was significantly higher than 7-MEOTA Kp 0.10. Administration of tacrine and 7-MEOTA showed only mild elevation of some biochemical markers following single p.o. application in 24 hours and 7 days. Also histopathology revealed only mild-to-moderate changes following repeated p.o. administration for 14 days. It seems that small change in tacrine molecule leads to lower ability to penetrate through the biological barriers. The explanation that lower p.o. acute toxicity of 7-MEOTA depends only on differences in metabolic pathways may be now revised to newly described differences in pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Hroch
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Krejciova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Misik
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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18
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Safarizadeh H, Garkani-Nejad Z. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and QSAR studies on some of 2-arylethenylquinoline derivatives for inhibition of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta aggregation: Insight into mechanism of interactions and parameters for design of new inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 87:129-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Bajgar J. Complex View on Poisoning with Nerve Agents and Organophosphates. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2018. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2018.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OP/nerve agents are still considered as important chemicals acting on living organisms and widely used in human practice. Nerve agents are the most lethal chemical warfare agents. They are characterized according to their action as compounds influencing cholinergic nerve transmission via inhibition of AChE. The symptoms of intoxication comprise nicotinic, muscarinic and central symptoms, for some OP/nerve agents, a delayed neurotoxicity is observed. Cholinesterases (AChE and BuChE) are characterized as the main enzymes involved in the toxic effect of these compounds including their molecular forms. The activity of both enzymes (and molecular forms) is influenced by inhibitors and other factors such as pathological states. There are different methods for cholinesterase determination, however, the most frequent is the method based on the hydrolysis of thiocholine esters and following detection of free SH-group of the released thiocholine. The diagnosis of OP/nerve agents poisoning is based on anamnesis, the clinical status of the intoxicated organism and on cholinesterase determination in the blood. Some principles of prophylaxis against OP/nerve agents poisoning comprising the administration of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors such as pyridostigmine (alone or in combination with other drugs), scavengers such as preparations of cholinesterases, some therapeutic drugs and possible combinations are given. Basic principles of the treatment of nerve agents/OP poisoning are described. New drugs for the treatment are under experimental study based on new approaches to the mechanism of action.
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20
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Galdeano C, Coquelle N, Cieslikiewicz-Bouet M, Bartolini M, Pérez B, Clos MV, Silman I, Jean L, Colletier JP, Renard PY, Muñoz-Torrero D. Increasing Polarity in Tacrine and Huprine Derivatives: Potent Anticholinesterase Agents for the Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis. Molecules 2018. [PMID: 29534488 PMCID: PMC6017698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic treatment of myasthenia gravis is based on the use of peripherally-acting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors that, in some cases, must be discontinued due to the occurrence of a number of side-effects. Thus, new AChE inhibitors are being developed and investigated for their potential use against this disease. Here, we have explored two alternative approaches to get access to peripherally-acting AChE inhibitors as new agents against myasthenia gravis, by structural modification of the brain permeable anti-Alzheimer AChE inhibitors tacrine, 6-chlorotacrine, and huprine Y. Both quaternization upon methylation of the quinoline nitrogen atom, and tethering of a triazole ring, with, in some cases, the additional incorporation of a polyphenol-like moiety, result in more polar compounds with higher inhibitory activity against human AChE (up to 190-fold) and butyrylcholinesterase (up to 40-fold) than pyridostigmine, the standard drug for symptomatic treatment of myasthenia gravis. The novel compounds are furthermore devoid of brain permeability, thereby emerging as interesting leads against myasthenia gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Galdeano
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nicolas Coquelle
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) (UMR 5075), F-38054 Grenoble, France.
- Large-Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Monika Cieslikiewicz-Bouet
- Laboratory COBRA (UMR 6014), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Rouen, CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Belén Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Victòria Clos
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Laboratory COBRA (UMR 6014), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Rouen, CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Jacques-Philippe Colletier
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) (UMR 5075), F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Laboratory COBRA (UMR 6014), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) Rouen, CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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The protection of novel 2-arylethenylquinoline derivatives against impairment of associative learning memory induced by neural Aβ in C. elegans Alzheimer’s disease model. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3061-3072. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Horak M, Holubova K, Nepovimova E, Krusek J, Kaniakova M, Korabecny J, Vyklicky L, Kuca K, Stuchlik A, Ricny J, Vales K, Soukup O. The pharmacology of tacrine at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 75:54-62. [PMID: 28089695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of tacrine as a precognitive drug has been considered to be complex and not fully understood. It has been reported to involve a wide spectrum of targets involving cholinergic, gabaergic, nitrinergic and glutamatergic pathways. Here, we review the effect of tacrine and its derivatives on the NMDA receptors (NMDAR) with a focus on the mechanism of action and biological consequences related to the Alzheimer's disease treatment. Our findings indicate that effect of tacrine on glutamatergic neurons is both direct and indirect. Direct NMDAR antagonistic effect is often reported by in vitro studies; however, it is achieved by high tacrine concentrations which are not likely to occur under clinical conditions. The impact on memory and behavioral testing can be ascribed to indirect effects of tacrine caused by influencing the NMDAR-mediated currents via M1 receptor activation, which leads to inhibition of Ca2+-activated potassium channels. Such inhibition prevents membrane repolarization leading to prolonged NMDAR activation and subsequently to long term potentiation. Considering these findings, we can conclude that tacrine-derivatives with dual cholinesterase and NMDARs modulating activity may represent a promising approach in the drug development for diseases associated with cognitive dysfunction, such as the Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Horak
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Holubova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krusek
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kaniakova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Vyklicky
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ricny
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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DFT and TDDFT investigation of the Schiff base formed by tacrine and saccharin. J Mol Model 2016; 23:17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Multi-target therapeutics for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1886-1914. [PMID: 27506871 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Historically, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disease treatments focused on the 'magic bullet' concept; however multi-targeted strategies are increasingly attractive gauging from the escalating research in this area. Because these diseases are typically co-morbid, multi-targeted drugs capable of interacting with multiple targets will expand treatment to the co-morbid disease condition. Despite their theoretical efficacy, there are significant impediments to clinical success (e.g., difficulty titrating individual aspects of the drug and inconclusive pathophysiological mechanisms). The new and revised diagnostic frameworks along with studies detailing the endophenotypic characteristics of the diseases promise to provide the foundation for the circumvention of these impediments. This review serves to evaluate the various marketed and nonmarketed multi-targeted drugs with particular emphasis on their design strategy.
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Lerch MM, Hansen MJ, van Dam GM, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Emerging Targets in Photopharmacology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10978-99. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Lerch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Mickel J. Hansen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gooitzen M. van Dam
- Department of Surgery, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Intensive Care, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
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Lerch MM, Hansen MJ, van Dam GM, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Neue Ziele für die Photopharmakologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Lerch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
| | - Mickel J. Hansen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
| | - Gooitzen M. van Dam
- Department of Surgery, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Intensive Care, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen Niederlande
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen Niederlande
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen Niederlande
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-arylethenylquinoline derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:349-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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S Schneider L. A critical review of cholinesterase inhibitors as a treatment modality in Alzheimer's disease. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22033801 PMCID: PMC3181592 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2000.2.2/lschneider] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early research into Alzheimer's disease launched the cholinergic hypothesis, based on the correlation between central cholinergic deficiency and clinical measures of cognitive decline. This was epitomized in therapeutic strategies employing a variety of procholinergic agents, of which only the inhibitors of cholinesterase (ChE), the enzyme thai hydrolyzes acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, have been proven clinically viable. Five such agents are reviewed: tacrine and donepezil, which act at the ionic subsite of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and rivastigmine, galantamine, and metrifonate, which act at its catalytic esteratic subsite. Despite statistical evidence of efficacy from numerous well-controlled multicenter trials, important clinical utility issues remain outstanding: (i) number-needed-to-treat (NNT) analyses, quantifying the number of patients needing to be treated for one patient to show benefit, find values of 3 to 20; (ii) the pivotal trials themselves were conducted in nonrepreseniative populations, largely comprised of physically healthy outpatients with mildto-moderate Alzheimer's disease and a mean age of 72 years (thereby excluding over 30% of typical Alzheimer patients in State of California-funded clinics), treated for up to 6 months; and (Hi) tolerability is underreported and characterized by a positive correlation between dose, effect and cholinergic side effects - potentially serious adverse events include bradycardia, anorexia, weight loss and myasthenia with respiratory depression. Therapies thus require titration and constant monitoring. Nevertheless, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEls) constitute the first class of effective agents and are likely to remain so in the continuing absence of viable alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
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Saladini B, Bigucci F, Cerchiara T, Gallucci MC, Luppi B. Microparticles based on chitosan/pectin polyelectrolyte complexes for nasal delivery of tacrine hydrochloride. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2012; 3:33-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zawada Z, Šebestík J, Šafařík M, Bouř P. Dependence of the Reactivity of Acridine on Its Substituents: A Computational and Kinetic Study. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pereira JD, Caricati-Neto A, Miranda-Ferreira R, Smaili SS, Godinho RO, de los Rios C, Léon R, Villaroya M, Samadi A, Marco-Contelles J, Jurkiewicz NH, Garcia AG, Jurkiewicz A. Effects of novel tacripyrines ITH12117 and ITH12118 on rat vas deferens contractions, calcium transients and cholinesterase activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:411-9. [PMID: 21497158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have recently synthesized a new series of hybrid compounds having the moieties of tacrine, a potent inhibitor of brain and peripheral acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and nimodipine, a blocker of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). These compounds were designed to target AChE and L calcium channels in the brain, as potential therapeutic agents in Alzheimer's disease. We performed the present study to determine the main peripheral side effects of two of these compounds, ITH12117 and ITH12118. We have here shown that in rat vas deferens these compounds inhibited AChE with a potency about 1000-fold lower than that of physostigmine or tacrine. Furthermore, the hybrid compounds enhanced contractions evoked by acetylcholine, with a potency about 100-fold lower than that of physostigmine or tacrine. Additionally, contractions induced by Ca2+ on depolarized vas deferens were blocked by nimodipine with greater efficacy, compared with ITH12117 and ITH12118. Compound ITH12118 (1 μM) caused a pronounced inhibition of the tonic (but not phasic) contraction elicited by electrical field stimulation. Furthermore, the same dose of nimodipine and ITH12118 blocked by 75% cytosolic Ca2+ elevations produced by acetylcholine, noradrenaline, or ATP. As a matter of comparison, we showed that rat brain cortex AChE was inhibited by ITH12118 with a potency 10 to 20-fold higher than that for vas deferens. This study shows that ITH12118 could be a paradigmatic multitarget compound having selective brain effects with smaller peripheral side effects. This may help to orient the search of new neuroprotective compounds with potential therapeutic application in Alzheimer's disease.
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Wilson B, Samanta MK, Santhi K, Kumar KS, Ramasamy M, Suresh B. Chitosan nanoparticles as a new delivery system for the anti-Alzheimer drug tacrine. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 6:144-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Håkansson L. Mechanism of action of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009; 149:7-9. [PMID: 7907455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1993.tb04245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase inhibitors, such as physostigmine and tacrine, have lately gained interest as potential drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Already in the 1950s, it was discovered that physostigmine and tacrine were potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. However, later studies have shown that cholinesterase inhibitors also interact with cholinergic receptors, with sodium and potassium ion channels and effect the uptake, synthesis and release of neurotransmitters. In summary, cholinesterase inhibitors are drugs with many modes of action, which may be of advantage in the treatment of a complex disorder such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Håkansson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Significant delivery of tacrine into the brain using magnetic chitosan microparticles for treating Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 177:427-33. [PMID: 19041670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disorder of the brain characterized by a slow, progressive decline in cognitive function and behavior. As the disease advances, persons have a tough time with daily tasks like using the phone, cooking, handling money or driving the car. AD affects 15 million people worldwide and it has been estimated that AD affects 4.5 million Americans. Tacrine is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used for treating mild to moderate AD. In the present study, an attempt was made to target the anti-Alzheimer's drug tacrine in the brain by using magnetic chitosan microparticles. The magnetic chitosan microparticles were prepared by emulsion cross-linking. The formulated microparticles were characterized for process yield, drug loading capacity, particle size, in vitro release, release kinetics and magnetite content. The particle size was analyzed by scanning electron microscope. The magnetite content of the microparticles was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. For animal testing, the microparticles were injected intravenously after keeping a suitable magnet at the target region. The concentrations of tacrine at the target and non-target organs were analyzed by HPLC. The magnetic chitosan microparticles significantly increased the concentration of tacrine in the brain in comparison with the free drug.
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Dose-related effects of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor tacrine on cocaine and food self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 196:133-42. [PMID: 17917719 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in brain reward and learning functions and contributes to opiate- and psychostimulant-motivated behaviors. Tacrine is a centrally acting, reversible cholinesterase inhibitor that also inhibits monoamine oxidase (MAO) and blocks reuptake of dopamine (DA) and serotonin. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of pretreatment with tacrine on self-administration of cocaine and nondrug reinforcers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer cocaine under a fixed-ratio-5 (FR-5) schedule during 2-h multiple-component sessions in which 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg per injection of cocaine were each available for 40 min. Other animals self-administered 45 mg food pellets under FR-30 or 20% Ensure (liquid food) under FR-5 in amounts of 30, 60, or 120 microl. Vehicle or tacrine was administered as single intravenous doses 20 min before self-administration of cocaine, food pellets, or liquid food. RESULTS Although pretreatment with 0.032 mg/kg of tacrine increased self-administration of food pellets, pretreatment with higher doses of tacrine attenuated self-administration of cocaine, food pellets, or liquid food. Tacrine's ED50 value for attenuating self-administration of 0.1 mg/kg per injection of cocaine was more than sixfold lower than values for attenuating liquid food- or food pellet-reinforced behavior. However, ED50 values for attenuating self-administration of higher doses of cocaine were similar to those observed for 30 or 60 microl of liquid food. CONCLUSIONS Tacrine can selectively attenuate self-administration of low-dose cocaine, but its effects on higher doses of cocaine are similar to its ability to decrease self-administration of nondrug reinforcers.
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Bajgar J, Bartosova L, Fusek J, Svoboda Z, Herink J, Kvetina J, Palicka V, Zivny P, Blaha V. Changes of cholinesterase activities in the plasma and some tissues following administration of L-carnitine and galanthamine to rats. Neurosci Lett 2006; 411:212-6. [PMID: 17125927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in the hypophysis and brain (frontal cortex, hippocampus, medial septum and basal ganglia), and butyrylcholinesterase in plasma and liver following galanthamine (GAL) administration were studied in rats pretreated with L-carnitine (CAR). Following only GAL administration (10 mg/kg, i.m.), both cholinesterases (without clinical symptoms of GAL overdosage) were significantly inhibited. Pretreatment with CAR (3 consecutive days, 250 mg/kg, p.o.) followed by GAL administration showed higher AChE inhibition in comparison with single GAL administration. However, a statistically significant difference was observed for AChE in the hippocampus only. The activity of peripheral cholinesterases was not influenced by CAR pretreatment. Thus, pretreatment with CAR enhanced AChE inhibition in some brain parts of the rat following GAL administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bajgar
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, and Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostic, Faculty Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Alzheimer disease is a progressive degenerative disorder of the brain characterized by a slow, progressive decline in cognitive function and behavior. As the disease advances, persons with Alzheimer disease have tough time with daily usage of things like using the phone, cooking, handling money, or driving the car. The disease is more common in elder population. It is estimated that Alzheimer disease affects 15 million people worldwide and approximately 4 million Americans. The clinical features of Alzheimer disease overlaps with common signs of aging, and other types of dementia, hence the diagnosis remains difficult. The neuropathologic hallmarks of the disorder are amyloid-rich senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal degeneration. Drugs approved for treating Alzheimer disease include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Caregivers not getting adequate information about Alzheimer disease may believe that nothing can be done to manage its symptoms. Understanding the extent of Alzheimer disease related knowledge can assist disease management that result in improved disease management and reduced care costs. This article attempts to focus on some of the important recent developments in understanding and management of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay K Samanta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, J.S.S College of Pharmacy, Rocklands, Ootacamund 643001, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kojima J, Onodera K, Ozeki M, Nakayama K. Ipidacrine (NIK-247): A Review of Multiple Mechanisms as an Antidementia Agent. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.1998.tb00067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fang F, Liu GT. Protective effects of compound FLZ on beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35)-induced mouse hippocampal injury and learning and memory impairment. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:651-8. [PMID: 16723081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the protective effects of compound FLZ, a novel synthetic analogue of natural squamosamide, on learning and memory impairment and lesions of the hippocampus caused by icv injection of beta-amyloid(25-35)(Abeta(25-35)) in mice. METHODS Mice were icv injected with the Abeta(25-35) (15 nmol/mouse), and then treated with oral administration of 75 mg/kg or 150 mg/kg of FLZ once daily for 16 consecutive days. The impairment of learning and memory in mice were tested using step-down test and Morris water maze test. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the expressions of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Bax, and Bcl-2 in the CA1 region of the mouse hippocampus were measured by biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis, respectively. The pathological damages of hippocampus were observed using a microscope. RESULTS FLZ (75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg) significantly attenuated Abeta(25-35)-induced impairment of learning and memory in the step-down test and Morris water maze test. FLZ also reduced pathological damages to the hippocampus induced by Abeta(25-35). Furthermore, FLZ prevented the increase of AChE and Bax, and the decrease of Bcl-2 immunoreactive cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, and reduced the increase of MDA content in the hippocampus in mice injected with Abeta(25-35). CONCLUSION FLZ has protective action against the impairment of learning and memory and pathological damage to the hippocampus induced by icv injection of Abeta(25-35) in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
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Horton JR, Sawada K, Nishibori M, Cheng X. Structural basis for inhibition of histamine N-methyltransferase by diverse drugs. J Mol Biol 2005; 353:334-344. [PMID: 16168438 PMCID: PMC4021489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, histamine action is terminated through metabolic inactivation by histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) and diamine oxidase. In addition to three well-studied pharmacological functions, smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and stimulation of gastric acid secretion, histamine plays important roles in neurotransmission, immunomodulation, and regulation of cell proliferation. The histamine receptor H1 antagonist diphenhydramine, the antimalarial drug amodiaquine, the antifolate drug metoprine, and the anticholinesterase drug tacrine (an early drug for Alzheimer's disease) are surprisingly all potent HNMT inhibitors, having inhibition constants in the range of 10-100nM. We have determined the structural mode of interaction of these four inhibitors with HNMT. Despite their structural diversity, they all occupy the histamine-binding site, thus blocking access to the enzyme's active site. Near the N terminus of HNMT, several aromatic residues (Phe9, Tyr15, and Phe19) adopt different rotamer conformations or become disordered in the enzyme-inhibitor complexes, accommodating the diverse, rigid hydrophobic groups of the inhibitors. The maximized shape complementarity between the protein aromatic side-chains and aromatic ring(s) of the inhibitors are responsible for the tight binding of these varied inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Horton
- Department of Biochemistry Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ken Sawada
- Department of Biochemistry Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho Okayama 700-5885, Japan
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding author
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42
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Mehta H, Haobam R, Usha R, Mohanakumar KP. Evidence for the involvement of central serotonergic mechanisms in cholinergic tremor induced by tacrine in Balb/c mice. Behav Brain Res 2005; 163:227-36. [PMID: 15990178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tacrine is a potent and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain. It produces tremor in animals, which is believed to be due to an increase in the brain acetylcholine level following AChE inhibition. The present study was undertaken to investigate the involvement, if any, of biogenic amines in the genesis of this motor dysfunction. Administration of tacrine (10-20 mg/kg, i.p.) produced dose- and time-dependent tremor in Balb/c mice. While in vivo inhibition of striatal AChE activity was observed only for the highest dose of tacrine, a dose-dependent increase in striatal choline acetyltransferase activity was obtained. Serotonin (5-HT) levels, as assayed following a sensitive HPLC-electrochemical procedure, were significantly increased in nucleus caudatus putamen, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra, nucleus raphe dorsalis, olivary nucleus and the cerebellum. However, dopamine or norepinephrine levels remained unaltered in these areas of the brain. In animals treated with p-chlorophenylalanine, a specific tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor and 5-HT depletor, tacrine failed to elevate the levels of 5-HT in the brain regions, and significantly attenuated tremor response to the drug. Tacrine-induced tremor was also significantly (83%) attenuated by 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonist mianserin (5 mg/kg, i.p.), but methysergide (5 mg/kg, i.v.) could block tacrine-induced tremor only by 20%. Atropine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) antagonized tacrine-induced tremor by about 53%, but a combination of atropine and mianserin completely blocked the tremor response. These results indicate that the cholinergic tremor produced by tacrine in Balb/c mice is mediated via central serotonergic mechanisms, and stimulation of 5-HT(2A/2C) receptors plays a pivotal role in this motor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Mehta
- Division of Clinical & Experimental Neurosciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Calcutta
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43
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Bajgar J. Organophosphates/nerve agent poisoning: mechanism of action, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment. Adv Clin Chem 2004; 38:151-216. [PMID: 15521192 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(04)38006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OP/nerve agents are still considered as important chemicals acting on living organisms and are widely used. They are characterized according to their action as compounds influencing cholinergic nerve transmission via inhibition of AChE. Modeling of this action and extrapolation of experimental data from animals to humans is more possible for highly toxic agents than for the OP. The symptoms of intoxication comprise nicotinic, muscarinic, and central symptoms; for some OP/nerve agents, a delayed neurotoxicity is observed. Cholinesterases (AChE and BuChE) are characterized as the main enzymes involved in the toxic effect of these compounds, including molecular forms. The activity of both enzymes (and molecular forms) is influenced by inhibitors (reversible, irreversible, and allosteric) and other factors, such as pathological states. There are different methods for cholinesterase determination; however, the most frequent is the method based on the hydrolysis of thiocholine esters and subsequent detection of free SH-group of the released thiocholine. The diagnosis of OP/nerve agent poisoning is based on anamnesis, the clinical status of the intoxicated organism, and on cholinesterase determination in the blood. For nerve agent intoxication, AChE in the red blood cell is more diagnostically important than BuChE activity in the plasma. This enzyme is a good diagnostic marker for intoxication with OP pesticides. Some other biochemical examinations are recommended, especially arterial blood gas, blood pH, minerals, and some other specialized parameters usually not available in all clinical laboratories. These special examinations are important for prognosis of the intoxication, for effective treatment, and for retrospective analysis of the agent used for exposure. Some principles of prophylaxis against OP/nerve agent poisoning comprising the administration of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors such as pyridostigmine (alone or in combination with other drugs), scavengers such as preparations of cholinesterases, some therapeutic drugs, and possible combinations are given. Basic principles of the treatment of nerve agent OP poisoning are described. They are based on the administration of anticholinergics (mostly atropine but some other anticholinergics can be recommended) as a symptomatic treatment, cholinesterase reactivators as a causal treatment (different types but without a universal reactivator against all OP/nerve agents) as the first aid and medical treatment, and anticonvulsants, preferably diazepam though some other effective benzodiazepines are available. New drugs for the treatment are under experimental study based on new approaches to the mechanism of action. Future trends in the complex research of these compounds, which is important not only for the treatment of intoxication but also for the quantitative and qualitative increase of our knowledge of toxicology, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, clinical biochemistry, and analytical chemistry in general, are characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirí Bajgar
- Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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44
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Tsuchiya K, Tajima H, Yamada M, Takahashi H, Kuwae T, Sunaga K, Katsube N, Ishitani R. Disclosure of a pro-apoptotic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter: anti-dementia drugs depress its activation in apoptosis. Life Sci 2004; 74:3245-58. [PMID: 15094325 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression and subsequent nuclear accumulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is involved in neuronal apoptosis induced by several stimuli in which GAPDH antisense oligonucleotides specifically block the increment (2 approximately 3 fold) of GAPDH mRNA contents occurring prior to neuronal death. However, these agents do not affect the basal, constitutive mRNA contents. This suggests that there may be distinct gene regulations for GAPDH mRNA expression. Herein, we cloned two types of promoter regions upstream of this gene; viz., #104 (1.02-kb) and #302 (2.46-kb). These fragments were inserted into the pGL3 luciferase reporter system and transiently transfected into cultured cerebellar neurons undergoing cytosine arabinonucleoside-induced apoptosis. The functional analysis of these constructs revealed that #104, but not #302, increased luciferase activity in response to the apoptotic stimulus. Deletion and replacement mutation analysis of the #104 fragment disclosed the promoter core harbored between the 154-bp and 84-bp domains (3.5-fold activity of the control). Furthermore, anti-dementia drugs (such as Cognex and Aricept) markedly depress the expression of this pro-apoptotic GAPDH promoter activity. Interestingly, immunocytochemical examination of human post-mortem materials from patients with Alzheimer's disease revealed nuclear aggregated GAPDH in neurons of the affected brain regions, implying an association with apoptotic cell death. The current findings indicate that induction of the pro-apoptotic protein GAPDH is genetically regulated at the level of promoter activation, and this protein may be an important molecular target for developing anti-apoptotic therapeutic agents in certain neurological illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Tsuchiya
- Group on Cellular Neurobiology, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0248, Japan
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45
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Ishitani R, Tajima H, Takata H, Tsuchiya K, Kuwae T, Yamada M, Takahashi H, Tatton NA, Katsube N. Proapoptotic protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: a possible site of action of antiapoptotic drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003; 27:291-301. [PMID: 12657368 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(03)00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has long been recognized as a classical glycolytic protein and has been used as a "housekeeping" gene in studies of genetic expression and regulation. However, recent advances reveal that GAPDH displays diverse nonglycolytic functions depending on its subcellular localization. Among those functions, one of the most intriguing is likely to be the induction of apoptosis. Previous works by our group and others have demonstrated that the overexpression of GAPDH and its subsequent nuclear translocation appear to be implicated in the initiation of one or more apoptotic cascades and also in the etiology of some neurological diseases. This review addresses new data demonstrating that a protein, referred to as proapoptotic protein GAPDH, with a quite mundane function in healthy cells behaves very differently during cell suicide, and summarizes emphatically the importance of this protein as a putative molecular target in developing antiapoptotic therapeutic agents for the treatment of certain neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ishitani
- Group on Cellular Neurobiology, Josai University, Saitama 350-0248, Sakado, Japan.
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Reichman WE. Current pharmacologic options for patients with Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF GENERAL HOSPITAL PSYCHIATRY 2003; 2:1. [PMID: 12605726 PMCID: PMC149431 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2832-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2002] [Accepted: 01/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to provide general practitioners with an overview of the available treatment options for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since general practitioners provide the majority of medical care for AD patients, they should be well versed in treatment options that can improve function and slow the progression of symptoms. DESIGN: Biomedical literature related to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) was surveyed. In the United States, there are four AChEIs approved for the treatment of AD: tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine. There are other agents under investigation, but at present, AChEIs are the only approved drug category for AD treatment. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: AD is becoming a major public health concern and underdiagnosis is a significant problem (with only about half of AD patients being diagnosed and only half of those diagnosed actually being treated). Clinical trials have demonstrated that patients with AD who do not receive active treatment decline at more rapid rates than those who do. CONCLUSIONS: Given that untreated AD patients show decline in three major areas (cognition, behavior, and functional ability), if drug treatment is able to improve performance, maintain baseline performance over the long term, or allow for a slower rate of decline in performance, each of these outcomes should be viewed a treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Reichman
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103.
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Li Y, Hu GY. Huperzine A inhibits the sustained potassium current in rat dissociated hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2002; 329:153-6. [PMID: 12165400 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The actions of huperzine A (HupA), a novel cholinesterase inhibitor, on the sustained potassium current were investigated in acutely dissociated hippocampal neurons of rat. HupA inhibited the current (IC(50) = 856 +/- 1 microM) with voltage-dependency. The effect was insensitive to 3 microM atropine. Tacrine (IC(50) = 43 +/- 3 microM) was 20 times more potent than HupA. HupA hyperpolarized the activation curve of the current by 16 mV, and markedly prolonged the decay time constant tau(2). HupA affected neither the steady-state inactivation of the current, nor its recovery from inactivation. The potential relevance of the inhibitory effect of HupA on the current to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Tai-Yuan Road, Shanghai 200031, PR China
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Rigaud AS, Traykov L, Latour F, Couderc R, Moulin F, Forette F. Presence or absence of at least one epsilon 4 allele and gender are not predictive for the response to donepezil treatment in Alzheimer's disease. PHARMACOGENETICS 2002; 12:415-20. [PMID: 12142731 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200207000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype and gender on the response to donepezil treatment in Alzheimer's disease. ApoE genotyping was performed on 117 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease who were included in a 36-week open label trial of donepezil therapy. Of these 117 patients, who constituted the intent-to-treat population (ITT), 80 completed the trial, and constituted the evaluable population. Patients were treated blindly in relation to ApoE genotype. Outcome measures were Alzheimer's disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Component (ADAS-Cog), the Mini Mental State Examination, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, and the Caregiver-rated Clinical Global Impression of Change. ITT analysis did not reveal significant differences between the responses of epsilon 4- and epsilon 4+ carriers according to the ADAS-Cog (P = 0.28). No differences were found either between the responses of men and women (P = 0.81), and there was no significant interaction between genotype and gender (P = 0.09). Other outcome measures all exhibited similar patterns of change to those seen using the ADAS-Cog. Consequently, these results do not support the hypothesis that the ApoE phenotype and gender are predictors of the response to donepezil in Alzheimer's disease patients.
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Apelt J, Ligneau X, Pertz HH, Arrang JM, Ganellin CR, Schwartz JC, Schunack W, Stark H. Development of a new class of nonimidazole histamine H(3) receptor ligands with combined inhibitory histamine N-methyltransferase activity. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1128-41. [PMID: 11855993 DOI: 10.1021/jm0110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In search of novel ways to enhance histaminergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system, a new class of nonimidazole histamine H(3) receptor ligands were developed that simultaneously possess strong inhibitory activity on the main histamine metabolizing enzyme, histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT). The novel compounds contain an aminoquinoline moiety, which is an important structural feature for HMT inhibitory activity, connected by different spacers to a piperidino group (for H(3) receptor antagonism). Variation of the spacer structure provides two different series of compounds. One series, having only an alkylene spacer between the basic centers, led to highly potent HMT inhibitors with moderate to high affinity at human histamine H(3) receptors. The second series possesses a p-phenoxypropyl spacer, which may be extended by another alkylene chain. This latter series also showed strong inhibitory activity on HMT, and in most cases, the H(3) receptor affinity even surpassed that of the first series. One of the most potent compounds with this dual mode of action is 4-(4-(3-piperidinopropoxy)phenylamino)quinoline (34) (hH(3), K(i) = 0.09 nM; HMT, IC(50) = 51 nM). This class of compounds showed high antagonist potency and good H(3) receptor selectivity in functional assays in guinea pig on H(1), H(2), and H(3) receptors. Because of low or missing in vivo activity of two selected compounds, the proof of concept of these valuable pharmacological tools for the supposed superior overall enhancing effect on histaminergic neurotransmission failed to appear hitherto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Apelt
- Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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50
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Savini L, Campiani G, Gaeta A, Pellerano C, Fattorusso C, Chiasserini L, Fedorko JM, Saxena A. Novel and potent tacrine-related hetero- and homobivalent ligands for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1779-82. [PMID: 11425559 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based upon synthetic and biochemical results, a novel and potent tacrine analogue and heterobivalent analogues of tacrine, were designed. The role played by the amino groups of homo- and heterobivalent ligands in the interaction with the peripheral and catalytic sites of AChE and BuChE were investigated. The syntheses of these materials together with the results of AChE/BuChE inhibition assays are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Savini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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